Handbook of Social Psychology

Ano Edição Nº Volumes Editores

1935 1ª 2 Carl Murchison

1954 1ª 2 Gardner Lindzey

1968/69 2ª 5 Gardner Lindzey & Elliot Aronson

1985 3ª 2 Gardner Lindzey & Elliot Aronson

1998 4ª 2 Daniel T. Gilbert, Susan T. Fiske, & Gardner Lindzey

2010 5ª 2 Susan T. Fiske, Daniel T. Gilbert, Gardner Lindzey

Psicologia Social II Valentim R. Alferes

A HANDBOOK OF SOCIAL PSYCHOLOGY

W. C. ALLEE

GORDON W. ALLPORT

FRIEDRICH ALVERDES

R . E.BUCHANAN

FREDERIC E. CLEMENTS

J. F. DASHIELL

ERWIN A. ESPER

HERBERT FRIEDMANN

EDWIN DEEKS HARVEY

MELVILLE ]. HERSKOVITS

CATHARINE Cox MILES

WALTER R. MILES

By

GARDNER MURPHY

LOIS BARCLAY MURPHY

0. E. PLATH

THORLEIF SCHJELDERUP-EBBE

VICTOR E. SHELFORD

WARRENS. THOMPSON

W. D. WALLIS

F. L. WELLS

RAYMOND ROYCE WILLOUGHBY

CLARK WISSLER

ADA W. YERKES

ROBERT M. YERKES

Edited by

CARL MURCHISON

VOLUME TWO

NEW YORK/ RUSSELL & RUSSELL

COPYRIGHT, 1935, BY

CLARK UNIVERSITY

REISSUED, 1967, BY RUSSELL & RUSSELL

A DIVISION OF ATHENEUM HOUSE, INC.

BY ARRANGEMENT WITH CLARK UNIVERSITY PRESS

L. C. CATALOG CARD NO: 66-24735

PRINTED IN THE UNITED STATES OF AMERICA

TABLE OF CONTENTS

Preface IX

PART I. SOCIAL PHENOMENA IN SELECTED POPULATIONS

1. Population Behavior of Bacteria . 3 R. E. BucHANAN, Iowa State College

2. Social Origins and Processes among Plants FREDERIC E. CLEMENTS, Carnegie Institution of Washington

22

3. Human Populations 49 WARREN S. THOMPSON, Scripps Foundation for Research in Popu-

lation Problems

PART II. SOCIAL PHENOMENA IN INFRAHUMAN SOCIETIES

4. Insect Societies 83 0. E. PLATH, Boston University

5. Bird Societies 142 HERBERT FRIEDMANN, United States National Museum

6. The Behavior of Mammalian Herds and Packs 185 FRIEDRICH ALVERDES, Zoological Institute, Marburg

PART III. HISTORICAL SEQUENCES OF HUMAN SOCIAL PHENOMENA

:l. 7. Social History of the Negro 207 MELVILLE J. HERSKOVITS, Northwestern UniverSity

8. Social History of the Red Man 268 CLARK WISSLER, Yale University

9. Social History of the White Man 309 W. D. WALLIS, University of Minnesota

10. Social History of the Yellow Man 361 EDWIN DEEKS HARVEY, Dartmouth College

PART IV. ANALYSES OF RECURRING PATTERNS IN SOCIAL PHENOMENA

11. Language 417 ERWIN A . EsPER, University of Washington

12. Magic and Cognate Phenomena: An Hypothesis 461 RAYMOND ROYEE WILLOUGHBY, Clark University

13. Material Cui ture 520 CLARK WISSLER, Yale University

[xi]

PART V. ANALYSES OF SOME CORRELATES OF SOCIAl PHENOMENA

14. The Physical Environment 567 VICTOR E . SHELFOR.D, University of Illinois

15. Age in Human Society 596 WALTER R. MILES, Institute of Human Relations, Yale University

16. Sex in Social Psychology 683 CATHARINE Cox MILES, Institute of Human Relations, Yale

University

17. Attitudes . GORDON W. ALLPORT, Harvard University

18. Social Maladjustments: Adaptive Regression F. L. WELLS, Harvard Medical School

PART VI. EXPERIMENTAL CONSTRUCTIONS OF SOCIAL PHENOMENA

19. Relatively Simple Animal Aggregations W. C. ALLEE, The University of Chicago

20. Social Behavior of Birds THORLEIF SCHJELDERUP-EBBE, Universite Nouvelle de Paris

21. Social' Behavior in Infrahuman Primates RoBERT M. YERKES, Yale University ADA W. YERKES, Yale University

22. The Influence of Social Situations upon the Behavior of

798

845

919

947

973

Children 1034 Lois BARCLAY MURPHY, Sarah Lawrence College GARDNER MURPHY, Columbia University

23. Experimental Studies of the Influence of Social Situations on the Behavior of Individual Human Adults . 1097

]. F. DASHII!LL, University of North Carolina

Name Index

Subject Index

[xn]

1159

1176

HANDBOOK OF

Social Psychology VOLUME I

THEORY AND METHOD

by

GoRDON W. ALLPORT WILLIAM W. LAMBERT

BERNARD BERELSON GARDNER LINDZEY

EDGAR F. BORGATTA RoNALD LIPPITT

RoBERT R. BusH ELEANOR E. MACCOBY

MORTON DEUTSCH NATHAN MACCOBY

ALLEN L. EDWARDS FREDERICK MosTELLER

BERT F. GREEN THEODORE R. SARBIN

CALVIN s. HALL MARTIN ScHEERER

D. 0. HEBB W. R. THOMPSON

RoGER W. HEYNS JoHN W. M. WHITING

Edited by

GARDNER LINDZEY

Harvard University

ADDISON-WESLEY PUBLISHING COMPANY, INC.

