Handbook of Police Range Safety Volume 2library.college.police.uk/docs/acpo/police-range-safety-vol-2... · 2.2.37 Small Arms ... 2.8.4 Profile ... Handbook of Police Range Safety

Page 1 of 340 Handbook of Police Range Safety. Vol 2.

Design, Construction, And Maintenance Of Small Arms Weapon System Ranges

Version 4.4 © ACPO NPIA 2012

Version 4.4

2012 Produced on behalf of the Association of Chief Police Officers

by the National Policing Improvement Agency

Handbook of Police

Range Safety

Volume 2

Design, Construction, and Maintenance

Of Small Arms Weapon System Ranges




This practice advice/guidance contains information to assist policing in the United Kingdom.

It is not protectively marked/restricted/confidential under the Government Protective Marking Scheme.

The decision to make the content, or any part of it, publicly available or not, rests with the copyright holders. They

have agreed to make it available on condition that it is not reproduced elsewhere.

Handbook of Police Range Safety

This document has been produced by the National Policing Improvement Agency (NPIA) on behalf of the Association of Chief Police

Officers (ACPO). It will be updated according to legislative and policy changes and re-released as required.

The NPIA was established by the Police and Justice Act 2006. As part of its remit the NPIA is required to develop policing doctrine,

including practice advice, in consultation with ACPO, the Home Office and the Police Service. Practice advice produced by the NPIA

should be used by chief officers to shape police responses to ensure that the general public experience consistent levels of service.

The implementation of all practice advice will require operational choices to be made at local level in order to achieve the appropriate

police response.

All enquiries about this practice advice should be addressed to:

Uniform Operational Support

Wyboston Lakes, Great North Road, Wyboston, Bedfordshire MK44 3BY

Telephone: +44 (0) 1480 334567

Email: [email protected]

Acknowledgements

ACPO and the NPIA would like to express their thanks to all those involved in the drafting of this document who gave their advice.

All of the responses during the consultation phase of this project were appreciated and contributed to the final document.

© Association of Chief Police Officers 2012

© National Policing Improvement Agency 2012

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in any form or by any means, without the prior written permission of the National Policing Improvement Agency and the Association

of Chief Police Officers or their duly authorised representative.




CONTENTS

CONDITIONS OF RELEASE ............................................................ 20

RECORD OF CHANGES ................................................................. 21

RECORD OF LAND RANGE SAFETY SUB COMMITTEE SAFETY NOTICES22

INTRODUCTION: General ............................................................... 23

RESPONSIBILITIES ...................................................................... 23

ASSOCIATED PUBLICATIONS ........................................................ 23

SCOPE ....................................................................................... 24

SA Range Design and Construction ............................................................24

Danger Areas.............................................................................................24

Signs and Fences .......................................................................................24

Safety Standards .......................................................................................24

Targetry.....................................................................................................25

PROVISOS .................................................................................................25

RANGE INSPECTIONS ................................................................................26

TERMINOLOGY...........................................................................................26

TECHNICAL ADVISORY SECTION (ROYAL ENGINEERS) (TAS (RE))............26

Information and Advice issued by TAS (RE) ..............................................27

Proposals for amendment should be directed, through the NPIA to: .......27

ASSOCIATED PUBLICATIONS........................................................... 29

ABBREVIATIONS ............................................................................ 30

CHAPTER 1: Provision Of Ranges..................................................... 38

1.1 AIM .................................................................................... 38

1.2 RANGE GROUPING................................................................ 38

1.2.1 Grouping of Ranges ......................................................................38

1.3 PERMANENT TRAINING RANGES (PTR).................................... 39

1.3.1 Justification..................................................................................39

1.3.2 Authorisation ...............................................................................39

1.3.3 Construction.................................................................................39

1.3.4 ENVIRONMENTAL ISSUES.............................................................40

1.3.5 Byelaws........................................................................................41

1.3.6 SITING BOARD .............................................................................41




1.4 TEMPORARY EXERCISE RANGES (TER) .................................... 41

1.4.1 Introduction .................................................................................41

1.4.2 Authorisation ...............................................................................42

1.5 SEA AND AIR DANGER AREAS................................................ 42

1.6 WORKS PROJECTS & REFURBISHMENTS.................................. 43

1.6.1 Range Safety Criteria Check .........................................................43

1.7 SUSTAINABLE DEVELOPMENT ................................................ 43

1.7.1 Sustainable Range Development and Use.....................................43

CHAPTER 1 Annex A: Police Procedures for the Procurement of a New Range 44

CHAPTER 2: Range Design Criteria and Specifications ........................ 46

2.1 INTRODUCTION ................................................................... 46

2.1.1 AIM ..............................................................................................46

2.1.2 Categorisation of Criteria .............................................................46

2.1.3 Range Compliance Checklist.........................................................47

2.2 DEFINITIONS AND RANGE SAFETY TERMS............................... 47

2.2.1 Definitions....................................................................................47

2.2.2 Air Danger Area............................................................................47

2.2.3 Air Danger Height.........................................................................48

2.2.4 Ammunition Danger Area .............................................................49

2.2.5 Angle of Sight...............................................................................49

2.2.6 Approved Range Status ................................................................50

2.2.7 Backsplash ...................................................................................50

2.2.8 Burst Safety Distances .................................................................51

2.2.9 Clear Range Procedure .................................................................52

2.2.10 Clear Vision Line...........................................................................52

2.2.11 Cone of Fire ..................................................................................52

2.2.12 Danger Area/Zone........................................................................55

2.2.13 Danger Area Template..................................................................55

2.2.14 Danger Area Trace........................................................................56

2.2.15 Design Approval ...........................................................................56

2.2.16 Design Authorisation....................................................................56

2.2.17 Design Certification......................................................................56

2.2.18 Ground Target (also called Soft) ..................................................56

2.2.19 Hard Target ..................................................................................57

2.2.20 High Elevation Fire .......................................................................57




2.2.21 Hill Background ............................................................................57

2.2.22 Impact Area/Zone........................................................................57

2.2.23 Jump ............................................................................................58

2.2.24 Line of Fire ...................................................................................58

2.2.25 Line of Sight .................................................................................58

2.2.26 Military Measurement...................................................................59

2.2.27 Prepared Impact Area ..................................................................59

2.2.28 Quadrant Elevation.......................................................................59

2.2.29 Range (Zone) ...............................................................................60

2.2.30 Range Authorising Officer ............................................................61

2.2.31 Range Danger Area/Zone.............................................................61

2.2.32 Range Danger Area Template .......................................................61

2.2.33 Range Danger Area Trace.............................................................62

2.2.34 Range Floor ..................................................................................62

2.2.35 Range Safety Dispensation...........................................................63

2.2.36 Ricochet .......................................................................................63

2.2.37 Small Arms ...................................................................................63

2.2.38 Tangent Elevation.........................................................................64

2.2.39 Template ......................................................................................64

2.2.40 Trace ............................................................................................64

2.2.41 Type Standard ..............................................................................64

2.2.42 Vector Angle.................................................................................64

2.2.43 Weapon .......................................................................................65

2.2.44 Weapon Danger Area/Zone ..........................................................65

2.2.45 Weapon Danger Area Template ....................................................65

2.2.46 WUF .............................................................................................65

2.3 RANGE SAFETY STANDARDS.................................................. 66

2.3.1 General.........................................................................................66

2.3.2 Design Parameters .......................................................................66

2.3.3 Accuracy of Construction..............................................................67

2.3.4 Compliant Ranges ........................................................................67

2.3.5 Maintenance.................................................................................67

2.3.6 Conduct and Training ...................................................................68

2.3.7 Population Density .......................................................................68

2.3.8 Siting Preferences ........................................................................68

2.3.9 Identification of Critical, Standard and Typical requirements......68




2.4 LIMITATIONS OF BALLISTIC PERFORMANCE ON RANGES .......... 69

2.4.1 General.........................................................................................69

2.4.2 Weapon Performance ...................................................................69

2.4.3 Authorised SA Weapons ...............................................................70

2.4.4 Muzzle Velocity and Muzzle Energy Limitations ............................70

2.4.5 Black Powder Weapons ................................................................72

2.4.6 Jacketed and Non-Standard Bullets..............................................72

2.4.7 Conversion of Ballistic Data..........................................................72

2.4.8 Automatic Fire..............................................................................73

2.5 RANGE DIMENSIONS AND DRAWINGS .................................... 73

2.5.1 Imperial and Metric ......................................................................73

2.5.2 General.........................................................................................74

2.5.3 Type Drawings/Type Standards ...................................................74

2.5.4 Construction/Record Drawing......................................................75

2.5.5 As-Built Drawing ..........................................................................75

2.5.6 Drawings produced by TAS (RE)...................................................75

2.5.7 Range Maps:.................................................................................77

2.5.8 CHANGE RECORDS........................................................................77

2.6 RANGE TYPES ...................................................................... 78

2.6.1 Small Arms Weapon System Ranges: ...........................................78

2.7 RANGE DESIGN.................................................................... 80

2.7.1 Design Principles:.........................................................................80

2.7.2 Safe Design ..................................................................................81

2.7.3 Design Criteria .............................................................................83

2.7.4 Range Components: .....................................................................85

2.7.5 Range Materials............................................................................91

2.7.6 Materials Trials.............................................................................93

2.7.7 Maintenance.................................................................................94

2.7.8 Environmental Hazards and Sustainability ...................................94

2.7.9 Noise ............................................................................................96

2.7.10 Lead Pollution, Unburnt Propellant and Carbon Monoxide:...........97

2.7.11 Hill Backgrounds ..........................................................................97

2.8 SAND BULLET CATCHERS ...................................................... 98

2.8.1 General.........................................................................................98

2.8.2 Quality..........................................................................................98




2.8.3 Construction.................................................................................99

2.8.4 Profile ..........................................................................................99

2.8.5 Maintenance.................................................................................99

2.9 GRANULATED RUBBER BULLET CATCHERS............................. 103

2.9.1 Material description....................................................................103

2.9.2 Environmental Impact................................................................105

2.9.3 Maintenance...............................................................................105

2.9.4 Potential Use ..............................................................................106

2.9.5 Depth of Granulate .....................................................................106

2.9.6 Disposal .....................................................................................107

2.9.7 Contact Details ...........................................................................107

2.10 IMPACT AREAS .................................................................. 107

2.10.1 IMPACT AREAS - General............................................................107

2.10.2 Closed Impact Area ....................................................................108

2.10.3 Controlled Impact Area .............................................................108

2.10.4 Open Impact Area .....................................................................109

2.10.5 Impact Area Siting ....................................................................109

2.10.6 Firing Points ..............................................................................109

2.10.7 Gates.........................................................................................110

2.11. CONTROL OF ACCESS ..................................................... 111

2.11.1 General.......................................................................................111

2.12 FENCES............................................................................. 111

2.12.1 Classes of Fences ......................................................................111

2.12.2 Selection ...................................................................................112

2.12.3 Demarcation..............................................................................112

2.12.4 To Discourage Access ................................................................113

2.12.5 To Prevent Access .....................................................................113

2.13 SIGNS AND NOTICES.......................................................... 114

2.13.1 General......................................................................................114

2.13.2 Police Policy and Current Legislation.........................................114

2.13.3 Definitions and References........................................................115

2.13.4 Shape and Colour of Safety Signs ..............................................117

2.13.5 Approved Signs .........................................................................117

2.13.6 Supplementary Text and Notices ...............................................118

2.13.7 Lettering Style...........................................................................119




2.13.8 Sign Size....................................................................................119

2.13.9 Positioning of Signs...................................................................119

2.13.10 Retrospective Action. ..............................................................120

2.13.11 Boundary Responsibility .........................................................120

2.14 FLAGGING / RED LIGHTS .................................................... 120

2.14.1 General......................................................................................120

2.15 SURVEILLANCE AND SENTRIES ............................................ 121

2.16 WORKS RANGE STRUCTURE INSPECTIONS............................ 121

CHAPTER 3: Indoor Ranges .......................................................... 137

3.1 INTRODUCTION ................................................................. 137

3.1.1 Aim.............................................................................................137

3.1.2 Description.................................................................................137

3.1.3 Purpose ......................................................................................137

3.1.4 Environmental Issues.................................................................138

3.2 DESIGN............................................................................. 138

3.2.1 General.......................................................................................138

3.2.2 Components ...............................................................................138

3.2.3 Component sizes ........................................................................139

3.2.4 Design ........................................................................................140

3.2.5 Backsplash hazard......................................................................141

3.3 CONSTRUCTION................................................................. 141

3.3.1 RANGE BUILDING.......................................................................141

3.3.2 Adjoining Rooms ........................................................................141

3.3.3 Doors and Windows....................................................................142

3.3.4 Ventilation..................................................................................143

3.3.5 Dust Control ...............................................................................143

3.3.6 Safety Signs ...............................................................................143

3.4 DEFENCE ZONE.................................................................. 144

3.4.1 Requirements.............................................................................144

3.4.2 Fixings........................................................................................144

3.5 BACKPLATE........................................................................ 144

3.6 BULLET CATCHER ............................................................... 145

3.6.1 The Sand Bullet Catcher (LV and HV) .........................................146

3.6.2 Vertical Steel Plate with Anti-Splash Curtain (LV ONLY) ............146




3.6.3 Angled Steel Plate with Anti-Splash Curtain (LV ONLY)..............146

3.6.4 Snail Bullet Trap (LV AND HV)....................................................147

3.6.5 Granulated Rubber Traps (LV AND HV) ......................................147

3.6.6 Other Bullet Catcher Systems.....................................................147

3.7 ANTI-SPLASH CURTAIN ....................................................... 148

3.7.1 Material ......................................................................................148

3.7.2 Fixing .........................................................................................149

3.7.3 Pelmet........................................................................................150

3.7.4 Anti-Splash Curtain Repair .........................................................150

3.8 TARGETRY ......................................................................... 151

3.8.1 Targets.......................................................................................151

3.8.2 Target Mechanisms ....................................................................151

3.8.3 Moving Targets...........................................................................151

3.8.4 Target Positions .........................................................................152

3.8.5 Target Lighting...........................................................................152

3.9 FLOOR .............................................................................. 152

3.9.1 Lower Clear Vision Line ..............................................................153

3.10 WALLS .............................................................................. 153

3.10.1 Walls and Sound Attenuation. ...................................................153

3.11 CEILING ............................................................................ 154

3.11.1 Ceiling or Roof and Upper Clear Vision Line...............................154

3.11.2 Sound Attenuation.....................................................................154

3.12 BAFFLES............................................................................ 154

3.12.1 Purpose .....................................................................................154

3.12.2 Locations...................................................................................155

3.12.3 Angled Baffles ............................................................................155

3.12.4 Materials ...................................................................................156

3.13 FIRING POINTS AND LANES................................................. 156

3.13.1 Firing Points ..............................................................................156

3.13.2 Pistol Benches or Ricochet Protection .......................................156

3.13.3 Firing Lanes...............................................................................157

3.13.4 Firing Lane Width ......................................................................157

3.14 FIRE HAZARD..................................................................... 158

3.14.1 Hazards .....................................................................................158

3.14.2 Approval....................................................................................158




3.15 COMMUNICATIONS............................................................. 158

3.16 MAINTENANCE ................................................................... 159

3.16.1 Responsibilities .........................................................................159

3.16.2 Frequency..................................................................................159

3.16.3 Range Cleaning .........................................................................160

3.16.4 Bullet Catcher............................................................................160

3.16.5 Range Structure ........................................................................160

3.17 COMPLIANCE CHECKS......................................................... 160

CHAPTER 4: Open Non Standard No Danger Area Range .................. 170

4.1 INTRODUCTION ................................................................. 170

4.1.1 General......................................................................................170

4.2 DESIGN PROCEDURES (NEW OR MODIFIED RANGES) ............. 170

4.2.1 Range Safety Advice..................................................................170

4.2.2 Structural Advice.......................................................................171

4.2.3 Preliminary Planning .................................................................171

4.3 DESIGN............................................................................. 171

4.3.1 Siting.........................................................................................171

4.3.2 Range Components....................................................................173

4.3.3 Component Design. ...................................................................175

4.4 CONSTRUCTION................................................................. 176

4.4.1 Firing Point................................................................................176

4.4.2 Targets ......................................................................................177

4.4.3 Range Floor ...............................................................................177

4.4.4 Bullet Catcher............................................................................178

4.4.5 Stop Butt ...................................................................................179

4.5 COMMUNICATIONS............................................................. 181

4.5.1 External.....................................................................................181

4.5.2 Internal .....................................................................................181

4.6 MAINTENANCE .................................................................. 182

4.6.1 Range Profile Survey ..................................................................182


4.6.3 Frequency..................................................................................183

4.6.4 Bullet Catcher............................................................................183

4.6.5 Hidden Attrition..........................................................................183





CHAPTER 5: The Close Quarter Combat Range (Urban) – CQCR (u) ... 185

5.1 INTRODUCTION ................................................................. 185

5.1.1 Aim............................................................................................185

5.1.2 Description ................................................................................185

5.1.3 Purpose .....................................................................................186

5.2 DANGER AREAS ................................................................. 186

5.2.1 Templates..................................................................................186

5.3 DESIGN............................................................................. 186

5.3.1 General Concepts ......................................................................186

5.3.2 Physical Considerations.............................................................187

5.3.3 Siting.........................................................................................187

5.3.4 Layout .......................................................................................187

5.3.5 Special Effects ...........................................................................188

5.3.6 DEFENCE STRUCTURE SIZES......................................................189

5.3.7 OVERHEAD GANTRIES ...............................................................189

5.4 RANGE OPTIONS ................................................................ 189

5.4.1 Outdoor open range Live Fire Tactical Training Areas (LFTTAs) 189

5.4.2 Outdoor No Danger Area (NDA) and Indoor CQCR (U) range.....191

5.5 CONSTRUCTION................................................................. 191

5.5.1 Materials ...................................................................................191

5.5.2 Targetry ....................................................................................191

5.5.3 Ballistic wall options .................................................................191

5.5.4 Bullet trap options.....................................................................195

5.5.5 Method of Entry (MoE) Techniques............................................196

5.5.6 Closed Circuit Television and Public Address Installation..........196

5.5.7 Range Control............................................................................196

5.5.8 Electricity and Water .................................................................197

5.5.9 Ancillary Buildings.....................................................................197

5.6 COMMUNICATIONS............................................................. 197

5.6.1 External.....................................................................................197

5.6.2 Internal .....................................................................................197

5.7 MAINTENANCE ................................................................... 198


5.7.2 Frequency..................................................................................199




CHAPTER 5 ANNEX A: Additional Details For CQB (U) Shoot Through LFTT Facilities

200

CHAPTER 6: The 1908 Design Barrack Range.................................. 203

6.1 INTRODUCTION ................................................................. 203

6.1.1 Description ................................................................................203

6.1.2 Purpose .....................................................................................203

6.2 DESIGN............................................................................. 204

6.2.1 Specifications ............................................................................204

6.2.2 Back-to-Back Ranges.................................................................205

6.2.3 SA Limitations ...........................................................................205

6.2.4 Shot Guns..................................................................................206

6.2.5 Mantlets ....................................................................................206

6.3 CONSTRUCTION................................................................ 206

6.3.1 Stop Butt Wall ...........................................................................206

6.3.2 Bullet Catcher............................................................................207

6.3.3 Canopy ......................................................................................207

6.3.4 Targets ......................................................................................208

6.3.5 Turning Target Mechanisms ......................................................208

6.3.6 Target Positions ........................................................................208

6.4 RANGE FLOOR.................................................................... 209

6.4.1 Ricochet Pit ...............................................................................209

6.4.2 Configuration ............................................................................209

6.4.3 Side Walls and Banks ................................................................210

6.4.4 Fences and Signs.......................................................................210

6.5 FIRING POINTS .................................................................. 211

6.5.1 25 m Firing Points .....................................................................211

6.5.2 Other Firing Points ....................................................................211

6.5.3 Distance and Lane Markers........................................................211

6.6 LIGHTING.......................................................................... 211

6.7 COMMUNICATIONS............................................................. 211

6.8 MAINTENANCE ................................................................... 212

6.8.1 Frequency..................................................................................212

6.8.2 Stop Butt Wall ...........................................................................213

6.8.3 Bullet Catcher............................................................................213




CHAPTER 7: Tube Ranges............................................................. 216

7.1 INTRODUCTION ................................................................. 216

7.2 Description ........................................................................ 216

7.3 Purpose............................................................................. 217

7.4 DESIGN............................................................................. 217

7.4.1 Design Criteria ...........................................................................217

7.4.2 Siting..........................................................................................218

7.5 CONSTRUCTION - TARGET HOUSE........................................ 218

7.5.1 Bullet Catchers ...........................................................................218

7.5.2 Defence Zone .............................................................................220

7.5.3 Targetry Selection ......................................................................220

7.5.4 Ricochet and Backsplash ............................................................221

7.5.5 Target Illumination ....................................................................221

7.5.6 Size ............................................................................................221

7.5.7 Laying ........................................................................................222

7.5.8 Earth Cover ................................................................................222

7.5.9 Lighting ......................................................................................223

7.5.10 Weapon Muzzle Limit..................................................................223

7.6 CONSTRUCTION - FIRING BAY ............................................. 223

7.6.1 Firing Points ...............................................................................223

7.6.2 Screens ......................................................................................224

7.6.3 Floor Finish ................................................................................224

7.6.4 Pistol Firing Points .....................................................................224

7.6.5 Intermediate Firing Distances ....................................................225

7.6.6 Firing Point Chamber..................................................................226

7.6.7 Lighting ......................................................................................226

7.6.8 Control, Waiting and Assembly Rooms .......................................226

7.7 SAFETY MEASURES............................................................. 226

7.7.1 Access ........................................................................................226

7.7.2 Entrances ...................................................................................227

7.7.3 Shields .......................................................................................227

7.7.4 Noise ..........................................................................................227

7.7.5 Ventilation..................................................................................228

7.7.6 Fire Hazard.................................................................................228

7.7.7 Fire Approval..............................................................................228




7.7.8 Eye Protection ............................................................................228

7.8 COMMUNICATIONS............................................................. 229

7.8.1 External......................................................................................229

7.8.2 Internal ......................................................................................229

7.9 SAFETY SIGNS ................................................................... 229

7.9.1 Safety Signs ...............................................................................229

7.10 MAINTENANCE ................................................................... 230

7.10.1 General......................................................................................230

7.10.2 Bullet Catchers ..........................................................................230


7.10.4 Frequency..................................................................................231


7.11.1 The following should be checked...............................................232

CHAPTER 8: The Gallery Range Imperial & Metric ............................ 235

8.1 INTRODUCTION ................................................................. 235

8.2 Aim .................................................................................. 235

8.3 Purpose............................................................................. 235

8.4 DANGER AREAS ................................................................. 236

8.4.1 DA Categories............................................................................236

8.4.2 Combined Gallery DA Trace .......................................................237

8.4.3 SA Tracer Ammunition...............................................................237

8.4.4 Other Factors ............................................................................238

8.4.5 Pistol AND SHOTGUN Practices on a GR.....................................239

8.5 DESIGN............................................................................. 239

8.5.1 Principles ..................................................................................239

8.5.2 Siting.........................................................................................241

8.5.3 Worst Case Lines of Sight ..........................................................241

8.6 CONSTRUCTION - STOP BUTT.............................................. 242

8.6.1 Purpose .....................................................................................242

8.6.2 Location ....................................................................................242

8.6.3 Structure ...................................................................................243

8.6.4 Height .......................................................................................243

8.6.5 Crest Length and Width.............................................................243

8.6.6 Profile .......................................................................................244




8.6.7 Bullet Catcher or Material Boxes ...............................................244

8.6.8 Flag Poles and Lights.................................................................245

8.6.9 Lane Numbers ...........................................................................245

8.6.10 Terracing....................................................................................245

8.7 MARKERS' GALLERY............................................................ 246

8.7.1 General......................................................................................246

8.7.2 Construction..............................................................................247

8.7.3 Fixtures .....................................................................................247

8.7.4 Target Spacing ..........................................................................247

8.7.5 Target and Target Frames .........................................................248

8.8 MANTLET.......................................................................... 248

8.8.1 Length and Height .....................................................................248

8.8.2 Construction..............................................................................249

8.8.3 Falling Plate Targets..................................................................249

8.9 TARGET STORE and WORKSHOP .......................................... 250

8.10 RANGE FLOOR.................................................................... 250

8.10.1 Levelling.....................................................................................250

8.10.2 Distance and Lane Markers.........................................................251

8.11 FIRING POINTS .................................................................. 251

8.11.1 Construction...............................................................................251

8.11.2 Surfaces .....................................................................................251

8.11.3 Fire Trenches..............................................................................251

8.12 COMMUNICATIONS............................................................. 252

8.12.1 External......................................................................................252

8.12.2 Internal ......................................................................................252

8.13 MAINTENANCE ................................................................... 253

8.13.1 Range Profile Survey ..................................................................253

8.13.2 Responsibilities ..........................................................................253

8.13.3 Frequency ..................................................................................253

8.13.4 Bullet Catcher.............................................................................254

8.13.5 Mantlet Scooping........................................................................254


CHAPTER 9: The Converted Gallery Range And Electric Target (Limited Danger

Area) Range ................................................................................ 271




9.1 INTRODUCTION ................................................................. 271

9.2 Aim .................................................................................. 271

9.3 CONVERSION CONSTRUCTION - GENERAL ............................ 272

9.3.1 Design Considerations...............................................................272

9.3.2 Land Requirements ...................................................................272

9.3.3 Conversion ................................................................................272

9.3.4 Layout for Automatic Marking System.......................................273

9.4 MANTLET........................................................................... 273

9.4.1 LofS Clearance...........................................................................274

9.5 STOP BUTT ........................................................................ 275

9.6 TARGETRY ......................................................................... 275

9.6.1 Targets ......................................................................................275

9.6.2 Fixed Electric Target Locations..................................................275

9.6.3 Protection..................................................................................275

9.6.4 Access .......................................................................................276

9.6.5 Target Store and Workshop.......................................................276

9.7 CONTROL BUILDING ........................................................... 277

9.7.1 Purpose .....................................................................................277

9.7.2 Location ....................................................................................277

9.7.3 Construction..............................................................................277

9.7.4 Warning Flags and Lights ..........................................................278

9.8 ELECTRICITY SUPPLY .......................................................... 278

9.8.1 Electricity Supply.......................................................................278

9.8.2 Fixed Electric Target..................................................................279

9.9 COMMUNICATIONS............................................................. 279

9.9.1 External.....................................................................................279

9.9.2 Internal .....................................................................................279

9.9.3 Public Address System ..............................................................280

9.9.4 Protection..................................................................................280

9.10 MAINTENANCE ................................................................... 280

9.10.1 Responsibilities ..........................................................................280

9.10.2 Frequency ..................................................................................281


CHAPTER 10: Targetry ................................................................. 286




10.1 INTRODUCTION ................................................................. 286

10.2 Definitions ......................................................................... 286

10.3 Design Criteria ................................................................... 287

10.4 PROVISION........................................................................ 287

10.4.1 Target Mechanisms and Support Systems .................................287

10.4.2 Repair and Maintenance ............................................................287

10.5 FIGURE TARGET MECHANISMS STATIC ................................. 288

10.5.1 Fixed Electric Target (FET) .......................................................288

10.5.2 Electric Swivel Target Equipments.............................................289

10.5.3 Portable Radio-Operated Target Equipments.............................289

10.5.4 Portable Cable Operated Equipment ..........................................290

10.6 TARGETS AND ACCESSORIES ............................................. 291

10.6.1 Figure Targets ...........................................................................291

10.6.2 1.22 m2 and 1.83 m2 Screen Targets ........................................292

