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Handling NORM : Examples of work Handling NORM : Examples of work from uranium mining and other from uranium mining and other
operationsoperations
Riaz Akber
Handling NORM : Examples of work Handling NORM : Examples of work from uranium mining and other from uranium mining and other
operationsoperations
Riaz Akber
Uranium mines and millsBauxite minesMineral sandsNatural
Handling NORM : Examples of work Handling NORM : Examples of work from uranium mining and other from uranium mining and other
operationsoperations
Riaz Akber
NORM in WaterNORM in AirExternal gammaMeasurement of NORM
238U4.47x109 y
226Ra1600 y
214Pb26.8 m
222Rn3.82 d
218Po3.1 m
234Th24.1 d
234mPa1.18 m
234U2.5x105 y
230Th7.5x104 y
206PbStable
210Pb22.3 y
214Bi19.7 m
214Po164 µs
210Bi5.01 d
210Po138 d
NORM – 238U series
238U4.47x109 y
226Ra1600 y
214Pb26.8 m
222Rn3.82 d
218Po3.1 m
234Th24.1 d
234mPa1.18 m
234U2.5x105 y
230Th7.5x104 y
206PbStable
210Pb22.3 y
214Bi19.7 m
214Po164 µs
210Bi5.01 d
210Po138 d
NORM – 238U series
238U4.47x109 y
226Ra1600 y
214Pb26.8 m
222Rn3.82 d
218Po3.1 m
234Th24.1 d
234mPa1.18 m
234U2.5x105 y
230Th7.5x104 y
206PbStable
210Pb22.3 y
214Bi19.7 m
214Po164 µs
210Bi5.01 d
210Po138 d
NORM – 238U series
238U4.47x109 y
226Ra1600 y
214Pb26.8 m
222Rn3.82 d
218Po3.1 m
234Th24.1 d
234mPa1.18 m
234U2.5x105 y
230Th7.5x104 y
206PbStable
210Pb22.3 y
214Bi19.7 m
214Po164 µs
210Bi5.01 d
210Po138 d
NORM – 238U series
228Ra5.75 y
232Th series
238U4.47x109 y
226Ra1600 y
214Pb26.8 m
222Rn3.82 d
218Po3.1 m
234Th24.1 d
234mPa1.18 m
234U2.5x105 y
230Th7.5x104 y
206PbStable
210Pb22.3 y
214Bi19.7 m
214Po164 µs
210Bi5.01 d
210Po138 d
NORM – 238U series
228Ra5.75 y
232Th series
1 Bq (becquerel) = 1 Nuclear disintegration per second
Sv (sievert) , Gy (gray) : Units of radiation dose
NORM in WaterNORM in AirExternal gammaMeasurement of NORM
NORMAqueous – Solid phase
ActivityWater ActivitySoil
ActivityWater ActivitySoil
Strong
Absorption
Weak
Desorption
NORMAqueous – Solid phase
Typical 226Ra activity concentration
Water: 10 -100 m Bq.kg-1
Soil: 10 - 100 Bq.kg-1
ActivityWater ActivitySoil
ActivityWater ActivitySoil
Strong
Absorption
Weak
Desorption
NORMAqueous – Solid phase
Typical 226Ra activity concentration
Water: 10 -100 m Bq.kg-1
Soil: 10 - 100 Bq.kg-1
ActivityWater ActivitySoil
ActivityWater ActivitySoil
Strong
Absorption
Weak
Desorption
Overland flow and ponding of water improves its quality – by removing radioactivity from aqueous to solid phase.
Wetland Filtration
Natural , Engineered
Spa waters Helidon
226Ra activity concentration (Bq.L-1)
1.27, 1.22, 1.1, 0.62, 0.50
Spa waters Helidon
226Ra activity concentration (Bq.L-1)
1.27, 1.22, 1.1, 0.62, 0.50
NORMAqueous – Solid phase
Overland flow and ponding of water improves its quality – by removing radioactivity from aqueous to solid phase.
Wetland Filtration
Natural , Engineered
1.13 ± 0.02 Bq.L-1
0.069 ± 0.004 Bq.L-1
WATER
NORMAqueous – Solid phase
Overland flow and ponding of water improves its quality – by removing radioactivity from aqueous to solid phase.