READING, MASSACHUSETTS, U.S.A.

LONDON, ENGLAND

Copyright © 1954

ADDISON-WESLEY PUBLISHING COMPANY, Inc.

Printed in the United States of America

ALL RIGHTS RESERVED. THIS BOOK, OR PARTS THERE­

OF, MAY NOT BE REPRODUCED IN ANY FORM WITHOUT

WRITTEN PERMISSION OF THE PUBLISHERS.

Library of Congress Catalog No. 54-5970

Third printing - March 1959

CONTENTS

PREFACE

pART 1. HISTORICAL INTRODUCTION

CHAPTER I. The Historical Background of Modern Social Psychology

by GoRDON W. ALLPORT, Harvard University

pART 2. CONTEMPORARY SYSTEMATIC POSITIONS

CHAPTER 2. Stimulus-Response Contiguity and Reinforcement Theory in Social Psychology

by WILLIAM W. LAMBERT, Cornell University

CHAPTER 3. Cognitive Theory

by MARTIN ScHEERER, University of Kansas

CHAPTER 4. Psychoanalytic Theory and Its Applications in the Social Sciences

by CALVIN S. HALL, Western Reserve University, and GARDNER LINDZEY, Hamard University

CHAPTER 5. Field Theory in Social Psychology

by MoRTON DEUTSCH, New York Univenity

CHAPTER 6. Role .Theory

by THEODORE R. SARBIN, University of California

PART 3. RESEARCH METHODS

CHAPTER 7. Experiments: Their Planning and Execution

by ALLEN L. EDWARDS, University of Washington

CHAPTER 8. Selected Quantitative Techniques

by FREDERICK MosTELLER and RoBERT R. BusH, Hamard University

CHAPTER 9. Attitude Measurement

by BERT F. GREEN, Massachusetts Institute of Technology

CHAPTER 10. Systematic Observational Techniques

by RoGER W. HEYNS and RoNALD LIPPITT, University of Michigan

CHAPTER II. Sociometric Measurement

by GARDNER LINDZEY and' EDGAR F. BoRGATTA, Harvard Uni­venity

CHAPTER 12. The Interview: A Tool of Social Science .

by ELEANOR E . MACCOBY, Harvard University, and

NATHAN MACCOBY, Boston University

v

vii

3

57

91

. 143

. 181

. 223

. 259

. 289

. 335

. 370

. 405

. 449

vi CONTENTS

CHAPTER 13. Content Analysis . 488

by BERNARD BERELSON, Ford Foundation

CHAPTER 14. The Cross-Cultural Method . 523

by JoHN W. M. WHITING, Harvard University

CHAPTER 15. The Social Significance of Animal Studies . 532

by D. 0 . HEBB and W. R. THOMPSON, McGi ll University

AuTHOR INDEX . 563

SUBJECT INDEX . 577

"

HANDBOOK OF

Social Psychology VOLUME II

SPECIAL FIELDS AND APPLICATIONS

ALLEN H. BARTON

RoGER vV. BROWN

JEROME S. BRUNER

!SIDOR CHEIN

IRVIN L. CHILD

J. C. FLUGEL

CECIL. A. GIBB

MASON HAIRE

JOHN HARDING

GEORGE C . ROMANS

CARL I. HovLAND

ALEX INKELES

by

HAROLD H. KELLEY

CLYDE KLUCKHOHN

BERNARD KuTNER

PAUL F. LAZARSFELD

DANIEL J. LEVINSON

JUAN LINZ

SEYMOUR M. LIPSET

GEORGE A , MILLER

GARDNER MURPHY

HAROLD PROSHANSKY

HENRY W. RIECKEN

RENATO TAGIURI

JOHN W. THIBAUT

Edited by

GARDNER LINDZEY

Harvard University

ADDISON-WESLEY PUBLISHING COMPANY, INC.

READING, MASSACHUSETTS, U.S.A.

LONDON, ENGLAND

Copyright © 1954

ADDISON-WESLEY PUBLISHING COMPANY, Inc.

Printed in the United States of America

ALL RIGHTS RESERVED. THIS BOOK, OR PARTS THERE­

OF, MAY NOT BE REPRODUCED IN ANY FORM WITHOUT

WRITTEN PERMISSION OF THE PUBLISHERS.