10.6.3 Representative Sizes .................................................................292

10.6.4 Falling Plates.............................................................................293

10.6.5 Target Shooters Zeroing Targets (NRA)........................................293

10.7 TARGET HOLDINGS ............................................................ 294

10.8 MAINTENANCE ................................................................... 294


CHAPTER 11: Control Of Hazardous Substances In Indoor Ranges..... 300

11.1 INTRODUCTION ................................................................. 300

11.1.1 Environmental Health Hazards Covered.....................................300

11.2 HAZARDS .......................................................................... 300

11.2.1 Lead ..........................................................................................300

11.2.2 Unburnt Propellant ....................................................................301

11.2.3 Accumulated Dust .....................................................................301

11.2.4 Carbon Monoxide.......................................................................302

11.3 UK REGULATIONS .............................................................. 302

11.3.1 Control of Lead at Work (CLAW) Regulations ............................302

11.3.2 Carbon Monoxide (CO) ..............................................................304

11.3.3 Category of User........................................................................304

11.3.4 Level of Exposure to Lead..........................................................305

11.4 ASSESSMENT..................................................................... 305




11.4.1 CHIEF FIREARMS INSTRUCTOR (CFI) Responsibilities ..............305

11.4.2 Factors Included in the Assessment ..........................................306

11.5 AIR MONITORING............................................................... 306

11.5.1 Requirement..............................................................................306

11.5.2 Air Monitoring ...........................................................................307

11.5.3 Recording Results......................................................................307

11.5.4 Significant Levels of Lead in Air.................................................307

11.5.5 Significant Levels of CO.............................................................307

11.6 RESPONSIBILITIES............................................................. 308

11.6.1 CFI ............................................................................................308

11.7 RANGE DESIGN.................................................................. 309

11.7.1 Design Concept..........................................................................309

11.7.2 Design Solution .........................................................................309

11.7.3 Air Flow Within the Range .........................................................309

11.7.4 Air Speed...................................................................................310

11.7.5 Air Changes ...............................................................................310

11.8 AIR EXTRACTION................................................................ 311

11.8.1 Extraction System .....................................................................311

11.8.2 Extract Filter .............................................................................311

11.9 INSPECTION, CLEANING, HYGIENE, RECORDS AND SIGNS INSPECTION

311

11.9.1 Inspection of Ranges Used for Firing.........................................311

11.9.2 Dust...........................................................................................312

11.9.3 Confined Spaces ........................................................................312

11.10 RANGE CLEANING .......................................................... 313

11.10.1 Scope ......................................................................................313

11.10.2 Frequency of Cleaning.............................................................313

11.10.3 Cleaning Methods....................................................................314

11.10.4 Dual Use Facilities...................................................................316

11.10.5 Personnel Involved in Cleaning...............................................316

11.10.6 Waste Disposal. ......................................................................316

11.11 HEALTH & HYGIENE ........................................................ 318

11.11.1 Washing..................................................................................318

11.11.2 Eating, Drinking and Smoking .................................................318

11.11.3 Personal Protective Equipment ...............................................318




11.11.4 Additional Measures for Minors...............................................319

11.12 KEEPING OF RECORDS.................................................... 319

11.12.1 Records...................................................................................319

11.13 SAFETY SIGNS ............................................................... 320

11.13.1 Safety Signs ............................................................................320

Chapter 11 Annex A: Guidelines For Deep Cleaning Contracts ........... 321

CHAPTER 12: Weapon Unloading Facilities (Wuf) ............................. 324

12.1 INTRODUCTION ................................................................. 324

12.2 Purpose............................................................................. 324

12.3 Limitations......................................................................... 324

12.4 UNLOADING FACILITY CONSTRUCTION................................. 324

12.4.1 Siting.........................................................................................324

12.4.2 Facility Materials .......................................................................325

12.4.3 Bullet Catcher............................................................................325

12.4.4 Cladding ....................................................................................325

12.5 PORTABLE UNLOADING FACILITY ......................................... 326

12.6 DESIGN............................................................................. 326

CHAPTER 13: CONTROL OF NOISE FROM SMALL ARMS RANGES....... 328

13.1 INTRODUCTION ................................................................. 328

13.2 NOISE AT WORK. ............................................................... 328

13.2.1 Indoor Ranges............................................................................328

13.3 ENVIRONMENTAL NOISE ..................................................... 329

13.3.1 The Environmental Issue ..............................................................329

13.3.2 The Nugent Rule (Historical Reference)........................................330

13.4 NOISE SOURCE.................................................................. 331

13.4.1 Sound in the Open Air. ..................................................................331

13.5 NATURAL DISSIPATION....................................................... 332

13.5.1 Attenuation in Open Air ................................................................332

13.5.2 Attenuation from existing Screens and Barriers............................332

13.6 NATURAL & ENGINEERING CONTROLS .................................. 332

13.6.1 Distance........................................................................................332

13.6.2 Ground Absorption........................................................................333

13.6.3 Trees.............................................................................................333




13.6.4 Earth Banks .................................................................................333

13.6.5 Wind And Turbulence....................................................................334

13.6.6 Temperature and Humidity ...........................................................335

13.6.7 Temperature Gradients .................................................................335

13.6.8 THEORETICAL PREDICTION ..........................................................335

13.7 GERMAN RANGE NOISE BAFFLE SOLUTIONS.......................... 336

Chapter 13 Annex A...................................................................... 338

MEASUREMENTS OF PEAK PRESSURE LEVELS (Db) AND PULSE DURATION

(MILLISECONDS) FOR TYPICAL WEAPON SYSTEMS........................ 338

Chapter 13 Annex B...................................................................... 339

NOISE SURVEY RESULTS FOR A TYPICAL HIGH VELOCITY INDOOR TUBE RANGE

339

CONDITIONS OF RELEASE

© NPIA (National Policing Improvement Agency) 2011 All rights reserved. This publication is protected by Crown Copyright. No part of this publication may be reproduced, modified, amended, stored in any retrieval system or transmitted, in any form or by any means, without the prior written permission of the National Policing Improvement Agency or its representative. For additional copies, or to enquire about the content of the document, please contact

[email protected]




RECORD OF CHANGES

CHANGE

NUMBER

DATE OF

CHANGE

3.8 April 09

3.9 June 09

3.10 August 09

3.11 August 09

3.12/13 October 09

3.14 Feb 10

3.15 Dec 10

4.0 Feb 11

4.1 Apr 11

4.2 May 11

4.3 April 12

4.4 May 12




RECORD OF LAND RANGE SAFETY SUB COMMITTEE SAFETY NOTICES

Safety

Notice

Number

Date Of

Notice

Title Of Notice Inserted By Superseded By




INTRODUCTION: General

The aim of HPRS Volume 2 is to give:

Advice to those personnel in the Police Force and contractors who are responsible

for planning, designing, constructing maintaining and inspecting Small Arms

Ranges.

Practical guidance on design, construction and maintenance standards of such

ranges to ensure realistic but safe training in firing and the best possible use of the

range space.

RESPONSIBILITIES

All the Volumes of HPRS are sponsored by the NPIA. Authority for the content of

this Volume is vested, by the NPIA, in the Chairman of the Police Ranges Working

Party (PRWP). Chairman PRWP will always take into account approvals given by

Police authorities and the advice of Subject Matter Experts (SME).

ASSOCIATED PUBLICATIONS

This Volume should be read in conjunction with HPRS Volume 1. Reference will also

be necessary at times to the associated publications listed on page 29 of this

Volume. For completeness, Ordnance Board Proceedings (OB Procs) Members

Letters (ML) and DOSG Advice are referred to, since they are the formal advice on

ballistics and matters related to range safety.

The Handbook of Police Range Safety Vol. 1&2 has been produced specifically for

the needs of the Police service. Wherever a criteria discrepancy exists, this police

handbook will take precedence over MoD JSP 403, for police use.




SCOPE

SA RANGE DESIGN AND CONSTRUCTION

This Volume explains in detail the design and construction of standard and non-

standard Ranges. The Volume does not deal with the conduct of firing on these

ranges or the application of Weapon Danger Area (WDA) templates, both of which

are covered in the NPFTC.

DANGER AREAS

It contains the Range Danger Area (RDA) and WDA templates approved for Police

use. The authority for taking a DA template into use rests with the respective

Integrated Project Team (IPT) in accordance with HPRS Volume 1.

SIGNS AND FENCES

Danger area signs and fences specified in Chapter 2 of this Volume apply to all

Ranges and training areas.

SAFETY STANDARDS

The safety standards set out in this Volume provide the minimum acceptable levels

of design and construction which are to be achieved. Should the minimum

standards for a range to be categorised as Compliant not be met, firing must not

take place without a Dispensation or Approved Range status being authorised (see

HPRS Volume 1).




TARGETRY

The targetry approved for Police use is described in Chapter 10.

PROVISOS

The whole basis of this Volume rests on the premise that:

• Training is completed prior to firing in accordance with appropriate Police

training directives.

• Only Police Approved Weapons and ammunition, the limitations of which are

given in Chapter 2, page 71, para 2.4.4, Table 4 may be used. Other

weapons and ammunition may be used as static single shot marksmanship

practices but must be within the ME and MV limitations set out in this

Volume.

• Note 1: Police Approved Weapons are those that have a Safety Case and

WDA issued by the respective Integrated Project Team (IPT).

• The ranges are run as directed by the practices, conduct and safety rules set

out in Reference C1 (NPFTC) or other Police directives authorised at not less

than CC level.

• Firing is under the direction of a current and competent Range Conducting

Officer (RCO).

• Ranges are maintained and inspected in accordance with current regulations.




RANGE INSPECTIONS

This Volume may be used to assist in inspecting SA Ranges. The construction

characteristics of a particular range may differ considerably from the detail

illustrated in this HPRS. In all cases the principles, policy and criteria contained in

this HPRS should be applied. Advice should always be sought from TAS (RE) where

there is any doubt on the safety of a range.

TERMINOLOGY

The weapon categories of fullbore and smallbore are not used in this Volume as

they are calibre related and do not account for weapon performance. SA munitions

are categorised as high velocity (HV) or low velocity (LV) which enables

performance to be expressed in muzzle velocity (MV) or muzzle energy (ME).

Ranges are designed for specific maximum levels of MV and ME, which are stated in

the relevant chapters that follow.

TECHNICAL ADVISORY SECTION (ROYAL ENGINEERS) (TAS (RE)).

TAS (RE) is referred to throughout this Volume. It is part of the MOD Defence

Training Estate (DTE) and provides authoritative, specific advice on range design

and construction. Advice is also available from OC TAS (RE) on general principles

and policy contained in this HPRS. TAS (RE)’s address is:

TAS (RE), Defence Training Estate Blenheim Hall Land Warfare Centre WARMINSTER Wilts BA12 0DJ Contact: Technical Officer 01985 22 2434 DTO – Police ranges 01985 22 2433




INFORMATION AND ADVICE ISSUED BY TAS (RE)

From time to time TAS (RE) produces the following advice:

• Type Standards: Performance specifications aimed at contractors involved

in the development of a range. A Type standard will be developed from this

HPRS for each range type. Progress of this work is recorded in Police Range

Working Party (PRWP) Minutes.

• Range Advice Notes: Issued from time to time to explain and clarify range

safety or construction issues that do not directly affect the safety of a range.

Safety issues are covered by Range Safety Notices, issued by PRWP.

• Technical Data Sheets (TDS): Internal research covering many aspects

contained in HPRS not issued but available if required. Contact AO TAS (RE)

on 01985 22 2433 for information relating to existing TDS.

PROPOSALS FOR AMENDMENT SHOULD BE DIRECTED, THROUGH THE NPIA TO:

Proposals for amendment should be directed, through the NPIA to:

Secretary Land Ranges Working Party OC TAS (RE) Defence Training Estate Blenheim Hall Land Warfare Centre WARMINSTER Wilts BA12 0DJ Telephone: 01985 222434 Fax: 01985 222259 to whom queries should also be addressed, with information copies to:




The Secretary of the Defence Land Ranges Safety Committee Birch 3a Police Abbey Wood #3323 Bristol BS34 8JH email: [email protected]




ASSOCIATED PUBLICATIONS

Where an associated publication is referred to in this Volume or any other Volume

of HPRS it is to be taken as the authoritative document on the subject.

Reference Code Title

A1 HPRS Vol 1 Range Safety Handbook Volume I – Range Management (Policy, Responsibilities, Authorisation, Use, Maintenance and Inspection of Police Ranges).

B1 NPFTC National Police Firearms Training Curriculum




ABBREVIATIONS

AAAD All Arms Air Defence

AC Alternating Current

ACOP Approved Code of Practice

ADA Air Danger Area - also Ammunition Danger Area (obsolete)

ADH Air Danger Height

AF Army Form

AFV Armoured Fighting Vehicle

AGL Above Ground Level

AIS Aeronautical Information Services

ALARP As Low As Reasonably Possible

AMS Automatic Marking System

AMSL Above Mean Sea Level

AofS Angle of Sight

AOSP Army Operational Shooting Policy

APWT Annual Personal Weapon Test

ARA Army Rifle Association

ATO Ammunition Technical Officer

BS British Standard

BSD Burst Safety Distance

C Centigrade

CAA Civil Aviation Authority

CC Chief Constable

CCTV Close Circuit Television

CES Complete Equipment Schedule

CFI Chief Firearms Instructor

CGR Converted Gallery Range




Ch Charge

CL Centre Line

CLAW Control of Lead at Work

CNWR Control of Noise at Work Regs.

CO Commanding Officer

C of F Cone of Fire

COP Code of Practice

CP Control Post

CQB Close Quarter Battle

CQBR(U) Close Quarter Battle Range (Urban)

CTTE Cine Target Training Equipment

DA/Z Danger Area/Zone

DAUG See UK DAUG

DC Direct Current

ED Estates Department

DE&S Defence Equipment and Support

DEC (DEB) Director of Equipment Capability (Direct Battlefield Engagement)

DEF STAN Defence Standard

DE Defence Estates

Dia Diameter

Dist District

Div Division

DOSG Defence Ordnance Group

EASI Electronic Automatic Sequence Initiator

ED Estates Department

EEC European Economic Community

EFS Enemy Fire Simulators

EHO Environmental Health Officer

EHT Environmental Health Team

EM Equipment Manager




ENO Environmental Noise Officer

ET(LDA)R Electric Target (Limited Danger Area) Range

ETR Electric Target Range

EWC Establishment Works Consultant

FDA Full Danger Area

FET Fixed Electric Target

FFA Field Firing Area

Fig Figure

FMX Fire and Manoeuvre Exercise

FOST Flag Officer Sea Training

FOSM Flag Officer Submarines

FP Firing Point

ft Foot/Feet

ft lb Foot Pound

ft/sec Foot second(s)

g Gram(s)

gr Grain(s)

GR Gallery Range

GRP Glass Reinforced Plastic

G&Z Grouping and Zeroing

HQ Headquarters

HSE Health and Safety Executive

HT/ht Height

HV High Velocity

H&S Health and Safety

Hz Hertz

Illum Illuminating

in Inch(es)

IP Identified Project

IPT Integrated Project Team




IR Infra-red

ITTR Indoor Training Theatre Range

IWS Infantry Weapon System

J Joule(s)

JSP Joint Service Publication

kg Kilogram(s)

kt Knot(s)

kph Kilometres per Hour

kVA Kilovolt Amperes

LANDSO Land (Command) Standing Order

lb Pound(s)

LDA Limited Danger Area

LFTTA Live Fire Tactical Training Area

LH Left Hand

LNV Limit of Night Visibility

LofF Line of Fire

LofS Line of Sight

LPA Local Planning Authority

LRR Long Range Rifle

LRSSC Land Ranges Safety Sub Committee

LRWP Land Range Working Party.

LSW Light Support Weapons

LTC Long Term Costings

LUMAT Limitations in the Use of Missiles and Ammunition for Training

LV Low Velocity

LWC Land Warfare Centre

m Metre(s)

max Maximum

ME Muzzle Energy (in joules (J))

mg Milligram




MHE Materials Handling Equipment

min Minimum

Mk Mark

ML Member’s Letter (OB)

mm Millimetre(s)

MMTTR Mechanized Moving Target Trainer Range

MOD Ministry of Defence

mph Miles per Hour

MPI Mean Point of Impact

MTS(R) Moving Target System (Rural)

MS Mild Steel

m/sec Metres per Second

MSL Mean Sea Level

MV Muzzle Velocity (in m/s)

N Newton(s)

NBSD Normal Burst Safety Distance

NDA No Danger Area

No. Number

NOTAM Notice to Airmen

NPFTC National Police Firearms Training Curriculum

NRA National Rifle Association

NSN NATO Stock Number

NSRA National Smallbore Rifle Association

OB Ordnance Board

OB Proc Ordnance Board Proceeding

OEL Occupational Exposure Limit

OIBUA Operating in built-up areas

OOB Out of Bounds

OP Observation Post

OTR Operational Theatre Range




PA Public Address

Pam Pamphlet

PE Probable Error

PM Project Manager

POD Protected Observation Down-range

PPE Personal Protection Equipment

PROM Property Management

PRWP Police Ranges Working Party

PS Project Sponsor

PTE Pre-Tender Estimates

PTR Permanent Training Range

QE Quadrant Elevation

RAF Royal Air Force

RAO Range Authorising Officer

RAU Range Administrative Unit

RBSD Reduced Burst Safety Distance

RCO Range Conducting Officer

RDA Range Danger Area

RE Royal Engineers

RF Radio frequency

RFCA Reserve Forces & Cadet Associations

RH Right Hand

ROC Rough Order Cost(s)

RPC Regional Prime Contractor

RSPSC Range Safety Policy Sub-Committee

RT Reverberation Time

RTAAB Ranges and Training Area Audit Board

RTADB Ranges and Training Areas Development Board

SA Small Arm

SASC Small Arms School Corps




SC105A Concrete Post

SCOC Supply Chain Operations Centre

SCOTS(A) Standing Committee On Training Safety (Army)

SDA Sea Danger Area

SF Special Forces

SHEF Safety Health Environment and Fire

SK Sketch

SME Subject Matter Expert

SMG Sub-Machine Gun

Smk Smoke

SO Standing Orders

SOPs Standard Operating Procedures

SOR Statement of Requirement

STA & SPSS Surveillance, Target Acquisition and Special Project Support

Systems

STP Short Term Plan (was LTC)

STPS Static Target Projection System

SS1 05A Steel Post

SW105A Wooden Post

SWO Staff Warfare Officer

TAG SASC Training Advisory Group Small Arms School Corps

TAN Tangent (trigonometric)

TAS (RE) Technical Advisory Section (Royal Engineers)

TAVRA Territorial, Auxiliary and Volunteer Reserve Association

TB Technical Bulletin

TE Tangent Elevation

TER Temporary Exercise Range

Tgty Targetry

TO Technical Office(r)

TOPL Training On Private Land




TP&N Triple Phase and Neutral

TWA Time Weighted Average

UK United Kingdom

UK DAUG United Kingdom Danger Area User Group

USA United States of America

UXO Unexploded Ordnance

V Volt(s)

VHI Visual Hit Indicators

Vol Volume

VTT Video Target Trainer

WBP Water and Boil Proof grade Plywood

WDA Lab Weapon Danger Area Laboratory

WDA/Z Weapon Danger Area/Zone

WS Weapon System

Yd Yard(s)




CHAPTER 1: Provision Of Ranges

1.1 AIM

The aim of this chapter is to outline the procedures for the justification,

authorisation, funding, construction and site selection of Police Small Arms Systems

Ranges (SA Ranges). General policy is given in HPRS Volume 1.

1.2 RANGE GROUPING

1.2.1 GROUPING OF RANGES

SA ranges may be, or are regarded as being, one of the following:

• Permanent Training Range: A Permanent Training Range (PTR) may be in

a police establishment, on a training area or on a Live Fire Tactical Training

Area (LFTTA). The range can be indoor or outdoor (open), static or mobile,

may require specific construction, and can be grouped to form a range

complex.

• Temporary Exercise Range: A Temporary Exercise Range (TER) is one

created for the duration of an exercise or for a specified period. The range will

normally be located on an existing LFTTA with the TER Danger Area (DA)

falling within an existing Range Danger Area (RDA) which has been

authorised for the required weapons, or on land cleared for a specified use

with the local authorities and made safe for firing with its own authorised DA

trace defining the restricted area. HPRS Volume 1 provides guidance on the

conditions under which a TER may be established.




1.3 PERMANENT TRAINING RANGES (PTR)

1.3.1 JUSTIFICATION

PTRs are initiated by a Statement of Requirement (SOR) and authorised in

accordance with the procedures detailed in HPRS Volume I Chapter 6.

1.3.2 AUTHORISATION

For authority to construct a new PTR forces should follow individual force funding

procedures. It will be built to approved Police Type Standards or as detailed in this

Volume. Type Standards are produced and held by TAS (RE). Project Sponsors or

Property Managers are to co-ordinate the planning and construction of a PTR with

TAS (RE).

1.3.3 CONSTRUCTION

The details of the range construction, or significant change1 to an existing range is

to be recorded on Police Form 1057 which will replace Army Form (AF) K1309 (see

HPRS Volume 1). Prior to constructing a PTR, consideration should be given to the

need for services, ancillary buildings and other structures. These include:

• Shelter building or structure.

• Target store and workshop.

• Toilets.

1 A significant change is any alteration or addition to a range that changes the purpose of its original intended use or the significant repair, addition or removal of any permanently fixed structure. E.g. a major repair to or replacement of the bullet catcher, the introduction of high elevation fire towers or urban structures onto a range to allow OIBUA training. Temporary shoot through structures may be classed as targetry on LFTTAs.




• Water supply and drainage.

• Power supply.

• Security and screen fences, barriers, lookout posts, signs, notices, flagpoles

and lights.

• Range roads and parking.

• Ammunition points.

• Communications

1.3.4 ENVIRONMENTAL ISSUES

a. ENVIRONMENTAL PLANNING ISSUES:

When selecting the site for a range, the visual and acoustic effects on the

environment and the general public, as well as any measures to reduce those

effects, are to be assessed. This is particularly important for sites in or near

National Parks, areas used for public leisure and inhabited areas. ED are to be

consulted at an early stage to ascertain whether the area chosen for a PTR is a

conservation designated area or a heritage site, and whether there may be

planning authority sensitivities which require consultation with statutory Bodies.

b. ENVIRONMENTAL HEALTH ISSUES:

For each new and existing range the following issues are to be considered. Lead

and Carbon Monoxide issues are covered in more detail in Chapter 11.

• Lead: Lead contamination on open ranges where the majority of rounds are

not captured by a stop butt. This will involve the retention of Police Form 906

records to maintain record of the number and type of ammunition fired.

• Carbon monoxide: Indoor ranges, including tube ranges without controlled

ventilation, all indoor test ranges and enclosed firing point ranges should

consider the presence of carbon monoxide.




• Noise: Covered by the use of hearing protection as set out in Chapter 2,

page 96, paragraph 2.7.9.

1.3.5 BYELAWS

In the UK, ED is to be consulted on the need for byelaws to prohibit unauthorised

persons entering sea, land and air DA, to protect members of the public from the

hazards arising from the Police use of the range and to prevent public interference

with the operation of the range.

1.3.6 SITING BOARD

Detailed requirements and instructions for Siting Boards and Range Acceptance

Boards are contained in Reference A1. (HPRS Volume 1.)

1.4 TEMPORARY EXERCISE RANGES (TER)

1.4.1 INTRODUCTION

The policy for establishing a TER is contained in HPRS Volume 1. Temporary

Exercise Ranges are usually contained partially or wholly within a LFTTA. Live fire

training structures constructed for the exercise are to follow guidance provided in

this HPRS and in the NPFTC.




1.4.2 AUTHORISATION

a. EXISTING LFTTA:

When a TER is set up within an existing LFTTA so that the whole of the range and

the associated RDA or WDA are contained within its boundary, no additional

authorisation is required for its construction or use for authorised SA, ammunition

and practices.

b. NEW SITES:

When the requirement is for a TER where the RDA or WDA is not wholly within an

existing LFTTA, specific instructions for the construction and use of the range are to

be included in the exercise instructions after a risk assessment. The exercise

reconnaissance should provide sufficient data for detailed design and safety advice

to be provided to the appropriate Range Authorising Officer (RAO). Advice for each

TER can, where appropriate, be provided by TAS (RE). When doubt exists about

topography, structures or the exact location of the range or the associated RDA,

TAS (RE) should, under normal circumstances, carry out an engineering survey and

where necessary Small Arms School Corps (SASC) and Defence Ordnance Group

(DOSG) advice should be sought. Environmental issues will also have to be

addressed (see page 40, paragraph 1.3.4 Environmental Issues). The

appropriate RAO responsible for the exercise is required to authorise firing practices

in accordance with HPRS Volume 1 Chapter 6.

1.5 SEA AND AIR DANGER AREAS

Refer to Chapter 2, pages 47 to 48 and Table 1 on Page 48.




1.6 WORKS PROJECTS & REFURBISHMENTS

1.6.1 RANGE SAFETY CRITERIA CHECK

a. Compliance to current criteria. Before funds are committed to any new

range, refurbishment or alteration of an existing range, NPIA are to be

notified, following which plans and details should be passed to TAS (RE) to

confirm that the proposal complies with current range safety criteria. Any

new build or major alteration to Range ballistic structures are to be

undertaken by approved Range Contractors. A list of experienced

Contractors is available from TAS (RE).

b. Compliance to Current Facilities Management Legislation. All Ranges

are subject to a biannual works technical inspection as set out in HPRS

Vol. 1 Ch. 8 para. 8.9.2 The CFI is to ensure that the local works

inspections include all regulatory checks and where necessary checks by

qualified, authorised personnel.

1.7 SUSTAINABLE DEVELOPMENT

1.7.1 SUSTAINABLE RANGE DEVELOPMENT AND USE

Range development must first provide safe effective operational training facilities

and second, ensure that the effect on range structures and the environment is

minimised. Designers are to specify low maintenance solutions and where possible,

lead bullet debris is to be captured for recycling.




CHAPTER 1 Annex A: Police Procedures for the Procurement of a New Range

Ser Stages Action Appointment / Branch

1 Project Identification and Initiation Need for new range identified a. Training objectives/type of training/ammunition limits b. Predicted usage & user units c. Range type, capacity & targetry d. Land area & DA requirements

Force HQ CFI/NPIA Monitor/ Estates Department (ED)

2 Identify site options a. User force locations b. Available range locations c. Professional & technical appraisal d. Initial survey e. Local Planning Authority (LPA) restrictions f. Timescale requirement g. Targetry

Siting Board (HPRS Vol 1)

CFI/ED/ NPIA Monitor

3 Siting Board a. Confirm site options b. Confirm & set priority

Initiate Form 1057

CFI/Estates NPIA Monitor

4 Assess rough order cost (ROC) including targetry

5 Submit Statement of Requirement (SOR) to funding Command

SOR CFI

6 Identified Project (IP) endorsement & programme entry

Estates

7 Appoint Project Sponsor (PS) Estates 8 Option study HPRS Estates 9 Investment appraisal Estates 10 Initial approval (financial) Budget Holder Project Definition 11 Project brief HPRS Estates/ NPIA

Monitor 12 Appoint Project Manager (PM) HPRS Estates 13 Preliminary & detailed design, &

technical approvals PM/TAS (RE)/ED/

NPIA Monitor 14 Prepare Pre-Tender Estimates (PTE)

& tender documents, update risk assessment

PM




Ser Stages Action Appointment / Branch

15 Final financial approval Budget Holder 16 Works contract award

a. Invite tenders b. Evaluate tenders c. Award contract; update risk

Estates Estates

PS PM/ED PM/NPIA Monitor PS/ED

Construction Contractor PS/PM/ED/NPIA Monitor

17 Consultation, planning, site meetings PS/PM/ED/NPIA Monitor

18 Confirm technical approvals PS/PM/NPIA Monitor

19 Completion PM

20 Range acceptance audit NPIA PS/NPIA Monitor/CFI PM/Estates

21 Issue Forms 1057, 904, 905 and SOPs HPRS Vol 1 NPIA Monitor 22 Rectify snagging PM Post-Construction 23 Financial completion PS/PM 24 Maintenance period completion PS/PM 25 Release retention PS/PM




CHAPTER 2: Range Design Criteria and Specifications

2.1 INTRODUCTION

2.1.1 AIM

The aim of this chapter is to outline details of the design and specifications

applicable to all police SA Ranges and the marking, fencing, signing and lighting of

all Police Ranges and training areas. Details specific to a particular type of range

are given in Chapters 3-9.

2.1.2 CATEGORISATION OF CRITERIA

Criteria provided in this and other Chapters are categorised where appropriate to

aid users in understanding the implications of that criteria on the safety of a range.

The categories used are summarised below.

• Critical (C): Relates to criteria that may affect the ballistic safety or

effective use of the range.

• Standard (S): Relates to details / criteria which have been derived

empirically and meet current safety requirements. Although not necessarily

critical to the ballistic safety of the range, the detail / criteria provides an

authorised standard solution which will be safe for authorised practices at any

location. Unless stated otherwise all detail in this HPRS may be taken as

standard (S).




