Handbook of Satellite Applications

Joseph N. Pelton • Scott MadrySergio Camacho-LaraEditors

Handbook ofSatellite Applications

With 494 Figures and 78 Tables

EditorsJoseph N. PeltonFormer DeanInternational Space UniversityArlingtonVirginia, USA

Scott MadryInternational Space UniversityChapel HillNorth Carolina, USA

Sergio Camacho-LaraCRECTEALCTonantzintlaPuebla, Mexico

ISBN 978-1-4419-7670-3 ISBN 978-1-4419-7671-0 (eBook)ISBN 978-1-4419-7672-7 (print and electronic bundle)DOI 10.1007/ 978-1-4419-7671-0Springer New York Heidelberg Dordrecht London

Library of Congress Control Number: 2012952160

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Foreword

Imagine if all satellite services would close down for even a few hours. The global

consequences of such a catastrophic event – even for specialists in the field – would

be hard to grasp. We can easily imagine huge disruptions in telecommunications

traffic and banking operations occurring within minutes. In time chaos would

spread to stock markets, television broadcasts, weather forecasting, and storm

alerts, as well as airline travel. By the second hour the problems would have even

spread to activities like education, health care, and many other basic services of

industry and government. Some years back, a communications satellite failed and

the satellite-based pager system for many doctors, surgeons, police, and firemen

suddenly went down. For the first time people began to realize just how dependent

they were on satellites in their daily lives.

At the 2012 International Space University (ISU) symposium on Space Sustain-

ability, one expert referred to the “Day After” scenario for the possibility when all

satellites might fail. Whereas one can survive without a utility like electricity for

a short time, the longer-term consequences for a global society would be quite

dramatic. The same would happen for a world without satellite services. A world

stripped of its application satellites would be set back many decades in its progress.

We would suddenly inhabit a world where misinformation could reign again. It is

not an overstatement to say that a world without satellites could actually plunge us

into war.

In short, space applications today have become a utility, just as in the case of

electricity or water. We basically do not wonder where our electricity or our water

was produced when we use a power socket or turn on a water faucet. We just

assume it will be available with good quality in a sustainable way. Today, in a world

with rising population and climate change we are becoming more and more

concerned about long-term availability of resources, and when we do so we also

need to reflect on the availability of space resources. Just think about the conse-

quences of a strong solar storm such as that occurred in 1859. This quite unusual

Coronal Mass Ejection (CME) or solar eruption, now called the Carrington Event,

managed to set telegraph offices on fire and brought the aurora borealis as far south

as Cuba and Hawaii for many days. It is evident that a repetition of such an event

nowadays would bring considerable damage to our application satellites and could

interrupt global satellite services in a major way.

v

Knowledge of satellite applications is important, but it is equally important to

understand the whole system starting from the underlying basics of the technology

and how satellites are built and operated nationally, regionally, and globally. We

need to know the potential of these satellites today and tomorrow as well as

understand the threats that can influence their performance.

This handbook is exactly aimed to fulfill this purpose and provides an excellent

and outstanding overview of satellite applications, at the same time emphasizing

the regulatory, business, and policy aspects. The authors are among the best experts

worldwide and it is a pleasure to note that many of them are regular lecturers at the

International Space University, which at the same time guarantees the interdisci-

plinary character of this unique standard work.

ISU is for these reasons proud to fully endorse this important handbook!

President, ISU Prof. Walter Peeters

Strasbourg, France

vi Foreword

Acknowledgments

The multiyear creation of the Handbook of Satellite Applications represents

a mammoth effort by many dozens of authors. Some of the world’s most outstand-

ing experts in their field graciously supported this effort as volunteers. We thus

wish, first and foremost, to thank these authors who have so generously contributed

toward this attempt to creating a truly definitive reference work across the closely

related fields of satellite communications, remote sensing, space navigation, and

meteorological sensing from space.

We also wish to thank Dr. Michael Simpson, former President of the Interna-

tional Space University (ISU). It was he who first encouraged the creation of this

reference work and had the vision to support a handbook that would comprehen-

sively cover the entire range of major satellite applications. Also, it is important to

recognize the current president of the International Space University (ISU) Walter

Peeters, dean Angelina Bukley, plus the current and past chairs of the ISU Aca-

demic Council, who were also involved with this project, namely, Drs. Edward

Chester and Stefano Fiorilli.

Finally we would like to thank the many people at Springer Publishing who

nurtured and supported this project during its 2-year gestation. We wish to thank

Maury Solomon, who first conceived that such a project would be an important

undertaking for the scientific literature in the field. Particular thanks also go to

Barbara Wolf, Marion Kraemer, and Saskia Ellis who carefully oversaw the final

editing and kept the production schedule more or less on track. Then there was

Vasuki Ravichandran, who, along with Ms. Ellis, very scrupulously oversaw the

production of this extensive reference work on a day-after-day basis. We thank

them both for their constant eye to detail and their tireless efforts.

Joseph N. Pelton

Sergio Camacho-lara

Scott Madry

vii

Contents

Volume 1

Section 1 Satellite Communications . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1

1 Satellite Applications Handbook: The Complete Guide to

Satellite Communications, Remote Sensing, Navigation, and

Meteorology . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3

Joseph N. Pelton, Scott Madry, and Sergio Camacho Lara

2 Satellite Communications Overview . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 19

Joseph N. Pelton

3 History of Satellite Communications . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 27

Joseph N. Pelton

4 Space Telecommunications Services and Applications . . . . . . . . . 67

Joseph N. Pelton

5 Satellite Orbits for Communications Satellites . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 93

Joseph N. Pelton

6 Fixed Satellite Communications: Market Dynamics

and Trends . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 115

Peter Marshall and Joseph N. Pelton

7 Satellite Communications Video Markets: Dynamics

and Trends . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 135

Peter Marshall

8 Mobile Satellite Communications Markets: Dynamics

and Trends . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 163

Ramesh Gupta and Dan Swearingen

9 An Examination of the Governmental Use of Military and

Commercial Satellite Communications . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 187

Andrew Stanniland and Denis Curtin

10 Economics and Financing of Communications Satellites . . . . . . . . 221

Henry R. Hertzfeld

ix

11 Satellite Communications and Space Telecommunications

Frequencies . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 239

Michel Bousquet

12 Regulatory Process for Communications Satellite Frequency

Allocations . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 271

Ram S. Jakhu

13 Satellite Radio Communications Fundamentals and

Link Budgets . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 293

Daniel R. Glover

14 Satellite Communications Modulation and Multiplexing . . . . . . . 325

Paul T. Thompson

15 Satellite Transmission, Reception and On-Board Processing

Signaling and Switching . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 359