Library of Congr·ess Catalog No. 54-5970

Third printing - March 1959

CONTENTS

PREFACE vii

PART 4. THE INDIVIDUAL IN A SociAL CoNTEXT

CHAPTER 16. Social Motivation 601 by GARDNER MuRPHY, The Menninger Foundation

CHAPTER 17. The Perception of People 634 by JEROME S. BRUNER and RENATO TAGIURI, Harvard University

CHAPTER 18. Socialization 655 by IRVIN L. CHILD, Yale University

CHAPTER 19. Psycholinguistics 693 by GEORGE A. MILLER, Massachusetts Institute of Technology

CHAPTER 20. Humor and Laughter 709 by J. C. FLUGEL. London, England

PART 5. GROUP PSYCHOLOGY AND PHENOMENA OF INTERACTION

CHAPTER 21. Experimental Studies of Group Problem Solving and Process. by HAROLD H. KELLEY, Yale University, and

JoHN W. THIBAUT, University of North Carolina

CHAFER 22. Psychological Aspects of Social Structure by HENRY W. RIECKEN, Univasity of Minnesota, and

GEORGE C. RoMANS, Harvard University

CHAPTER 23. Mass Phenomena by_RoGER W. BROWN, Harvard University

CHAPTER 24. Leadership by CECIL A. GIBB, Dartmouth College

CHAPTER 25. Culture and Behavior by CLYDE KLUCKHOHN, Harvard University

735

786

833

877

921

CHAPTER 26. National Character: The Study of Modal Personality and Sociocultural Systems 977

by ALEX INKELES and DANIEL J. LEVINSON, Harvard University

PART 6. APPLIED SociAL PsYCHOLOGY

CHAPTER 27. Prejudice and Ethnic Relations by JoHN HARDING and BERNARD KuTNER, Cornell University,

HAROLD PROSHANSKY, Brooklyn College, and IsmoR CHEIN, New York University

CHAPTER 28. Effects of the Mass Media of Communication . by CARL I. HovLAND, Yale University

v

. 1021

. 1062

Vl CONTENTS

CHAPTER 29. Industrial Social Psychology . . 1104

by MAsON HAIRE, University of California

CHAPTER 30. The Psychology of Voting: An Analysis of Political Behavior. 1124 by SEYMOUR M. LIPSET, PAUL F. LAZARSFELD, ALLEN H. BARTON, and

JuAN LINZ, Columbia University

AuTHOR INDEX . 1177

SUBJECT INDEX . 1205

J

The Handbook of SOCIAL PSYCHOLOGY

SECOND EDITION Edited by GARDNER LINDZEY and ELLIOT ARONSON

University of Texas

VOLUME ONE HISTORICAL INTRODUCTION I SYSTEMATIC POSITIONS

.. TT

ADDISON-WESLEY PUBLISHING COMPANY Reading, Massachusetts • Menlo Park, California • London • Don Mills, Ontario

Copyright© 1954, 1968, Philippines copyright 1968 by Addison-Wesley Publishing Company, Inc. All rights reserved. No part of this publication may be reproduced, stored in a retrieval system, or transmitted, in any form or by any means, electronic, mechanical, photocopying, re­cording, or otherwise, without the prior written permission of the publisher. Printed in the United States of America. Published simultaneously in Canada. Library of Congress Catalog' Card No. 68-19347.

VOLUME ONE

HISTORICAL INTRODUCTION

1. The Historical Background of Modern Social Psychology Gordon W . Allport, Harvard University

SYSTEMATIC POSITIONS

Contents

2. Stimulus-Response Theory in Contemporary Social Psychology 81 Seymour M. Berger, Indiana University William W. Lambert, Cornell University

3. Mathematical Models of Social Behavior 179 Seymour Rosenberg, Rutgers University

4. The Relevance of Freudian Psychology and Related Viewpoints for the Social Sciences 245 Calvin S. Hall, Institute of Dream Research and University of California, Santa Cruz Gardner Lindzey, University of Texas