• Typical (T): Relates to details / criteria which is provided for guidance only

indicating a typical solution.

2.1.3 RANGE COMPLIANCE CHECKLIST

All new or refurbished ranges must achieve compliance particularly in those critical

areas that might affect safety. A range compliance checklist is provided at the end

of most range Chapters. The checklist has been produced as a `Guide' to assist

range inspectors, Range Authorising Officers (RAO’s) Project Sponsors (PS), Project

Managers (PM), Designers and Contractors. The aim of the checklist is to provide

guidance and therefore highlight areas that will be subjected to checks to confirm

compliance of a new or refurbished range. Designers submitting plans to TAS (RE)

for compliance checks must include all of the detail listed and any other relevant

information. The checklist is not exhaustive, it is an aid to assist achieving

compliance with HPRS Volume II. Refer also to Volume 1 Chapter 6.

2.2 DEFINITIONS AND RANGE SAFETY TERMS

2.2.1 DEFINITIONS

The definitions and range safety terms that relate directly to the contents of this

Volume have been included in this Chapter.

2.2.2 AIR DANGER AREA

An Air Danger Area (ADA) is the airspace above a range which has been notified as

such, within which activities dangerous to the flight of aircraft may take place or

exist at such times as may be notified. Airspace below 500ft is not controlled by the

Civil Aviation Authority (CAA), however light aircraft, helicopters and military flights

may use this air space.




2.2.3 AIR DANGER HEIGHT

The Air Danger Height (ADH) is the maximum height above ground level (AGL) at

which a hazard may exist (see Notes 1 and 2). Table 1 below gives ADH for SA

ammunition.

TABLE 1: ADH FOR SA AMMUNITION

Constructed LDA/FDA

ranges

FDA/LFTTA Ranges Ser Ammunition

No exposed

hard surfaces

Exposed hard

surfaces

QE <150mils

QE 150--

1250 mils (Note 3)

Remarks

(a) (b) (c) (d) (e) (f) (g)

(ft) (ft) (ft) (ft)

1 5.56 mm 500 1000 1000 8000 Carbine

2 5.56 mm Tracer 500 1000 1000 8000 Carbine

3 7.62 mm 750(see note 4)

1500 1500 8800 Rifle

4 7.62 mm Tracer 750 1500 2000 8800 Rifle

5 12.7 mm Not used Not used 3000 14300 Incl.50”

6 12.7 mm Tracer Not used Not used 4000 14300 Incl.50”

7 30mm Not Used Not Used Ground 4500

Hard Target 9500

8 9 mm 500 500 1000 3200

9 9 mm Tracer L3A1 Spotter

500 500 1000 Not used

10 0.22 in 500 500 1000 1000

11 0.22 in Tracer 500 500 1000 1000

12 8.6mm 500 500 3000 3000 Note 5

13 4.6mm 500 500 1000 1500




Notes

1. The ADH is either the vertex height of the munition nature or its

maximum ricochet height.

2. An ADH is measured in feet (ft) AGL. Altitude is measured in ft Above

Mean Sea Level (AMSL).

3. For HEF (QE 150-1250 mils, Figure 8-1B HEF WDA Template on Page

258) the ADH provided should be applied when the cone of fire is not

captured by the ground.

4. 7.62mm may be fired with an ADH of 500ft providing an air sentry is

provided and the air sentry has clear vision of the air space over the

range. The Duties of Air Sentries are to be detailed in the Range SOPs.

5. LRR 8.6mm ammunition fired under the specific control measures set

out in Reference C.

2.2.4 AMMUNITION DANGER AREA

The area in which personnel are controlled behind active firing points or fully

protected within. See page 61, para 2.2.32 Range Danger Area Template and page

65, para 2.2.45 Weapon Danger Area Template.

2.2.5 ANGLE OF SIGHT

The Angle of Sight (AofS) is the acute angle between the Line of Sight (LofS) and

the horizontal plane.




2.2.6 APPROVED RANGE STATUS

A range which varies from the design and build criteria specified for its type, where

the resultant risk is assessed as exceeding the level for a Standard or Non Standard

Range of the same type. However the risk can be managed to a level equal to that

of the equivalent Standard or Non Standard range by the implementation of control

measures.

2.2.7 BACKSPLASH

Backsplash is fragmentation or target debris thrown backwards at any angle

produced by projectile impact.

TABLE 2: BACKSPLASH ZONE (SAFETY DISTANCES)

Serial Weapon Fragment/Earth Throw Distance Hard Tgt (m)

Fragment/Earth Throw Distance Ground Tgt (m)

(a) (b) (c) (d)

1 Air gun Refer to Chapter 3, 3.7.2 Fixing on Page 149.

2 Low velocity pistol and carbine 22 10

3 High velocity rifle and carbine 50 22

4 7.62 mm tracer 125 125




Notes

1. Reserved

2. Backsplash from well-maintained stop butts into the gallery on gallery

ranges should not exceed 5m (see Note 5 below). For NDA ranges

authorised practices may be undertaken down to 10m from targets providing

the bullet catcher is well maintained. A well maintained stop butt and bullet

catcher is one where no bullet debris is permitted to build up around the MPI

and any scooping raked over after each days use.

3. Control measures for backsplash on LFTTAs are covered in Reference B.

4. Backsplash zone for MDP practices using MP7 and 4.6mm steel ammunition

against well maintained bullet traps should not exceed 10m.

5. Backsplash from 7.62mm tracer is 125m from all hard structures and sand

structures with front faces of less than 56deg and heights in excess of 2m.

On compacted earth slopes the 7.62 mm tracer rounds are normally

captured without ricochet

6. On all Ranges when firing authorised practices inside 10m from targets the

following additional precautions are to be implemented:

a. All hard surfaces visible to the fire at the closest distance are to be clad

or protected by appropriate anti-backsplash material. (See page 85,

paragraph 2.7.4c for details.)

b. All personnel are to wear full PPE which is to include hand and eye

protection, with sleeves down and collars and cuffs fastened.

2.2.8 BURST SAFETY DISTANCES

Burst Safety Distances (BSD) are hazard distances away from a fragmenting

weapon.




2.2.9 CLEAR RANGE PROCEDURE

A procedure authorised by the CFI and applied by the user force to ensure that the

Range Danger Area is clear of unauthorised persons before firing commences and

that it remains clear throughout the time firing is in progress. The procedure

includes provision for the timely cessation of firing before it poses a risk of hazard

to an intruder in the Range Danger Area. Refer also to HPRS Volume 1 for more

detail.

2.2.10 CLEAR VISION LINE

Clear vision lines are projected from above and below the firer to the target to

ensure there are no distracting protrusions within the firer's peripheral field of

vision in all firing postures (see Chapter 3, page 164, Figure 3-3: Clear Vision Line

(T). The extent of clear vision required is set out in the relevant sections and

chapters of this Volume. Clear vision lines are established to ensure that:

• The risk of backsplash to the firer is eliminated.

• An unrestricted view to the target and its immediate surround is achieved

and maintained.

• The physical build of individual firer's is accounted for.

2.2.11 CONE OF FIRE

The Cone of Fire (C of F) is the distribution of fired projectiles within a margin of

error in the vertical and horizontal planes. For design purposes the cone of fire

figures in Table 3 below are applied around each Line of Sight (+elevation,




- depression and +/-azimuth). The CofF accounts for acceptable deviation caused

by errors associated with the firer and machining or manufacturing tolerances, and

allows an additional margin for unacceptable firer error. Table 3 lists the authorised

SA CofF applicable on Police ranges.




TABLE 3: AUTHORISED SA CONES OF FIRE TO BE APPLIED ON POLICE RANGES

Ser Practice Engagement Type

CofF

SS = Single Shot A = Automatic

Azimuth (mils)

Elevation (mils)

(a) (b) (c) (d) (e)

LDA/FDA Ranges (Notes 1 and 2)

1

Rifle / Carbine Static to Static

SS/A

±40

± 40

2 Static to Moving SS A

±60 ± 90

±40 ±40

3 Moving Vehicle smooth track to Static or Moving

SS/A ± 120 ±60

4 Pistol SS/A ± 135 ±135

Field Firing

5 Static to Static SS/A ± 60 ±60

6 Static to Moving SS/A ± 90 ±60

7 Moving Vehicle smooth track to Static or Moving

SS/A ± 120 ±90

8 Moving Vehicle rough terrain to Static or Moving

SS/A ±150 Max Range

9 High Elevation Fire (HEF) SS/A ±150

Max Range

10 Pistol SS ±250 ±190

Restricted Practices (Note 3)

11 Target shooting rifle/carbine supported only Static to Static

SS ± 21.5 ± 21.5

12 Target shooting rifle/carbine supported only Static to Moving

SS ± 40 ± 21.5

13 Rifle practices. (Rifle Officers who are trained to the common national

minimum standards as detailed in

SS ± 12 ± 12

14 Combat Shotgun – Slug Combat Shotgun – Shot

SS SS

+80 +80

+80 +200




Notes

1. LDA/FDA ranges include all open ranges that have DA limited by

construction, or a combination of construction and QE.

2. On LDA ranges automatic fire is restricted to burst fire from bipod/tripod

mounted 5.56 and 7.62 mm weapons. Unsupported Automatic Rifles may

only be burst fired on a FDA range with a 2900m or greater DA.

3. The reduced CofF recommended by DOSG may be applied only under the

following conditions;

a) Use is restricted to competent officers authorised in writing by the

CFI, using a rifle zeroed or check zeroed at not more than 100m each time

the weapon is brought onto the range.

b) The reduced CofF of 21 .5mils is approved only for single shot

supported shooting practices.

4. The maximum range of the weapon system is normally achieved with a

barrel elevation of approximately 620 mils. Above and below this rounds

fall short of maximum range.

2.2.12 DANGER AREA/ZONE

See Range Danger Area / Zone

2.2.13 DANGER AREA TEMPLATE

See Weapon/Range Danger Area Template.




2.2.14 DANGER AREA TRACE

See Range Danger Area Trace.

2.2.15 DESIGN APPROVAL

Design approval is the formal act of authorisation in document form, by the

Responsible Authority that the design meets the stated requirements and is suitable

for Police use with or without limitations. For range works and projects this will be

the responsibility of those responsible for Works and Project delivery.

2.2.16 DESIGN AUTHORISATION

Design authorisation is the order or direction to do something to meet stated

requirements by the force responsible for doing so i.e. by the Responsible

Authority. The responsibility may be more limited e.g. Design or Technical

Authorities. Their appointment and limitations are authorised by the Responsible

Authority. For range works and projects this will be the responsibility of the

Property Manager (PM) or Project Sponsor (PS).

2.2.17 DESIGN CERTIFICATION

Design certification is a signed statement by a qualified person that the design

wholly or partially meets or complies with the approved specification(s), which

includes legislation.

2.2.18 GROUND TARGET (ALSO CALLED SOFT)

Ground target refers to all surfaces which, when impacted at low angle (<30°), will

deform or break up. Water surfaces and ice are also classified as a ground target.




In this document used by contractors and those involved in the design and

construction of ranges the term `Soft' will be used.

2.2.19 HARD TARGET

Hard target refers to all material which possesses sufficient strength and surface

hardness in relation to a given weapon that at low angles of impact the target

suffers little or no deformity. When hard surfaces are exposed to the firer, the

additional DA wings are to be applied (see Chapter 8, pages 257 and 258, Figures

8-1A and 8-1C).

2.2.20 HIGH ELEVATION FIRE

High Elevation Fire (HEF) is fire at a variable vertical firing angle for engaging

targets where the CofF is elevated so that no portion of it is captured by the ground

within a general firing angle of 150-1250 mils.

2.2.21 HILL BACKGROUND

A hill background exists when ground immediately behind the targets rises to form

a hill beyond which no projectile hazard is predicted to exist. If the criteria are met,

consideration can be given to reducing the RDA.

2.2.22 IMPACT AREA/ZONE

An impact area/zone is a space authorised and applied permanently, or at the time

of firing, in which specified weapons may impact, detonate, break up or operate.

The space must be large enough to contain ricochet but have its edge no closer to

the DA/Z boundary than the authorised fragment BSD or other bursting weapon

hazard distance. Access to the impact area/zone must be physically controlled as




directed by the Range Authorising force. Additional controls may be required due to

the possible presence of blinds.

2.2.23 JUMP

Jump is the vertical component of the acute angle between the muzzle axis before

firing and the line of departure. It can be positive or negative, depending on the

gun.

2.2.24 LINE OF FIRE

The Line of Fire (LofF) is an imaginary straight line from the barrel of the weapon

delivery system to the target. The LofF is used by range designers to ensure safety

from all firing positions. The distinction between Line of Sight (LofS) and LofF is

critical when shooting from the prone position and for sniper fire from inside a

building as although the sight to target is clear, the Line of Fire may not be.

FIG 1: LINE OF SIGHT

2.2.25 LINE OF SIGHT

The LofS is a straight line passing through the aiming device (sight) of the delivery

system and the point of aim on the target so that the firer can see the target he is

engaging. (Fig. 1)

LINE OF FIRE

LINE OF SIGHT

TARGET BOARD




2.2.26 MILITARY MEASUREMENT

The angle of military measurement is a mil (1/6400th of a circle) which subtends

approximately 1 mm at 1 m and 1 m at 1 km. This simple unit of measurement

aids setting out and estimating angles and distances in the field. Example: The

height of a range component is required to be 6 mils measured from the firing

point. If the distance from the firing point to the component is 30 m, the height

required is:

• 6 × 30

• 1000 = 0.18 m or 180mm

Note: 1 mil = 0.0562 deg and 1deg = 17.778 mils

2.2.27 PREPARED IMPACT AREA

Where exploding ordnance has a grazing fuse that may not ignite in soft ground,

the area around the target is prepared with stone or gravel. The extent of the hard

surface will depend on the predicted weapon and aimer error.

2.2.28 QUADRANT ELEVATION

The Quadrant Elevation (QE) is the angle between the horizontal plane and the axis

of the bore when laid (sighted). (See page 123, Figure 2-1: Ballistic Angles). For

the purposes of range design in this publication the following sub definitions are

provided:

• QE TCH = QE to the Target Centre Height (Physical point on a range

that can be measured).




• QE Actual = QE TCH + CofF.

• QE Max = QE Restriction applied.

2.2.29 RANGE (ZONE)

A range is a space reserved, authorised and normally equipped for hazardous firing

(weapons or lasers). The following are types of range:

a. Indoor Range. An indoor range is fully contained within a building or

other structure.

b. Open (Outdoor) Range. An open range is exposed to the natural effects

of light, wind and other meteorological conditions. The range may be

completely open or contained partially by a structure.

c. No Danger Area Range. A No Danger Area (NDA) range is a range

where, for all practical purposes, the design precludes risk of injury or

damage to persons or property beyond the range floor caused by shot,

direct or ricochet, fired in accordance with authorised procedures and

aimed within the bounds of acceptable aimer error.

d. Limited Danger Area Range. A Limited Danger Area (LDA) range is an

open range for which the minimum design requirements are to capture

shot so that any resultant ricochet remains within the RDA.

e. Full Danger Area Range. A Full Danger Area (FDA) range is an open

range where hazard including any Burst Safety Distance (BSD) is only

limited by the elevation of the delivery system and the skill of the firer.




f. Total Energy Range. A total energy range is a range where a weapon

may be fired without restriction.

2.2.30 RANGE AUTHORISING OFFICER

The Range Authorising Officer (RAO) is the officer responsible for personally

certifying on the Police Form 904 the weapon systems, munitions and explosive

stores which can be used on the range (see HPRS Volume 1).

2.2.31 RANGE DANGER AREA/ZONE

The RDA/Z is the space within a range in which there may be a risk to personnel,

equipment or property from firing authorised weapons within specific arcs. The

RDA/Z should be within the range area boundary. Access to and movement within

the RDA/Z are controlled through Range SOPs.

Note: Boundaries on land are to have appropriate control measures in place to

warn the public and to deter access eg signs, fences, flags, lights and sentries. See

also HPRS Volume 1. At sea, buoys may have to be provided.

2.2.32 RANGE DANGER AREA TEMPLATE

A RDA template is a technical drawing which defines the boundary of prescribed

risk from firing authorised weapons within specific arcs on a range built to approved

criteria. The RDA template is to be worked to a given scale and produced on

appropriate material for convenient application to a map.




Notes:

• Elements of construction including firing point alignments with targets will

affect hazard contours and hence change the shape of specific RDA.

• The RDA template will only apply to a range built to the specifications and

criteria set out in this document.

• The RDA template is range type, weapon(s) type, munition(s) type and

QE specific.

• In areas where there is limited land available, particularly if there are hills

in the direction of fire, it is possible using alternative information such as

the Weapon Danger Area Lab system allied to additional controls to allow

the use of a reduced danger area.

2.2.33 RANGE DANGER AREA TRACE

A RDA trace is a technical drawing of a common composite DA which is deduced

from an amalgamation of a number of WDA templates. The trace is worked to a

given scale and produced on appropriate material for convenient application to a

map.

2.2.34 RANGE FLOOR

The range floor comprises the ground from the furthest firing point to the target

including any range construction intended for, or capable of, capturing correctly

aimed shots or reducing ricochet.




2.2.35 RANGE SAFETY DISPENSATION

A range safety dispensation is considered for a particular range that cannot be

designated as an Approved Range due to range structure, layout or danger area. It

is a written authorisation by the RAO, to permit continued use of a range when it

does not meet currently prescribed safety criteria.

A Dispensated Range is one which varies from the design and build criteria specified

for its type and results in a level of risk which exceeds that currently accepted for a

Standard Range of the same type, and where the risk can not be managed by the

implementation of control measures. A dispensation should only be authorised

when no achievable alternative solution exists. Live fire use should be restricted to

essential training only. The dispensation is to be reviewed annually and removed

as soon as the reason for its implementation is resolved.

2.2.36 RICOCHET

A ricochet is the change of direction and velocity, induced in a projectile, missile or

fragment caused by its impact with a surface. For design purposes ricochet is

generally taken as 30° off soft targets and 45° off hard surfaces in elevation and

azimuth for high velocity ammunition. For low velocity ammunition the ricochet

angles are taken as 15° off ground and 45° off hard. For specific range advice TAS

may utilise data provided by DOSG from trials (See also page 83, para 2.7.2 d).

Ricochet greater than 90° is regarded as backsplash (See page 50, para 2.2.7,

Table 2.)

2.2.37 SMALL ARMS

Small Arms (SA) is a general term for small calibre (normally up to 12.7 mm)

weapon systems.




2.2.38 TANGENT ELEVATION

Tangent elevation (TE) is the angle between the LofS to the target and the axis of

the bore.

2.2.39 TEMPLATE

A template is a technical drawing worked to a given scale and produced on

appropriate material for convenient application.

2.2.40 TRACE

A Trace is a technical drawing of an amalgamation of WDA templates worked to a

given scale and produced on appropriate material for convenient application to a

map.

2.2.41 TYPE STANDARD

Type Standards are produced to provide contractors and consultants with a more

detailed explanation of each of the range types to assist in the development of their

design solutions. The document contains the technical specialist ballistic elements

of a design brief for a range and detailing the ballistic and functional requirements

to be incorporated in the design.

2.2.42 VECTOR ANGLE

A vector angle is an angle with a horizontal and vertical component. Vector angle is

not used in assessing range compliance as the ricochet angle used represents total

turn and not the elevation and azimuth components of ricochet.




2.2.43 WEAPON

A weapon is an object designed, used or capable of being used as an instrument for

inflicting harm to health, property or the environment.

2.2.44 WEAPON DANGER AREA/ZONE

A WDA/Z is the space into which specified weapons or their fragments may travel,

impact or function given normal firing conditions. The WDA/Z excludes low

probability human and system errors.

2.2.45 WEAPON DANGER AREA TEMPLATE

A WDA template is a technical drawing of an approved DA for a single delivery

means and a single target, projected on a specified LofF bearing, worked to a given

scale on appropriate material for convenient application to a map.

Notes:

• On a FDA the WDA template can be used to deduce a variable safe area

by swinging the template within allocated arcs. The deduced safe area

becomes a trace for the single weapon system. (See NPFTC).

• Combining more than one WDA template produces a trace.

• RDAs and WDAs, and therefore the templates, require review. Unless a

revised template has been approved in accordance with Police

instructions, it must never be used for firing.

2.2.46 WUF

Weapon Unloading Facility either static or transportable. All transportable units are

proprietary designs.




2.3 RANGE SAFETY STANDARDS

2.3.1 GENERAL

The risk of a projectile leaving a range is minimised by a combination of design,

training and control.

2.3.2 DESIGN PARAMETERS

Range design is based on historical evidence, advice in DOSG Procs and MLs, this

HPRS and advice from TAS (RE). DOSG have provided advice on scientific data

generated from trials and considered opinion, based on appropriate ballistic and

statistical calculations, on reasonable levels of range safety. NDA and other open

ranges are not designed on the absolute worst case. They are designed to capture

all properly aimed projectiles with an additional degree of safety for acceptable

aimer error and ricochet. Ranges are not designed to capture all projectiles from

accidental or negligent discharge. Ranges that were designed to type drawings

have given no cause for concern and still meet the current minimum level of safety.

New ranges and major refurbishment of ranges are to be constructed to the design

criteria in this Volume; advice from TAS (RE) is to be sought. Legislative

requirements of the Health and Safety at Work etc Act and the Management of

Health and Safety at Work Regulations are satisfied by the design process

undertaken by consultants and contractors commissioned by the Police under the

conditions given in current regulations. The mandatory detail provided in this

Volume addresses identified and predictable hazards, to which it provides

engineering solutions to reduce the perceived risk to As Low As Reasonably

Practicable (ALARP). The controls necessary to achieve these reduced risks are

stipulated in NPFTC, which in conjunction with this Volume, form the major

components of the Safe System whereby a safe environment for effective

operational training with small arms weapon systems is achieved.




2.3.3 ACCURACY OF CONSTRUCTION

This publication provides the minimum standards that should be achieved. Where

an element is fundamental to the level of safety provided it is indicated as Critical

(C). These elements will be subjected to compliance checks on completion of works.

On existing ranges, elements that do not conform to the standard must be included

in the range Risk Assessment to determine if the level of safety provided is

affected. Where the level of safety is reduced, control measures must be applied to

maintain the level of safety required. Where this cannot be achieved the range may

only operate under dispensation until such time as a full assessment is completed

and Approved range status is authorised. Elements that are not classified as (C) will

be subject to acceptable construction tolerances.

2.3.4 COMPLIANT RANGES

A compliant range is one which meets the design and build criteria specified for its

type in HPRS Volume 2. Most ranges have some degree of non conformity.

Although different from those illustrated in this HPRS they will conform to the

safety critical elements described in the respective chapters. Where doubt exists

TAS (RE) is to be consulted and if necessary DOSG advice will be sought prior to

seeking Approved Range Status. (See Page 50, para 2.2.6 Approved Range Status).

2.3.5 MAINTENANCE

To ensure that ranges in use conform to current safety criteria, effective

maintenance is essential. Range Wardens' duties are given in HPRS Volume 1.

When a range does not warrant a full time Warden, the CFI is to appoint a

competent person to carry out these duties. The frequency of maintenance and




inspections is given in HPRS Volume 1. A range works inspection guide is available

to all range works officers from NPIA that describes the range elements that are to

be inspected at least every 2 years as set out in HPRS Volume 1.

2.3.6 CONDUCT AND TRAINING

A range is designed and built only for qualified and authorised personnel with

weapon systems authorised for use on the range, under proper supervision and in

accordance with Police instructions.

2.3.7 POPULATION DENSITY

Planning Staff and siting boards must consider population density and public

sensitivity around a proposed range before determining location and orientation.

2.3.8 SITING PREFERENCES

Outdoor ranges should be sited facing north (in the Northern Hemisphere) so that

firers do not engage targets into direct sunlight. The range should also be sited as

far as possible from habitation as it is difficult to reduce impulse noise generated

without modification to the weapon. When siting ranges, aligning the direction of

fire away from habitation when possible should take precedence. The total energy

template should be considered when assessing population and habitation in the

area of the proposed new range.

2.3.9 IDENTIFICATION OF CRITICAL, STANDARD AND TYPICAL REQUIREMENTS.

All details in the respective range chapters represent the authorised STANDARD (S)

to be adopted. Those elements that may be provided in many forms will be

designated as TYPICAL (T). As the margins of safety incorporated in the STANDARD




are wide, a range element that fails to meet this STANDARD is unlikely alone to

make the range unsafe. Elements that do not comply to the STANDARD are non

compliant and should be assessed to determine the level of safety achieved. Critical

(C) dimensions are provided where minimum ballistic data exists.

2.4 LIMITATIONS OF BALLISTIC PERFORMANCE ON RANGES

2.4.1 GENERAL

This section applies to SA; the limitations for other WS are given in the appropriate

Chapters.

2.4.2 WEAPON PERFORMANCE

The performance of weapons can be expressed in several ways. For Police

purposes, muzzle velocity (MV) and muzzle energy (ME) are used. These

performance criteria are directly related to current Police ammunition types in

determining WDA, penetration data, backsplash and ricochet. However, it is

essential to specify the weapon performance limits for each range type to ensure

that the range remains safe during use. Weapon performance may vary depending

on several factors, one of which is:

• Type of Ammunition: Certain types of ammunition can significantly

enhance the effects of a weapon system that could result in its

performance exceeding the design criteria of the range.




2.4.3 AUTHORISED SA WEAPONS

As the requirement is to limit firing to those SA that perform safely within the

design criteria of the range, only those weapons whose MV and ME do not exceed

the criteria stated on the Police Form 904 may be fired on constructed ranges.

When only one performance criterion of a SA conforms to the authorised limits, TAS

(RE) should be consulted on matters of construction and the HQ of the RAO for

clearance to fire; both may wish to seek DOSG advice. For example, a light, small

calibre bullet with an MV higher than the specification for the range may have an

ME within the specification but such a bullet is likely to have very different ricochet

characteristics to the slower, heavier bullet for which the range has been designed.

AP ammunition is not to be fired on constructed ranges. For RDA details of

authorised weapons refer to page 256, Figure 8-1: RDA Template Gallery Range,

page 257, Figure 8-1A: RDA Template, <QE 150 mils - ETR and page 258, Figure

8-1B: HEF WDA Template SA Ammunition QE > 150 < 1250 mils.

2.4.4 MUZZLE VELOCITY AND MUZZLE ENERGY LIMITATIONS

Each range will be authorised for specified SA and ammunition. The limitations for

SA, contained in Table 4 and any other limitations on how a range can be used will

be stated on the Police Form 904 and in Range SOPs. The commonly used term Low

Velocity (LV) is related to serials 1 to 3 in Table 4 below. “High Velocity” (HV) refers

to weapons with MV greater than 655m/s.




TABLE 4: SA AMMUNITION MAXIMUM MV AND ME LIMITATIONS (C)

Ser Weapon Type Indoor Open

MV(m/s) ME (J) MV(m/s) ME (J)

(a) (b) (c) (d) (e) (f)

1 Air rifle N/A 16 (12ft lbs) N/A 16 (12ft lbs)

2 Low velocity weapon only

530 (1735ft/sec)

285 (210ft lbs)

610 (2000ft/sec)

480 (350ft lbs)

3 LV pistol/carbine 520 (1705ft/sec)

645 (475ft/lbs)

655 (2145ft/sec)

2030 (1495ft lbs)

4 HV rifle/carbine NDA ranges

1000 (3280ft/sec)

7000 (5160ft/lbs)

1000 (3280ft/sec)

7000 (5160ft lbs)

5 HV rifle/carbine on ranges with GR LDA 1000 (3280ft/sec)

45001 (331 9ft lbs)

6 HV rifle/carbine on other ranges No ME/MV limits – Refer to Para 2.6 Range Types (Page 78) to determine extent of RDA required.

NOTES:

• Weapons with ME greater than 4500J but less than 7000J may be used

on gallery type ranges providing authorised control measures are in

place.

• These figures relate to defence structure specifications in Table 7a.

• Civilian use of tracer is not permitted on constructed ranges. Where

tracer is authorised on LFTTA ranges civilian clubs may fire tracer

ammunition providing provision is made to ensure any local restrictions

are made known to the club.

• Civil clubs may only use copper or steel jacketed lead core or solid lead

rounds on Police ranges.