Bruno Perrot

16 Satellite Communications Antenna Concepts

and Engineering . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 373

Takashi Iida

17 Satellite Antenna Systems Design and Implementation

Around the World . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 397

Takashi Iida and Joseph N. Pelton

18 Satellite Earth Station Antenna Systems and System Design . . . . 427

Jeremy E. Allnutt

19 Technical Challenges of Integration of Space and

Terrestrial Systems . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 461

John L. Walker and Chris Hoeber

20 Satellite Communications Regulatory, Legal

and Trade Issues . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 507

Gerardine M. Goh Escolar

21 Trends and Future of Satellite Communications . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 533

Joseph N. Pelton

Section 2 Satellite Precision Navigation and Timing Section . . . . 559

22 Introduction to Satellite Navigation Systems . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 561

Joseph N. Pelton and Sergio Camacho-Lara

23 Global Navigation Satellite Systems: Orbital Parameters,

Time and Space Reference Systems and Signal Structures . . . . . . 573

Rogerio Enrıquez-Caldera

x Contents

24 International Committee on GNSS . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 603

Sergio Camacho-Lara

25 Current and Future GNSS and Their Augmentation

Systems . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 617

Sergio Camacho-Lara

Volume 2

Section 3 Space Remote Sensing . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 655

26 Introduction and History of Space Remote Sensing . . . . . . . . . . . 657

Scott Madry

27 Electromagnetic Radiation Principles and Concepts as

Applied to Space Remote Sensing . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 667

M. J. Rycroft

28 Astronaut Photography: Handheld Camera Imagery from

Low Earth Orbit . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 683

William L. Stefanov, Cynthia A. Evans, Susan K. Runco, M. Justin

Wilkinson, and Kimberly Willis

29 Electro-optical and Hyper-spectral Remote Sensing . . . . . . . . . . . 729

Scott Madry and Joseph N. Pelton

30 Operational Applications of Radar Images . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 739

Vern Singhroy

31 Lidar Remote Sensing . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 757

Juan Carlos Fernandez Diaz, William E. Carter,

Ramesh L. Shrestha, and Craig L. Glennie

32 Digital Image Acquisition: Preprocessing

and Data Reduction . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 809

Siamak Khorram, Stacy A. C. Nelson, Halil Cakir, and

Cynthia F. van der Wiele

33 Digital Image Processing: Post-processing and

Data Integration . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 839

Siamak Khorram, Stacy Nelson, Halil Cakir, and

Cynthia Van Der Wiele

34 Remote Sensing Data Applications . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 865

Haruhisa Shimoda

Contents xi

35 Geographic Information Systems and Geomatics . . . . . . . . . . . . . 935

Jesus A. Gonzalez

Section 4 Space Systems for Meteorology . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 955

36 Introduction to Space Systems for Meteorology . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 957

Joseph N. Pelton, Scott Madry, and Sergio Camacho-Lara

37 United States Meteorological Satellite Program . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 967

Sergio Camacho-Lara, Scott Madry, and Joseph N. Pelton

38 EUMETSAT Geostationary Meteorological Satellite

Programs . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 991

Declan Murphy

39 International Meteorological Satellite Systems . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1021

Sergio Camacho-Lara, Scott Madry, and Joseph N. Pelton

Section 5 Spacecraft Bus and Ground Systems . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1043

40 Overview of the Spacecraft Bus . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1045

Tarik Kaya and Joseph N. Pelton

41 Telemetry, Tracking, and Command (TT&C) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1067

Arthur Norman Guest

42 Lifetime Testing, Redundancy, Reliability and Mean

Time to Failure . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1079

Joseph N. Pelton

43 Ground Systems for Satellite Application Systems for

Navigation, Remote Sensing, and Meteorology . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1095

Scott Madry, Joseph N. Pelton, and Sergio Camacho-Lara

44 Common Elements versus Unique Requirements in Various

Types of Satellite Application Systems . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1111

Joseph N. Pelton and Scott Madry

Section 6 Launch Systems and Launch-Related Issues . . . . . . . . . 1129

45 Launch Vehicles and Launch Sites . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1131

Joseph N. Pelton

46 Orbital Debris and Sustainability of Space Operations . . . . . . . . . 1145

Heiner Klinkrad

47 Space Weather and Hazards to Application Satellites . . . . . . . . . . 1175

Michael J. Rycroft

xii Contents

Section 7 Appendices . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1195

A1 The World’s Launch Sites . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1197

Arthur N. Guest and Joseph N. Pelton

A2 Major Launch Systems Available Globally . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1207

Arthur N. Guest and Joseph N. Pelton

A3a Global Communications Satellite Systems . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1221

Joseph N. Pelton

A3b US Domestic Communications Satellite Systems . . . . . . . . . . . . 1225

Joseph N. Pelton

Contents xiii

The Authors

Jeremy E. Allnutt Department of Electrical & Computer Engineering, George

Mason University, Fairfax, VA, USA

Jeremy Allnutt earned his B.Sc. and Ph.D. in electrical engineering from the

University of Salford, UK, in 1966 and 1970, respectively. From 1970 to 1977,

he was at the Appleton Laboratory in Slough, England, where he ran propagation

experiments with the US satellite ATS-6 and the European satellites SIRIO and

OTS. In 1977, he moved to BNR, now Nortel, in Ottawa, Canada, and worked on

satellite and rural communications projects before joining the International

Telecommunications Satellite Organization (INTELSAT) in Washington, DC, in

1979. Jeremy Allnutt spent 15 years at INTELSAT in various departments. During

this period, he ran experimental programs in Europe, Asia, Africa, North and South

America, Australia, and New Zealand, finishing as chief, Communications

Research Section. Jeremy Allnutt spent 1 year as professor of telecommunications

systems at the University of York, England, and then joined the Northern Virginia

Center of Virginia Tech in 1986, where he later ran the master’s program in ECE, as

well as being on the team that designed and set up the masters in information

technology program. In August of 2000, he moved to George Mason University

with dual appointments: director of the new masters in telecommunications

xv

program and professor in the ECE department. In August 2009, he became director

of the new MS in computer forensics program at George Mason University. Jeremy

Allnutt has published over 100 papers in conferences and journals and written three

books, most in his special field: radiowave propagation. He is a fellow of the UK

IET (formerly the IEE) and a fellow of the US IEEE.

Michel Bousquet Institut Superieur de l’Aeronautique et de l’Espace (ISAE),

Toulouse Cedex 4, France

Prof. Michel Bousquet manages the academic and research programs in satellite

communications and navigation at ISAE, the French Aerospace Engineering Insti-

tute of Higher Education. He chairs the Scientific Board of TeSA (www.tesa.fr),

a cooperative research lab on aerospace communications and navigation. With

research interest covering many aspects of satellite systems, he participates in

many national and international RR&DD programs (French DoD, CNES, ESA,

COST, FPs, SatNex NoE). Prof. Bousquet has authored many papers and books

including the widely used Satellite Communication Systems and sits on several

boards of international conferences and journals to promote RR&DD results.

xvi The Authors

Halil Cakir Air Quality Analysis Group/AQAD/OAQPS, US Environmental

Protection Agency, Research Triangle Park, NC, USA

Dr. Halil I. Cakir attended one of Turkey’s top universities, the University of

Istanbul where he earned a bachelor’s degree in forestry. Following his undergrad-

uate program, he was awarded a complete scholarship to study abroad in the USA.