5. Cognitive Theories in Social Psychology 320 Robert B. Zajonc, University of Michigan

6. Field Theory in Social Psychology 412 Morton Deutsch, Columbia University

7. Role Theory 488 Theodore R. Sarbin, University of California, Berkeley Vernon L. Allen, University of Wisconsin

xn

8. Organizations 568 Richard M. Cyert, Carnegie-Mellon University Kenneth R. MacCrimmon, Carnegie-Mellon University

Author Index 615

Subject Index 635

VOLUME TWO

RESEARCH METHODS

9. Experimentation in Social Psychology Elliot Aronson and J. Merrill Carlsmith

10. Data Analysis, Including Statistics Frederick Mosteller and John W. Tukey

11. Attitude Measurement William A. Scott

12. Simulation of Social Behavior Robert P. Abelson

13. Systematic Observational Methods Karl E. Weick

14. Measurement of Social Choice and Interpersonal Attractiveness Gardner Lindzey and Donn Byrne

15. Interviewing Charles F. Cannell and Robert L. Kahn

16. Content Analysis

Contents xm

Ole R. Holsti, with the collaboration of Joanne K. Loomba and Robert C. North

17. Methods and Problems in Cross-Cultural Research John W. M. Whiting

18. The Social Significance of Animal Studies D. 0 . Hebb and W. R . Thompson

VOLUME THREE

THE INDIVIDUAL IN A SOCIAL CONTEXT

19. Psychophysiological Approaches in Social Psychology David Shapiro and Andrew Crider

20. Social Motivation Leonard Berkowitz

21. The Nature of Attitudes and Attitude Change William J. McGuire

xzv Contents

22. Social and Cultural Factors in Perception Henri Tajfel

23. Person Perception Renata Tagiuri

24. Socialization Edward Zigler and Irvin L. Child

25. Personality and Social Interaction David Marlowe and Kenneth]. Gergen

26. Psycholinguistics George A. Miller and David McNeill

27. Laughter, Humor, and Play D. E. Berlyne

28. Esthetics Irvin L. Child

VOLUME FOUR

GROUP PSYCHOLOGY AND PHENOMENA OF INTERACTION

29. Group Problem Solving Harold H. Kelley and John W. Thibaut

30. Group Structure: Attraction, Coalitions, Communication, and Power

Barry E. Collins and Bertram H. Raven

31. Leadership Cecil A. Gibb

32. Social Structure and Behavior Wilbert E. Moore

33. Cultural Psychology: Comparative Studies of Human Behavior George A. DeVos and Arthur E. Hippler

34. National Character: The Study of Modal Personality and Sociocultural Systems

Alex Inkeles and Daniel]. Levinson

35. Collective Behavior: Crowds and Social Movements Stanley Milgram and Hans Toch

36. The Social Psychology of Infrahuman Animals

]. P. Scott

VOLUME FIVE

APPLIED SOCIAL PSYCHOLOGY

37. Prejudice and Ethnic Relations John Harding, Harold Proshansky, Bernard Kutner, and Isidor Chein

38. Effects of the Mass Media of Communication Walter Weiss

39. Industrial Social Psychology Victor H. Vroom

40. Psychology and Economics Herbert A . Simon and Andrew C. Stedry

41. Political Behavior David 0. Sears

42. A Social Psychology of Education ]. W. Getzels

43. Social-Psychological Aspects of International Relations Amitai Etzioni

44. Psychology of Religion James E . Dittes

45. Social Psychology of Mental Health Howard E. Freeman and jeanne M . Giovannoni

Contents xv

THIRD EDITION

Handbook of Social Psychology

VOLUME I Theory and Method

Gardner Lindzey Center for Advanced Study in the Behavioral Sciences

Elliot Aronson University of California, Santa Cruz

~ RANDOM HOUSE

New York

Distributed exclusively by Lawrence Erlbaum Associates, Inc., Publishers

Hillsdale, New Jersey, and London

•

Third Edition

987654321

Copyright © 1985 by Newbery Award Records, Inc .

All rights reserved under International and Pan-American Copyright Conventions. No part of this book may be reproduced in any form or by any means, electronic or mechanical, including photocopying, without permission in writing from the publisher. All inquiries should be addressed to Newbery Award Records, Ihc., 201 East 50th Street, New York, NY 10022. Published in the United States by Newbery Award Records, Inc., a subsidiary of Random House/ Alfred A. Knopf, Inc ., New York, and simultaneously in Canada by Random House of Canada Limited, Toronto. Distributed by Lawrence Erlbaum Associates, Inc., Publishers.

Library of Congress Cataloging irt Publication Data Main entry under title:

The Handbook of social psychology.

Includes index. Contents: v. 1. Theory and method-v. 2. Special fields and applications. 1. Social psychology. I. Lindzey, Gardner.

II. Aronson, Elliot. HM251.H224 1985 302 84-18509 ISBN 0-394-35049-9 (v. I) ISBN 0-394-35050-2 (v. 2)

Manufactured in the United States of America

The editors wish to thank a number of publishers and copyright holders for permission to repro­duce tables, figures, and excerpts from the following sources:

American Psychological Association, Ethical Guidelines for Psychologists. Copyright © 1982. Reprinted by permission.

Aberle, D. F. et al. "The functional prerequisites of a soci­ety." Ethics, 60, pp. 110-111. Copyright © 1950. Reprinted by permission of the University of Chicago Press.

Alevizos, P. N., and P. L. Berek. "Communication: an in­structional aid for staff training in behavioral assessment." J. of Applied Behavior Analysis, 7, pp. 472, 660. Copyright © 1975 by the Society for the Experimental Analysis of Behav­ior, Inc. Reprinted by permission.

Bales, R. F., and S. P. Cohen, SYMLOG:A system for the multiple level observation of groups. Copyright © 1979 by The Free Press, a Division of Macmillan Publishing Co., Inc. Adapted with permission of Macmillan, Inc.

Benjamin, L. S. "Structural Analysis of Differentiation Failure." Psychiatry, 42, 1-23. Copyright © 1979 by The William Alanson White Psychiatric Foundation, Inc. Reprinted by special permission of The William Alanson White Psychiatric Foundation, Inc .

Berry, W. Sayings and doings. Gnomon Press. Copyright © 1975 . Quotes from Sayings and doings by Wendell Berry used by permission of Gnomon Press.