2.4.5 BLACK POWDER WEAPONS

Black powder or black powder substitute propelled weapons may be fired on open

ranges. MV and ME must not however exceed the specified limits for that range.

Black powder weapons are not to be fired in indoor ranges.

2.4.6 JACKETED AND NON-STANDARD BULLETS

Table 7a: Steel Protective Plating for Ranges (on Page 92) gives the required

thickness of steel protective plating for indoor ranges to be safe against jacketed

and unjacketed bullets. Tracer and other specified specialist ammunition natures

may be fired on various ranges, the conditions for which are to be found in the

chapters of this Volume that deal with particular range designs.

2.4.7 CONVERSION OF BALLISTIC DATA

It may be necessary to convert ballistic data to make a comparison with data

available in this Volume and elsewhere. This paragraph provides simple equations

to calculate ME, when MV and weight are known, and to convert weight expressed

in grains (gr) to an expression in grams (g).

Calculation of Energy: When MV and bullet weight are known, ME in joules (J) may be calculated: 1/2NV2 = MEJ N = Bullet weight in kg V = MV in m/s e.g. Eley Tenex 0.22 in Bullet weight (N) = 2.59g or 0.00259kg MV(V) = 331 m/s.




Answer: ME = 0.5 x 0.00259 x 3312 = 142J. Conversion of Bullet Weight: Bullet weight expressed in g (avoirdupois) may be converted to g SI (Système International d'Unités): 1gr = 0.065g 1g = 15.432gr. Energy: ME expressed in foot pounds (ft lbs) force (imperial) may be converted to J (SI). 1J = 0.738ft lbs 1ft lbs = 1.3556J Velocity: MV expressed in feet per second (ft/s imperial) may be converted to metres per second (m/s) (SI): 1ft/s = 0.3048m/s 1m/s = 3.281ft/s

2.4.8 AUTOMATIC FIRE

The constraints for automatic fire on specific ranges are set out in the relevant

chapters.

2.5 RANGE DIMENSIONS AND DRAWINGS

2.5.1 IMPERIAL AND METRIC

All range design is in metric units. This Volume has converted imperial dimensions

to metric, rounded as appropriate where safety parameters allow. Inspectors should

measure imperial ranges against the original imperial dimensions. Where ranges

are converted from imperial to metric, then checks should be carried out using

metric units. On those ranges that are a mix of imperial and metric, care must be

taken to ensure critical safety parameters are maintained. The principal areas of

concern for each range type are covered in the respective chapters of this Volume.




2.5.2 GENERAL

The police, through the PRWP, approve design criteria and, where applicable,

drawings for the range types outlined in this Volume so that normal training

objectives may be achieved. There are several categories of range drawings and

their purpose is given in this section.

2.5.3 TYPE DRAWINGS/TYPE STANDARDS

Type Drawings were originally created to give the requirements necessary to

construct new range facilities. However they contain much constructional detail that

is prescriptive and out of date. Type Drawings are no longer issued to contractors

or consultants. Type Drawings are replaced with Type Standards that place the

design responsibility onto consultants commissioned by the police to develop a

range. Current Type Standards are listed in Table 5.

TABLE 5: TYPE STANDARDS HELD BY TAS (RE)

Ser Number Description

(a) (b) (c)

1 TS-01 RGGS – (Obsolete) 2 TS-02 Indoor Ranges

3 TS-03 Non Standard Outdoor NDA Ranges

4 TS-04 Converted Gallery Ranges

5 TS-05 Tube Ranges

6 TS-06 25m Barrack Ranges

7 TS-07 Electric Target Ranges

8 TS-08 CQB Urban Live Fire Ranges

9 RDG-01 Test Ranges

10 RDG-02 Control of noise on constructed RangesNoise from Ranges




2.5.4 CONSTRUCTION/RECORD DRAWING

Construction drawings are based on the Type Standard and are produced by a

consultant or contractor. These will be specific to the site with the details of the

shape of the range floor, foundations and all that cannot be specified in the Type

Standard. If during the construction of the range there are no fundamental changes

to the contract, the construction drawing serves as the record drawing.

2.5.5 AS-BUILT DRAWING

If during the contract, details are changed from the original design, as-built

drawings are required to record the actual details of the range. Normally their

provision is part of the standard contract and is a requirement of the Construction

(Design and Management) Regulations. For existing ranges without record or as-

built drawings, they should be provided retrospectively.

2.5.6 DRAWINGS PRODUCED BY TAS (RE)

The production of the Technical Office and Sketch series of drawings ceased at the

end of December 1996. All important drawings were archived and retained for

record purposes and copies will only be released after careful consideration of the

content and potential implications of issue (using a covering letter where necessary

to highlight the drawing status/purpose and how the details may be used). From

January 1997 the release of drawn information has been restricted to the following:




• Type Standards: The production of Type Standards replaces the

existing outdated and prescriptive Type Drawings and is approved for

issue by the PRWP. Once complete these essentially form the technical

elements of a design brief, detailing only the ballistic and functional

requirements

• Certification Drawings: This series of drawings referred to as

Licensing Drawings (LD) are approved for issue by OC TAS and have

been introduced to support the Certifying Officers by giving extremely

accurate range location and template details to assist in the certification

of facilities. For each range the danger area is projected from actual

lines of sight on that range, which are not always parallel, producing a

range specific danger area template. All open ranges should seek to

have a range specific template that reflects their range danger area

precisely and will also assist the siting of adjacent ranges or facilities.

• Illustrative Sketches: This series of drawings serves three basic

purposes, the aim being to provide assistance to all concerned with

range compliance, design and development:

- To illustrate TAS Total Station surveys with the criteria overlaid to

determine compliance or otherwise with Standard Criteria. Usually

read in conjunction with Survey Record (SR) Drawings.

- To illustrate proposed templating and / or range positioning as part

of or following a desktop study.

- To illustrate where necessary, principles or typical solutions in

support of written reports.




• Survey Records: Survey records are a series of drawings illustrating

the results of Total Station and GPS Surveys supporting technical

drawings of a range and the danger areas.

2.5.7 RANGE MAPS:

There are a number of maps available to Forces each provided to meet specific

needs.

Range Master Map: Provided by ED as required by HPRS Volume 1. This

includes definitive information on police boundary, lease land, over firing

rights, sea danger areas from the Hydrographic Office and the extent of range

danger areas.

2.5.8 CHANGE RECORDS

Original range ballistic construction details are recorded on the Police Form 1057.

Any subsequent significant repairs or changes to the range must be recorded onto

the 1057, or where there is substantial change a new 1057 form is to be issued.

This will ensure a clear audit trail is maintained and that all changes are properly

checked for compliance.Significant changes include major refurbishment to or

replacement of bullet catchers, adding or changing firing points or target types and

positions.




2.6 RANGE TYPES

2.6.1 SMALL ARMS WEAPON SYSTEM RANGES:

This Volume deals with all Small Arms Weapon System Ranges designed for a

specific purpose. The range types included in this Volume include:

a. NO DANGER AREA (NDA) RANGES: To be classed as an NDA range, all

anticipated shot must be contained within the range with a substantial margin of

safety. See definition at page 60, para 2.2.29 Range (Zone). The following

range types may be classed as NDA ranges:

• Indoor Ranges including tube ranges. • 25m Barrack ranges. • The 1908 design 30m range (now only used from the 25m firing point). • Some test ranges. • Non standard open NDA ranges.

b. LIMITED DANGER AREA (LDA) RANGES: Ranges where some rounds

are expected to leave the area of the range floor either from direct fire or ricochet

have a limited danger area to ensure all rounds are contained in a controlled area.

A full definition is provided at page 60, para 2.2.29 Range (Zone). Such ranges

include:

• The Gallery Range (GR): (See Chapter 8 for details). The Gallery

range has a limited danger area based on the principle that the CofF is

lifted from the range floor by the mantlet thereby reducing the

incidence of ground ricochet, the primary source of rounds escaping a

range. A 1830m RDA is usually applied. Most existing ranges have a QE

restriction (QEmax) of 70mils, which equates to QEtch of 30mils to

ensure the limited danger area is sufficient. Gallery ranges with




modified mantlet and stop butts that have been increased in height to

capture the whole CofF do not need to impose the QE restriction as all

predicted direct fire from the 100m firing point will be captured. A

further reduction in the length of the RDA from 1830m may be

considered if and when hill background criteria are met.

• The Converted Gallery Range (CGR): (See Chapter 9 for details).

This range is a Gallery range with the gallery frames and Fixed Electric

Targets (FETs) mounted into the top of the mantlet. A 1830m RDA is

usually applied from the target line.

• The Electric Target (Limited Danger Area) Range (ET(LDA)R):

(See Chapter 9 for details). This range has no gallery, has Fixed

Electric Targets (FETs) mounted into the top of the mantlet often with

Automatic Marking Systems (AMS) fitted. An 1830m RDA is usually

applied.

• High velocity non-standard No Danger Area range: These

ranges without a canopy are classed as LDA ranges as they have a

100m RDA beyond the target line. Chapter 4 provides the details.

• Hill Background Ranges: No ranges to date have met the criteria at

page 126, Figure 2-4: Hill Background Criteria. Open ranges with

a hill rising behind the stop butt may be assessed by WDA Lab to

determine the actual RDA required on such ranges.

c. FULL DANGER AREA (FDA) RANGES

• The Electric Target Range (ETR) - 600m: A flat range floor with

FETs located at 100, 200 & 300m from the main firing point. All shot is

automatically recorded and targets are able to fall when hit. A WDA is usually

applied with hard target wings when necessary.




• The Individual Battle Shooting Range (IBSR): This range provides

excellent transition to tactical training providing firing from cover, fire and

movement tactical firing and moving targets. A WDA is usually applied with

hard target wings when necessary.

d. PISTOL RANGES: Pistols are often fired on NDA and other ranges. When fired

on LDA / FDA ranges the pistol template is applied using the CofF for pistol under

LDA/FDA ranges in Table 3. A 1500m RDA is usually applied.

2.7 RANGE DESIGN

2.7.1 DESIGN PRINCIPLES:

Safety on and around ranges is provided by the provision of safe weapon systems,

training, control measures, supervision and for constructed ranges, safe design. To

ensure ranges remain safe the design must also take into account cost in use by

minimising the maintenance effort. There are four categories into which all ranges

fall to provide a safe shooting environment.

a. TOTAL ENERGY (TE) RANGE: A total energy range will have a template

large enough to capture all shot fired in a particular direction without further

restriction. Large land or sea danger areas are required to capture the

maximum projectile trajectory.

b. FULL DANGER AREA (FDA) RANGE: A Full Danger Area (FDA) range is

an open range where the hazard is limited by the elevation of the delivery

system and the skill of the firer. The amount of land or sea danger area

required is minimised by controlling the elevation of the weapon.




c. LIMITED DANGER AREA (LDA) RANGE: A Limited Danger Area (LDA) range

is an open range for which the minimum design requirements are to capture

direct shot and any resultant ricochet remains within the RDA. A combination

of limiting elevation and the inclusion of range structures to capture shot and

or minimise ricochet enables the danger area to be further reduced.

d. NO DANGER AREA (NDA) RANGE: A No Danger Area (NDA) range is a range

where, for all practical purposes, the design precludes risk of injury or

damage to persons or property outside the range.

2.7.2 SAFE DESIGN

The standard details provided in the respective range chapters have proven to be

safe over a long period of extended use. The margins of safety in the standard

designs extend far beyond the predicted Cone of Fire (CofF). No current modern

design solution will be allowed to fall below these existing levels. For non standard

open NDA ranges for instance, following application of CofF criteria in Figure 2–4:

Hill Background Criteria on Page 126, the established criteria shown in Figure 2-2

on Page 124, and Figure 2-3: Calculating Stop Butt Widths NDA Range (Existing

Ranges Only) on Page 125 are applied and it is the safer of the two solutions that

are used. Minor changes have been made to particular elements to ease

maintenance and therefore become more cost effective in use. Factors considered

to ensure a safe range include:

A. DIRECT FIRE: Predicted direct fire is either stopped by defence

structures, limited by Quadrant Elevation (see Figure 2-1: Ballistic Angles on Page

123) or a full energy template is provided. For design purposes, direct fire is that

shot which falls within the Cones of Fire (CofF) set out in Table 3 on Page 54.

Experience, trial evidence and advice indicate that these CofF are more than

adequate for authorised practices.




B. RICOCHET: Ricochet from range structures and surfaces are generally the

limiting factor for the range designer. The exception is where ricochet occurs off

hard smooth surfaces. In this circumstance the exit angle is normally half the

impact angle. Ricochet must be expected off all surfaces that a round may strike at

angles of less than 30° including standing water. Ricochet is minimised off slopes of

30° or more and eliminated off slopes of 56° or more. Tracer ammunition has

different ricochet characteristics the extent of which is provided in Fig. 8-1 (Page

256). Ricochet will influence the size of defence structures and danger areas

including the air danger height. The use of ricochet pits can reduce the height of

catcher structures when using logical design principles. On all ranges, rounds that

strike the range may:

• Be captured by the ground or structure.

• Break up on impact and fragment over a small area.

• Remain intact, change direction, exit at shallow angle and tumble with sufficient residual energy to achieve medium range potential.

• Remain intact, change direction, exit at shallow angle, re stabilise, with sufficient residual energy to achieve longer range potential.

• Deflect off target frames or other range components with little loss of energy.

C. BACKSPLASH: Provision has to be made to prevent backsplash from any

structure, fixtures or fittings that may otherwise reach back to the firing point.

Table 2 gives backsplash distances and the relevant chapters give further details.

There is an additional hazard from poorly designed or fitted protective measures. If

a round is able to pass through a timber baffle, protective material, target backing,

target holder or post, it may decelerate sufficiently so that it does not penetrate

through the anti-splash curtain but bounces back from the curtain and could reach

the firing point with a hazardous velocity. This problem may occur on indoor, tube,

test or other ranges where anti splash curtains are used.




D. HIDDEN ATTRITION: High velocity rounds penetrate soft material such as

timber loosing very little energy and leaving only a slight indentation at the point of

entry. When a round strikes the dense material behind all energy is dissipated often

causing extensive damage (attrition) behind the softer protective material. Defence

structures should be capable of taking all predicted shot over a long period without

undue attrition and should be designed to eliminate the possibility of hidden

attrition. Where this is not possible procedures will need to be put in place to

ensure the ballistic element is not penetrated. This will entail ease of access to

facilitate inspection of the hidden element.

E. FIXINGS: When fixing a material to the structure in the ballistic zones, care

is required to ensure unwanted ricochet or backsplash is not caused. Oval, not

round head nails, are to be used to fix timber on to hard surfaces and the nail

heads punched in. Bolts and screws are to be countersunk and plugged. Any other

metal fixings should also be countersunk or protected.

F. TRACER AMMUNITION: With the exception of 5.56mm tracer ammunition is

much less predictable and additional danger area boxes must be provided on all

ranges where tracer may strike extensive sand range structures that project above

ground level. The extent of tracer ammunition danger area around structures is

illustrated on Fig. 8-1 (Page 256). (Earth banks hold and contain tracer rounds

more so than sand.)

2.7.3 DESIGN CRITERIA

Common to all range design are the following criteria;

a. LINE OF FIRE (LofF): An imaginary line taken from the barrel of a weapon to

the point of aim on a target. Range structures in front of the barrel and down range




such as baffles are designed by applying the respective CofF to the LofF or Lines of

Fire where more than one points of aim or firing points exist. On 25m NDA ranges

assessment for compliance is taken only from the 25m firing points to the centre of

authorised targets.

b. LINE OF SIGHT (LOFS). The LofS is the line from the weapon sight to the point

of aim on a target. Clear vision parameters are applied to the LofS. Structures close

to the firer may not block the LofS but are directly in the LofF. Structures at the

target end of the range are designed by applying the CofF to the LofS.

c. FIRING POSTURES. Current Police shooting is carried out from both

unsupported and supported firing position (see Reference C1). In the design of

ranges, no account is taken of the respective stability of the three postures listed

below. However it is acknowledged that supported firing positions provide a more

stable weapon platform and this is often used as a restriction on non standard

ranges. Supported practices allow smaller CofF to be used (see Table 3, Page 54).

d. POSTURE HEIGHTS. The following posture heights are used as standard design

criteria. There will inevitably be some variation due to individual physical

characteristics, however as these are not predictable, a standard has been adopted

for design purposes.

• Standing unsupported - 1500mm (C).

• Kneeling / sitting / squatting - 800mm (C).

• Prone / standing in a fire trench - 300mm (C).

e. CLEAR VISION LINE (CVL): Although primarily used in the development of

indoor shooting facilities it is also a good principle to apply to outdoor ranges. A

CVL is projected from each firing posture to avoid distractions directly in front of




the firer and to help minimise the risk of backsplash from protruding structures

down range. The CVL should extend:

1. VERTICALLY. The upper line is projected from 600 mm above

the highest firing posture used on the range to 250 mm above the

highest target centre. The lower line is projected 300 mm below

the lowest posture height used on the range to 250 mm below the

lowest target centre (see Figure 3-3: Clear Vision Line (T) on

Page 164).

2. HORIZONTALLY. 500 mm clear range space should be allowed

parallel to the flank LofF at all firing points down the complete length

oftherange.

NOTE: The CVL does not apply when the barrel is clamped or

specifically positioned within an aperture e.g. in a test or tube range.

f. TRAJECTORY: The trajectory of a bullet on the LofF is used to determine

the position of down range structures to minimise attrition.

2.7.4 RANGE COMPONENTS:

Specific component details provided in this HPRS are derived to provide confidence

that the required level of safety is provided irrespective of location and detail of any

particular range. See details in respective range chapters. Common to all ranges

are:




a. FIRING POINT: Firing points could be at almost any distance and height

although each needs careful consideration to determine the appropriate lines of fire

for subsequent application of criteria to establish requirements for protective

structures. Each firing point should be accurately positioned and marked on the

ground to assist in maintaining correct lines of fire in accordance with the original

design. Distance markers should be provided on both flanks. Where elevated fire

towers are provided it is essential to ensure that the elevated LofF will not expose

mechanised target systems to direct strike.

b. FIRING POINT SPACING/ LANE WIDTHS: To establish sufficient space

for the firer taking account of supervision, distraction, ejected cases, smoke and

noise the following guidelines are provided. Standard details are provided in

respective range chapters.

• LV pistol / carbine semi automatic - 1000mm with benches & screens,

1800mm without benches and screens.

• HV rifle/carbine semi automatic – 1800mm. Automatic - 2500mm.

c. BACKSPLASH AND RICOCHET PROTECTION: On all ranges exposed hard

surfaces, services and the like must be protected from direct fire and ricochet.

Traditionally timber is added to the face of hard surfaces and steel baffles to

prevent backsplash and excessive ricochet but other materials may be just as

suitable. The material used must prevent the bullet backsplashing or ricocheting

back out from the protection. To reduce attrition, the protection material is off set

from the hard surface to allow the bullet to break up on the hard surface without

causing excessive damage to the protection material. Where softwood timber is

used the following will be deemed compliant:

• Low velocity. 25 mm boarding on 25 mm battens. (C) (Backsplash zone 50mm boarding on 25 mm battens. (C)).




• High velocity. 50 mm boarding on 50 mm battens (C) (Backsplash zone 75mm boarding on 50 mm battens. (C)). Note: The use of oval nails in fixing such boarding will minimise potential backsplash hazards.

d. TARGET POSITIONING: The design target centre height and flank target

positions should be permanently marked. Such marking ensures the correct

relationship with defence structures is maintained. As the structure size is directly

related to the target position, the targets should be positioned as close as is

practicable to the base of the bullet catcher/stop butt to minimise construction

requirements. Positioning of targets in accordance with the following guidelines

should assist in providing sensible parameters for target positioning and enable

realistic lines of fire whilst not compromising the safety of the range.

• Target Heights: The target centre (highest aiming point) should generally

correspond to the height of the weapon to achieve a near level line of fire,

although there are circumstances which may demand either elevated or

depressed lines of fire. Typical target centre heights of between 450mm (T)

lowest and 1500mm (T) highest are recommended. Standard details are

provided in subsequent chapters.

• Target Spacing: The target centre spacing should generally correspond to

the spacing of the firers although converging lines of fire are acceptable.

Typical spacing may be as close as 600mm (T) from centre to centre with the

usual maximum spacing being parallel to the firer spacing (diverging lines of

fire are not normally used as this would increase the size and cost of

protective structures and danger areas).

• Multi Point Targets & Target Screens: Target screens are often used on

outdoor NDA ranges. Where such targets are used the minimum defence

structure dimensions provided in Table 6 (Page 91) are applied as illustrated




in Figure 4 (overleaf). Once established the max target centre height and

flank target positions should be clearly marked.

• Target Positional Markings:

- Maximum and Minimum Target Centre Height. The highest and

lowest permitted target centre height should be indicated at the

target line on both flanks (a recommended method of marking can

be seen in Fig 2). These markings should be in a highly contrasting

colour paint and permanent.

FIGURE 2: RECOMMENDED TARGET CENTRE HEIGHT MARKINGS

- Target

Flank

Markings.

These should be clearly indicated at the target line, for both left and

right flank most targets. These markings should be in a contrasting

colour paint and permanent. No target should be positioned outside

of these marks. The flank target markings should be marked, either

on the floor or the mini mantlet, but in front of the target line. The

markings should be easily visible to all range users (a recommended

method of marking can be seen in Fig 3)




FIGURE 3: RECOMMENDED FLANK TARGET MARKINGS

- Multi Point Targets & Target Screens. The target centre height, left and

right extent markings must be applied to the highest, left and right flank most

aiming points as shown in Fig 4.




FIGURE 4: RECOMMENDED MULTI-POINT TARGET MARKINGS

- Range Floor Markings. To assist effective control of practices, each

lane has corresponding firing point and target numbers. For specific

range markings refer to the respective range chapter.

- Bullet Catcher/Bullet Trap. Bullet catchers or traps are provided in all

cases. The bullet catcher or trap is designed to capture the majority

of rounds fired at each target. Bullet catchers are normally

traditional sand/earth bank/ granulate steel plate design. Bullet traps

are normally those of proprietary design, such as the Snail Trap or

vertical granulate trap. For economic, logistical and environmental

reasons, indoor bullet traps are often constructed with a combination

of a bullet catcher and an area of protection to capture wide shot.

Granulated rubber traps provide cost effective and environmentally

friendly trap solutions as rounds do not tend to break up causing

lead dust. This form of trap is suitable for indoor or outdoor use. It

will be seen that the use of a bullet trap and backplate indoors

provides the same dimensions overall as sand bullet catchers used

on outdoor ranges. The dimensions of the bullet catcher/ trap




components for standard ranges are provided in the respective range

chapters. Where details are not provided the details in Table 6 may

be used.

- Stop Butts. Stop butts are located around or behind bullet catchers

to capture wide shot and low ricochet. Where only judgmental

practices are conducted the stop butt may also be used as the bullet

catcher. Where stop butts are provided the criteria to determine

height and width are contained in the respective chapters. For Non

Standard NDA ranges the minimum criteria is provided in Table 6

(Page 91).

TABLE 6: DEFENCE STRUCTURE DIMENSIONS

Height And Width (C)

Indoor Outdoor

Ser Range

Component

Axis

Measured from the

LOS Low

Velocity

High

Velocity

Low

Velocity

High

Velocity

(a) (b) (c) (d) (e) (f) (g)

1 Defence zone Vertical (mils) Horizontal (mils)

215 215

215 215

215 215

215 215

2 Backplate Vertical (mils + mm) Horizontal (mils = mm)

6 + 1500 6 + 1400

n/a n/a

6 + 1500 6 + 1400

n/a n/a

3 Bullet catcher Vertical (mils + mm) Horizontal (mils = mm)

6 + 450 6 + 450

1 + 1700 1 + 1400

6 + 1500 6 + 1400

1 + 1700 3 + 1400

5 Stop Butt Vertical (mils + mm) Horizontal (mils = mm)

n/a n/a

n/a n/a

60 + 4000 60 + 4300

77 + 4700 60 + 4000

Note: See detailed calculations at Fig 2–12 (Page 135)

2.7.5 RANGE MATERIALS

Many materials have been tested for resistance to bullet penetration providing

some evidence that may be used in the design of defensive structures. Below are

performance details of the ballistic materials known to date:




a. STEEL SPECIFICATIONS: When steel is specified, the requirement is for

the following BS or MOD DEF STAN specification or similar performance steel:

• Mild Steel –BS EN 10025: S275JR

• Armoured Steel – DEF STAN 95-24 or DEF STAN 95-13, AR 500 or similar has

proven effective where high velocity ammunition is used. Through hardened

armoured steel is normally used in areas of direct bullet impact.

TABLE 7A: STEEL PROTECTIVE PLATING FOR RANGES

Ser Ammunition

Defence Zone

Plate Thickness

(mm) (C)

Backplate

Plate Thickness

(mm) (C)

Bullet Catcher

Plate Thickness

(mm) (C)

Flank Direct Flank Direct

(a) (b) (c) (d) (e) (f) (g)

1 LV pistol/carbine 4 5 5 6 8 or 6 armoured

2 LV pistol/carbine jacketed

5 6 6 8 12 or 8 armoured

3 HV rifle/carbine 12 or 8 armoured Proprietary system only (see Figure 3-8: Advantages and Disadvantages of the Different Bullet Catchers on Page 168.

b. OTHER MATERIAL: Table 7b provides minimum depth of the material

required to prevent penetration on ranges dependent upon angle of strike.

Minimum material specification for concrete is 20Nmm2, Solid (void free) Class B

engineering brick, 15Nmm2 dense concrete block or hollow block filled with min

15Nmm2 concrete. Concrete, brick and block defence structures shall prevent

bullets penetrating more than 10% into the surface of the structure.




TABLE 7B: MINIMUM THICKNESS (MM) OF CONSTRUCTION MATERIALS

CONSIDERED TO BE IMPENETRABLE TO BULLET STRIKE.

Ser Ammunition Concrete

(C)

Solid

brick

(C)

Concrete

block

(C)

Timber

(C)

Remarks

(a) (b) (c) (d) (e) (f) (g)

At all angles multiple strikes.

1 LV pistol carbine 150 215 215 175 h/w or 200 s/w

Monitor effect of 4.6mm steel ammunition on all structures.

2 HV rifle/carbine 200 215 215 250 h/w or 375 s/w

No AP ammunition permitted.

Defence Zone - Single shot at 900 (1600 mils) to surface or less. (C)

3 .22” 251

751 501 125 s/w See Note 1 & 2

Defence Zone - Single shot at 70 (124 mils) to surface or less. (C)

4 .22” 251 751 501 12 s/w See Note 1 & 3

NOTES:

1. These dimensions have been rounded up to reflect sizes available.

2. Or combinations of MDF 25mm + Redland plain tile, Plywood 25mm +

Redland plain tile, 50mm s/w + Glasuron terracotta tile should contain one

.22” round.

3. Bullet Proof Glass. Where bullet proof glass is required refer to BS EN1063,

Class BR1 to BR7.

2.7.6 MATERIALS TRIALS

All ballistic trials are to be co-ordinated and authorised by the PRWP. Refer to

Reference A for details.




2.7.7 MAINTENANCE

Where range structures are maintained within the ballistic envelope they must be

maintained to retain the original properties. The maximum depth of attrition that

should be permitted before repairs are affected is 10%. Back walls above the sand

for instance are generally at least 225mm thick. Attrition up to 22mm should not

adversely affect the performance of that component. Repairs to anti splash curtains

could cause backsplash if more than two layers are in the line of fire, ie repairs

where sheet overlap occurs. If in doubt refer to TAS (RE) for advice.

2.7.8 ENVIRONMENTAL HAZARDS AND SUSTAINABILITY

Range design must take account of the effect of lead, carbon monoxide, unburnt

propellant and noise. Below in Table 8 are indications of the design issues to be

addressed. Note compliant ranges are expected to fire less than 1 million rounds a

year on any one range. At this rate of fire no unacceptable environmental or health

hazard impact is predicted. Ranges with enclosed or semi enclosed firing points that

have rates of fire in excess of this should be assessed for emission hazards.




TABLE 8: ENVIRONMENTAL HAZARDS AND SUSTAINABILITY.

Range Type Lead Carbon

monoxide

Unburnt

propellant

Noise

1. Compliant Ranges

LFTTA Maintain Police Form 906 record of rounds fired on each range for future LQA.

No issue No issue Note 1 & 2

GR all types Majority of lead is removed periodically from the range.