He received his master’s degree in forestry from Clemson University, and

a doctoral degree from the College of Natural Resources at North Carolina State

University (NCSU). Upon graduation, he remained on staff as a postdoctoral

research associate, then as a research assistant professor. At NCSU

Dr. Cakir’s academic focus has been in the geospatial sciences and their appli-

cation to natural resource issues. As a research associate at NCSU, he worked on and

then led increasingly complex and multidisciplinary research projects for the

Environmental Protection Agency,Water Resources Research Institute, Department

of Defense, and various state and local governments. His research has advanced the

geospatial sciences and has two provisional patents for two new image processing

techniques and one new change detection technique. These techniques allow users to

sharpen the spatial resolution of multispectral imagery to equal that of a more

spatially precise geographically coincident panchromatic black and white image.

The techniques retain the integrity of the multispectral characteristics of the imagery

so that it can be used in most natural resource and environmental applications.

Dr. Cakir maintains an expertise in applied research as well. He has authored

peer-reviewed publications, book chapters, and technical reports. He’s also served

as a reviewer for landmark professional publications like PE&RS.

Dr. Cakir is currently employed in the Office of Air and Radiation at the US

Environmental Protection Agency.

The Authors xvii

Sergio Camacho-Lara Centro Regional de Ensenanza de Ciencia y Tecnologıa

del Espacio para America Latina y el Caribe (CRECTEALC), Tonantzintla, Puebla,

Mexico

Dr. Sergio Camacho-Lara is the secretary general of the Regional Centre for Space

Science and Technology Education for Latin America and the Caribbean. He was

director of the United Nations Office for Outer Space Affairs and chief of the Space

Applications Section and the Committee Services and Research Section in the same

office. He worked on the organization of the Third United Nations Conference on

the Exploration and Peaceful Uses of Outer Space (UNISPACE III) and on

implementing its recommendations, including the establishment of the Interna-

tional Committee on GNSS. Prior to joining the United Nations, he carried out

research on the interaction of electromagnetic radiation with matter at the Institutode Geofısica, Universidad Nacional Autonoma de Mexico. He obtained his Ph.D.

from the University of Michigan.

xviii The Authors

William E. Carter NSF National Center for Airborne Laser Mapping (NCALM)/

Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, University of Houston,

Houston, TX, USA

William E. (Bill) Carter is a research professor at the University of Houston and

a co-PI for the National Science Foundation (NSF) National Center for Airborne

Laser Mapping (NCALM). From 1996 to 2010, he was an adjunct professor at the

University of Florida (UF), where he taught courses in geodesy and conducted

research on advanced geodetic techniques. Prior to joining UF, Bill was chief of the

Geosciences Laboratory, NOAA, and led research programs in Very Long Baseline

Interferometry (VLBI), absolute gravimetry, and GPS. Bill has coauthored two

books and more than a hundred technical papers.

The Authors xix

Denis Curtin Eagle Group Partners, Rockville, MD, USA

Dr. Curtin retired from XTAR LLC in July 2010 and is now a communications

satellite consultant. Before his retirement he was the COO of XTAR, the joint

venture between Loral Space & Communications, Ltd. and HISDESAT Servicios

Estrategicos, S.A., providing commercial X-band satellite services to the US and

allied governments since October 2003. He was the executive VP, Engineering and

Operations, from July 2001 to October 2003. Prior to that from January to July

2001, he led the Loral team that negotiated the joint venture.

Previously, Dr. Curtin served as senior VP, Engineering and Operations, for

Loral ORION and as EVP, Loral Cyberstar Broadband Systems. He was responsi-

ble for the technical design of the ORION satellites and was instrumental in the

formation of the ORION partnership. Before joining ORION, Dr. Curtin held

a series of progressively senior engineering and management positions at

COMSAT Laboratories, COMSAT General, and COMSAT, culminating in senior

director, Satellite Engineering, responsible for all COMSAT’s satellite engineering.

Dr. Curtin has an M.S. in physics and a Ph.D. in mechanical engineering. He is

a fellow of the American Institute of Astronautics and Aeronautics (AIAA) and

a senior member of the Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers (IEEE). In

2006, he was named the recipient of the AIAA Aerospace Communications Award,

presented for outstanding contributions in the field of aerospace communications.

In March 2009, he was inducted into the Society of Satellite Professionals Interna-

tional (SSPI) Hall of Fame. In 2010, he was appointed to the Board of Directors of

XTAR LLC. He is the coauthor of the article on “Communications Satellites” in the

10th edition of the McGraw Hill Encyclopedia of Science and Technology and has

also published extensively on satellite technology and holds a patent on an infrared

transparent solar cell.

xx The Authors

Rogerio Enrıquez-Caldera Centre for Space Science and Technology Education

for Latin America and the Caribbean, Mexico Campus (CRECTEALC), National

Institute of Astrophysics, Optics and Electronics (INAOE), Coordinacion de

Electronica, Tonantzintla, Puebla, Mexico

Rogerio Enriquez-Caldera is an engineering researcher at the National Institute of

Astrophysics, Optics and Electronics of Mexico since 2000. He received his Ph.D.

from the University of New Brunswick, Canada. He has ample experience in the

area of astronomical instrumentation including control engineering, high sensitive

detectors, and optical and radio telescopes. His expertise is related to areas of

electrical engineering, including GPS receiver’s software and low noise amplifiers

and correlators for very high dynamics platforms in the presence of high levels of

noise as well as information systems. He also works for the Mexico Campus of the

Regional Centre for Space Science and Technology Education for Latin America

and the Caribbean teaching in the fields of GNSS, State Estimation for Nonlinear

Dynamics Navigation and Tracking Systems, and developing an Aero-Space Flight

Simulator for formation flying satellites.

The Authors xxi

Cynthia A. Evans Code KT, Astromaterials Research and Exploration Science

Directorate, NASA Johnson Space Center, Houston, TX, USA

Cynthia A. Evans received her Ph.D. in earth science from Scripps Institution of

Oceanography in 1983. She joined the Space Shuttle Earth Observations Office at

NASA Johnson Space Center (JSC) in 1989 and has participated in or led several

Earth Observations experiments from the Shuttle, Shuttle-Mir, and International

Space Station Programs. She also managed JSC’s Image Science and Analysis Lab.