Brandt, R. M. Studying behavior in natural settings. Copyright © 1982. Reprinted by arrangement with University Press of America, Inc.

Cavan, S. "Seeing social structure in a rural setting." Ur­ban Life Culture, 3, 334-335. Copyright © 1974. Reprinted by permission of Sage Publications, Inc.

Coombs, C. H. "Thurstone's measurement of social val­ues revisited 40 years later." J. Personality and Social Psychology, 6, 85-90. Copyright © 1967. Reprinted by permis­sion.

Dawes, R. M., and M. Moore. "Guttman scaling ortho­dox and randomized responses." In F. Peterman (Ed.), Attitude measurement. Gottingen: Verlag fiir psychologie. Pp . 129-131. Copyright © 1980. Reprinted by permission.

Douglas. J. D. Investigative social research . Pp. 15-16. Copyright © 1976. Reprinted by permission of Sage Publica­tions.

Goffman, E. Frame analysis. New York: Harper & Row. Pp. 1-2. Copyright © 1974. Reprinted by permission.

Goodman, L.A. "A modified regression approach to the analysis of dichotomous variable." American Sociological Re­view, 39, Table p. 29. Copyright © 1972. Reprinted by permis­sion of The American Sociological Association.

Kahneman, D., and A. Tversky. "The psychology of preferences." Scientific American, 246, 160-173. Copyright © 1982 by Scientific American, Inc. All rights reserved.

Lofland, 1. Doing social life. New York: Wiley. Copyright © 1976. Reprinted by permission.

(Cont. onpagexvi)

Contents

VOLUME 1: THEORY AND METHODS

·¥ CHAPTER l

CHAPTER 2

CHAPTER 3

CHAPTER 4

The Historical Background of Social Psychology

Gordon W. Allport Harvard University

Major Developments in Social Psychology During the Past Five Decades

Edward E. Jones Princeton University

Learning Theory in Contemporary Social Psychology

Bernice Lott University of Rhode Island

Albert J. Lott University of Rhode Island

The Cognitive Perspective in Social Psychology

Hazel Markus University of Michigan

R.B. Zajonc University of Michigan

47

109

137

xi

xii Contents

CHAPTER 5 Decision Making and Decision Theory 231

Robert P. Abelson Yale University

Ariel Levi Teachers College, Columbia University

CHAPTER 6 Symbolic Interaction and Role Theory 311 Sheldon Stryker Indiana University

Anne Statham University of Wisconsin at Parkside

CHAPTER 7 Organizations and Organization Theory 379 Jeffrey Pfeffer Stanford University

CHAPTER 8 Experimentation in Social Psychology 441 Elliot Aronson University of California, Santa Cruz

Marilynn Brewer University of California, Los Angeles

J. Merrill Car/smith Stanford University

CHAPTER 9 Quantitative Methods for Social Psychology 487 David A. Kenny The University of Connecticut

CHAPTER 10 Attitude and Opinion Measurement 509 Robyn M. Dawes University of Oregon

TomL. Smith Research and Education Institute of Denver (REID)

CHAPTER ll Systematic Observational Methods 567 Karl E. Weick University of Texas at A us tin

CHAPTER 12

CHAPTER 13

Survey Methods Howard Schuman University of Michigan

Graham Kaftan University of Michigan

Program Evaluation

Thomas D. Cook Northwestern University

Laura C. Leviton University of Pittsburg

William R. Shadish, Jr. Memphis State University

VOLUME II: SPECIAL FIELDS AND APPLICATIONS

CHAPTER 14

CHAPTER 15

CHAPTER 16

CHAPTER 17

Altruism and Aggression Dennis L. Krebs Simon Fraser University

Dale T. Miller Simon Fraser University

Attribution and Social Perception Michael Ross University of Waterloo

Garth J. 0. Fletcher Illinois State University

Socialization in Adulthood Karen K. Dian University of Toronto

Sex Roles in Contemporary American Society

Janet T. Spence University of Texas at Austin

KayDeaux Purdue University

Robert L. Helmreich University of Texas at Austin

Contents xiii

635

699

73

123

149

xiv Contents

CHAPTER 18 Language Use and Language Users 179

Herbert H. Clark Stanford University

r CHAPTER 19 Attitudes and Attitude Change 233

William J. McGuire Yale University

CHAPTER 20 Social Influence and Conformity 347

Serge Moscovici Ecole des Hautes Etudes En Sciences Sociales

CHAPTER 21 Interpersonal Attraction 413

Ellen Berscheid University of Minnesota

CHAPTER 22 Leadership and Power 485

EdwinP. Hollander State University of New York at Buffalo

CHAPTER 23 Effects of Mass Communication 539 Donald F. Roberts Stanford University

Nathan Maccoby Stanford University

CHAPTER 24 Intergroup Relations 599 Walter G. Stephan New Mexico State University

CHAPTER 25 Public Opinion and Polical Action 659 Donald R. Kinder University of Michigan