No issue No issue Note 1 , 2 & 4

Barrack ranges All lead is removed periodically from the range.

No issue No issue Note 1, 2 & 5

Tube ranges with enclosed firing room.

Lead will be present in any dust. All lead is contained and recovered during deep clean.

With mechanical ventilation no issue. Without ventilation CO monitor required.

In any dust Note 1

Other ranges with enclosed or semi enclosed firing points.

Lead will be present in any dust. Maintain Police Form 906 record of rounds fired on each range for future LQA.

With mechanical or sufficient natural ventilation no issue. With insufficient ventilation CO monitor required.

In any dust Note 1 & 5

Indoor ranges Lead will be present in any dust. All lead is contained and recovered during deep clean.

With mechanical ventilation no issue. Without ventilation CO monitor required.

In any dust Note 1,3 & 5




NOTES:

1. Hearing protection is to be worn on all firing points during practices.

2. The siting board is to ensure new ranges are sited as far away from populated

areas or offices as possible. Freehold land around ranges extending for 300m

(Nugent ruling) should be retained to preserve this separation from potential

development.

3. For indoor ranges and non standard ranges with enclosed or semi enclosed firing

points refer to Chapter 11.

4. Where 7.62mm is fired regularly (more than 50,000 rounds per lane per year)

on a range into sand or earth stop butts the RAO should commission an analysis

of the MPI to determine levels of antimony against current EU limits.

5. Where close engagement (15m or less) takes place on ranges with granulated

rubber RAO should be aware that if the granulate is exposed it could absorb

unburnt propellant that will increase the risk of fire.

2.7.9 NOISE

It is ACPO Armed Policing Guidance on Noise 2009 that all those exposed to

weapon noise must wear suitable hearing protection. There is a requirement to

reduce noise levels further by applying additional control measures. Such control

measures generally take the following two forms:

a. NOISE CONTAINMENT: The building fabric, doors, ducting etc, are

designed to reduce transmitting noise to the outside environment and to the

surrounding structure. Dense materials should be selected for the building fabric of

the firing points and bullet catcher chambers. Doors, ducts and other openings can

be specified to give a similar level of noise insulation. Advice on noise containment

should be sought from the estates department.




b. NOISE ATTENUATION: The nature and treatment of internal surfaces

are selected to attenuate reflected noise (reverberation) but these measures will

not reduce the initial high level of noise produced by the weapon. There are many

materials available, such as wood, wool slab, rockwool and glass fibre, which are

very effective in reducing reflected noise. However, these materials will also

harbour lead dust and unburnt propellant, and are difficult or impossible to clean as

the fibrous materials are susceptible to damage. Whilst these materials may be

suitable for ceilings, walls should be clad with a material which withstands knock

and abrasion, and which can be appropriately cleaned. Granulated rubber tiles and

tiles of resin bound flint sand have been found effective. Proper selection and

detailing of the noise attenuation system will further enhance noise containment.

Particular care is required for tube ranges. Advice on noise attenuation should be

sought from ED.

2.7.10 LEAD POLLUTION, UNBURNT PROPELLANT AND CARBON MONOXIDE:

The requirement to control lead pollution, unburnt propellant and carbon monoxide

in ranges is given in Chapter 11.

2.7.11 HILL BACKGROUNDS

Hill background for GR, CGR and ET(LDA)R criteria are illustrated in Figure 2-4: Hill

Background Criteria on Page 126. Before a reduced RDA is authorised for use, the

following must be confirmed by TAS (RE):

For Hills or Cliffs (>56°) directly behind the Target Line. The hill has a minimum

mean slope of 56° (996 mils rounded to 1000 mils) rising immediately behind the

target line and has a minimum height of 50 m above the point at which the LofS

from the 100 m firing point meets the perpendicular from the summit. When such a




slope spans the full width of the RDA trace, the reduced probability of escapement

enables the length of the trace to be reduced to the 50 m point.

For Hills or Slopes (>30°) behind the Target Line. Alternatively, the hill has a

minimum mean slope of 30° (533 mils rounded to 530) rising behind the stop butt

and has a minimum height of 100 m above the point at which the LofS from the

100 m firing point meets the perpendicular from the summit. When such a slope

spans the full width of the RDA trace, the reduced probability of escapement

enables the length of the trace to be reduced to the 100 m point described.

2.8 SAND BULLET CATCHERS

2.8.1 GENERAL

Sand has been generally used in bullet catchers and stop butts on many of the

ranges described in this Volume. This section specifies the quality of the sand, its

profile and maintenance that are necessary to capture shot without causing ricochet

or backsplash. Wet sand will have the tendency to form tunnelling on ranges where

tight grouping is expected which may result in penetration of the bullet catcher.

2.8.2 QUALITY

It is recommended that sand conforming to BS EN 12620: 2002 description "0/4

Concrete Sand". Grading should conform to BSI PD 6682-1 Table D1, "0/4 Concrete

Sand CP" with angular shape for slope stability and sound physical properties to

resist natural breakdown.' This grade is fine enough not to cause ricochet yet

coarse enough to retain the required profile effectively without likelihood of setting

or forming a surface crust; it is also relatively stable in high winds. This




specification also provides for a material that will not readily breakdown naturally,

such material should not crush to fine dust when rubbed between the hands. Over

time bullets pounding the sand reduce it to fine dust behind the MPI, at this point

the sand will need to be replaced.

2.8.3 CONSTRUCTION

Table 4: SA Ammunition Maximum MV and ME Limitations (C)Table 4: SA

Ammunition Maximum MV and ME Limitations (C) on Page 71), the minimum depth

measured on a line parallel to the LofS should be 1000 mm (S) 900 mm (C) on

NDA ranges and 750 mm (S) 500 mm (C) on other ranges. For low velocity

weapons the minimum depth should also be 750 mm (S) 500 mm (C). The depth

measured perpendicular to slope of 34° is for HV 560mm(S), 500mm(C) and for LV

420mm(S) 280mm(C).

2.8.4 PROFILE

34° (600 mils) (C) is the recommended slope for the front face of the bullet catcher

in order to reduce the risk of ricochet. Rounds impacting into, or the natural

settlement of the sand, may reduce the slope which must never be allowed to fall

below 30° (530 mils) (C); as this may cause ricochet to leave the RDA.

2.8.5 MAINTENANCE

Regular maintenance of the sand is essential to the range remaining safe for use.

There are several factors to be considered and these are described below. Renewal

or replacement of the sand may be achieved by rotating the sand in situ or by

replacing it with sand from another section of the bullet catcher. The following

measures are particularly important.




a. PROFILE: Sand in the bullet catcher is to be raked to prevent tunnelling

at the MPI behind targets to keep the surface of the sand in a loose state and to

restore the profile to the slope stated in section 2.8.4 Profile on Page 99.

b. DE-LEADING:

• 7.62 mm: When large quantities of 7.62 mm rounds are fired, or there

are excessive quantities of jacket and bullet debris, balls of lead and other

hazardous debris build up in the sand. The bullets tend to remain intact after

impacting into the sand and can fuse together into a ball, which often occurs

below the surface of the sand at the MPI behind the target after about

20,000 rounds have been fired in a lane. When subsequent bullets striking

the ball no longer drive it deeper into the sand, backsplash and ricochet

become hazards. So it is important that any such build-up of lead is

removed before the hazards arise.

• 5.56 mm: This round tends to break up on impact at close range causing

debris which is often smaller than the sand particles in the bullet catcher. In

this case the sand cannot always be sieved without altering its stability.

Provided the lead particles and debris are small and well spread over the area

behind the MPI, the sand will remain stable and the probability of ricochet or

backsplash will remain low. It is prudent to rotate the sand to ensure that the

smaller particles are well spread. If there is any sign of lead balling and

debris building up to the extent that a backsplash hazard is perceived, the

sand is to be treated as described in sub-paragraph “7.62mm” above.

• Other Ammunition Natures: When other ammunition natures have

been fired (such as 9 mm, black powder ball or bullet, shotgun slugs etc), the

sand is to be monitored regularly to ensure lead does not build up around the

MPI. As a guide, the sand should be checked for lead build-up when the slope

is raked after heavy use to restore its profile. For a range that is only used




occasionally, the sand should be checked monthly or after 20,000 rounds

have been fired on a lane, whichever occurs first.

c. WEATHERING:

In time, continuous impact by shot will break the sand down to a fine powder which

will blow away in the wind or bake hard in the sun. Fine sand will also cause the

slope to loose its stability. When this occurs, which will be evident by inspection,

the sand will no longer be of the prescribed grade and should be replaced. The

following additives and reinforcements have been found useful in maintaining the

shape of the sand:

• Wood Shavings or Chips: A mixture of wood shavings or chips in

proportions by Volume of about 2:1 sand/wood helps retain moisture and

stability of the mass in sand under canopies. The wood will itself break down

in time and more will need to be mixed in.

• Salt: Adding 1-2% of salt by dry weight of sand also helps retain moisture in

the sand and will reduce the danger of freezing in winter.

• Netting: Mesh netting or geogrid, may be used to reinforce the face angle.

The mesh is placed just below the surface of the sand and is held in place

with wooden pegs. Light galvanised wire mesh may also be used as it is

effective against burrowing rabbits.

• Timber support: Timber supports in the form of boxes or herringbone

within the sand clear of the MPI can assist the retention of the sand profile.

d. CLEANING:

Sand bullet catchers should be checked at least weekly to ensure surface bullet

debris is removed and monthly or after 20,000 rounds have been fired on a lane to




ensure there is no build-up of lead which can generate a backsplash hazard.

Rotation of the sand within the bullet catcher may prolong the life of the sand. The

sand should be replaced when the maintenance of the 34° face becomes difficult.

The hazard of lead contamination has to be considered. The RAU is responsible for:

• Observing the requirements of the Control of Lead at Work Regulations.

• The safety of working practices.

• Providing the appropriate personal protective clothing and, when necessary,

respiratory protective equipment.

• Providing washing and changing areas which avoid cross- contamination of

clothing.

• Disposing sand, soil and debris, which might contain or be contaminated by

lead, as contaminated waste in accordance with the Local Authority

Environmental Control Department's instructions and Police Policy.

e. BLACK POWDER WEAPONS

On ranges where firing black powder weapons is permitted, particular care is to be

taken to avoid lead building up in the stop butt and mantlet.




2.9 GRANULATED RUBBER BULLET CATCHERS

2.9.1 MATERIAL DESCRIPTION

The granulated rubber should be used in the same form as sand traps, 340

slope(S), 300 (C) with profile line marked on barrack range side walls. The rubber

elements are shredded from rubber that has no steel or fabric reinforcement.

a. SHAPE:

Shredded rubber with elongated elements removed to produce angular rubber

fragments that are of regular shape approximately 10 – 25 mm in any direction

producing tight interlock properties. There are sufficient suppliers who are able to

meet this specification so the person with management control of the facility should

not accept granulate for bullet traps with any visible contamination or elongated

rubber.

b. DURABILITY:

The rubber material will start to break down to fine particles after around 20,000

rounds per lane unless there is an exceptional high rate of fire over extended

periods where the material may break down sooner. The granulated rubber traps

are to be de-leaded regularly (see below) and any fine particles removed and

replaced by topping up with new material. With effective maintenance these traps

should never need total replacement.

c. De leading:

The material should take up to 20,000 rounds per lane before inspection is required

to ensure there is no build up of lead behind the MPI and that the rubber at the MPI

is not converted to fine particles. Frequent prodding of the area behind the MPI will

extend the interval for de-leading. On ranges where black powder weapons or

shotguns are fired, more frequent de leading may be necessary. Contractors

involved in de leading are to ensure all bullets, bullet debris, fine rubber dust and

target debris is removed from the granulate.




d. FIRE RESISTANCE

The material is susceptible to fire in certain conditions. The risk of fire may be

minimised by good maintenance and minimising the accumulation of fine rubber

particles, target debris and exposed fabric reinforcement in the granulate. The

depth of granulate is to be kept to the minimum specified in this chapter as heat

will increase with the depth of material. Shooting in boxes will limit the amount of

granulate needed and these are to be used in gallery range stop butts. A light

hessian type cover may be used to contain the granulate as this will allow heat to

dissipate more readily. Dense rubber tiles are not to be used for this purpose. On

ranges where engagement closer than 10m is permitted, a light rubber sheet over

the granulate is essential to prevent unburnt propellant falling into the granulate

increasing the risk of fire. On ranges where high rates of burst weapon practices

are undertaken, water for dousing the granulate after firing is to be provided.

Tracer is not to be fired into granulated rubber traps.

e. STABILITY

Due to the interlock properties the 340 slope should be maintained throughout

many days of use without raking. Only with a high rate of fire on one lane will a

depression become apparent behind the MPI.

f. FROST RESISTANCE

The material may be used outside during frost conditions without any change in

performance.

g. WASHOUT RESISTANCE

The material allows water to pass through it without disruption of the slope.

h. RISK ASSESSMENT

A formal site specific risk assessment is to be produced on each range where

rubber granulate is used to ensure all fire prevention measures have been




implemented. Advice from the force fire advisor via the Estates Department may be

sought where necessary.

2.9.2 ENVIRONMENTAL IMPACT

Rounds are captured either intact or in constituent parts, lead dust is not generated

in the trap to the same degree as in a sand trap. The rubber granulate should not

break up into fine dust like sand so there is no particulate thrown into the air during

firing or maintenance of the trap. Like sand, there is no impact noise. The granulate

may be recycled many times on site to remove spent bullets the granulate is then

placed back into the trap.

2.9.3 MAINTENANCE

As the material has good interlock properties so the compliant slope is maintained

without slip at the MPI this will reduce the maintenance effort considerably. As

there is little or no lead dust, any maintenance of the trap will not expose range

staff to significant levels of lead in air. The material will not breakdown so readily as

sand so replacement or rotation of the trap need not be so frequent. Rabbits do not

like tunnelling in this material. Most suppliers are able to provide a de leading or

replacement service using a re cycling process on site. To ensure the granulate is

not contaminated by wood and paper debris from targets on barrack ranges it is

advisable to provide a light rubber sheet covering the granulate. Regular and

effective maintenance as recommended by the supplier is essential as rubber dust

generated at the MPI mixed with bullet and target debris will increase the risk of

fire. To ensure the maintenance cycle is maintained on ranges where use of only

one or two lanes are regularly in use the range warden is to record such use in the

Form 906 to ensure the bullet count per lane is recorded.




2.9.4 POTENTIAL USE

This material may be used in outdoor ranges or indoors. When used on gallery type

ranges it should be used only in shooting in boxes fitted into the stop butt to

minimise costs and reduce the area affected should there be a fire. For use near

environmentally sensitive or populated areas the addition of a suitable fire

retardant should be considered. Complete bullet catches on barrack ranges may be

converted to this material. No additional works are required except to retain the

material at the base of the bullet catcher. This material is suitable for indoor ranges

including test facilities and tube ranges. It will reduce considerably the amount of

lead dust in the range.

Note:

(Some German and US ranges used the material sandwiched between rigid plastic

sheets in the vertical form. These have proven very expensive to maintain due to

the need to dismantle the trap when the supporting sheets are shot out at the

MPI.)

2.9.5 DEPTH OF GRANULATE

The granulate is expected to stop 5.56 mm and 7.62 mm rounds within 300-400

mm. The depth of the granulate in line with the line of fire at the top of the trap for

high velocity ammunition is to be maintained at 900 mm. For low velocity weapons

the minimum depth should be 750 mm (S) 500 mm (C) in the direction of the line

of fire. For shooting in boxes in stop butts the depth perpendicular to the surface

should be maintained at 400 mm (T).




2.9.6 DISPOSAL

This material may be recycled by the supplier. At no time should the granulate as a

whole need to be removed for disposal as the regular maintenance will remove and

replace broken down granulate.

2.9.7 CONTACT DETAILS

For further details and potential suppliers contact TAS (RE).

2.10 IMPACT AREAS

2.10.1 IMPACT AREAS - GENERAL

An impact area/zone is a space on a RDA authorised and applied permanently, or at

the time of firing, in which specified projectiles may impact, detonate, break up or

operate. The impact area must be large enough to contain ricochet but have its

edge no closer to the DA/Z boundary than the authorised BSD or other hazard

distance. In pursuance of the policy set out in HPRS Volume 1 to protect the public

from the hazardous effects of weapon firing, access to the area has to be controlled

as directed by the RAO or CFI. Firing has to cease if a member of the public or

other unauthorised person is detected entering the impact area. This section

outlines the principles of the measures required but the degree of their provision

will depend on the risks assessed by the CFI for the particular range.




2.10.2 CLOSED IMPACT AREA

A closed impact area is that part of the impact area known to contain or is

suspected of containing unexploded ammunition (blinds) which is not designated a

controlled impact area. The whole area, including firing points, should be fenced to

prevent access and a demarcation fence or structure is provided to separate the

cleared area from the impact area. (see Para 2.11.1 General, on Page 111 and To

Provide Security on Page 114) and the appropriate warning signs displayed. Access

beyond the demarcation fence is prohibited to all persons except those involved in

the clearance of ordnance. Where the area has to be grazed for environmental or

fire reasons, animals are allowed in, but under no circumstances must they be

followed in by humans. Approved Prohibition and Warning signs on the demarcation

fence should direct "No Entry to Impact Area" and "Warning UXO" or similar

wording (The symbol is regulated, the text is not). The CFI should ensure personnel

do not enter the area before EOC is completed. Injured animals must be destroyed

from outside the Closed Impact Area.

2.10.3 CONTROLLED IMPACT AREA

A controlled impact area is one which is known or thought to contain surface or

sub-surface blinds but due to public rights of way and the like, access to the public

cannot be totally denied. During firing the impact area is closed. When the absence

of red flags or lights signifies that firing has ceased and the range paths have been

cleared, controlled access is permitted. Police personnel and farmers who have

good reason to enter the area must be fully briefed on the specific dangers in the

area. The control of access to these areas is provided by a combination of well sited

warning signs and notices together with flags and, where necessary, way marking

or fences to direct or funnel the public away from danger. Actual siting and detail

will vary from range to range and is very much dependant upon local awareness

and activity.




2.10.4 OPEN IMPACT AREA

This is an impact area where, with a high degree of confidence, all identified blinds

are destroyed after firing has ceased. The range cannot be opened to the public

until all blinds are found and destroyed unless the known area of the blind is

secured against access until the blind is destroyed. There must be sufficient

provision to ensure that during firing the public are warned that firing is taking

place and that firing can be stopped when necessary. The range boundary should

be clearly and appropriately signed with red flags and lights to indicate when the

range is in use.

2.10.5 IMPACT AREA SITING

An impact area is sited so as to ensure that the probability of a projectile falling

outside the impact area is minimal. Target siting and topography need to be

carefully considered. When topography cannot be relied upon to capture all

projectiles, constructing a stop butt should be considered. Any fence line should, as

far as possible, be sited out of the firer's field of view. Where the fence passes

through close country, a clear strip is to be maintained on the outside of the fence

to ensure that the safety signs can be seen and the public will not be encouraged to

cross the fence.

2.10.6 FIRING POINTS

Where weapons are fired that have a rear danger area firing points should be

provided inside the fenced area. In closed impact areas such firing points are

located clear of the actual impact area and the fence is extended around them. To

ensure officers on the firing point do not move into the actual DA, a smaller

demarcation fence should be provided (with warning signs) to separate the two

areas.




2.10.7 GATES

Fenced impact areas will require gates of a suitable size to be sited at strategic

points. Gates are particularly obtrusive and only the minimum number should be

provided. Where possible they should be out of the firer's field of view. Gates will

be required for:

a. CLEARANCE AND DISPOSAL OF BLINDS:

Clearance and disposal of blinds, including those in designated areas for public

access on controlled impact areas, will be necessary. This may involve armoured

earth moving plant.

b. SERVICING TARGETS.

How targets are moved into and out of the area needs consideration, i.e. towing or

winching.

c. GROUNDS MAINTENANCE

Tree, shrub and grass growth may need to be controlled.




2.11. CONTROL OF ACCESS

2.11.1 GENERAL

This section specifies the various measures available used to control access. Which

method is best suited to a particular site will be apparent from the risk assessment.

In some cases the measures are influenced by local Bylaws and local tradition. The

risk assessment will determine the minimum requirement to ensure adequate

control measures are in place to effectively control public access into the range

danger area. Control of access between ranges on range complexes should also be

included in local risk assessments. Where public access is permitted between the

Police boundary and a Range Danger area boundary, warning triangles should be

used on the outer boundary indicating police training and where horses are known

to use the area, sudden noise. Prohibition signs and flags / lights in this case are

placed at the range danger area boundary. See also Reference A1 (Volume 1) that

includes more information on Risk Assessments.

2.12 FENCES

2.12.1 CLASSES OF FENCES

Four classes of fencing are specified for various conditions and levels of access

control onto open ranges. All are used in combination with signs. The levels of

access control are:

• To provide demarcation

• To discourage access

• To prevent access

• To provide security




2.12.2 SELECTION

The selection of the type of fence or marking will depend upon local risk

assessments. Factors that will influence the choice will include;

• Extent of public access. - Authorised, unauthorised, children

• Nature of the hazard and the degree of risk

• Ground conditions - practicalities of constructing a fence

• Possible overreaching the fence from trees or ground

• Whether the fence will be shot away

• Whether animals or bird life will be caught in the fence

2.12.3 DEMARCATION

Demarcation of the range boundary may be all that is necessary in remote areas

where there is no immediate threat to life and limb. However, thought should be

given to the marking of impact areas and to denote designated routes for public

access. Three strand fences or marker posts may be used to denote particular

areas. A demarcation fence is also used inside closed impact areas to separate the

firing point from the impact area. Inter visible safety signs are to be provided on

fencing. Colour coded demarcation posts may only be effective where there is no

public access and all Police personnel are fully briefed on the location and colour

coding of the posts. In areas prone to deep snow or snow drifts, the posts may

have to be taller.




2.12.4 TO DISCOURAGE ACCESS

In a controlled impact area and in areas where occasional public activity may be

expected, a fence to discourage access is to be provided. Such fences should not be

crossed or climbed through easily. Consideration should be given in the risk

assessment for the protection of minors. In farming areas where animals graze,

stock fencing should be provided. BS 1722 provides guidance on fence systems.

2.12.5 TO PREVENT ACCESS

In areas where the hazard is such that the risk assessment determines that

uncontrolled access must be prevented, a more substantial fence is required. Chain

link is designed in such a way that it is difficult to climb but it is easily cut and

unwound. Weld mesh fencing is a more substantial barrier but is more expensive.

In accordance with the Management of Health and Safety at Work Regulations, a

suitable fence is required to meet the risks identified in the risk assessment.

a. TYPE OF FENCE:

If there is no evidence of vandalism or of children breaking through existing fencing

a chain link fence may be suitable. Where such problems are known to exist a more

substantial fence or combination fence may be needed.

b. HEIGHT OF THE FENCE

The fence must be high enough to prevent access by all but the determined

trespasser. In low risk areas a 1 .4m fence is sufficiently high to prevent an adult

stepping over it from flat level ground. In high risk areas where children are known

to climb existing fences, more substantial fencing will be required.




c. TO PROVIDE SECURITY

Security fences are normally 2m high with canted top section. Refer to local

Command security advisors for details.

2.13 SIGNS AND NOTICES

2.13.1 GENERAL

Police ranges and training areas present a variety of hazards that may affect all

those entering the area. Risk assessments should identify the hazards and their

level of risk. Byelaws place a legal duty on the public to comply with access control

measures. Safety signs are provided to prohibit and warn those at risk of the

hazards. When it is impracticable to use signs within a training area to separate

areas with different levels of hazard, demarcation posts may be used. Notices are

also used to provide additional information and clarification but they must not

replace safety signs.

2.13.2 POLICE POLICY AND CURRENT LEGISLATION

Signs and notices are used in conjunction with fences on boundaries and

demarcation lines to prohibit, warn and inform people of the potential

consequences of entering Police ranges and training areas. Police policy is set out in

HPRS Volume 1. Current legislation, on which Police policy is based, is The Health

and Safety (Safety Signs and Signals) Regulations. Overseas Police policy is to

comply with the local or host nation's procedures on signs and sign posting;

however, if that level of safety is less than that provided in the UK, additional signs

may be necessary to warn British police personnel. Where there is an interface

between the host nationals and a British police managed range, it will be necessary




to have British signs as well as host nation signs, especially if those signs are in a

foreign language. Signage covering Public Access Legislation is covered in

appropriate regulations. The requirement is to ensure that training area and range

safety signs permit access when it is safe to do so. Signs that have the message

“Keep Out” or “No Entry” without qualification should only be used where it is

necessary to prohibit access at all times.

2.13.3 DEFINITIONS AND REFERENCES

There are a number of sign systems in place, each supported by different legislation

or regulation. Notices are not regulated and should only be used to inform or

supplement safety signs, and not to replace them. The following types of sign may

be required on ranges and training areas. The list is not exhaustive and more

details may be found in the relevant documentation.

a. BYELAW

The local byelaw is a detailed explanation of the rights and measures by which

Police may legally control access to its property. Byelaws take time to come into

force due to the consultative process between the local authority, local interest

groups and ED which represents Police interests. As byelaws are difficult to amend,

every effort should be made to predict future changes and requirements at the

consultation stage. Byelaws must be displayed at the interface between the track,

path or route where it crosses the range boundary.

b. SAFETY SIGNS

Standard safety signs are to be provided when the risk cannot be managed by

other means. Safety signs are covered in Health & Safety (Safety Signs & Signals

Regulations). A safety sign must include a symbol and may have text. However,

text alone is incorrect. The proportion of symbol colour against the overall size of




the sign is provided in brackets below. The five types of safety sign, which are

described at Table 9: Safety Sign Colours and Shapes on Page 117, are:

1. Prohibition. (Symbol at least 35% of the area of the sign).

2. Warning. (Symbol at least 50% of the area of the sign).

3. Mandatory. (Symbol at least 50% of the area of the sign).

4. Safe condition. (Symbol at least 50% of the area of the sign).

5. Fire. (Symbol at least 50% of the area of the sign).

c. DEMARCATION POSTS

When it is not practicable to sign an area where two levels of risk exist within a

range or training area, demarcation posts may be used. These should be clearly

visible, and their meaning and location explained to those entering the area.

d. TRAFFIC SIGNS

To avoid confusion, roads across Police property used by the public should be

signed as for national public roads. When on public roads these signs are subject to

planning controls and are the responsibility of the Local Authority. In the UK signs

are regulated by the Traffic Sign Regulations and General Directions 2002.

e. NOTICES

Notices, such as "OUT OF BOUNDS", are not regulated and they are used to inform

or provide additional information. The Police have traditionally used combinations of

red and white for background and lettering but in rural areas the Police may be

encouraged to use other colours. Notices are not to be used instead of safety signs

but may supplement them (see also section 2.13.6 Supplementary Text and Notices

on Page 118).




f. NIGHT SIGNING

Although red lights are used when a Range is in use at night, it may be

impracticable to use lights or illuminated signs around or across a training area.

However, traffic signs on roads used by the public through a training area should be

in reflective paint. There is no requirement to provide additional signs that a

training area is used at night.

2.13.4 SHAPE AND COLOUR OF SAFETY SIGNS

BS 5378 – 2 outlines safety signs and colours. BS 5499 – 2 outlines graphical

sybols and signs.

These are given in Table 9.

TABLE 9: SAFETY SIGN COLOURS AND SHAPES

Ser Colour and

Shape

Meaning or

Purpose

Examples of Use Contrast

Colour

Symbol

Colour

(a) (b) (c) (d) (e) (f)

1 Red circle

with diagonal

band

Stop

Prohibition

No entry, No access White Black

2 Yellow

Triangle

Caution Warning

Risk of Danger

Hazard indication(fire,

explosion, chemical, etc)

Black Black

3 Blue Circular Mandatory action Obligation to wear

personal safety equipment

White White

4 Green square Safe condition Identification of safety.

Fire escape routes

White White

5 Red square Fire Fire equipment. Fire point White White

2.13.5 APPROVED SIGNS




The prohibition and warning signs for use on range boundaries are shown in Figure

2-6: Range Prohobition and Warning Signs with Example Text on Page 129, Figure

2-7: Prohibition Signs on Page 130, and Figure 2-5: Range Danger area Boundary

Prohibition Sign with Example Text on Page 128. Other common range and training

area signs are shown in Figures 2-6 to 2-9. If an appropriate symbol is not shown,

other symbols may be used provided they are as simple as possible and omit

details not essential to their understanding. To maintain conformity on ranges and

training areas in the UK, any new symbol should be approved by the PRWP.

