HANDBOOK

OF RESEARCH ON

TEACHING THE

ENGLISH LANGUAGE ARTS

SECOND EDITIONSponsored (iy the \nter:nM&na\ Reading Association

and the National Council of Teachers of English

EDITED BY

JAMES FLOODSan Diego State University

DIANE LAPPSan Diego State University

JAMES R. SQUIRESilver Burdett & Ginn

JULIE M. JENSENUniversity of Texas at Austin

LAWRENCE ERLBAUM ASSOCIATES, PUBLISHERS2003 Mahwah, New Jersey London

CONTENTS

List of ContributorsPreface xiii

XI

PartI

HISTORICAL AND THEORETICAL PERSPECTIVES FOR ENGLISH LANGUAGEARTS TEACHING AND LEARNING 1

1 The History of the ProfessionJames R. Squire

2 Historical Considerations: AnInternational PerspectiveJohn Dixon

3 Linguistics and Teaching theLanguage ArtsPaula Menyuk

4 A Psychological Analysis of WhatTeachers and Students Do in theLanguage Arts ClassroomDiane Lemonnier Schallertand Debra Bayles Martin

5 Child DevelopmentMarie M. Clay

18

24

31

46

Anthropology and Research onTeaching the English Language Arts 53David Bloome

I Literary Theory 67Louise M. Rosenblatt

8 The Tao of Instructional Models 74Lawrence Baines and Edmund J. Farrell

9 Who Has the Power? Policymaking andPolitics in the English Language Arts 87Leo P. Ruth

1 0 Trends and Issues in Research in theTeaching of the English Language Arts 114Karen Smith and Patricia Lambert Stock

VI • CONTENTS

PartII

METHODS OF RESEARCH ON ENGLISH LANGUAGE ARTS TEACHING 131

1 1 Understanding Research on Teachingthe English Language Arts: AnIntroduction for Teachers 133Sandra Stotsky and Cindy Mall

1 2 Teacher Professionalism and the Rise of"Multiple Literacies": How to DescribeOur Specialized Knowledge? 143

14

15

Anne DiPardo

1 3 The Design of Empirical ResearchRobert C. Calfee and Marilyn Chambliss

152

What Longitudinal Studies Say AboutLiteracy Development/What LiteracyDevelopment Says About LongitudinalStudies 171Robert J. Tierney and Margaret Sheehy

Case Studies: Placing LiteracyPhenomena Within Their ActualContextJune Birnbaum, Janet Emig,and Douglas Fisher

192

1 6 Ethnography as a Logic of Inquiry 201Judith L. Green, Carol N. Dixon,and Amy Zaharlick

1 7 Teacher Researcher Projects: Fromthe Elementary School Teacher'sPerspective 225Fredrick R. Burton and Barbara L. Seidl

1 O Teacher Inquiry Into Literacy, SocialJustice, and Power 232Bob Fecho andJoBeth Allen

1 9 Synthesis Research in Language ArtsInstruction 247Carl B. Smith and Susan S. Klein

2 0 Fictive Representation: An AlternativeMethod for Reporting Research 260Donna E. Alvermann and George G. Hruby

2 1 Contemporary Methodological Issuesand Future Directions in Researchon the Teaching of English 273M. C. Wittrock

PartIII

RESEARCH ON LANGUAGE LEARNERS 283

2 2 Who Really Goes to School? Teachingand Learning for the Students We ReallyHave 285Rita S. Brause and John S. Mayher

2 4 Student Achievement and ClassroomCase Studies of Phonics in WholeLanguage First Grades 314Karin L Dahl, Patricia L. Scharer,Lora L Lawson, and Patricia R. Grogan

2 3 The Development of the Young Childand the Emergence of LiteracyElizabeth Sulzby and W. H. Teale

2 5 Development in the Elementary300 School Years 339

Dorothy S. Strickland and Joan T. Feeley

CONTENTS Vll

2 6 Today's Middle Grades: DifferentStructures, Students, andClassrooms 357John Simmons and Pamela S. Carroll

2 7 The Learner Develops: The HighSchool Years 393Thomas Newkirk

28 Literacy Learning After HighSchool 405Richard L. Venezky

29 Children with Reading Difficulties 413Jeanne S. Chall and Mary E. Curtis

30 Teaching Bilingual and ESL Childrenand Adolescents 421Sarah Hudelson, Leslie Poynor,and Paula Wolfe

3 1 Language Varieties, Culture andTeaching the English Language Arts 435Arnetha E Ball and Marcia Farr

3 2 Variation in Language and the Useof Language Across Contexts:Implications for Literacy Learning 446Cynthia H. Brock, Fenice B. Boyd,andJuelA. Moore