Currently with the Astromaterials Acquisition and Curation office, her research

interests include the use of remotely sensed data for investigation of coastal

changes, including those related to human activities, and documenting regional

responses to dynamic events and global climate change. In addition to training

astronauts in Earth science, she participates in education and public outreach

activities using astronaut photography.

xxii The Authors

Juan Carlos Fernandez Diaz NSF National Center for Airborne Laser Mapping

(NCALM)/Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, University of

Houston, Houston, TX, USA

Juan Carlos was born in Tegucigalpa, Honduras, in 1976. His formal education

includes a B.S. in electrical engineering and an M.B.A. obtained from universities

in Honduras, M.S. and Ph.D. degrees in geosensing systems engineering obtained

from the University of Florida. Other interests include aviation, Earth/space science

and exploration, and the application of space science and technology to bring

progress to developing countries.

The Authors xxiii

Craig L. Glennie NSF National Center for Airborne Laser Mapping (NCALM)/

Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, University of Houston,

Houston, TX, USA

Craig is an assistant professor at the University of Houston and co-PI of the

NSF-funded National Center for Airborne Laser Mapping (NCALM). Dr. Glennie

was formerly the vice president of engineering for Terrapoint, a LIDAR remote

sensing company with offices in Canada and the USA. He has been active in the

design, development, and operation of kinematic remote sensing systems for 13

years. Craig holds a B.Sc. and a Ph.D. in geomatics engineering from the University

of Calgary and is a registered professional engineer in Alberta, Canada.

xxiv The Authors

Daniel R. Glover International Space University, Bay Village, OH, USA

Daniel R. Glover spent a 27-year career working as an electrical engineer at

NASA’s Glenn Research Center, Jet Propulsion Laboratory, and Johnson Space

Center. He has worked on various projects including launch vehicles, shuttle

experiments, satellite communications protocol research, image data compression,

planetary spacecraft conceptual design, space suit design, software management,

systems engineering, and strategic planning. He earned his MSEE and Ph.D.

degrees from the University of Toledo and an MBA degree from Cleveland State

University. Dr. Glover is a member of the faculty of the International Space

University. He served as an engineering duty officer in the US Naval Reserve.

He has also worked as an independent consultant.

The Authors xxv

Gerardine M. Goh Escolar International Court of Justice, United Nations,

The Hague, The Netherlands

Dr. Gerardine Goh Escolar is associate legal officer at the International Court of

Justice. She is also research scholar at the International Institute of Air and Space

Law, Leiden University, the Netherlands. Previously, she was legal counsel and

project manager at the German Aerospace Center in Bonn, Germany. In this role,

she served as counsel on international transactions, assistant editor on a legal

commentary, and legal advisor to the German delegation to the UN Committee

on the Peaceful Uses of Outer Space. Prior to that position, she was counsel at

a satellite company near Berlin, Germany. A native of Singapore, Gerardine has

been awarded the Bachelor of Laws (Honors) from the National University of

Singapore, the Master of Laws in Public International Law from University College

London, and holds the Doctor of Laws degree from Leiden University. She was

appointed assistant secretary to the Board of Directors of the International Institute

of Space Law, and was a contributing member to the International Academy of

Astronautics’ study on space debris remediation. She is a fellow of the International

Association for the Advancement of Space Safety and an associate of the Commit-

tee on Space Research of the International Council for Science. She is also

a member of the International Law Association, the European Centre for Space

Law and Women in Aerospace Europe. Gerardine continues to be heavily involved

in academia, and has held the positions of assistant professor at Cologne University,

research director at The Hague University of Applied Sciences, and lecturer at

Webster University. The author of more than 45 research publications, Gerardine’s

research interests include dispute settlement, international law, international

humanitarian law, law and technology, human rights, and international environ-

mental law.

xxvi The Authors

Jesus A. Gonzalez National Institute of Astrophysics, Optics, and Electronics

(INAOE)/Regional Center for Space Science and Technology Education for Latin

America and the Caribbean (CRECTEALC) Campus Mexico, Tonantzintla,

Puebla, Mexico

Jesus A. Gonzalez obtained his Ph.D. in computer science and engineering from

The University of Texas at Arlington, Texas, in 2001. He is currently a researcher

and professor in the Computer Science Department at the National Institute of

Astrophysics, Optics, and Electronics, Mexico. He also holds the academic

coordinator position at the Regional Centre for Space Science and Technology

Education for Latin-America and the Caribbean, Campus Mexico, affiliated to the

United Nations.

The Authors xxvii

Arthur N. Guest International Space University, San Francisco, USA

Arthur Guest is a space system engineering consultant who specializes in the

principles of system architecting and is located in San Francisco, USA. Arthur

graduated from the Massachusetts Institute of Technology with a master’s in

aeronautics and astronautics and is a graduate of the Masters of Space Studies

Program at the International Space University. He is currently serving as the space

system engineering department chair for the International Space University’s 2011

Space Studies Program in Graz, Austria.

Ramesh Gupta LightSquared, Reston, VA, USA

Dr. Ramesh K. Gupta is vice president of Satellite Engineering and Operations

group at LightSquared where he has supported the development of the next

xxviii The Authors

generation hybrid satellite, its launch, in-orbit testing, and operations. He has more

than 25 years experience in the satellite and wireless communications industries. He

has held senior management positions as vice president of advanced business and

technology at AMCOM Communications and managing director at COMSAT

Laboratories and Lockheed Martin Global Telecommunications. His work has

included the integration of large satellite/wireless systems, business planning, and

strategic management in a high-technology business environment.

He holds a Ph.D. and an M.S. degree in electrical engineering from the Univer-

sity of Alberta, Canada; an M.B.A. degree from the Wharton Business School at the

University of Pennsylvania; and a B.S. degree (with Honors) in electronics and

communications engineering from India. He has published extensively, and holds

four US patents. He has received many honors and awards including Alberta

Government Telephone’s Centennial Fellowship for graduate research in Telecom-

munications and COMSAT Laboratories’ Research Award. He was corecipient of

the Best Paper Award at the 9th International Digital Satellites Communications

Conference in Copenhagen, Denmark, and the 29th AIAA International Commu-

nications Satellite Systems Conference, 2011, in Nara, Japan. He has served as an

adjunct associate professor of strategic management and technology planning at the

University of Maryland, College Park, MD. Dr. Gupta has published more than

75 papers on satellite and wireless RF technology and systems in AIAA and IEEE

conferences and technical journals. Dr. Gupta is a fellow of the IEEE.

Henry R. Hertzfeld Space Policy Institute, Elliott School of International Affairs,

The George Washington University, Washington, DC, USA

Dr. Henry R. Hertzfeld is a research professor of space policy and international

affairs at the Space Policy Institute, Center for International Science and Technol-

ogy Policy, Elliott School of International Affairs, George Washington University.