Supplementary text may be added below the symbol to denote one of the

categories given in Table 9 above.

2.13.6 SUPPLEMENTARY TEXT AND NOTICES

Supplementary text may be used in conjunction with a safety sign to aid

understanding. Where there are known concentrations of people whose first

language is not English, dual or even triple language notices may be necessary. A

supplementary notice is oblong or square. The background colour is the same as

the safety colour used on the safety sign it is supplementing with the text in the

relevant contrasting colour. Supplementary text is provided on a rectangular

background, colour coded to match the sign. For example, it is wrong to

supplement a prohibition sign with the text "Danger", which is the subject of a

warning sign. In this case it may be appropriate to display two signs, an example of

which is shown in Figure 2-8 on Page 131, of:

a. A prohibition sign with supplementing text prohibiting entry under certain

conditions.

b. A warning sign with a symbol and supplementing text which warns of the

danger.




2.13.7 LETTERING STYLE

The preferred letter style is Helvetica Medium or similar. The initial letter of a

sentence or proper noun shall be upper case and the remainder in lower case.

However, all the letters of a heading, an imperative or a cautionary word may be

upper case.

2.13.8 SIGN SIZE

BS 5499-4 gives advice with regard to sign size and viewing distances. Both state

that the size must be sufficient so that the safety sign is clearly seen by those to

whom it is directed. Therefore, as each sign has to be judged on its importance, the

size is to be agreed between the chain of command and ED.

2.13.9 POSITIONING OF SIGNS

Care has to be exercised in positioning safety signs to ensure that they are

displayed where people might reasonably expect to find them, such as at barriers,

gates, junctions, clearings, footpaths etc. On long runs of fencing the interval

between signs will be dictated by the importance of the information displayed on

the sign. In any event people should not be expected to follow a fence for too long

before being informed of its significance. Police policy (HPRS Volume 1) requires

boundary signs to be inter visible provided normally at 100 m intervals. When

demarcation posts are used, these should be inter visible. Safety signs must not be

obscured by vegetation, open gates, parked vehicles or other obstructions, and

must be checked and cleaned at regular intervals. Too many signs can be confusing

and should be avoided. Byelaws should provide all necessary details leaving safety

signs to emphasise the major areas of concern. Where the public are permitted

onto Police land between the Police boundary and any range danger area, warning

signs with “Police Firearms Training” or similar should be used on the outer




boundary and prohibition signs flags and lights at the range danger area boundary.

The aim is to ensure a clear message is passed to the public to ensure their safety.

2.13.10 RETROSPECTIVE ACTION.

Providing the safety signs exist, the obligation to comply with the Health and Safety

(Safety Signs and Signals) Regulations 1996 or this HPRS does not require

retrospective action but when signs are changed or replaced, they are to conform.

To avoid confusion, signs that do not conform to the Regulations or this HPRS

should not be mixed with those that do.

2.13.11 BOUNDARY RESPONSIBILITY

Normally the ED will be responsible for fencing, signs and byelaw notices around

the boundary of ranges and training areas. In any event the ED's advice should be

sought before fencing and signs are erected as local planning and conservation

regulations may have to be observed.

2.14 FLAGGING / RED LIGHTS

2.14.1 GENERAL

There are three common uses for red flags used on Police ranges. Red lights are

normally provided for use at night.




a. BOUNDARY FLAGS

It is best practice to fly red flags, and at night show red lights, around a RDA to

indicate that a range is in use and/or a residual hazard remains. They are normally

located in areas of maximum visibility or next to main access points where signs

and notices provide an explanation. The policy is set out in HPRS Volume 1.

b. RANGE IN USE FLAGGING

Respective chapters provide advice on the location of these flags. It is important

that they are flown in prominent positions on a particular range. Local conditions

will dictate the most appropriate position where they are most easily seen by those

approaching a range. Where there are a combination of range types such a one

range half converted to CGR only one range in use flag is required unless the

ranges are allocated separately.

c. BUTT FLAG

Used to indicate safe access from and into the butts.

2.15 SURVEILLANCE AND SENTRIES

The policy for surveillance and posting sentries on ranges is set out in HPRS Volume

1. The requisite works requirements for barriers and towers will be specified in the

project brief for the particular range or training area.

2.16 WORKS RANGE STRUCTURE INSPECTIONS

The range structure is classed as any structure from the furthest firing point to the

bullet stop or stop butt including any structure on the range floor that may be

struck by bullets. This includes isolated structures on training areas used for live

firing such as overhead firing towers. The RAO annual inspectors look only at the




ballistic safety of a range. Where bullet attrition, weather or age may affect the

stability of a structure it is the local works organisation who will identify issues

relating to the stability of range structures. A range works inspection guide is

provided by TAS (RE) to NPIA for all works officers that have ranges in their areas

of responsibility.




FIGURE 2-1: BALLISTIC ANGLES




FIGURE 2-2: CALCULATING STOP BUTT HEIGHTS NDA RANGE (EXISTING

RANGES ONLY)




FIGURE 2-3: CALCULATING STOP BUTT WIDTHS NDA RANGE (EXISTING

RANGES ONLY)




FIGURE 2–4: HILL BACKGROUND CRITERIA

NOTES:

a. The logic behind the hill background criteria applied to standard ranges is

that the hill will capture any rounds without inducing further ricochet. No

hill provides an even slope. However, to prevent ricochet the slope must

exceed 30° (533mils). Slopes around 30° (533mils) will generally have

areas where ricochet might occur, hence the increased height requirement.

Slopes that average 56° (995mils) are unlikely to have ricochet inducing

surfaces and therefore the height is reduced to 50 metres.




b. Trees and scrub cannot substitute for a hill background. There is no

proven data on the ability of trees and scrub to capture high velocity

projectiles.

c. On hill backgrounds that rise directly behind the stop butt, all backsplash

or ricochet inducing material in the hill should be removed or screened.




FIGURE 2-5: RANGE DANGER AREA BOUNDARY PROHIBITION SIGN WITH

EXAMPLE TEXT

Normally used around the Range Danger Area (RDA) in conjunction with red flags

and red lamps at main access points. Where there is sufficient land around the RDA

for dry training and or public access, these prohibition signs are placed around the

actual RDA with warning signs around the outer police or training area boundary.

Where this is not the case, these signs are normally placed clear of the actual RDA

using natural features such as fences and hedges to help define the controlled area.

Police Firing Range

Keep out when red flags are flying or red lamps are lit




FIGURE 2-6: RANGE PROHIBITION AND WARNING SIGNS WITH EXAMPLE TEXT

This example shows a sign that might be used around controlled impact areas or

training areas where military debris such as pyrotechnics, smoke canisters etc may

be found.

Police Firing Range Keep out when

barriers are down




FIGURE 2-7: PROHIBITION SIGNS

Police Training Area




FIGURE 2-8 WARNING SIGNS

Reference BS 5499 - Safety Signs and Colours

1 - SPECIFIC WARNING SIGNS

Where a particular hazard is reflected in the specific warning sign examples provided, these should be used. Where there is no specific warning symbol available, use the non specific examples illustrated below.

2 - NON SPECIFIC WARNING SIGNS




FIGURE 2-9: MANDATORY SIGNS




FIGURE 2-10: SIGN SIZE CHART

Reference BS 5499 - Safety Signs and Colours

All Dimensions in Millimetres unless otherwise stated

Modular Height of

Safety Sign Plate

a

Diameter or Height of

Geometric

Shape of Safety Sign Plate

b

Height of

Lower Case Letters

75 60 5.0 100 80 6.6 150 120 10 225 180 15 300 240 20 600 480 40 750 600 50 900 720 60 1200 960 80

a is the modular height of a sign plate, for a safety sign or supplementary sign.

b is the diameter or height of the geometric shape of a safety sign.

FIGURE 2-11: STANDARD FIRING POINT DETAIL







FIG 2-12: NON STANDARD NDA BULLET CATCHER (BC) AND STOP BUTT (SB) DIMENSIONS

(All measurements are in metres)

Low Velocity

(9mm)

High Velocity

(5.56mm/7.62mm)

BC SB BC SB

Distance Height

Width

Prone Kneel Stand Prone Kneel Stand Prone Kneel Stand Prone Kneel Stand Remarks

H

1.65

1.65

1.65

5.80

6.30

7.00

1.725

1.725

1.725

6.92

7.42

8.12

25m

W

1.55

1.55

1.55

5.80

5.80

5.80

1.475

1.475

1.475

5.50

5.50

5.50

H

1.80

1.80

1.80

7.30

7.80

8.50

1.75

1.75

1.75

8.85

9.35

10.05

50m

W

1.70

1.70

1.70

7.30

7.30

7.30

1.55

1.55

1.55

7.00

7.00

7.00

H

1.95

1.95

1.95

8.80

9.30

10.00

1.775

1.775

1.775

10.78

11.28

11.98

75m

W

1.85

1.85

1.85

8.80

8.80

8.80

1.625

1.625

1.625

8.50

8.50

8.50




Low Velocity

(9mm)

High Velocity

(5.56mm/7.62mm)

BC SB BC SB

Distance Height

Width

Prone Kneel Stand Prone Kneel Stand Prone Kneel Stand Prone Kneel Stand Remarks

H

2.10

2.10

2.10

10.30

10.80

11.50

1.80

1.80

1.80

12.70

13.20

13.90

100m

W

2.00

2.00

2.00

10.3

10.3

10.3

1.70

1.70

1.70

10.00

10.00

10.00

H

N/A

N/A

N/A

N/A

N/A

N/A

1.90

1.90

1.90

20.40

20.90

21.60

200m

W

N/A

N/A

N/A

N/A

N/A

N/A

2.00

2.00

2.00

16.00

16.00

16.00

H

N/A

N/A

N/A

N/A

N/A

N/A

2.00

2.00

2.00

28.10

28.60

29.30

300m

W

N/A

N/A

N/A

N/A

N/A

N/A

2.30

2.30

2.30

22.00

22.00

22.00

Notes: 1. The width distance is taken from each outside line of fire.

2. The BC height distance is taken from the target centre height (TCH) (usually 800mm from the bottom of the BC) and is on the assumption that ground strike between firer

and target is eliminated. The actual TCH is to be added to the BC height distance in the above table to obtain the final BC height required.

3. The Stop Butt heights already include the different posture heights from prone, kneeling and standing therefore no additions are required.




CHAPTER 3: Indoor Ranges

3.1 INTRODUCTION

3.1.1 AIM

The aim of this chapter is to give the design and construction details for existing

and new indoor ranges. Those involved in the planning of new ranges should also

refer to the Type Standard that contains much more detail for new facilities.

3.1.2 DESCRIPTION

Indoor ranges are constructed to meet many training requirements. The main

advantage of indoor ranges is that they provide protection from the elements and

external noise can be reduced. The main disadvantage is that noise is more of a

problem for range users and weapon emissions become a key safety issue. These

disadvantages also affect any range with enclosed or semi enclosed firing points.

Indoor ranges may be traditionally constructed and protected to meet ballistic

requirements, or they may be specifically constructed as a range. Ranges are at

times constructed in tunnels or in existing buildings converted for range use.

Proprietary purpose built indoor ranges are available provided in modular sections

or constructed on site. Refer to Chapter 5 for all tactical shooting Indoor Ranges

3.1.3 PURPOSE

There is a demand for indoor ranges which, like the tube range, allow any

authorised weapons.




3.1.4 ENVIRONMENTAL ISSUES

In all cases reference shall be made to Chapter 11, Control of Hazardous

substances in Indoor Ranges. For ranges where air weapons are used refer to this

chapter.

3.2 DESIGN

3.2.1 GENERAL

Indoor ranges present ballistic and potential environmental problems for the

designer. The structure must contain all shot without causing damage or injury

from ricochet or backsplash. Environmental problems include noise, particularly

reverberation, airborne contaminants including lead, carbon monoxide pollution and

unburned propellant. An outline layout of a traditional indoor range is illustrated in

Figure 3-1: Typical Layout Indoor 25 Metre Range on Page 162. The backsplash

hazard and ballistic limitations are given in Table 2 on Page 50 and Table 4: SA

Ammunition Maximum MV and ME Limitations (C) on Page 71. Existing ranges were

generally designed with a maximum range of 25m. New ranges can be constructed

for many situations and distances with the design based on the ammunition nature

and using both the vertical and horizontal components of the worst case firing

positions.

3.2.2 COMPONENTS

The capture of bullets fired in an indoor range relies upon defence structures, the

sizes of which are deduced from a series of safety angles. The required degree of

protection increases with the probability of strike. The structures (safety features)

which produce the level of protection are called components. These and their

purpose are:




a. DEFENCE ZONE

The defence zone is the part of a range which may be struck by unintentional shot,

ricochet or backsplash. The zone is specifically designed to resist penetration of the

occasional single shot.

b. BACKPLATE

The backplate is constructed behind and around the bullet catcher, and is designed

to capture predicted shot that misses the bullet catcher. Therefore the backplate

must resist the penetration from multiple direct fire and ricochet.

c. BULLET CATCHER

The bullet catcher is designed to defeat and capture the majority of direct fire and

ricochet and must withstand continuous attrition.

d. FLOOR

The floor of the range is to have a smooth impenetrable surface free of any

protrusion or indentation which could generate a high ricochet or backsplash.

3.2.3 COMPONENT SIZES

The data given in Table 6: Defence Structure Dimensions on Page 91 is used to

calculate the required sizes of the bullet catcher, back plate and defence zone (see

also Figure 3-2: Defended Structure Details on Page 163). Table 7a: Steel

Protective Plating for Ranges on Page 92 provides the material thickness considered

suitable to prevent single round penetration.




3.2.4 DESIGN

Each component may be sized using the following guidelines;

a. VERTICAL AXIS

The LofS is established by determining:

• The maximum and minimum target centre height to be permitted on the range.

• All firing postures applicable to that range: - Standing 1500 mm (C).

- Kneeling 800 mm (C). - Prone 300 mm (C).

NOTES:

a. If a raised firing point is to be used, its height is to be added to the firing

posture height.

b. The LofS from all firing postures is projected from all firing distances to target

centres. From the line so produced, the angle taken from Table 6 on Page 91

is struck to determine the height of the appropriate range component.

c. The range component is taken to extend down to the range floor in all cases.

b. HORIZONTAL AXIS

The LofS is established from the centre of all flank firing positions to that

flank target centre. The angle found in Table 6 is projected to determine the

minimum width of the range component.




3.2.5 BACKSPLASH HAZARD

Care is needed to ensure any structure down the range either stops the bullet or is

sufficiently weak to allow the bullet to pass through without great loss of energy.

Where a bullet is decelerated on its way down range it may not penetrate the anti-

backsplash curtain and therefore may bounce back to the firing point. To minimise

this hazard targets should be fixed with light material, timber less than 25mm,

plastic, cardboard, string, netting or Hessian. Where timber is increased in

thickness to capture bullets, be sure there is no chance of a round cutting through

the corners of the timber generating a backsplash hazard.

3.3 CONSTRUCTION

3.3.1 RANGE BUILDING

A building with a minimum length of firing distance plus 10m is required to allow for

the construction of firing points and bullet catcher. Each firing lane shall be in

accordance with Para 2.7.4 Range Components on Page 85. A clear height of 600

mm should be provided above the LofS at the firing points and 250 mm above the

LofS at the target (see Para 3.9.1 Lower Clear Vision Line on Page 153). The floor,

ceiling or roof and all walls within the defence zone should be of solid construction

to contain all shot. The thickness of various types of construction to contain shot is

given in Table 7a: Steel Protective Plating for Ranges on Page 92.

3.3.2 ADJOINING ROOMS

Where other occupied rooms or passageways adjoin the range, or where the range

floor or ceiling separate it from other floors, the complete area of the separating

structure must be protected. Timber floors or ceilings may have to be protected




over their complete area the details of which are given in Table 7a: Steel Protective

Plating for Ranges on Page 92. Alternative shot resistant materials may be used on

ranges provided they are approved by Police. The reduced material specification for

engagement at 7° (125mils) or less should not be used where there are adjoining

rooms. Noise reduction measures may be required if the adjoining rooms are

occupied.

3.3.3 DOORS AND WINDOWS

In new ranges, the inclusion of doors and windows in the protected area should be

avoided. In existing buildings all windows and unnecessary doors must be sealed up

and rendered impenetrable. The range entrance door and any vehicle entry and exit

door should be located behind the rearmost firing point. One other door may be

required by the Fire Officer for emergency exit, located down-range but preferably

not in the defence zone. All down-range doors within the protected areas should be

flush with the wall otherwise the reveal has to be baffled or clad to prevent

backsplash. Down-range doors within the defended area must be impenetrable to

any direct fire, ricochet or backsplash with all furniture protected from strike. These

doors are to be fitted with a panic bolt, fitted so that its status is obvious to the

RCO, or a push bar regardless of other locks, fitted so that its status is obvious to

the RCO. All down range doors are to be controlled by the RCO. Where it is possible

to open down range doors from the outside, an audio visual alarm must be fitted.

Control measures are required outside the main access door warning against entry

when the range is in use. Where a range opens onto a public area, a secondary

outer door may be necessary to overcome the problem of vandalism or to reduce

noise. Red lights or notices, or a combination of the two may be used to provide the

control measures. Where it is difficult to see a red light in daylight a sign on or near

the door that indicates “Range in use Keep out” or “Range not in use” may be used.




3.3.4 VENTILATION

The requirements for ventilation in all indoor training ranges are given in Chapter

11. New ranges should be designed to minimise the potential for air turbulence.

Services and other obstructions in the range must be baffled for protection and

such baffles will cause air turbulence in the range. To overcome this, the envelope

may be designed to minimise this effect by sloping floors, walls and ceiling to

provide recesses in which Services or obstructions may be safely placed. See Figure

3-9: Alternative to Baffles on Page 169 for details.

3.3.5 DUST CONTROL

Dust in the range will contain contaminants such as lead and unburnt propellant.

Both cause environmental problems and should be removed. All indoor ranges must

be constructed to minimise the level of dust. All unnecessary surfaces such as

shelves, open cupboards or roof members should be removed or sealed. Walls,

ceiling and floors should be designed or covered with surfaces which are impervious

and easily cleaned.

3.3.6 SAFETY SIGNS

The risk assessment for the range will determine what safety signs are required.

Details of the ballistic related signs are illustrated in Chapter 2, Pages 128 to 133.

Other signs covered by SHEF may be required.




3.4 DEFENCE ZONE

3.4.1 REQUIREMENTS

The positions of the defence zone in the range structure are shown in Figure 3-2:

Defended Structure Details on Page 163. It is essential that all parts of the

structure within the defence zone are impenetrable to shot (see Chapter 2, Table

7a: Steel Protective Plating for Ranges on Page 92, and Table 7b on Page 93).

Alternatively, the defence zone may be protected by baffles as specified in section

3.12 Baffles on Page 154 (however see section 3.3.4 Ventilation on Page 143 re air

turbulence). In some circumstances additional baffles may be required to contain

ricochet. No Services or other obstructions whether temporary or permanent, which

could cause ricochet or backsplash, should be in the defence zone. Any protrusion

unavoidably in this area must be protected and obstructions clad to prevent

backsplash. The area of the defence zone is calculated using Table 6 on Page 91.

3.4.2 FIXINGS

Any fixings used in the defence zone must not cause backsplash or excessive

ricochet (see Chapter 2, Page 86).

3.5 BACKPLATE

In new ranges, a backplate is used where necessary to provide added protection

around the bullet trap. In low velocity ranges the backplate is the part of the back

wall, around or behind the bullet catcher, which is designed to be struck by a poorly

aimed shot. The complete backplate area may be, depending on the building fabric,

protected by steel plate. On very narrow or low ranges this area may extend down

the sidewalls, floor and ceiling. The size and thickness of the backplate are

calculated using Chapter 2 Table 6: Defence Structure Dimensions on Page 91 and




Table 7a: Steel Protective Plating for Ranges on Page 92. To prevent backsplash the

backplate area in direct line of fire and any protruding surfaces or baffles in this

area must be protected by the anti splash curtain or be clad by a material, typically

timber boarding generally fixed to battens, that will prevent backsplash. The

battens provide a gap where the bullet energy can dissipate without damaging the

back of the boarding and are fixed vertically to allow bullet debris to drop out.

Backsplash cladding is described in Backsplash and Ricochet Protection on Page 86.

Hidden attrition as described in section 2.7.2 Safe Design on Page 81 must also be

considered.

3.6 BULLET CATCHER

The bullet catcher must safely stop and contain all correctly aimed shot. There are

many variations available. Examples with respective advantages and disadvantages

are illustrated in-Fig. 3-5 to 3-8 on Pages 165 to 168. For low velocity ammunition

modern environmentally friendly bullet catchers are available and should be used.

For high velocity ammunition there are modern trap systems available but

only the "Snail" sand and granulated rubber traps have been successfully

tested by Police. Existing low velocity ranges often have the minimum

requirements outlined in Figure 3-2: Defended Structure Details on Page 163 and

Figure 3-3: Clear Vision Line (T) on Page 164. In this case the bullet catcher and

the backplate are to be firmly fixed to a sound brick, blockwork or concrete wall.

Steel plates should be mounted so that sheets are flush to each other, preferably

with fixings made flush. The bullet catcher plates should be so arranged that the

target positions will not coincide with the edges of the steel sheet.




3.6.1 THE SAND BULLET CATCHER (LV AND HV)

The traditional sand faced bullet catcher is ballistically suitable for all weapons.

Details of sand bullet catchers are provided in Chapter 2, Page 98. It is however not

the ideal solution indoors due to the dust and cleaning problems associated with

such traps.

3.6.2 VERTICAL STEEL PLATE WITH ANTI-SPLASH CURTAIN (LV ONLY)

This design is simple and reliable, and breaks up the round on impact. Backsplash

is prevented by an anti-splash curtain in front of the plate. A timber batten on the

floor behind the curtain helps contain lead fragments. The main disadvantage of

this trap is noise and the lead dust generated by bullet impact on the steel plate.

The size and thickness of steel plate may be determined from Table 6: Defence

Structure Dimensions on Page 91, and Table 7a: Steel Protective Plating for Ranges

on Page 92. To minimise reverberation and noise when the bullet catcher is struck,

an absorbent layer should be sandwiched between the steel sheet and the back

wall. A sacrificial plate will increase durability at the MPI, especially if pistol is to be

fired. As continued strike will buckle this plate, it should be fixed to allow for creep.

Fixing bolts and screws should be countersunk.

3.6.3 ANGLED STEEL PLATE WITH ANTI-SPLASH CURTAIN (LV ONLY)

A single steel plate deflects rounds downwards to a bullet stop at floor level. It is

effective but less safe and reliable than the vertical plate. Deflected rounds may not

behave in a predictable manner and there is a much higher reliance placed on the

anti-splash curtain. Multiple deflectors of the "Venetian blind" type are only to be

used with an anti-splash curtain fixed in front of and clear of the bullet catcher.




3.6.4 SNAIL BULLET TRAP (LV AND HV)

This trap is a patent design by Savage Arms Corps of USA and is suitable for all

lead based ammunition types. During 2006 the specification of the “Snail” trap has

been upgraded to cater for the introduction of steel ammunition. The use of steel

ammunition in existing “Snail” traps should not cause sudden failure but inspection

of the impact surfaces in the throat of the trap will be necessary to ensure wear is

not taking place. The bullet catcher works by directing the bullet into a tight spin

allowing the round to decelerate whilst contained within the trap. Lead dust is still

produced but is contained. Noise remains a problem with this type of catcher. Such

catchers once properly installed should need little maintenance. It is however

expensive and the range must be designed to accept the high point loads and

component size of the Snail Bullet catcher which does have a large footprint. See

Figure 3-6 on Page 166.

3.6.5 GRANULATED RUBBER TRAPS (LV AND HV)

The vertical granulated rubber trap and the reclining granulated rubber trap used at

a natural angle of repose are very cost effective and environmentally friendly

solutions. Details of these traps are provided in Chapter 2, illustrated at 3-6 on

Page 166.

3.6.6 OTHER BULLET CATCHER SYSTEMS

There are many bullet catchers available commercially (see figure 3-8: Advantages

& Disadvantages of the Different Bullet Catchers on Page 168), more for low

velocity than for high velocity. Whichever trap system is selected it must meet the

following safety criteria:




a. It must be fit for the purpose for which it was intended. It must capture

all rounds safely without inducing ricochet or backsplash.

b. Where centre bull targets are used the trap must be able to withstand

heavy localised attrition without excessive deterioration.

c. The catcher must be easily inspected in depth to provide assurance that

penetration resistance is effective.

d. The bullet catcher ideally should capture rounds intact eliminating lead

dust problems in the bullet catcher.

e. Impact noise should be minimised.

f. The bullet catcher should require only occasional maintenance and

there should be no element that cannot be maintained by range staff.

g. It should be cost effective in use.

3.7 ANTI-SPLASH CURTAIN

3.7.1 MATERIAL

Any bullet catcher that may generate backsplash must always be provided with an

anti-splash curtain. Only the sand bullet catcher, the Snail Bullet Trap and

granulated rubber traps may be used without a curtain. The curtain material is 6

mm (S) thick soft latex rubber or similar police approved material. It is required to

resist penetration by a deflected round and to contain backsplash without damage

to the rear of the curtain. Patching in areas of overlap is therefore not permitted.




The use of wadcutter and similar ammunition may render the antisplash curtain

unsafe.

3.7.2 FIXING

The anti-splash curtain is clamped to or fitted with hooks and eyelets to hang it

onto the pelmet to cover the complete area of the bullet catcher in such a way that

deflected rounds or backsplash cannot escape (see Figure 3-3: Clear Vision Line

(T) on Page 164). Curtains should be hung in such a way to enable rotation of worn

sheets and ideally shifting the MPI to extend the life of the curtain.

a. The curtain hangs approximately 300 mm (S) in front of the bullet

catcher to ensure the rear of the sheet is not damaged by the break up

of the rounds on the steel plate.

b. It overlaps the pelmet side cheeks which require protection from

backsplash.

c. Each sheet overlaps the adjacent sheet by approximately 150 mm (S)

ensuring that even if the hanging curtain is not exactly vertical full

coverage will be achieved.

d. To prevent the curtain curling, a timber batten is fixed near the bottom

of each sheet, staggered back and front on alternate sheets.

e. The curtain is to hang just clear of the floor.

f. The maximum number of layers of anti splash curtain that can be used

to ensure there is no backsplash is two. Patching over the areas of

overlap is prohibited.




g. Due to the extremely low velocity of air operated weapons, there is a

serious risk of backsplash from pellets that do not penetrate the

backsplash curtain. Where a range is used for air weapons it will be

necessary to make provision to remove the backsplash curtain or fit an

additional pellet catcher curtain of hessian or similar material.

3.7.3 PELMET

The pelmet is a timber shelf with side cheeks to prevent deflected rounds or

backsplash escaping. The inner surfaces of the pelmet are lined with 3 mm thick

steel to reduce the attrition caused by continued strike.

3.7.4 ANTI-SPLASH CURTAIN REPAIR

Latex rubber curtain is expensive. It can however have a very long service life,

even on a heavily used range. The curtain should be moved around to prevent

holing at MPI. Holes in the curtain can be patched once with material cut from

another sheet and fixed with a suitable adhesive available from the manufacturer.

Precautions must be taken when handling lead contaminated sheets. Latex rubber

is flammable and must be kept clear of heat sources such as target lights.




3.8 TARGETRY

3.8.1 TARGETS

There are many target systems available for indoor ranges. Static projected target

or scenic, video film or live relay and computer generated target arrays. The

electrically operated turning target mechanism provides realistic training. A man

sized target or, ideally, two man sized targets should be fitted per lane. A lane

width of 1.6 m is required to give half target width separation within a lane and a

full target width separation between lanes. If this cannot be achieved, reduced

sized proportionate targets can be substituted.

3.8.2 TARGET MECHANISMS

Target mechanisms should be protected against damage, backsplash and ricochet.

The protection required is established from the worst case line of fire and the

closest engagement distance. It should be of bulletproof and lightweight

construction with no fixings that may cause ricochet or backsplash. If the bullet

catcher is fitted with an antisplash curtain and timber is used it should be softwood

and the total thickness not greater than 25mm thick to ensure after penetration

there is sufficient energy to penetrate the anti backsplash curtain. Many suitable

fixing methods are available for targets.