David 0. Sears University of California, Los Angeles

CHAPTER 26 Social Deviance 743 Dane Archer University of California, Santa Cruz

CHAPTER 27

~ CHAPTER 28

CHAPTER 29

CHAPTER 30

Contents xv

The Application of Social Psychology Judith Rodin Yale University

Personality and Social Behavior Mark Snyder University of Minnesota

William Ickes University of Texas at Arlington

Social Psychological Aspects of Environmental Psychology

John M. Darley Princeton University

Daniel T. Gilbert Princeton University

Cultural Psychology D. R. Price-Williams University of California, Los Angeles

805

883

949

993

VOLUME I

THE HANDBOOK OF SOCIAL PSYCHOLOGY

FOURTH EDITION

Daniel T. Gilbert Harvard University

Susan T. Fiske University of Massachusetts

at Amherst

Gardner Lindzey Center for Advanced Study in the

Behavioral Sciences

The McGRAW-HILL Companies, Inc. Boston, Massachusetts Burr Ridge, Illinois Dubuque, Iowa

Madison, Wisconsin New York, New York San Francisco, California St. Louis, Missouri

Distributed exclusively by Oxford University Press New York and Oxford

McGraw-Hill A Division ofTheMcGrmvHill Companies

THE HANDBOOK OF SOCIAL PSYCHOLOGY VOLUME I

Acknowledgments appear on page xx and on this page by reference.

Copyright© 1998, 1985, 1969, 1954 by the McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved. Printed in the United States of America. Except as permitted under the United States Copyright Act of 1976, no part of this publication may be reproduced or distributed in any form or by any means, or stored in a data base or retrieval system without the prior written permission of the publisher.

This book is printed on acid-free paper.

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ISBN 0-19-521376-9

Publisher: Jane Vaicunas Sponsoring editor: Beth Kaufman Marketing manager: Jim Rozsa Project manager: Ann Morgan Production supervisor: Deb Donner Cover and text designer: Kiera Cunningham Project supervision: The Total Book Compositor: Ruttle, Shaw & Wetherill, Inc. Typeface: 9.5/11 Times Roman Printer: R. R. Donnelley-Crawfordsville

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The handbook of social psychology I [edited by] Daniel Gilbert, Susan Fiske, Gardner Lindzey. - 4th ed.

p. em. Previous ed. edited by Gardner Lindzey and Elliot Aronson. Includes bibliographical references and index. ISBN 0-19-521376-9 (v. 1 and v. 2) 1. Social psychology. I. Gilbert, Daniel. II. Fiske, Susan T.

ill. Lindzey, Gardner. HM25l.H224 1998 302-dc21 97-5436

CONTENTS

VOLUME I

PREFACE TO THE FOURTH EDITION xi

PREFACE TO THE TIDRD EDITION xiii

PREFACE TO THE SECOND EDITION xvi

PREFACE TO THE FIRST EDITION xviii

PART ONE HISTORICAL PERSPECTIVES

Chapter 1

MAJOR DEVELOPMENTS IN FIVE DECADES OF SOCIAL

PSYCHOLOGY 3 Edward E. Jones, Princeton University

Chapter2

THE SOCIAL BEING IN SOCIAL PSYCHOLOGY 58 Shelley E. Taylor, University of California, Los Angeles

PART TWO METHODOLOGICAL PERSPECTIVES

Chapter3

EXPERIMENTATION IN SOCIAL PSYCHOLOGY 99 Elliot Aronson, University of California, Santa Cruz Timothy D. Wilson, University of Virginia Marilynn B. Brewer, The Ohio State University

Chapter4

J.. SURVEY METHODS 143 Norbert Schwarz, University of Michigan Robert M. Groves, University of Michigan and University of Maryland Howard Schuman, University of Michigan

vii

ChapterS

MEASUREMENT 180 Charles M. Judd, University of Colorado Gary H. McClelland, University of Colorado

Chapter6

DATA ANALYSIS IN SOCIAL PSYCHOLOGY 233 David A. Kenny, University of Connecticut Deborah A. Kashy, Texas A&M University Niall Bolger, New York University

PART THREE INTRAPERSONAL PHENOMENA

Chapter7

ATTITUDE STRUCTURE AND FUNCTION 269 Alice H. Eagly, Northwestern University Shelly Chaiken, New York University

ChapterS

ATTITUDE CHANGE: MULTIPLE ROLES FOR PERSUASION

VARIABLES 323 Richard E . Petty, The Ohio State University Duane T. Wegener, Purdue University

Chapter9

MENTAL REPRESENTATION AND MEMORY 391 Eliot R. Smith, Purdue University

Chapter 10

CONTROL AND AUTOMATICITY IN SOCIAL LIFE 446 Daniel M. Wegner, University of Virginia John A. Bargh, New York University

viii

Chapter 11

BEHAVIORAL DECISION MAKING AND JuDGMENT 497 Robyn M. Dawes, Carnegie Mellon University

Chapter 12

MOTIVATION 549 Thane S. Pittman, Gettysburg College

Chapter 13

EMOTIONS 591 Robert B. Zajonc, Stanford University

PART FOUR PERSONAL PHENOMENA

Chapter 14

UNDERSTANDING PERSONALITY AND SOCIAL BEHAVIOR:

A FUNCTIONALIST STRATEGY 635 Mark Snyder, University of Minnesota Nancy Cantor, University of Michigan

Chapter 15

THE SELF 680 Roy F. Baumeister, Case Western Reserve University

Chapter 16

SOCIAL DEVELOPMENT IN CHILDHOOD

AND ADULTHOOD 741 Diane N. Ruble, New York University Jacqueline J. Goodnow, MacQuarie University

Chapter 17

GENDER 788 Kay Deaux, City University of New York Marianne LaFrance, Boston College

INDEXES Name 829 Subject 855

Contents

VOLUME II

PART FIVE INTERPERSONAL PHENOMENA

Chapter 18

NONVERBAL COMMUNICATION 3 Bella M. DePaulo, University of Virginia Howard S. Friedman, University of California, Riverside

Chapter 19

LANGUAGE AND SOCIAL BEHAVIOR 41 Robert M. Krauss, Columbia University Chi-Yue Chiu, University of Hong Kong

Chapter 20

ORDINARY PERSONOLOGY 89 Daniel T. Gilbert, Harvard University

Chapter21

SOCIAL INFLUENCE: SOCIAL NORMS, CONFORMITY, AND

COMPLIANCE 151 Robert B. Cialdini, Arizona State University Melanie R. Trost, Arizona State University

Chapter 22

ATTRACTION AND CLOSE RELATIONSHIPS 193 Ellen Berscheid, University of Minnesota Harry T. Reis, University of Rochester

Chapter23

ALTRUISM AND PROSOCIAL BEHAVIOR 282 C. Daniel Batson, University of Kansas

Chapter 24

AGGRESSION AND ANTISOCIAL BEHAVIOR 317 Russell G. Geen, University of Missouri

Chapter25

STEREOTYPING, PREJUDICE, AND DISCRIMINATION 357 Susan T. Fiske, University of Massachusetts at Amherst

Contents ix

PART SIX COLLECTIVE PHENOMENA

Chapter 26

SMALL GROUPS 415 John M. Levine, University of Pittsburgh Richard L. Moreland, University of Pittsburgh

Chapter27

SociAL CoNFLICT 470 Dean G. Pruitt, State University of New York at Buffalo

Chapter 28

SOCIAL STIGMA 504 Jennifer Crocker, University of Michigan Brenda Major, University of California at Santa Barbara Claude Steele, Stanford University

Chapter29

INTERGROUP RELATIONS 554 Marilynn B. Brewer, The Ohio State University Rupert J. Brown, University of Kent at Canterbury

Chapter30

SOCIAL JUSTICE AND SOCIAL MOVEMENTS 595 Tom R. Tyler, University of California, Berkeley Heather J. Smith, Sonoma State University

PART SEVEN INTERDISCIPLINARY PERSPECTIVES

Chapter31

HEALTH BEHAVIOR 633 Peter Salovey, Yale University Alexander J. Rothman, University of Minnesota Judith Rodin, University of Pennsylvania

Chapter32

PSYCHOLOGY AND LAW 684 Phoebe C. Ellsworth, University of Michigan Robert Mauro, University of Oregon

Chapter33

UNDERSTANDING ORGANIZATIONS: CONCEPTS AND

CONTROVERSIES 733 Jeffrey Pfeffer, Stanford University

Chapter34

OPINION AND ACTION IN THE REALM OF POLITICS 778 Donald R. Kinder, University of Michigan

Chapter35

SOCIAL PSYCHOLOGY AND WORLD POLITICS 868 Philip E. Tetlock, The Ohio State University

PART EIGHT EMERGING PERSPECTIVES

Chapter 36

THE CULTURAL MATRIX OF SOCIAL PSYCHOLOGY 915 Alan Page Fiske, University of California, Los Angeles Shinobu Kitayama, Kyoto University Hazel Rose Markus, Stanford University Richard E. Nisbett, University of Michigan

Chapter37

EVOLUTIONARY SOCIAL PSYCHOLOGY 982 David M. Buss, University of Texas, Austin Douglas T. Kenrick, Arizona State University

INDEXES Name 1027 Subject 1075

..

HANDBOOK OF SOCIAL PSYCHOLOGY Fifth Edition

Volume 1

Edited by

SUSAN T. FISKE

DANIEL T. GILBERT

GARDNER LINDZEY

~ WILEY

John Wiley & Sons, Inc.

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Library of Co11gress Catalogillg-ill-Publicatioll Data:

Handbook of social psychology I edited by Susan T. Fiske, Daniel T. Gilbert, & Gardner Lindzey. -5th ed. p.cm.

Includes bibliographical references and index. ISBN 978-0-470-13747-5 (set)-ISBN 978-0-470-13748-2 (v. I : cloth)--ISBN 978-0-470-13749-9 (v. 2 :cloth) I. Social psychology. I. Fiske, Susan T. II. Gilbert, Daniel Todd. Ill. Lindzey, Gardner.