Wetland Filtration
Natural , Engineered
911 ± 14 Bq.L-1
527 ± 10 Bq.kg-1
SEDIMENT / SOIL
17 ± 2 Bq.L-1
Koulouris, Dharmasiri, Akber 1996
NORMAqueous – Solid phase
Overland flow and ponding of water improves its quality – by removing radioactivity from aqueous to solid phase.
Wetland Filtration
Natural , Engineered
NORMAqueous – Solid phase
Wetland Filtration
Natural , Engineered
0
2
4
6
8
10
12
0 500 1000 1500
Distance from spillway
Wet
lan
d a
bso
rpti
on
par
amet
er
Akber, Johnston, Hancock 1992
URaMg
NORMAqueous – Solid phase
Land Application
+ H2O
H2O
Application
Soil surface
Sub surface
NORMAqueous – Solid phase
Land Application
+ H2O
H2O
Application
Soil surface
Sub surface
NORMAqueous – Solid phase
Land Application
0 100 200 300
0-2
2-4
4-6
6-8
8-10
So
il d
epth
(cm
)
Ra activity (Bq.kg-1)
0 100 200 300
0-2
2-4
4-6
6-8
8-10
So
il d
epth
(cm
)
Ra activity (Bq.kg-1)
226Ra
228Ra
Akber, Marten 1992
Outside Irrigated Land
Irrigated Land
NORM in Water
NORM in AirExternal gammaMeasurement of NORM
NORMRadon – 222Rn
Soil surface
Interstitial space
Soil grain2:
Rn
m
igra
tio
n3: Rn exhalation
1:
Rn
em
an
ati
on
210Pb22. 3 y
222Rn
α
214Bi
214Pb
218Po
226Ra
214Po
226Ra 1600 y
226Ra 1600 y
210Pb 22.3 y
NORMRadon – 222Rn
NORMRadon – 222Rn
How much radon comes out of the U rocks?
Holdsworth, Akber 2004
0.10
1.00
10.00
100.00
1000.00
10000.00
100 1000 10000
222Rn atomic production rate (#.s-1)
222R
n a
tom
ic e
mis
sio
n r
ate
(#.s
-1)
NORMRadon – 222Rn
How much radon comes out of the U rocks?
Akber, Jeffries, Dharmasiri 2002
0.10
1.00
10.00
100.00
1000.00
10000.00
100 1000 10000
222Rn atomic production rate (#.s-1)
222R
n a
tom
ic e
mis
sio
n r
ate
(#.s
-1)
NORMRadon – 222Rn
How much radon exhales from ground?
INSERT AFKAR HERE
F Rn-222 = (0 .45 + 0 .38 )CRa-226
R2 = 0 .18
10
100
1000
10000
100000
10 100 1000 10000 100000226Ra Activity Concentration (Bqkg-1)
222
Rn
Exh
alat
ion
Rat
e (m
Bqm
-2s-1
)NORMRadon – 222Rn
How much radon exhales from ground?
0.01
0.10
1.00
10.00
OSP 7 R
im
OSP7 Pile
OSP7 Pad
Pit3 ro
ck
Mudgin
berri
Pit 3
Rubble
Expplo
t Non
Pit3 p
adJW
T
Expplo
t Irr
Later
ite p
ad
Pit 1
gener
al
WRD P
ad
LAA Irr S
easo
nal
WRD S
easo
nal
Later
ite ri
m
LAA Irr
LAA Non
Seaso
nal
WRD R
ehab
Mirr
ay
Jabiru
Eas
t
LAA NIR
R III
LAANIR II
OSP2 Rim
OSP2 Pad
Overb
urden
Later
ite p
ush z
one
Mag
ela
Location
222 R
n F
lux
(mB
qm
-2s-1
)/22
6 Ra
Co
nce
ntr
atio
n
(Bq
kg-1
)NORMRadon – 222Rn
How much radon exhales from ground?
NORMRadon – 222Rn
How much radon exhales from ground?
0.01
0.10
1.00
10.00
OSP 7 R
im
OSP7 Pile
OSP7 Pad
Pit3 ro
ck
Mudgin
berri
Pit 3
Rubble
Expplo
t Non
Pit3 p
adJW
T
Expplo
t Irr
Later
ite p
ad
Pit 1
gener
al
WRD P
ad
LAA Irr S
easo
nal
WRD S
easo
nal
Later
ite ri
m
LAA Irr
LAA Non
Seaso
nal
WRD R
ehab
Mirr
ay
Jabiru
Eas
t
LAA NIR
R III
LAANIR II
OSP2 Rim
OSP2 Pad
Overb
urden
Later
ite p
ush z
one
Mag
ela
Location
22
2R
n F
lux
(m
Bq
m-2
s-1
)/2
26R
a C
on
ce
ntr
ati
on
(Bq
kg
-1)
Vegetated or rehabilitated woodland
NORMRadon – 222Rn
How much radon exhales from ground?