3.8.3 MOVING TARGETS

Moving targets may be possible in some indoor ranges, the arrangement for which

may be assessed by NPIA as the application of specific safety criteria is necessary.

Such targets may only be used on police indoor ranges after the CFI has considered

the implications and the RAO has authorised their use in accordance with HPRS

Volume 1.




3.8.4 TARGET POSITIONS

The maximum target centre height and flank target positions are essential features

in the design of the range as they determine the size of all range ballistic elements.

Its safe operation cannot be assured if the proper height and position are not

maintained. In the case of multi-point targets or screens, the target centre of the

outermost targets is used to place the targets. The ruling target centre height and

flank target positions must be marked on the range sidewalls and floor respectively.

This may indicate maximum and minimum heights when the range is designed for a

variety of targets. Positioning targets in accordance with the guidelines in Chapter 2

para 2.7.4 on Page 85 should assist in providing sensible parameters for target

positioning and enable a realistic line of fire, whilst not compromising the safety of

the range.

3.8.5 TARGET LIGHTING

A simple row of fluorescent strip lights in an angled reflector, set into the range

floor, ceiling or surface mounted with baffle or angled component protection may

be adequate for most shooting. Further detailed information can be found in Note

F2 1.8 Lighting Police Buildings Design Guide 1994.

3.9 FLOOR

Any protrusions that may generate backsplash or ricochet on the range floor will

require additional protection. Preferred materials are thick rubber, thermoplastic or

vinyl sheet. Timber floors should be sealed and have filled joints to prevent a build

up of lead dust and unburnt propellant. See also para 3.13.3 Firing Lanes on Page

157 for the requirements if pistols are fired without benches.




3.9.1 LOWER CLEAR VISION LINE

There are to be no obstructions on the floor that interrupt the lower clear vision line

(see Chapter 2, Page 84, and Figure 3-3: Clear Vision Line (T) on Page 164).

3.10 WALLS

3.10.1 WALLS AND SOUND ATTENUATION.

Walls outside the defence zone should be clad with a sound attenuating material

which will effectively reduce reverberation. The defence zone should also, where

possible, be similarly clad. It will be necessary to consider the effect of strike on the

material selected for the defence zone. The detailed design of sound attenuation

may vary considerably from one building to another. Raking in the walls and

stepping back for services will also provide some reduction in reverberation back up

the range. LV ranges may not require such a high level of attenuation as HV

ranges. Selected wall finishes need to be durable to resist the knock and abrasion

inevitable in a training range. The finish should be smooth, joint-free, and

withstand frequent cleaning and wet scrubbing with agents to remove and

neutralise lead dust and unburnt propellant.




3.11 CEILING

3.11.1 CEILING OR ROOF AND UPPER CLEAR VISION LINE

The ceiling or roof, ceiling or roof members including baffles, and all fixtures and

fittings should be above the upper clear vision line so as to provide sufficient clear

height for safe firing (see Chapter 2 and Figure 3-3: Clear Vision Line (T) on Page

164).

3.11.2 SOUND ATTENUATION

In buildings with a high ceiling or roof above about 3.5 m, sound attenuating linings

to the roof or ceiling may be less necessary. With low ceilings or roofs, sound

attenuating lining or a suspended ceiling may be required. The need for durability

and to withstand cleaning, as previously described, is less essential.

3.12 BAFFLES

3.12.1 PURPOSE

Baffles are used on an indoor range to:

a. Protect fixtures and fittings from strike.

b. Prevent rounds escaping where the walls or roof in the defence zone

are not sufficient to prevent penetration by shot. The effect of baffles is

however limited (see para 3.12.2 Locations on Page 155).




3.12.2 LOCATIONS

Baffles are generally placed only to prevent direct shot escaping or to protect

fixtures and fittings. They will not completely eliminate the danger of ricochet

escaping the range due to the random nature of ricochet angles. The range

structure within the defence zone must in all cases be impenetrable to ricochet. As

there is no data for ricochet use the detail for low angle strike in Chapter 2 Table 7a

Steel Protective Plating for Ranges on Page 92. Baffles may be vertical or

horizontal. They are designed with respect to each firing point and from each firing

posture for which the range is designed: standing, kneeling or prone. It must not

be possible for the firer to see any item protected by a baffle or to see between

baffles which are protecting the defence zone. Baffles protecting the defence zone

are designed so that the soffit of each baffle overlaps subsequent baffles by at least

150 mm when viewed as just described. The clear vision height should be

maintained below the soffit of each baffle and the clear vision line maintained as

described in section 2.7.3 Design Criteria on Page 83. Baffles will disrupt laminar air

flow (See section 3.3.4 Ventilation on Page 143).

3.12.3 ANGLED BAFFLES

Any baffle in the defence zone within the backsplash distance of a firing point is

angled to prevent backsplash and to ensure that strike will ricochet down-range and

not towards the walls or roof (see Figure 3-4: Baffle Construction on Page 164).

Due to the proximity of the hazard and to provide greater backsplash protection,

angled baffles should have an enhanced timber cladding of:

a. Low velocity: 50 mm boarding on 25 mm battens.

b. High velocity: 75 mm boarding on 50 mm battens.




3.12.4 MATERIALS

Materials used for constructing baffles are to conform with Chapter 2 Table 7a:

Steel Protective Plating for Ranges on Page 92 so that shot penetration is

prevented. Cladding to prevent backsplash should be of a suitable ballistic material

which allows the round to pass through and to capture backsplash without damage

to that material. Where high velocity ammunition is used, particularly steel

ammunition, the effectiveness of the steel can be extended by reducing the strike

angle below 15°. Detail of baffle construction is shown at Figure 3-4: Baffle

Construction on Page 164. For fixings see Chapter 2, para 2.7.2 Safe Design on

Page 83.

3.13 FIRING POINTS AND LANES

3.13.1 FIRING POINTS

When firing is conducted from the prone position, a raised platform approximately

450 mm high can be provided. This reduces the possibility of ricochet from low

shots hitting the range floor. It may be built into the range floor or be a free

standing structure. It should be about 2.5 m from front to rear with a fall of 1:12

from the front edge. The firing point should be surfaced with a smooth impervious

material that can be vacuum cleaned and damp mopped. Carpets or other items

that will trap lead dust and unburnt propellant are not to be used in the range.

3.13.2 PISTOL BENCHES OR RICOCHET PROTECTION

If pistol is to be fired, using a bench to prevent the pistol being lowered below waist

level is strongly recommended. This ensures that unintentional discharge during

handling drills will not strike the range floor close to the firer and cause dangerous




ricochet. If pistol benches are not used, the floor for 2 m in front of the firer must

be constructed of smooth, bulletproof, impervious material to prevent backsplash.

3.13.3 FIRING LANES

The position of each firing lane should be clearly indicated on the firing point and

each lane numbered. Minimum permitted lane widths are:

a. Low velocity Pistol and Carbine: 1 m with screens or 1.8 m without screens to provide protection from ejected cases and space for coaching.

b. High velocity Rifle and Carbine: 1.8 m SS or 2.5m A.

c. Flank Clearance: Each flank should provide a 0.5 m clearance, parallel to the flank LofS, down the complete length of the range (see Chapter 2).

3.13.4 FIRING LANE WIDTH

In designing lane width and the depth of the firing point, consideration has to be

given to:

a. Screens: These assist preventing adjacent firers being distracted by noise and ejected cartridge cases when firers are close together.

b. Coaches/Supervisors: On any training range it is desirable that space is provided for a coach/supervisor to work beside each firer.

c. RCO: The RCO has to be able to move freely behind the firers and to

have a clear view of all activity on the firing point.




3.14 FIRE HAZARD

3.14.1 HAZARDS

When specifying materials for range construction, their fire rating must be

considered. Materials such as rubber compounds and timber can present a fire

hazard. This, combined with factors such as heat from target lighting and the

presence of un-burnt propellant, require that careful consideration is given at the

design stage to fire prevention. A light rubber sheet over granulate rubber traps will

prevent target debris and un-burnt propellant getting into granulated rubber,

minimising the fire risk. This is particularly important where close engagement

practices are authorised. Means of escape should conform fully to current Fire

Regulations.

3.14.2 APPROVAL

Attention is drawn to the Building Regulations 2000, Approved Document B1. The

advice and approval of the ED Fire Officer is mandatory for all new or reconstructed

indoor ranges.

3.15 COMMUNICATIONS

A means of summoning the emergency services, ideally a land laid telephone, is to

be available.




3.16 MAINTENANCE

3.16.1 RESPONSIBILITIES

Maintenance is the responsibility of the CFI. Responsibilities may be divided as

follows:

a. Range Warden: See HPRS Volume 1 Chapter 2, para 2.4.4 Muzzle Velocity and Muzzle Energy Limitations

b. Property Management: General inspection (see Volume 1, Chapter 2, para 2.3.1 General) with particular emphasis on the: - Condition of the range structure.

- Stability of the back wall behind the bullet catcher.

- Warning signs and interlock safety systems.

- Prevention of dust accumulating out of sight.

- Ventilation system functioning properly (if fitted).

c. Equipment Management: Repairing and servicing equipment

installed by single Police contract.

3.16.2 FREQUENCY

Proper maintenance is dependent upon good liaison between the CFI, Range Safety

Inspectors and the ED supported by a properly scheduled maintenance programme.

A heavily used range may need one day's maintenance each week plus one or two

days' maintenance by appointed staff each month. Two closed periods of a week or

so may be needed each year for building and defence structure repair. For

frequency of de leading ranges refer to Chapter 11, deep cleaning. Proprietary trap

systems should be de-leaded in accordance with suppliers recommendations. The

annual range inspector should determine when low use ranges are de-leaded.




3.16.3 RANGE CLEANING

Range cleaning is an important factor in maintaining a safe range. Range cleaning

including the requirements for routine and deep cleaning is contained in Chapter

11.

3.16.4 BULLET CATCHER

Regular inspection of the bullet catcher backplate and pelmet lining should

determine that no excessive buckling, displacement or splitting of the steel is

evident. Steel plate which is showing signs of failure must be replaced. Bullet

catchers may also need frequent emptying and frequent cleaning.

3.16.5 RANGE STRUCTURE

Other than the bullet catcher area, it should be very rare for the range structure to

be struck. Apart from the bullet catcher, the range structure should be inspected

regularly for damage from shot strike. Any strike is to be marked, and the cause

investigated and recorded in the Range Log Form 906. When such damage in the

defence zone is significant, it is to be repaired immediately.

3.17 COMPLIANCE CHECKS

The following are to be checked:

a. Authorised weapons, ammunition and practices (Range SOPs).

b. Defence Zone, backplate and bullet catcher correctly sized and specified.




c. Floor, walls and ceiling clear specified for sound absorption and dust inhibiting surfaces free from obstruction or correctly protected.

d. Backsplash / ricochet hazards eliminated. Baffles (if any) correctly positioned and detailed.

e. Targets and firing points correctly sized and positioned.

f. Target centre height and flank positions clearly identified.

g. Adequate ventilation and lighting.

h. Correct safety signs number and location.

i. Adequate access and egress.




FIGURE 3-1: TYPICAL LAYOUT INDOOR 25 METRE RANGE




FIGURE 3-2: DEFENDED STRUCTURE DETAILS




FIGURE 3-3: CLEAR VISION LINE (T)

FIGURE 3-4: BAFFLE CONSTRUCTION




FIGURE 3-5: BULLET CATCHER CONSTRUCTION

Bullet Catcher Width

Bullet Catcher Height

Backplate Height




FIGURE 3-6: TYPICAL INDOOR RANGE BULLET TRAP DETAIL (HIGH OR LOW

VELOCITY AMMUNITION)




FIGURE 3-7: TYPICAL INDOOR RANGE BULLET TRAP DETAIL (LOW VELOCITY

AMMUNITION)




FIGURE 3-8: ADVANTAGES AND DISADVANTAGES OF THE DIFFERENT BULLET

CATCHERS

Reference: Type Standard TS/02

Bullet

Catcher

Type

Ammunition

type

Advantages Disadvantages

Sand All • • • • • • •

• •

Traditional system Inexpensive No noise Suitable for target or judgmental shooting Fall of shot visible

•

Dust in range and catcher (lead & unburnt propellant) Maintenance costs Lead break up Environmental hazard Disposal costs Attrition at MPI

Flat steel Low velocity • • & Anti - only • backsplash • • curtain • • •

Traditional system Inexpensive Suitable for target or judgmental shooting Small foot print

•

Dust in catcher (lead & unburnt propellant) Lead break up Cost of Linatex Fall of shot not clear. Attrition at MPI

Snail All • • • • • •

•

Low cost in use Minimal maintenance Suitable for target or judgmental shooting

•

Lead break up Noise High initial cost Large footprint Fall of shot not clear. Older versions suitable for lead ammo only.

Granulated All • • Rubber •

• •

Reclining (R) • • + Vertical (V) • •

•

Little round break up No lead dust No noise Low maintenance Low cost in use Suitable for target or judgmental shooting Reduced footprint (V)

•

(R) Same footprint as sand Fine rubber dust on high use ranges. Fall of shot not clear. Cover sheet attrition at MPI Fire risk particularly when not fully maintained and with tracer. Some loss of rubber in high impact area (V).

Curtain Low velocity • • (Open) only • • Polymer / • PVC compound sheet

•

•

Large footprint Low velocity use only

•

No round break up No lead dust No noise Very low maintenance No cost in use (judgmental shooting) Low cost in use (Target shooting) Effectiveness visible

Curtain / All • • herringbone • • Rubber • • recycled conveyor belt

No noise Smaller footprint Suitable for target or judgmental shooting •

•

Attrition at MPI Rounds captured in rubber Effectiveness not visible Anti backsplash sheet required High maintenance cost for target shooting




FIGURE 3-9: ALTERNATIVE TO BAFFLES




CHAPTER 4: Open Non Standard No Danger Area Range

4.1 INTRODUCTION

The aim of this chapter is to describe the design and construction details for an

Open Non Standard NDA range.

4.1.1 GENERAL

The No Danger Area (NDA) range is defined at section 2.2.29 Range (Zone) on

Page 60. The Non Standard NDA range requires particular attention as each will

differ in the way compliance is achieved dependant upon many factors. Therefore

this chapter will define in some detail the process of design to achieve compliance

with current authorised criteria. Design principles in Chapter 2 are applied to

determine the extent of defence structures. However, no defence structure will be

specified less than that established for the criteria shown in Figure 2-2 on Page 124

that have proven to be safe over a long period of use.

4.2 DESIGN PROCEDURES (NEW OR MODIFIED RANGES)

4.2.1 RANGE SAFETY ADVICE

For police facilities, any work affecting ranges, whether new build, refurbishment,

modification or major repair should be co-ordinated with TAS as the Technical

Authority for compliance and functional aspects. For non- police facilities, advice on

range safety, ballistic resistance and functional aspects may be obtained from TAS




on request of the authorised NPIA officer who has responsibility for inspection of

ranges against police standards and subsequent issue of safety certification.

4.2.2 STRUCTURAL ADVICE

For police facilities, the force ED should be consulted for all aspects of structural

integrity and stability as the Technical Authority for all structural engineering and

works aspects. For non-police facilities those responsible for the work need to

satisfy themselves as to the suitability of the overall design and the competence of

those involved in all aspects of design, building or refurbishment work.

4.2.3 PRELIMINARY PLANNING

Consultation at an early stage enables provision of advice regarding individual

locations and also ensures that planned work complies with functional requirements

and standards of ballistic resistance. Detailed designs, specifications and all

relevant details should be submitted prior to works commencing. All submissions

should be forwarded to the NPIA who can then, if necessary, seek TAS (RE) advice.

4.3 DESIGN

4.3.1 SITING

During the preliminary planning process the following hierarchy of factors should be

considered for the initial siting of an NDA range:




a. POPULATION:

The orientation of the range should be such that where possible the direction of fire

is away from habitation.

b. SUNLIGHT:

To avoid direct sunlight affecting range users, firing in a northerly direction is

preferred. (South in the southern hemisphere).

c. NOISE:

Since impulse noise such as that produced on an open range is difficult to contain,

siting the range at the greatest possible distance from populated areas is the most

effective way of reducing noise nuisance.

d. ENVIRONMENTAL IMPACT:

Consideration should be given to the type of structure, materials used and overall

appearance of the completed facility, and the resulting visual and environmental

impact on the surrounding area.

e. GROUND PROFILE:

Ideally NDA ranges should be sited to achieve a Line of Fire (LofF) which is

approximately horizontal or slightly depressed from firing point to target.

f. LOCAL FACTORS:

Full consideration should be given to local factors, conditions, risks and any other

relevant information when formulating site specific design solutions.

g. ACCESS:

Access is required for range users and for maintenance works. The range boundary

should have controlled access with respective areas suitably signed and, where

appropriate, fenced or otherwise marked as described in Chapter 2, Pages 111 to




114. Local assessment of site specific risks is required to determine additional

control measures necessary.

4.3.2 RANGE COMPONENTS

Full descriptions of range components are provided in Chapter 2. Specific to Open

Non Standard NDA ranges are the following;

a. FIRING POINTS:

For longer engagement distances elevated firing points will help avoid ground strike

within the predicted CofF.

b. TARGETRY:

A suitable target area with clearly defined target positions provides easily

identifiable points of aim. In the design process it is the aiming point of a target

that is important. There may be more than one aiming point on a single target

therefore worst case LofS must be applied to each from all possible firing positions.

c. RANGE FLOOR:

The range floor includes the length from the rear of the furthest firing point to the

toe of the bullet catcher and the width between the flank firing points to the extents

of the stop butt. The area of the range floor should be constructed to eliminate, so

far as is reasonably practicable, any hard ricochet inducing materials and surfaces.

The layout of the range floor requires detailed consideration; particular attention is

required for each firing point, the likely first point of impact and potential for

ricochet from the surface of the range floor.




d. RICOCHET PIT:

A potential for ricochet exists where the appropriate cone of fire criteria coincides

with the range floor. The use of ricochet pits or sloping range floors may eliminate

or reduce the possibility of ricochet occurring.

e. BULLET CATCHER:

The bullet catcher is the area directly behind the target position which is subject to

constant attrition; its purpose is to continually stop bullets in free flight and low

ricochet while providing a structure which is easily maintained and cost effective.

Sand is currently the most common material used for bullet catchers although

granulated rubber is now authorised for use and provides a far more effective bullet

catcher. See Chapter 2, Pages 98 to 107 for recommended details and

specifications for both types. For low velocity ammunition environmentally friendly

and cost effective in use proprietary traps exist refer to TAS for details.

f. STOP BUTT:

The stop butt is the area extending above and to the sides of the bullet catcher and

should be subjected to lesser concentrations of fire. Its purpose is to stop direct

shot in free flight within maximum predicted aimer deviation margins and ricochet

from the predicted first point of impact. Where banks form the stop butt the

minimum slope of 56° is required for NDA ranges. Details are provided in Fig.2-2

(page 124), 2-3 (page 125) & 2-4 (page 126).

g. PROTECTION OF HARD SURFACES:

Where exposed hard surfaces or objects are likely to be struck, there is a potential

for high angle ricochet or backsplash to occur. Features should be incorporated to

provide protection, for example by the use of timber, earth (sloped at a minimum

of 56°) or other suitable material to cover the area of concern. This minimises the

risk of injury to those within the range from backsplash and to those outside the

boundary from ricochet. Care must be taken to avoid situations where hidden




attrition may occur. Rounds passing through soft material leave almost no mark of

their passing. However when high velocity rounds impact on a hard surface, that

surface may break up. It is important that all defence structures can be inspected

for such attrition to ensure the protection required is maintained.

4.3.3 COMPONENT DESIGN.

a. BULLET CATCHER:

The bullet catcher size requirements can be established by application of a parallel

distance and an associated angle to the `worst case' LofF in Chapter 2 Table 6,

page 91.

b. STOP BUTTS / BACK WALLS:

The required height and width of stop butt for a specific range can be determined

by applying relevant cones of fire, ricochet allowances and existing range criteria.

Application of all these elements is necessary as in some circumstances the

calculations for cone of fire and ricochet may result in smaller stop butt dimensional

requirements than needed using previous NDA criteria. As a reduction in the level

of safety cannot be accepted, the criteria for existing ranges is also applied and

whichever the greater is to be adopted (See section 4.1.1 General on Page 170).

c. CONES OF FIRE (C of F):

These are applied to all LofF to determine the extent of direct fire and

predicted initial points of impact on the range floor. The stop butt should be

sized and positioned to capture all predicted direct shot and ricochet from the

range floor. Authorised CofF are provided in Table 3: Authorised SA Cones of

Fire to be Applied on Police Ranges on Page 54.




d. RICOCHET ALLOWANCE:

To determine the extent of predicted ricochet, an angular allowance is applied from

the initial point of impact where the appropriate cone of fire strikes the range floor.

In many cases the resultant height and width of ricochet departure angle exceed

the direct shot element of the cone of fire. With careful design of the ground profile

it is possible to eliminate or minimise the effects of ricochet by providing a

combination of sloped range floor, ricochet pit, and/or raised firing points. The

ricochet angles to be used are 15° for LV weapons and 30° for HV weapons. Angles

to be measured from the range floor.

e. EXISTING RANGE CRITERIA:

Chapter 2, Figures 2-2 (page 124) and 2-3 (page 125) provides the details

necessary to determine stop butt heights and widths using existing range criteria.

This range criteria shall be used in addition to the cone of fire and ricochet criteria

with the resultant highest and widest dimensions used to determine the stop butt

requirements.

4.4 CONSTRUCTION

4.4.1 FIRING POINT

Construction may be of grassed earth, aggregate or similar. For a grassed firing

point only a treated timber board, set on edge flush with the ground, is needed to

show the actual position; while for aggregate typical construction should be 10mm

(T) single sized aggregate to a thickness of 100mm (T), laid on a suitably

compacted, free-draining base. Aggregate should be surrounded by treated timber

boards, set on edge flush with the surrounding ground level, to assist in retaining

the firing point area surface. Where the prone posture is adopted, the ground level




should be raised to elevate the weapon above the range floor. This reduces

potential ricochet by increasing the distance to predicted first point of impact. A

standard firing point is illustrated in Chapter 2 at Figure 2-11 (page 133). For

enclosed or semi enclosed firing points refer to Chapter 3, Page 156.

4.4.2 TARGETS

Impenetrable targets are not normally used on NDA ranges as this creates

problems with ricochet and backsplash. Typical target backing construction is thin

plywood, corrugated plastic and hessian screens supported on timber framework;

although any similar penetrable construction is acceptable. Only approved targets

may be used on police ranges. Various forms of target support and mechanisms

may be used. Examples include simple timber posts and sockets, hand operated

swivel target mechanisms and radio/remote controlled and programmable turning

target mechanisms. It is also possible to use pop up target mechanisms. In all

cases the mechanism shall be either penetrable, or suitably protected from strike if

consisting of any hard surface.

4.4.3 RANGE FLOOR

The range floor should be reasonably level, firm and free- draining to prevent

ponding. It should have a depth of 150mm (T) topsoil, sand or other soft material

free from stones >30mm (T). Soil should be seeded or turfed to prevent erosion.

Particular attention is needed to cover any exposed hard surfaces / target

mechanisms on the range floor.





The bullet catcher should be positioned immediately behind the targets to achieve

its function; the distance may vary although a distance of 1000mm (T) from target

line to bullet catcher toe-board provides sufficient space for access to targetry. As

the distance from target to toe-board increases, the defensive structure

requirements become greater. Details of sand and granulated rubber bullet catchers

are provided in Chapter 2, Pages 98 to 107.

a. PROFILE:

Provided the profile is maintained the majority of bullets should be contained within

the catcher, the exception is some high velocity rounds which have a tendency to

'pop-over' - see below.

b. CANOPY:

Where high velocity centre fire rifle ammunition is to be used, an anti-ricochet or

`pop-over' canopy is required to prevent vertical ricochet from the bullet catcher

sand leaving the range. The canopy shall be positioned to cover the full width and

depth of the bullet catcher. Where the canopy is of timber constructions, the rear

half of the underside is to be lined with steel minimum 5 mm thick across the full

width of the canopy. The sides of the canopy are to be impenetrable to ricochet and

any debris ejected from the bullet catcher sand, and is typically constructed of brick

or block. Other materials, such as concrete may be used provided that they contain

“pop-over”, are weather resistant and are low maintenance, noting that the rear

half of the canopy underside will take the largest proportion of ricochet. The leading

faces of the canopy and supporting walls should be clad to prevent backsplash.

Where high velocity centre fire rifle ammunition is to be used without a canopy

above the bullet catcher, a 100 m radius danger area is required to the sides and

rear of the range (measured from the flank target positions at sides and stop butt




for extent of DA to the rear). Alternatively the whole area of the bullet catcher may

be constructed with a slope in excess of 56 degree thus preventing ricochet.

4.4.5 STOP BUTT

Typical construction used for stop butts include vertical walls, quarry walls, natural

earth embankments, manufactured bunds and cutting into natural hill features. The

slope angle for an earth embankment stop butt is 56° (C) from the horizontal which

is traditionally accepted as the angle which eliminates ricochet. Table 10 at page

179 indicates the recommended thickness and type of materials often used in the

construction of stop butts. Other solution may also be possible - Refer to Compliant

Ranges on Page 67.

TABLE 10: STOP BUTT MATERIAL REQUIREMENTS FOR NDA RANGES (C)

Material Type

Vertical Wall

Weapon/Ammunition

Type

Concrete

Note 1

Brickwork

Note 2

Blockwork

Note 3

Earth

Embankment

Notes 4 & 5

Low velocity Rifle and

Pistol 75 102.5 100 1000

High velocity

Pistol/Carbine

150 215 215 1000

High velocity Rifle 200 215 215 1500

NOTES

1. Concrete: 20N/mm2 20mm aggregate suitably reinforced.

2. Brickwork: solid, void-free Engineering quality bricks.




3. Blockwork: solid, dense aggregate blocks with a minimum compressive

strength of 10 N/mm2 and a minimum density of 1500 kg/m3.

4. Earth embankment: To be suitably compacted stone-free soil incorporating

geo-textile reinforcement where appropriate.

5. The thickness: indicated refers to the crest, where there is no additional

protection or support behind. If a bank of greater thickness is faced with

stone-free earth, it may be possible to reduce this dimension depending on

anticipated ammunition usage and likely depth of penetration.

a. Positioning. The stop butt should be positioned as close to the target line

as practicable. As the distance from the target line to the crest increases,

the stop butt height and width requirement becomes greater to enable

capture of all predicted shot.

b. Protection. Where a vertical wall is used for high velocity rifle stop butt

construction, the area visible above the sand and within the canopy is

liable to receive strike fairly regularly; and additional protection shall be

provided to the front face. This is particularly important where the wall is

near the backsplash distance.

- Concrete. Where reinforced concrete is used, timber may be used

for anti-splash protection. Typically 50mm softwood timber planks

on 50mm thick battens is used. Great care is needed to avoid

creating potential areas of unseen structural damage, for example

bullets may produce only small holes and timber cladding can appear

undamaged on the surface, while severe unseen spalling occurs

behind. In such cases the cladding should be fixed so that it can be

easily and regularly removed to monitor vulnerable areas.




- Brickwork. Where brickwork is used to create a stop butt no

additional ricochet protection is needed. However inside the canopy

above the sand or rubber a render coat, 1:4 mix 20mm thick, is

commonly applied. This shows strike immediately, alerting range

users to incorrect target positioning or other potential problem

areas, and eases maintenance by reducing damage to the brickwork

and enabling replacement of the render when necessary. Where

sand bullet catchers are used the render should be continued down

450mm behind the sand to prevent moisture seeping into the

brickwork.

4.5 COMMUNICATIONS

4.5.1 EXTERNAL

A means of summoning the emergency services is to be available. A land laid

telephone should be provided in areas where mobile communication signal strength

is suspect.

4.5.2 INTERNAL

On ranges with permanent accommodation, communication between firing points

and manned facilities should be provided.