The Authors xxix

He is an expert in the economic, legal, and policy issues of space and advanced

technological development. Dr. Hertzfeld has served as a senior economist and

policy analyst at both NASA and the National Science Foundation, and is

a consultant to both US and international agencies and organizations. He is the

coeditor of Space Economics (AIAA 1992), as well as many articles on the

economic and legal issues concerning space and technology. Dr. Hertzfeld has

a B.A. from the University of Pennsylvania, an M.A. from Washington University,

and a Ph.D. in economics from Temple University. He also holds a J.D. degree from

the George Washington University and is a member of the Bar in Pennsylvania and

the District of Columbia. He can be contacted at: hhertzfeld@law.gwu.edu.

Chris Hoeber Space Systems/Loral, Palo Alto, CA, USA

Christopher F. Hoeber is senior vice president, Program Management & Systems

Engineering at Space Systems/Loral (SS/L). With more than 35 years of industry

experience, he leads the systems engineering and program management groups and

oversees all of the company’s research and development programs. Mr. Hoeber has

a broad base of experience in systems test and engineering and program and

functional management and was the leader of the systems engineering team that

developed SS/L’s industry leading geostationary satellite platform, the modular

1300. Before his current position, Mr. Hoeber was vice president of business

development for SS/L and before that he was chief engineer of the company.

xxx The Authors

Takashi Iida Tokyo Metropolitan University, Hachioji, Tokyo, Japan

Takashi Iida received B.E., M.E., and Dr.Eng. degrees from the University of

Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan, in 1966, 1968, and 1971, all in electronic engineering. He

joined Radio Research Laboratories (RRL), Ministry of Posts and Telecommuni-

cations (MPT), in 1971. He was with National Space Development Agency and

involved in the CS-3 satellite development, 1987–1989. He was director of Space

Communications Division, Communications Research Laboratory (CRL) (former

RRL), MPT, 1989–1991. He was visiting professor of University of Colorado at

Boulder, 1991–1992. He was director general of CRL, 1999–2001, and President of

CRL, Incorporated Administrative Agency, 2001–2004. He was executive director

of JAXA (Japan Aerospace Exploration Agency), 2005–2007. He was invited

advisor/distinguished researcher of National Institute of Information and Commu-

nications Technology (NICT, former CRL), Incorporated Administrative Agency,

2007–2009. He was research professor, Tokyo Metropolitan University, 2009–

2010. Dr. Iida is now visiting professor of Tokyo Metropolitan University and

Tokyo University of Technology. He is editor and author of the books entitled

Satellite Communications – System and Its Design Technology, Ohmsha/IOS Press,

2000, and Satellite Communications in the 21st Century: Trends and Technologies,AIAA, 2003. He received the AIAA Aerospace Communications Award, 2002, and

Hall of Fame Award from SSPI, 2003. Dr. Iida is IEEE life fellow and AIAA

fellow.

The Authors xxxi

Ram S. Jakhu Institute of Air and Space Law, McGill University, Montreal, QC,

Canada

Prof. Ram S. Jakhu has over 25 years of experience in space-related fields. He is

holding a position of associate professor at the Institute of Air and Space Law,

Faculty of Law, of McGill University in Montreal, Canada, where he teaches

several courses covering numerous subjects including public international law,

international and national space law and policy, international trade, export controls,

space applications, space commercialization, telecommunications, etc. From Janu-

ary 1995 to December 1998, Dr. Jakhu served full-time the International Space

University, Strasbourg, France, holding various titles, including a professor and the

first director of the Master of Space Studies program. He has authored more than

60 articles in several reputed journals and edited two books: Space Safety Regula-tions and Standards and National Regulation of Space Activities. He has presentednumerous papers and expert legal opinions at various conferences around the world

and participated in several space-related studies. Prof. Jakhu is a fellow as well as

the chairman of the Legal and Regulatory Committee of the International Associ-

ation for the Advancement of Space Safety. He is a member of the Board of

Directors of the International Institute of Space law of the International Astronau-

tical Federation (Paris). In 2007, he received a “Distinguished Service Award” from

the International Institute of Space Law for his significant contribution to the

development of space law. He holds a Doctor of Civil Law (Dean’s Honours

List) degree in space law from McGill University; a Master of Law (LL.M.) degree

in the field of Air and space law from McGill University. In addition, he has earned

LL.M. (in Public and Private International Law), LL.B. (in Laws of India), and

Bachelor of Arts (in Economics and Political Science) degrees from Punjab

University, Chandigarh, India.

xxxii The Authors

Tarik Kaya Mechanical and Aerospace Engineering Department, Carleton Uni-

versity, Ottawa, ON, Canada

Tarik Kaya has been working as a professor at the Mechanical and Aerospace

Engineering Department of Carleton University since 2002. He received his Ph.D.

from ENSAE, Toulouse, France in 1993. Before joining Carleton University, he

worked as a research associate at NASA Goddard Space Flight Center. Dr. Kaya’s

current research interests includes mathematical modeling of two-phase heat trans-

fer systems (heat pipes and loop heat pipes) for spacecraft thermal control and

miniaturization of the heat pipe technology for electronics packaging.

The Authors xxxiii

Siamak Khorram Department of Environmental Science, Policy, and Manage-

ment, University of California, Berkeley, CA, USA

Dr. Khorram received M.S. degrees in engineering and ecology from the University

of California (UC) at Davis. He received a Ph.D. in 1975 under a joint program

from the University of California at Berkeley and Davis with emphasis in remote

sensing and image processing.

From 1974 to 1980, he served as the principal scientist at the Space Sciences

Laboratory at the University of California in Berkeley. He joined the faculty in

North Carolina State University (NCSU) in 1980. At NCSU, he has served as the

Principal Investigator for over 60 major research projects. His research projects

have focused on environmental remote sensing, image processing, and geospatial

information technology.

In 1982, he established the Computer Graphics Center at NCSU as a university-

wide officially recognized center involved in research and training in spatial

information technology and special purpose computing. In 1997, he changed the

name of the Computer Graphics Center to the Center for Earth Observation (CEO)

with the same mission. In 1986 and 1987, he served as a NASA-ASEE fellow at

NASA Ames Research Center and as a summer faculty at Stanford University,

California.

Since 1988, he has served as a faculty member at the International Space

University (ISU). Dr. Khorram has worked with well over 250 educators and

world-renowned experts from over 30 countries and has participated in educating

over 2,000 multidisciplinary graduate students from 70 countries worldwide.

In 1995 and 1996, he served as the first dean and vice president for academic

programs at ISU in Strasbourg, France. In this capacity, he played a major role in

establishing academic relationships between ISU and major space organizations

such as European, French, Japanese, Russian, German, Austrian, and Indian space

agencies. Subsequent to his position as dean, Dr. Khorram served as the principal

advisor to the president in 1996 and as the chair of the Academic Council and chair

xxxiv The Authors

of the ISU’s 23 Affiliates Campuses Network worldwide. He currently serves as

a member of the University’s Board of Trustees.