33 Issues in Teacher Preparation andStaff Development in EnglishLanguage Arts 459Miles Myers

34 Teacher Evaluation 478Sheila Fitzgerald

JJ Pursuing Diversity 491Jerome C. Harste and Robert F. Carey

Part

IVENVIRONMENTS FOR ENGLISH LANGUAGE ARTS TEACHING 499

3 6 The Elementary School Classroom 501Gail E. Tompkins and Eileen Tway

3 7 Secondary English ClassroomEnvironments 512Allan A. Glatthorn and Daniel L. Shouse

3 8 Family Literacy at the Turn of theMillennium: The Costly Future ofMaintaining the Status Quo 532David B. Yaden, Jr. and Jeanne R. Paratore

39 Technology and the Language Arts:Implications of an ExpandedDefinition of Literacy 546Charles K. Kinzer and Kevin Leander

4 0 Grouping for Instruction in Literacy 566Jeanne R. Paratore and Roselmina Indrisano

4 1 Unifying the Domain of K-l 2 EnglishLanguage Arts Curriculum 573Charles W. Peters and Karen K. Wixson

4 2 Evaluating Language Development 590Roger Farr and Michael D. Beck

43 Informal Methods of Evaluation 600YettaM. Goodman

4 4 Teacher-Based Assessment ofLiteracy Learning 608Nancy Frey and Elfrieda H. Hiebert

4 5 High-Stakes Assessment in theLanguage Arts: The Piper Plays, thePlayers Dance, but Who Pays thePrice? 619James V Hoffman, Scott G. Paris, ElizabethPatterson, Rachel Salas, and Lori Assaf

Vlll CONTENTS

46 Elementary Language Arts Textbooks:A Decade of Change 631Janice A. Dole and Jean Osborn

47 Literature for Literacy: What ResearchSays About the Benefits of Using TradeBooks in the Classroom 640Lee Galda and Bernice E. Cullinan

48 Roles for New Technologiesin Language Arts: Inquiry,Communication, Construction,and Expression 649Bertram Bruce and James Levin

49 The Media Arts 658Carole Cox

5 0 Reading Matters: How ReadingEngagement Influences Cognition 666Anne E. Cunningham and Keith E. Stanovich

5 1 Balancing the Curriculum in theEnglish Language Arts: Exploringthe Components of EffectiveTeaching and Learning 676Arthur N. Applebee

PartV

RESEARCH ON TEACHING SPECIFIC ASPECTS OF THE ENGLISH LANGUAGEARTS CURRICULUM 685

5 2 Language, the Language Arts,and ThinkingRobert J. Marzano

687

5 3 Teaching the Roots of Modern English:The History of the Language in theLanguage Arts Class 717James W Ney

54 Grammars and Literacy Learning 721George Hillocks, Jr. and Michael W. Smith

55 Spelling 738Shane Templeton

5 6 Research on Vocabulary Instruction:Voltaire Redux 752James E Baumann, Edward J. Kame'enui,and Gwynne E. Ash

57 Rhetoric 786Nancy Nelson and James L. Kinneavy

58 Children's Responses to Literature 799Miriam Martinez and Nancy L. Roser

59 Response to Literature 814Robert E. Probst

60 Multiculturalism, Literature, andCurriculum Issues 825Violet J. Harris and Arlette I. Willis

6 1 Reading Preferences 835Sam L. Sebesta and Dianne L. Monson

62 The School Subject Literature 848Alan C. Purves and Gordon M. Pradl

63 Motivating Lifelong Voluntary Readers 857Lesley Mandel Morrow

6 4 Reflections and Refractions ofMeaning: Dialogic Approaches toClassroom Drama and Reading 868Brian Edmiston and Patricia E. Enciso

CONTENTS • IX

65 Oral Language: Speaking and Listeningin Elementary Classrooms 881Gay Su Pinnell and Angela M. Jaggar

66 Reading: Children's DevelopingKnowledge of Words 914Jana M. Mason, Steven A. Stahl, Kathryn H. Au,and Patricia A. Herman

til Reading Comprehension Instruction 931James Flood, Diane Lapp, and Douglas Fisher

68 Studying: Skills, Strategies,and Systems 942Thomas G. Devine and John S. Kania

69 Balanced Literacy Instruction:Implications for Students of DiverseBackgrounds 955Kathryn H. Au

70 Writing 967Anne Haas Dyson and SarahWarshauer Freedman

7 1 Children's Writing: Researchand Practice 993Nancy Farnan and Karin Dahl

7 2 Imaginative Expression 1008Betty Jane Wagner

73 The Language Arts Interact 1026Jane Hansen

7 4 Curriculum Integration to PromoteLiterate Thinking: Dilemmasand Possibilities 1035Donna M. Ogle and Susan I. McMahon

75 The Conventions of Writing 1052Richard E. Hodges

Indexes.Author Index 1065Subject Index 1098