0.01
0.10
1.00
10.00
OSP 7 R
im
OSP7 Pile
OSP7 Pad
Pit3 ro
ck
Mudgin
berri
Pit 3
Rubble
Expplo
t Non
Pit3 p
adJW
T
Expplo
t Irr
Later
ite p
ad
Pit 1
gener
al
WRD P
ad
LAA Irr S
easo
nal
WRD S
easo
nal
Later
ite ri
m
LAA Irr
LAA Non
Seaso
nal
WRD R
ehab
Mirr
ay
Jabiru
Eas
t
LAA NIR
R III
LAANIR II
OSP2 Rim
OSP2 Pad
Overb
urden
Later
ite p
ush z
one
Mag
ela
Location
22
2R
n F
lux
(m
Bq
m-2
s-1
)/2
26R
a C
on
ce
ntr
ati
on
(Bq
kg
-1)
Vegetated or rehabilitated woodlandCompacted with no vegetation
0.01
0.10
1.00
10.00
Location
222R
n Fl
ux (
mB
qm-2
s-1)/
226R
a C
once
ntra
tion
(Bqk
g-1
)
Vegetated or rehabilitated woodlandCompacted with no vegetation
Non compacted fine grains
NORMRadon – 222Rn
How much radon exhales from ground?
NORMRadon – 222Rn
0.01
0.10
1.00
10.00
Location
222R
n Fl
ux (
mB
qm-2
s-1)/
226R
a C
once
ntra
tion
(Bqk
g-1
)
How much radon exhales from ground?
Lawrence, Akber (to be finalised 2005)
Vegetated or rehabilitated woodlandCompacted with no vegetation
Non compacted fine grainsNon compacted boulders
NORMRadon – 222Rn
How much radon is in air ?
Total flow rate = 4000 m-3.s-1
NORMRadon – 222Rn
How much radon is in air ?
Akber, Jeffries, Dharmasiri (2002)
0
1000
2000
3000
4000
5000
0 1000 2000 3000222 Rn activity concentration
(Bq.m-3, Tracks)
222 R
n a
cti
vit
y c
on
ce
ntr
ati
on
(Bq
.m-3
, Ch
arc
oa
l)
NORMDust
Akber,
Dharmasiri (1996)
AMAD Next to the operating station 8.4 m 12 m away 5.9 m
NORM in WaterNORM in Air
External gammaMeasurement of NORM
NORMExternal gamma radiation
Sand Dune
Abandoned tailings
Mineral sand derivatives
NORMExternal gamma radiation
HTotal = a CU + b CTh + c CK + HCosmic
Cosmic radiation dose (nGy.h-1)
Potassium concentration (%)
Thorium concentration (ppm)
Uranium concentration (ppm)
External gamma dose (nGy.h-1)
NORMExternal gamma radiation
HTotal = a CU + b CTh + c CK + HCosmic
CU = (A1 HTotal – A2)
CU 0.16 (HTotal – 66)
NORMExternal gamma radiation
HTotal = a CU + b CTh + c CK + HCosmic
CU = (A1 HTotal – A2)
CU 0.16 (HTotal – 66)
NORMExternal gamma radiation
HTotal = a CU + b CTh + c CK + HCosmic
CU = (A1 HTotal – A2)
0
300
600
900
1200
1500
0 300 600 900 1200 1500
Expected U (ppm)
Me
as
ure
d U
(p
pm
)
CU 0.16 (HTotal – 66)
Akber, Lawrence, Bollhoefer, Martin 2004
NORMExternal gamma radiation
HTotal = a CU + b CTh + c CK + HCosmic
CU = (A1 HTotal – A2)
0
300
600
900
1200
1500
0 300 600 900 1200 1500
Expected U (ppm)
Me
as
ure
d U
(p
pm
)
CU 0.16 (HTotal – 66)
Akber, Lawrence, Bollhoefer, Martin 2004
NORM in Water
NORM in AirExternal gamma
Measurement of NORM
NORMM
easu
rem
en
t
NORMM
easu
rem
en
t
NORMM
easu
rem
en
t
Riaz Akber