He has served as the major professor for over 30 Ph.D. and M.Sc. students. He is

the author of over 200 publications in peer-reviewed journals, conference pro-

ceedings, and major technical reports. He is a member of several professional and

scientific societies.

He has delivered keynote speeches on “Information Technology” in the IEEE

International Symposia on Computers and Communications in Morocco in 2008

and on “Geospatial Information Science and Technology” in Italy in 2010.

Heiner Klinkrad European Space Agency ESA/ESOC, Darmstadt, Germany

Heiner Klinkrad graduated from the Braunschweig University of Technology

(TUBS) in aeronautical engineering in 1980, and he received his Ph.D. from the

same university in 1984. In 1980, he joined the European Space Agency, where

today he is head of the Space Debris Office at the European Space Operations

Centre (ESOC) in Darmstadt, Germany. In his current position he is ESA’s focal

point and senior advisor for space debris matters, and he represents ESA, for

instance, in the multinational Inter-Agency Space Debris Coordination Committee

(IADC).

Heiner is a member of the International Academy of Astronautics (IAA),

a fellow of AIAA, and he has served as a member or chairperson of working groups

and panels of AIAA, COSPAR, ECSS, IAA, IADC, IAG, ISO, and UNCOPUOS.

He is a professor at the Braunschweig University of Technology since 2009, and he

published a textbook Space Debris – Models and Risk Analysis in 2006.

The Authors xxxv

Scott Madry International Space University, Chapel Hill, North Carolina, USA

Scott Madry is a specialist in the practical applications of satellite data, including

remote sensing, GPS, and geographic information systems. His research interests

are in regional cultural and environmental analysis, monitoring, and modeling, and

he has conducted research in North America, Europe, and Africa. He is on the

faculty of the International Space University and is the program manager of ISU’s

Southern Hemisphere Summer Space Program. He is a research associate professor

of archaeology at the University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill and is founder and

president of Informatics International, Inc., an international consulting company

located In Chapel Hill, NC, USA.

xxxvi The Authors

Peter Marshall Royal Television Society, England, UK

After working for the BBC as a journalist and editor, Peter Marshall was a pioneer

in developing the use of international satellites for worldwide TV news coverage

and distribution. In 1986, he joined INTELSAT in Washington, DC as the first

Director of Broadcast Services. Then as competition in the global satellite industry

began to emerge, he moved on to the private sector in 1989 as president of the US-

based satellite services company, Keystone Communications, which became

a leader in worldwide satellite distribution services. Keystone was acquired by

France Telecom in 1996 after which Peter Marshall served as a member of the

Board of the France Telecom subsidiary, GlobeCast. He is a past president of

the Society of Satellite Professionals International (SSPI) and was elected to the

Society’s “Satellite Hall of Fame” in 2002 for his pioneering work on the devel-

opment of global satellite services for broadcasting. He was chairman of the

Britain’s Royal Television Society (RTS) in 1985 and he continues to serve as

a director of the Arthur C. Clarke Foundation.

The Authors xxxvii

Declan Murphy Met Eireann (the Irish Meteorological Service), Glasnevin Hill,

Dublin 9, Ireland

Declan Murphy graduated from University College, Cork, Ireland, with a master’s

degree in experimental physics in 1973. His career in Met Eireann (Ireland’s

National Meteorological Service) included roles as an operational weather fore-

caster and developer of meteorological software before taking a management

position in 1980. He became director of Met Eireann in 1989 and represented

Ireland in many international meteorological organizations before his retirement

from that position in 2009. He served as chairman of the Council of EUMETSAT

from 2004 to 2008. He was lead author of the updated “History of EUMETSAT”

published in 2011.

xxxviii The Authors

Stacy A. C. Nelson Center for Earth Observation, North Carolina State University,

Raleigh, NC, USA

Dr. Stacy Nelson is currently an associate professor within the Department of

Forestry and Environmental Resources, and the Center for Earth Observation at

North Carolina State University. Dr. Nelson received a B.S. from Jackson State

University, M.A. from College of William and Mary’s Virginia Institute of Marine

Sciences, and Ph.D. from Michigan State University. His research centers around

the use of remote sensing and GIS technologies to address questions of land use/

cover change on aquatic systems at both regional and local scales. He has worked

with several federal and state agencies including the Earth Systems Science Office

at the Stennis Space Center in Mississippi, the NASA-Regional Earth Science

Applications Center (RESAC), and the MI and NC Department of Environmental

Quality. Dr. Nelson currently teaches as part of the spatial analyses curricula related

to GIS science and technologies at NC State University and is active in several

professional societies.

The Authors xxxix

Joseph N. Pelton Former Dean, International Space University, Arlington,

Virginia, USA

Dr. Joseph N. Pelton is an award winning author/editor of over 30 books and over

300 articles in the field of space systems. These include the four book series:

e-Sphere, Future Talk, Future View, and Global Talk, for the latter of which he

was nominated for a Pulitzer Prize. He served as Chairman of the Board (1992–1995)

and vice president of Academic Programs and Dean (1995–1996) of the International

Space University of Strasbourg, France. He is currently a member of the ISU faculty

and series editor for a number of books on behalf of the university. He is also the

director emeritus of the Space and Advanced Communications Research Institute

(SACRI) at George Washington University. This Institute, which he headed from

2005 to 2009, conducted state-of-the-art research on advanced satellite system

concepts and space systems. From 1988 to 1996, Dr. Pelton served as director of

the Interdisciplinary Telecommunications Program at the University of Colorado

Boulder, which at that timewas theworld’s largest graduate level telecommunications

program. Prior to that, he held a number of positions at Intelsat and Comsat including

serving as director of Strategic Policy and director of Project Share for Intelsat.

Dr. Pelton is a fellow of the International Association for the Advancement of

Space Safety (IAASS), a member of its Executive Board and chairman of its

Academic Committee. He is also the Executive Editor of the IAASS publication

series. He is also acting president of the International Space Safety Foundation of

the USA as well as the former president of the Global Legal Information Network.

Dr. Pelton was the founder of the Arthur C. Clarke Foundation and remains as the

vice chairman of its Board of Directors. This Foundation honors Sir Arthur Clarke,

who first conceived of the Communications Satellite (as of 1945). Dr. Pelton was

elected to full membership in the International Academy of Astronautics in 1998

and was awarded in 2000 the Sir Arthur Clarke Award for lifetime achievement in

the field of satellite communications. He was elected to the Hall of Fame of the

Society of Satellite Professionals International in 2001, an honor only extended to

xl The Authors

some 50 people in the field. In 2004, he was elected an associate fellow of the

American Institute of Aeronautics and Astronautics. His degrees in physics and

International Relations are from the University of Tulsa, New York University

(NYU), and Georgetown University.