HMIOII.H372010 302--dc22

Printed in the United States of America

10 9 8 7 6 5 4 3 2

2009023126

Contents

PREFACE

CONTRIBUTORS

VOLUME I

Part 1: The Science of Social Psychology

1.1 HISTORY OF SOCIAL PSYCHOLOGY: INSIGHTS, CHALLENGES, AND CONTRIBUTIONS TO THEORY AND APPLICATION 3 Lee Ross, Mark Lepper, and Andrew Ward

2.1 THE ART OF LABORATORY EXPERIMENTATION 51 Timothy D. Wilson, Elliot Aronson, and Kevin Carlsmith

3.1 SOCIAL PSYCHOLOGICAL METHODS OUTSIDE THE LABORATORY 82 Harry T. Reis and Samuel D. Gosling

4.1 DATA ANALYSIS IN SOCIAL PSYCHOLOGY: RECENT AND RECURRING ISSUES 115 Charles M. Judd and David A. Kenny

Part II: The Social Being

s.l SOCIAL COGNITIVE NEUROSCIENCE 143 Matthew D. Lieberman

6.1 SOCIAL PSYCHOPHYSIOLOGY AND EMBODIMENT 194 Jim Blascovich and Wendy Berry Mendes

7.1 AUTOMATICITY AND THE UNCONSCIOUS 228 Ap Dijksterhuis

8.1 MOTIVATION 268 John A. Bargh, Peter M. Gollwitzer, and Gabriele Oettingen

9.1 EMOTION 317 Dacher Keltner and Jennifer S. Lerner

viii Contents

10.1 ATTITUDES 353 Mahzarin R. Banaji and Larisa Heiphetz

11.1 ATTITUDES AND PERSUASION: FROM BIOLOGY TO SOCIAL RESPONSES TO PERSUASIVE INTENT 394 Dolores Albarracin and Patrick Vargas

12.1 PERCEIVING PEOPLE 428 C. Neil Macrae and Susanne Quadflieg

13.1 NONVERBAL BEHAVIOR 464 Nalini Ambady and Max Weisbuch

14.1 MIND PERCEPTION 498 Nicholas Epley and Adam Waytz

15.1 JUDGMENT AND DECISION MAKING 542 Thomas D. Gilovich and Dale W. Griffin

16. I SELF AND IDENTITY 589 William B. Swann, Jr. and Jennifer K. Bosson

17.1 GENDER 629 Wendy Wood and Alice H. Eagly

18.1 PERSONALITY IN SOCIAL PSYCHOLOGY 668 David C. Funder and Lisa A. Fast

19.1 HEALTH 698 Shelley E. Taylor

20.1 EXPERIMENTAL EXISTENTIAL PSYCHOLOGY: COPING WITH THE FACTS OF LIFE 724 Tom Pyszczynski, Jeff Greenberg, Sander Koole, and Sheldon Solomon

VOLUME2

Part III: The Social World

21.1 EVOLUTIONARY SOCIAL PSYCHOLOGY 761 Steven L. Neuberg, Douglas T. Kenrick, and Mark Schaller

22.1 MORALITY 797 Jonathan Haidt and Selin Kesebir

23.1 AGGRESSION 833 Brad J. Bushman and L. Rowell Huesmann

24.1 AFFILIATION, ACCEPTANCE, AND BELONGING: THE PURSUIT OF INTERPERSONAL CONNECTION 864 Mark R. Leary

25.1 CLOSE RELATIONSHIPS 898 Margaret S. Clark and Edward P. Lemay, Jr.

Contents ix

26.1 INTERPERSONAL STRATIFICATION: STATUS, POWER, AND SUBORDINATION 941 Susan T. Fiske

27.1 SOCIAL CONFLICT: THE EMERGENCE AND CONSEQUENCES OF STRUGGLE AND NEGOTIATION 983 Carsten K. W. De Dreu

28.1 INTERGROUP RELATIONS 1024 Vincent Yzerbyt and Stephanie Demoulin

29.1 INTERGROUP BIAS 1084 John F. Dovidio and Samuel L. Gaertner

30.1 SOCIAL JUSTICE: HISTORY, THEORY, AND RESEARCH 1122 John T. Jost and Aaron C. Kay

31.1 INFLUENCE AND LEADERSHIP 1166 Michael A. Hogg

32.1 GROUP BEHAVIOR AND PERFORMANCE 1208 J. Richard Hackman and Nancy Katz

33.1 ORGANIZATIONAL PREFERENCES AND THEIR CONSEQUENCES 1252 Deborah H. Gruenfeld and Larissa Z. Tiedens

34.1 THE PSYCHOLOGICAL UNDERPINNINGS OF POLITICAL BEHAVIOR 1288 Jon A Krosnick, Penny S. Visser, and Joshua Harder

35.1 SOCIAL PSYCHOLOGY AND LAW 1343 Margaret Bull Kovera and Eugene Borgida

36.1 SOCIAL PSYCHOLOGY AND LANGUAGE: WORDS, UTTERANCES, AND CONVERSATIONS 1386 Thomas Holtgraves

37.1 CULTURAL PSYCHOLOGY 1423 Steven J. Heine

AUTHOR INDEX I-1

SUBJECT INDEX I-85