Bruno Perrot SES, Betzdorf, Luxembourg

Bruno Perrot, senior manager Fleet Planning in SES, has a broad background,

encompassing the engineering, services, and business sides of a worldwide satel-

lites operator, leader in its domain. With 25 years in the field of space telecommu-

nications industry, he has experienced first hand the dynamics of the rapidly

evolving and changing global telecommunications marketplace.

The early years in Mr. Perrot’s career were spent with Aerospatiale, France,

a period during which he became a key person of the communication engineering

staff. He joined Alenia Aerospazio, Italy, in 1991, as a payload manager, and then

Telespazio in 1999. From 2000, he worked for SES ASTRA and moved to SES

Global in 2005. Since 2008, he is in charge of the European Fleet Planning in SES.

Bruno graduated at ENSEA of Paris where he earned an honors degree in

Telecommunication Engineering application and holds a management degree at

INSEAD of Fontainebleau.

As a member of the Technical Committees on Communication Satellites of the

AIAA and on the Ka-band & Broadband Communication Conference, he has

chaired and served on numerous industry panels, seminars, and roundtable discus-

sions across the globe and is fluent in English, French, Italian, and Spanish.

The Authors xli

Susan K. Runco Code KX, Astromaterials Research and Exploration Science

Directorate, NASA Johnson Space Center, Houston, TX, USA

Susan K. Runco completed her M.S. in oceanography and meteorology at the Naval

Postgraduate School in 1986. She is currently the principal investigator for the

Crew Earth Observation Payload on the International Space Station at NASA

Johnson Space Center in Houston, Texas, USA. She has provided Earth science

training to astronauts and participated in Crew Earth Observations since 1988. As

PI, her interests include developing imaging techniques and imagery collections for

broadening utilization of astronaut photography in the areas of Earth science,

education, and public awareness of Earth and space.

xlii The Authors

Michael J. Rycroft Cambridge Atmospheric, Environmental and Space Activities

and Research (CAESAR) Consultancy, Cambridge, UK

Prof. Michael Rycroft is visiting professor at Cranfield University, UK, and part-

time faculty member at the International Space University, Strasbourg, France.

Previously he was Head, Atmospheric Sciences Division, British Antarctic Survey,

Cambridge; Lecturer in Physics Department at Southampton University; and post-

doctoral NAS/NRC associate at NASA Ames Research Center, California.

He obtained his honorary D.Sc. from De Montfort University, Ph.D. from

Cambridge, and B.Sc. from Imperial College London. Prof. Rycroft has done

research on solar-terrestrial physics, ionospheric and magnetospheric physics, and

atmospheric studies. He is editor of the Cambridge Encyclopedia of Space (1990),Journal of Atmospheric and Solar-Terrestrial Physics (1989–1999), and Surveys inGeophysics (2002–present). He is author of more than 200 scientific publications

and editor of more than 40 books and special issues of journals.

The Authors xliii

Haruhisa Shimoda Earth Observation Research Center, Aerospace Exploration

Agency, Tsukuba, Japan

Haruhisa Shimoda (Member, IEEE) received the B.S, M.E., and Ph.D. degrees from

the University of Tokyo. After he got his Ph.D., he joined Tokai University in 1972

as an assistant professor of Department of Electro-Photo-Optics of the Faculty of

Engineering. He became an associate professor in 1974. In the same year, he also

joined Tokai University Research & Information Center as a senior researcher.

In 1985, he became a professor in the same faculty. In 1994, he also joined National

Space Development Agency (now Japan Aerospace Exploration Agency, JAXA) as

an invited scientist, and has been working as the program scientist of ADEOS, and

later also for GCOM. In 1999, he became the deputy director of Tokai University

Research & Information Center, and in 2000, he became the director of Tokai

University Space Information Center. He has been engaged in the field of remote

sensing from 1974. His main achievements are development of remote sensing

image analysis system including both hardware and software, developments of

high-accuracy classification algorithms, development of IMG on ADEOS,

etc. Also, he was elected as the Technical Commission President of ISPRS

Commission 8 (Remote Sensing Applications) during 2008–2012.

xliv The Authors

Ramesh L. Shrestha NSF National Center for Airborne Laser Mapping

(NCALM)/Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, University of

Houston, Houston, TX, USA

Ramesh L. Shrestha, Ph.D. is a Hugh Roy & Lillie Cranz Cullen University

professor at the University of Houston (UH) and leads the GSE graduate research

and academic programs. He is also PI and the director for the NSF funded National

Center for Airborne Laser Mapping (NCALM) which is jointly operated by UH and

the University of California-Berkeley. Dr. Shrestha’s main research activities are

associated with the application of advanced geodetic and remote sensing tech-

niques, particularly airborne laser swath mapping (ALSM, aka LiDAR) and digital

mapping.

The Authors xlv

Vern Singhroy Canada Centre for Remote Sensing, Natural Recources Canada,

Ottawa, Canada

Dr. Vern Singhroy is the chief scientist at the Canada Centre for Remote Sensing,

a Centre of Excellence in Earth Observation research and application for the

Government of Canada. He is also the principal scientist of the Radar Constellation

Mission (RCM) to be launched in 2015, by the Canadian Space Agency.

Dr. Singhroy received his Ph.D. in environmental and resource engineering from

the State University of New York, Syracuse. He has published over 300 papers in

scientific journals, proceedings, and books. He is also the coeditor of the Encyclo-pedia of Remote Sensing and was the editor in chief of the Canadian Journal ofRemote Sensing. He is Professor of Earth Observation at the International Space

University in Strasbourg, France, since 1998 and an adjunct professor in planetary

and earth sciences at the University of New Brunswick and McMaster Universities

in Canada. Dr. Singhroy received the prestigious Gold Medal Award for his

contribution and impact to Canadian and International Remote Sensing from the

Canadian Aeronautics and Space Institute.

xlvi The Authors

Andrew Stanniland Paradigm Secure Communications Ltd, Stevenage, Hertford-

shire, UK

Andrew Stanniland, Senior Vice President, Business Development, Sales and

Marketing.

Andrew has over 15 years experience in the satellite communications industry,

with a background in systems and aeronautical engineering, including development

of satcom prospects in Australia and South Korea. He has been involved with the

UK’s Skynet 5 Milsatcoms program since its inception, initially on the communi-

cations technical analysis before leading the Service Design aspects that eventually

evolved into the company Paradigm.

During the Skynet 5 proposal and contract negotiation phase, Andrew focused

on the contract and financial aspects of the program and was responsible for liaising

with investors and satellite insurers to ensure that the complex and groundbreaking

PFI deal was bankable.

Since the contract signature and formal formation of Paradigm in October 2003,

Andrew has been responsible for overseas business development activities, leverag-

ing the capabilities of Paradigm’s constellation of Skynet 4 and 5 satellites to sell

military satellite communications capacity into NATO, Canada, the Netherlands,

France, Germany, Portugal, and, most recently, the US DoD.

He has been the senior VP responsible for the Business Development, Sales and

Marketing team, since 2007. He is also an alumnus of the International Space

University, having attended the Summer Session Program in 1997 in Houston, TX.

The Authors xlvii

William L. Stefanov Science Applications Research and Development, Code KA/

ESCG, Astromaterials Research and Exploration Science Directorate, NASA

Johnson Space Center, Houston, TX, USA

William L. Stefanov completed his Ph.D. in geology at Arizona State University in

2000. He is currently chief scientist for the Engineering and Science Contract

Group at NASA Johnson Space Center in Houston, TX. In association with the

International Space Station (ISS) Program Science Office, he works with instru-

ment science/operation teams to coordinate collection, distribution, and analysis of

remotely sensed data from the ISS in response to catastrophic events such as

volcanic eruptions, earthquakes, and flooding. His research interests include the

use of remotely sensed data for investigation of geohazards, geomorphology, and

surface material characterization; mapping of urban riskscapes in the context of

global and regional climate change; and assessing the role of humans as geological

agents on the landscape. He is an active proponent of geoscience education and

public outreach using remotely sensed data.

xlviii The Authors

Dan Swearingen Arlington, VA, USA

Daniel Swearingen is an engineering consultant who worked at Communications

Satellite Corporation (COMSAT) for 30 years. After earning degrees at Georgia

Tech and Stanford and completing his military service, he worked for 3 years at ITT

Telecommunications before joining COMSAT in 1970. After working in the

spectrum utilization and special studies departments, he joined the COMSAT’s

mobile satellite systems group in 1973. There he served as a system design group

manager for the first maritime mobile communications satellite system, MARISAT,

launched in 1976. The MARISAT standards and protocols he and his group

developed became the basis for the first International Maritime Satellite

(INMARSAT) system. In 1980–1981, shortly after the INMARSAT was

established, he worked with the small startup staff in London to plan the initial

space and ground components of the multinational cooperative’s system prior to its

operational cutover in 1982. In the subsequent years from 1981 to 1996, he served

as a member of the Inmarsat technical advisory committee and proposed key system

architecture features that were adopted for the new INMARSAT systems. After

leaving COMSAT, Mr. Swearingen served for several years as an adjunct lecturer

at George Washington University and has been a consultant specializing in

communications satellite systems.

The Authors xlix

Paul T. Thompson University of Surrey, Guildford, Surrey, United Kingdom

Dr. Thompson is a senior researcher in the Centre for Communications and Systems

Research (CCSR) at the University of Surrey. He has an extensive background in

satellite communications and spent 30 years with British Telecom where he led the

Technology Development Division covering a wide range of international commu-

nications disciplines. During part of this time he was seconded to the SHAPE

Technical Centre in The Hague where he was involved in the development and

in-orbit testing of NATO satellites.

Subsequent to his time at BT, Dr. Thompson has worked with ERA Technology,

developing a range of radio-communications products and was also the Director of

Teledesic, UK.

In addition to research and teaching roles, he currently participates in the

standards areas of DVB and the European Telecommunications Standards Institute

(ETSI).

Dr. Thompson was the first UK delegate to become chairman of the INTELSAT

Board of Governors Technical Committee (BG/T). He is a fellow of the British

Interplanetary Society where he played several roles (member of BIS Council

1990–2002, president 1994–1998).

He was a visiting professor of engineering design at the Engineering Science

Faculty of the University of Oxford, a role supported by the Academy of Engineer-

ing (1993–2001).

He has been a member of the editorial panel of the International Journal ofSatellite Communications since 1982.

Dr. Thompson is also a senior member of AIAA since 1991.

l The Authors

Cynthia F. van der Wiele Cynthia Van Der Wiele and Associates, LLC, Durham,

NC, USA

Cynthia F. Van Der Wiele received the B.S. degree in engineering and the Masters

of Landscape Architecture from North Carolina State University; the Masters of

Forestry and Masters of Environmental Management with an emphasis in environ-

mental economics and policy from Nicholas School of the Environment, Duke

University; and Ph.D. in Community and Environmental Design from North

Carolina State University. She has performed landscape change analyses of the

Research Triangle Region of North Carolina and the implications for regional

planning and conservation initiatives.

She is currently the director of Sustainable Communities Development,

Chatham County, NC and a research associate at North Carolina State University.

Her research interests include the development of high-accuracy land use/land

cover classifications for analysis and formation of evidence-based land use plan-

ning policies.

The Authors li

John L. Walker Space Systems/Loral, Union City, CA, USA

John Walker has over 30 years of technical and managerial achievements in the

design and development of advanced communication systems operating from ELF

to EHF. He has held positions at Lockheed Martin, Lockheed Electronics, and

Hughes Aircraft Company responsible for both space and terrestrial developments.

He joined Space Systems/Loral (SS/L) in 1996 as the director of RF Electronics

responsible for the development, design, manufacturing, and test of space-borne RF

electronics equipment. He progressed to the director of advanced development

responsible for the end-to-end communication systems activities within SS/L.

Dr. Walker most recently led the development and execution of the first two-way

Ground Based Beam Forming system from concept through on-orbit integration,

verification, and deployment.

lii The Authors

M. Justin Wilkinson Code KX/ESCG, Astromaterials Research and Exploration

Science Directorate, NASA Johnson Space Center, Houston, TX, USA

M. Justin Wilkinson was born in South Africa and holds a Ph.D. in geomorphology

from the University of Chicago. Since 1988, he has held the position of astronaut

trainer in geography, geology, and geomorphology with the Crew Earth Observa-

tions payload at the NASA Johnson Space Center in Houston, Texas, USA. His

research interests include fluvial and desert geomorphology, especially the interface

between geomorphology and sedimentology, the role of landscapes in species

evolution, and geomorphic analogs for planetary geology. His teaching interests

have resulted in the publication of books of astronaut imagery with National

Geographic and a bilingual atlas of Costa Rica, for which he was awarded

NASA’s Public Service Medal. He has a patent in the area of automated identifi-

cation of fluvial landscapes.

The Authors liii

Kimberly Willis Code KX/ESCG, Astromaterials Research and Exploration

Science Directorate, NASA Johnson Space Center, Houston, TX, USA

Kimberly J. Willis completed her M.S. in physical science, with a concentration in

geology, at the University of Houston–Clear Lake. She began her career at the

NASA Johnson Space Center in Houston, TX, over 26 years ago where she first

worked in the Lunar Laboratory with samples returned from the Apollo missions.

Kim transitioned into Earth Observations where she held progressively more

responsible positions. She is currently the manager for Astromaterials Curation,

Education, and Crew Earth Observations contractor personnel. In addition to

training astronauts in Earth science, she also holds an adjunct faculty position at

the University of Houston–Clear Lake in the School of Science and Computer

Engineering, where she teaches the fundamentals of earth science.

liv The Authors