4.6 MAINTENANCE

4.6.1 RANGE PROFILE SURVEY

The effects of weathering and soil movement will cause changes in the range

profile. Periodic survey of the range is essential to ensure that the range geometry

remains within design limits. The frequency of check surveys is dependent upon the

natural foundation of the range its exposure and attrition; the requirement varies

from 5 - 10 years. New ranges are to be re-surveyed 2 - 3 years after construction.



follows:

a. Range Staff. See HPRS Volume 1 Chapter 2, para 2.4.4 Muzzle Velocity

and Muzzle Energy Limitations

b. Property Management. (see Volume 1, Chapter 2, para 2.3.1 General)

- Grounds.

- Fencing and sign posting.

- Structures, roads and drainage including stability of slopes and erosion control.

- Water and electricity supplies.

- Periodic refurbishment of the range structure.

b. Equipment Management. Repairing and servicing equipment installed by single Police contract.




4.6.3 FREQUENCY




days' maintenance by the Range Staff each month. Two closed periods of a week or

so may be needed each year for building and earthworks repair; this work should

be combined with the contract repair of equipment.


The requirements for maintaining the bullet catcher sand and de-leading are given

in Chapter 2, paras 2.8.5 Maintenance and 2.9.3 Maintenance at Pages 99 and 105.

4.6.5 HIDDEN ATTRITION

Where anti backsplash or ricochet protection surfaces have been added to hard

defence structures, careful and regular inspection of the hard structure is required

to ensure that the defence structure is not deteriorating behind the soft cladding.

Such cladding must be readily moved to ease inspection.


The following compliance checks are detailed below


b. Firing point alignment, size, positioning and height.

c. Range floor and ricochet pit profile, if applicable.




d. Mantlet height & profile.

e. Targets correctly sized, spaced and protected.

f. Target centre height and flank positions accurately identified.

g. Bullet catcher sizing and specification.

h. Canopy construction against `pop over', if applicable.

i. Stop butt wall height and width, if applicable.

j. Stop butt wall height, width, face angle and crest depth, if applicable.

k. Flags, signs and emergency communications.




CHAPTER 5: The Close Quarter Combat Range (Urban) – CQCR (u)

5.1 INTRODUCTION

The Close Quarter Combat Range (Urban) - CQCR (U) is a very sophisticated

training facility. It provides a specific form of training in which command and

control at all levels is developed in addition to shooting skills in the urban

environment. It is primarily intended to provide realistic exercise before operational

deployment in an urban area and relates to live fire ranges only.

5.1.1 AIM

This chapter sets out the design criteria and construction details for constructed

CQB (U) ranges and for tactical indoor ranges.

5.1.2 DESCRIPTION

The CQCR (U) is constructed to reflect typical urban environments with a variety of

realistic scenarios. Domestic and industrial areas, wide and narrow streets,

underground services, traffic and an impression of public activity. The range

provides the police staff under training with realistic operational situations in and

around public activity. The dimensions of target selection and fire discipline are

provided. There is no set layout for a CQCR (U). Facilities may be provided in

isolation for specific situation training or as a self contained complex or located

alongside existing range areas to incorporate sniper practices in an urban

environment.




5.1.3 PURPOSE

This range provides tactical training in the engagement of targets at varied ranges

in an urban environment including Methods of Entry (MoE), and judgmental

shooting.

5.2 DANGER AREAS

5.2.1 TEMPLATES

A combination of WDA templates and of NDA principles are applied dependent upon

arcs of fire and range structures.

5.3 DESIGN

5.3.1 GENERAL CONCEPTS

CQCR (U) ranges generally reflect current or projected operational situations. They

may consist of a single structure or replicate an urban environment and they may

be permanent, semi permanent or temporary structures. The urban ops skills to be

practised in / on these ranges include:

a. Urban assault – breaching, Methods of Entry (MOE)

b. Close protection/VIP scenarios

c. House / room clearance.

d. Public Order scenarios.

e. Rifle/Sniper scenarios.

f. Operating within urban areas – collateral damage, judgmental shooting.




5.3.2 PHYSICAL CONSIDERATIONS

Urban ranges should reflect current or predicted operational environments. Current

operations could involve one or more of the following situations:

a. Limited fields of fire (operating in narrow streets).

b. Limited observation (by-passing subjects).

c. Cover from fire and view (making use of urban layouts).

d. Open areas (exposed to subjects fire).

e. Industrial buildings (variety of layout).

f. Towers (sniper activity).

g. Religious structures (testing rules of engagement).

5.3.3 SITING

These ranges are best constructed on larger training areas with the layout

configured to permit firing within prescribed arcs. This also allows more realistic

exercise scenarios. Isolated facilities provide only limited training capability.

5.3.4 LAYOUT

A SA loading bay forms the start point of an exercise which also finishes at an

unloading bay. These bays are normally contained in an administrative building

which also provides preparation, briefing, de-kiting and video debriefing rooms. The

scenes simulate the features of potential operational areas. Facades of terraced

houses, shops, garages etc. form the periphery or outer boundary wall. Buildings

are laid out on internal roads with such features as gardens, squares and car parks

to produce the open spaces. Obstructions such as walls, fences, lamp posts and

parked cars are included. The layout will be dependent upon and be formulated

around a programme of incidents.




5.3.5 SPECIAL EFFECTS

Various effects are available to add realism to the urban environment:

a. Lighting: Domestic and street lighting, and suspect vehicle headlights are

directed to silhouette police staff. Floodlighting may be used as a prelude to

an incident in darkened streets.

b. Motivations: Various mannequins throughout the range can be moved

remotely to attract attention.

c. Missiles: Half-bricks, simulated petrol bombs and the like may be released

in specifically designed areas.

d. Sound Effects: A background of sound effects can be simulated by

recordings; for example - urban activity, gunfire and increasing hostility.

e. Pyrotechnics: Examples of electrically initiated pyrotechnics are available

for use are:

- Groundburst: Simulates explosions.

- Multi-shot simulator: Simulates weapon fire.

Other simulators are available to police and can be used during training by

competent staff.

NOTE:

All the above effects should be remotely operated/activated by the target effects

operator in the control tower.




5.3.6 DEFENCE STRUCTURE SIZES

Where there is a need to provide NDA criteria for open ranges the defence

structures are designed to meet the requirements set out in Chapter 4. For

proprietary NDA bullet catcher systems the minimum height is to be 2.4m covering

engagements up to 10m with Fig.11 targets at ground level or Fig.12 targets at not

more than 0.5m off ground level. For enclosed or semi enclosed facilities the

defence zone structure requirements used for engagements over 10m are 12

degrees (elevation and azimuth) from the line of sight to target as set out in

Chapter 2 Table 6 and illustrated in Chapter 3.

5.3.7 OVERHEAD GANTRIES

Where overhead gantries are provided these are used only to monitor dry run

through practices. During live fire activity they are not to be used. Where external

engagement is possible the gantries should be constructed with timber and not

steel unless the gantry is itself protected from bullet strike.

5.4 RANGE OPTIONS

5.4.1 OUTDOOR OPEN RANGE LIVE FIRE TACTICAL TRAINING AREAS (LFTTAS)

Permanent or temporary CQCR (U) ranges may be set up on LFTTAs. Permanent

ranges are to be formally established in accordance with HPRS Volume.1. All

structures are designed to meet the ballistic and protection standards set out in this

document. For this type of range the following considerations are taken into

account:




Range Danger Area (RDA): Where the Cone of Fire (C of F, see

Table 3: Authorised SA Cones of Fire to be Applied on Police Ranges on

Page 54) and predicted ricochet (see Table 1) is not captured an RDA

shall be provided.

a. Air Danger Height (ADH): Where the Cone of Fire is not captured,

an ADH is provided as set out in Table 1: ADH for SA ammunition on

Page 48.

b. Arcs of Fire: Where there is a limited area for applying RDA, clear

arcs of fire are provided. Arcs of fire are particularly important where

target designation is not tightly controlled. For example, targets

mounted on roofs or upper storey windows will generate High Elevation

Fire (HEF). RDA and ADH in these cases are taken from HEF tables and

the worst case RDA, ADH used.

c. Structures (Permanent or Temporary): Where structures or

façades are provided on LFTTAs there should be no hard surfaces that

might generate ricochet or backsplash. This includes unprotected

ironmongery, round head nails, brackets or other fittings or fixtures. All

surfaces within the C of F must be of a ballistic material or system.

Ballistic materials include any material that absorbs rounds or an

element made up of a hard surface protected by an anti backsplash

curtain or material. Consideration must be given to climatic conditions

where this may change the ballistic properties of the material such as

surface freezing in colder climates.




5.4.2 OUTDOOR NO DANGER AREA (NDA) AND INDOOR CQCR (U) RANGE

Outdoor ranges should meet the Non Standard NDA criteria provided in Chapter 4.

Some outdoor NDA and all indoor CQCR (U) ranges take into account the emissions

detailed in Chapter 11.

5.5 CONSTRUCTION

(Permanent and semi permanent ranges)

5.5.1 MATERIALS

Structural elements may employ conventional building materials or specialist

ballistic materials in areas where targets are to be sited. Facades in areas of

expected engagement with small arms and grenades are constructed to absorb shot

and grenade fragments, and to eliminate ricochet and backsplash. Where rubber

components are used, consideration should be given to the risk of fire particulary

where pyrotecnics are used.

5.5.2 TARGETRY

Fixed Electric Targets (FET) and radio-controlled targetry may be installed to meet

exercise objectives. Moving targets are also possible. Both fall-when-hit and

retaliatory devices may be employed. All “hard” target mechanisms must be

protected from backsplash and ricochet with appropriate compliant material.

5.5.3 BALLISTIC WALL OPTIONS

In order to minimise cost, urban live fire ranges may use common building

materials in areas where shot is not expected. Celcon blocks are an effective option




as they will absorb stray shot and grenade fragments without generating ricochet

or backsplash. They will not however take high attrition. In areas where shot is

expected the following wall or panel solutions that absorb shot without generating

ricochet or backsplash may be considered. In heavy use ranges or where

concentrated engagement is expected, bullet catchers in front of the structure walls

should be considered to extend the life of the more expensive wall solutions.

a. Sand or earth: Sand or earth used in gabion mesh containers or sandwiched

between timber may be used as an effective protection wall or backstop for NDA

solutions. Table 11 below provides an indication on the actual penetration depth

to be expected from a variety of ammunition. Penetration close to the surface of

such material will be much greater. Any defence structures using these solutions

should be constructed with a minimum of 900mm thickness that will allow for

some disruption within the structure and still capture rounds.




TABLE 11: EXPECTED PENETRATION OF DAMP SAND AND EARTH FROM 5

ROUNDS AT A SINGLE POINT OF AIM.

Ser Ammunition

Type

Range / Angle

of fire

Penetration

(See Note 1)

1 5.56mm 25m / 900 425mm

2 9mm 25m / 900 365mm

3 4.6mm 25m / 900 195mm

4 7.62mm 25m / 900 480mm

5 8.6mm 25m / 900 540mm

NOTES:

1. Closer engagement is expected to generate greater penetration.

2. 900mm minimum, 1000mm standard depth of sand or earth to capture

small arms ammunition in permanent structure bullet traps.

b. SACON (US): A proprietary fibre reinforced concrete supplied in block or panel

form. It has a lead leaching inhibitor reducing the potential for lead leaching into

the ground. If lead is allowed to build up in this material it will eventually

develop a backsplash hazard. In panel form, panels can be rotated after

prolonged use away from target areas. In block form, areas of high use can be

cut out and replaced.

c. TARCON (Turkey): Similar to SACON without the lead leaching inhibitor. Less

expensive than SACON.




Photo 1 – TARCON interlocking panels.

d. SLABLCON (UK): The original supplier of this material no longer exists

however TAS (RE) have details of a similar concrete mix that is currently used

on the urban façade range.

e. SHREDDED RUBBER PANEL AND BLOCK SYSTEMS: A shredded compressed

dense rubber tile over armoured steel plate system is a common proprietary wall

system suitable for all natures up to 7.62mm. Rubber tiles bonded directly to

steel plate may present a maintenance problem if sited in areas where regular

shot is expected. Tiles provided with a gap between the steel and rubber tile are

suitable for judgmental bullet catchers but the gap extends the depth of wall

presenting safety issues on external corners. Target areas or predicted impact

areas where bonded panels are used may be protected with a 2nd layer of

blocks in front of the structure to capture most rounds fired and allowing block

rotation as the blocks become loaded with lead bullets.

Photo 2 – Durapanel and block internal & external engagement




5.5.4 BULLET TRAP OPTIONS

Bullet traps may be used against ballistic walls to limit attrition of expensive

materials or form the structure wall itself. All bullet traps must be capable of taking

direct fire at close ranges without the need for constant maintenance. In some

cases hidden attrition must be considered.

a. Sand / Earth: Large footprint trap. Smaller footprint gabion or timber solutions

are not suitable due to attrition from concentrated fire. Traditional bullet traps

are covered in Chapter 2.

b. Granulated rubber: Vertical granulated rubber traps with 500mm depth of

granulate can take up to 7.62mm. Rounds are captured within the granulate.

Not suitable for small MPI target practices.

c. Lamella: Illustrated in Chapter 3. Large footprint trap. A very efficient and

clean trap system but suitable only for up to 9mm ammunition.

d. Snail: Another large footprint US proprietary trap. It will take all rounds up to

12.5mm.

e. Flat steel: (AR500 minimum specification when 5.56mm SS109 is used). Used

with an antisplash curtain offset 300mm or compressed shredded rubber tiles

fixed 50mm off the steel plate. A small footprint solution. Panels may be

constructed in isolation to provide flexibility in room layout.

f. Angle steel (Venetian blind): AR500 12mm steel panels fixed at 45° to

impact angle in steel frames. Bullets are deflected down to the bottom of the

trap. Panels are loose fitted enabling rotation up and down away from areas of

high attrition. Compressed shredded rubber tiles are used to retain ricochet and




backsplash. An expensive but long lasting trap system taking all rounds up to

7.62mm. Panels may be constructed in isolation to provide flexibility in room

layout.

5.5.5 METHOD OF ENTRY (MOE) TECHNIQUES

Specially constructed doors and windows may be required to practice forced entry

techniques either on or adjacent to fixed ranges. To use realistic MoE it is often

better to provide isolated training structures away from the urban range.

Photo 3 – MoE isolated stands

5.5.6 CLOSED CIRCUIT TELEVISION AND PUBLIC ADDRESS INSTALLATION

CCTV is provided to ensure the safe operation of the range; it can also be used to

record exercises and for debriefing. Cameras are fitted with IR for night use. A

public address (PA) system may be provided to enable the RCO to control the

exercise.

5.5.7 RANGE CONTROL

A range control building may be sited to enable observation and to control exercise

activity. In range control provision should be made for the RCO/exercise controller,




target and effects operators, and video recording operators. Controlled and

protected access to the range control and administrative buildings should be

provided.

5.5.8 ELECTRICITY AND WATER

Mains electricity and water supply are essential for a range of this type. The

provision of a fire fighting main should be considered.

5.5.9 ANCILLARY BUILDINGS

The range requires extensive repair and maintenance which makes a target store

and well equipped workshop essential. Consideration must also be given to the

number of waiting staff necessary for an efficient throughput on the range. Waiting

areas with adequate facilities will be required.

5.6 COMMUNICATIONS

5.6.1 EXTERNAL


be available.

5.6.2 INTERNAL

Provision should be made for the following communications:

a. RCO to exercising staff.




b. RCO to safety supervisors.

c. An intercom for range management between RCO/targets effects operators and video recording operators.

5.7 MAINTENANCE

Th In order to maintain a safe facility these facilities require detailed knowledge of

how materials stand up to live fire to determine when rotation, replacement or

repair of ballistic elements is needed.

a. Ballistic Walls. In some cases bullet attrition will not be apparent on

the rubber surfaces whilst the steel or structure behind deteriorates from

bullet impact. Shot in areas where shot is not expected, or high volume shot

is seen in areas where only occasional shot is expected is to be reported to

the Range Officer.

b. Water ingress. During winter months any standing water within these

facilities will cause a slip hazard. All drains on open balconies exposed to the

weather are to be kept clear.

c. Services. Where services are provided within the facility there is a need to

inspect for bullet strike damage from direct fire or ricochet.


Responsibilities may be divided as follows:

a. Range Warden: See HPRS Volume 1 Chapter 2, para 2.4.4.

b. Property Management: General inspection with particular emphasis on:




- All facades including supports and access points.

- Observation towers and other elevated structures.

- Electrical safety, alarm and warning systems.

- Fire escapes in indoor facilities.

c. Equipment Management: Repairing and servicing equipment


5.7.2 FREQUENCY



A heavily used range may need maintenance after each use plus one or two days

more detailed maintenance by the Range Warden each month. Two closed periods

of a week or so may be needed each year for structure rotation and repair.




CHAPTER 5 ANNEX A: Additional Details For CQB (U) Shoot Through LFTT Facilities

1. General

CQB (U) Shoot Through LFTT facilities are provided for Police forces to

practice their Close Quarter Combat (CQC) skills in a LFTT environment. The

facilities are a cost effective means of providing realistic and demanding

training to personnel involved in close contact. The facilities may be

permanent i.e. constructed and maintained by those with responsibility for

the range facility, or temporary i.e. erected by a user and removed after

use.

2. Aim

These principles outline the requirement; design and construction of CQB (U)

Shoot through LFTT facilities to ensure structure and layout do not

compromise safety.

3. Description

CQB (U) LFTT facilities replicate buildings that might be encountered on

operations. Each building will typically have one entrance and exit and may

have a number of windows. Each building will have a series of adjacent

rooms, all linked by corridors. There is no set layout for the building as they

can be constructed to present different scenarios such as factories or small

dwellings and even specific locations that may be encountered on

operations. Structure layout and target positions, including position of

judgemental/friendly targets that would not normally be engaged, are

limited only by the available arcs. The building may be constructed so that

more than one team can advance concurrently.




4. Danger Area

The facilities provide no ballistic protection and a Range Danger Area (RDA)

trace is required to accommodate the Weapon Danger Area (WDA) template

in the same way as other conventional LFTT activities.

5. Safety Angle

Target siting and triangulation is fundamental in ensuring that the individual

weapon safety angle is not compromised. Communication between the RCO,

safety supervisors and the exercising personnel ensures a safe practice and

cannot be over-emphasised.

6. Design

The facility can have a number of adjoining rooms but are designed in such

a way that the rooms funnel the users in the desired direction. Whilst a room

may have several entrances only one is to be available for use to exercising

users at any one time. Other entrances should be firmly closed and not be

used by exercising personnel.

7. Construction

a. CQB (U) LFTT facilities are made of penetrable materials sometimes

Hessian screens are erected but more than likely the facility will be

made of sheet timber such as ply-wood. Whatever material is chosen it

is essential, because of the close nature of firing, that no ricochet

inducing material is used to support the structure. Metal pickets are to

be protected and nails, if used to build the facility, are completely sunk

or covered.

b. Trip hazards are to be kept to a minimum although obstacles may be

factored into the compound as part of the tactical scenario. However,

there must be no obstacles on the exits in case of fire, injury or any

other such emergency.

c. Walls may be strengthened to provide the ability to place ladders if

required.




d. Targets, including judgemental/friendly targets, are to be entirely

penetrable and positioned in such a way that rounds pass through and

into the danger area. Elevated targets with target centre in excess of 90

mils will require the application of the detail in Fig.19-2 with QE max

150 – 1250 mils.

e. The structure is to be sufficiently robust to withstand inclement

weather. In particular the structure must be stable in strong winds.

8. Targetry

Targets are positioned so that firers entering the room engage targets within

the arc of fire. Further rooms will present targets in the same manner. Firing

is therefore always away from any supporting team members and is safe.

This principle also applies to judgemental targets that should not normally

be engaged. Permanent structures are to be handed over to units with no

targets present. Range planning staff are then responsible for the positioning

of targets so that all firing is within the arc of fire.

9. Record of the Facility

Permanent CQB (U) Shoot through LFTT facilities i.e. those constructed and

maintained by those with responsibility for the range facility, are to be

approved by the RAO and recorded on the range’s Form 1057.




CHAPTER 6: The 1908 Design Barrack Range

6.1 INTRODUCTION

The 30 yard Barrack Range with a ricochet pit, 6 ft (1.8 m) deep at the target line,

is one of two designs approved by War Office Instructions for The Care and

Construction of Rifle Ranges 1908. The 30yd firing point is no longer to be used.

The range has been converted to have four firing points at 25, 20, 15 and 10 m.

This is for reference only as all new barrack ranges are to be constructed in

accordance with new criteria. This chapter describes the 1908 design barrack

range.

6.1.1 DESCRIPTION

All these ranges should now have been metricated for use as a 25m range.

Specifications from the original design are described at section 6.2.1 on Page 204

and the police specific range is illustrated in Figure 6-1: 30 Yard Barrack Range

with Rocochet Pit on Page 214.

6.1.2 PURPOSE

This barrack range provides a local facility for limited firing practices up to 25 m. It

is suitable for carrying out the handgun qualification shoots, introduction to

shooting, remedial training, preliminary grouping and zeroing, and development

shooting.




6.2 DESIGN

The design of this range has evolved over time and has proven since 1908 to

provide a safe environment in which to undertake shooting practices within a urban

area.

6.2.1 SPECIFICATIONS

The following specifications were added to the original design of this range:

CANOPY:

a. A canopy has been added to the bullet catcher to contain `pop-over'.

This is the tendency for the occasional 7.62 mm ball round to deform

and ricochet vertically out of the sand bullet catcher. The canopy roof is

to be constructed to prevent rounds passing through it. The 5mm steel

plate fixed to the underside of a timber canopy provides protection for

at least 1/2 the depth of sand and covering the full canopy width. Other

impenetrable material, such as concrete, is also suitable.

b. Where high velocity ammunition, of any calibre or nature, is to be used,

an anti-ricochet or `pop-over' canopy is required to prevent vertical

ricochet from the bullet catcher material leaving the range. The canopy

shall be positioned to cover the full width of the bullet catcher and at

least the rear half of the catcher as this is the area where vertical

ricochet is most likely. The canopy shall be impenetrable to ricochet

with typical construction being a timber roof with 5mm minimum thick

steel lining to the underside, brick built, bullet proof side and rear walls.

The bulletproof side walls are required on police ranges only, as the

requirement exists for cross lane shooting and tactical movement, the

result of which may cause ammunition to exit the BC sideways. This is




not the case on military ranges hence the difference with 403 criteria.

Other materials may be considered acceptable. Where high velocity

ammunition is to be used without a canopy above the bullet catcher, a

100m radius limited danger area (LDA) is required to the sides and rear

of the range (measured from the flank target positions at the sides and

stop butt for extent of DA to the rear). In addition to the 100m LDA an

air danger height (ADH) of 500ft (5.56mm) or 750ft (7.620 is to be

implemented. An appropriate number of sentries will be required to

ensure the whole danger area remains clear during firing.

25 M FIRING POINT:

The range has been metricated with the addition of a 25 m firing point.

The depressed LofS is maintained.

6.2.2 BACK-TO-BACK RANGES

Some ranges were built back-to-back with the one stop butt wall. The wing walls

had to be straight and their length increased to 5.1 m. For simultaneous use,

canopies have been placed over the bullet catchers. A typical layout is shown in

Figure 6-2: Back-to-Back Barrack Ranges on Page 215.

6.2.3 SA LIMITATIONS

Limitations on the maximum number of SA, ammunition and rates of fire that can

be used on this range are given in the appropriate range SOPs. These limitations

give either an increased safety factor under difficult conditions or acknowledge that

the design only caters for some practices and for stable aimed firing.




6.2.4 SHOT GUNS

The range design is suitable for shot guns firing solid slug or buck shot. Where

ranges have significant solid slug practices de-leading frequency may need to be

increased to avoid the build up of lead at the MPI.

6.2.5 MANTLETS

The mantlet at the head of the ricochet pit may be with, or without a stepped slope

of >30°.

6.3 CONSTRUCTION

6.3.1 STOP BUTT WALL

a. LAYOUT: The stop butt wall consists of a central section at 1600 mils

(90°) to the LofF and two wing walls arched forward at 2844 mils

(160°). The standard four lane range was designed with the central

section 7.4 m long. If additional firing lanes were required, this length

was increased by 1.8 m for each additional lane but the length of the

wing walls did not have to be increased.

b. MATERIALS: The stop butt wall was normally constructed of solid (void

free) Class B engineering brick with a minimum thickness of 225 mm or

with materials which gave a similar resistance to shot penetration.

Inspectors should ensure the brick used on these ranges do not permit

rounds to enter more than 10% of the back or wing wall structures.

Where penetration is clearly greater than 10% from one strike refer to NPIA.




c. HEIGHT: A standard wall height of 7.865 m applied with a flat range

floor. The excavation of a ricochet pit enabled the height of the stop

butt wall to be reduced; the reduction was equal to the depth of the pit

but the wall height was not to be lower than 6.065 m.

d. COMPLIANCE: The above is only valid for ranges that comply in all

ballistic respects to the Standard Detail.


A sand or granulated rubber bullet catcher is built over the entire central section of

the stop butt wall. Its height is maintained at 2.3 m from the top of the target

trench.

6.3.3 CANOPY

The canopy mentioned at section 6.2.1 on Page 204 should be added to all 25m

barrack ranges. Otherwise a LDA is required in order to fire high velocity

ammunition. The LDA has to extend laterally 100 m from each flank target, striking

an arc to a line 100 m behind the stop butt in order to capture predicted pop-over.

Without a canopy the range is classed as LDA therefore depending on the calibre of

ammunition fired an appropriately sized Air Danger Area is also to be implemented

(see Chapter 2, Page 48, Table 1). The facing edges of the canopy wing walls are to

be protected with timber to prevent backsplash.




6.3.4 TARGETS

The range may be used with all Police figure and screen targets. It is essential to

the safety of this range that the target centre design height is maintained.

6.3.5 TURNING TARGET MECHANISMS

The cable pull turning target mechanism originally provided on these ranges is

difficult to operate and maintain. Two alternatives are available:

a. CAPSTAN OPERATED: See Chapter 10.

b. ELECTRICALLY OPERATED: These are described in Chapter 10. They may be

permanently fitted and operated through a transformer to reduce mains

electricity to 12 volts. Portable mechanisms require 12 volt batteries.

Electrically or signal, rather than capstan, operated is the system of choice as

it is cheaper to buy and to install. Its speed and simplicity of operation

improve the training value of the range.

6.3.6 TARGET POSITIONS

The number of targets per lane may be varied to meet training objectives but

spacing should be:

a. 1.65 m minimum from the inside edge of the bullet catcher to the flank target

centres.

b. 0.600 m minimum between target centres lane to lane.




c. Targets in each lane should be at least 375mm apart.

d. Target centre height on this range is fixed at 875mm (C).

NOTE: Other layouts may be adopted for pistol practices but sub-paragraph a.

above remains the minimum.

6.4 RANGE FLOOR

6.4.1 RICOCHET PIT

The excavation of a 1.8 m ricochet pit allowed the height of the stop butt wall to be

reduced. This was justified by the effect which the pit has, in:

a. Reducing the number of ricochets from ground strike.

b. Reducing the angle of strike and thus lowering the angle of ricochet.

c. Moving the point of strike further down-range to help ricochet containment.

6.4.2 CONFIGURATION

The range floor is surfaced with a minimum of 150 mm of soil free from large

stones (> 30 mm in any dimension). It has to be firm, free draining and should be

bound with grass or similar ground cover which is kept cut short. Any paths

constructed are to be of non ricochet inducing material.




6.4.3 SIDE WALLS AND BANKS

The range was designed to safely contain all acceptable aimer deviation and

ricochet. It therefore follows that, with proper range discipline and preparatory

training, no hazard is predicted beyond the range floor. However, if it is necessary

to increase the confidence of people adjacent to the range, a solid or screen wall

may be provided. Earth banks may be used to screen a range provided the toe of

the bank is beyond the range floor; otherwise a round striking its sloped surface

may leave the range.

6.4.4 FENCES AND SIGNS

All access to the range when in use must be controlled. Ranges that are in open

access areas, particularly those where woods or shrubs come close to the stop butt

or side of the range should be fenced and signed to ensure access during firing is

controlled. The same measures will be necessary where ranges with sloping earth

bunds protect the sides of the range. Local risk assessments will identify areas

where access will need to be controlled. Where fences are deemed to be necessary

prohibition signs will also be required. A flag pole for a red range in use flag is

provided where it can best be seen. If night firing is to be conducted, a red light is

fitted to the flag pole. If the flag pole is on the stop butt wall, it is to be made of

non-ricochet inducing material.




6.5 FIRING POINTS

6.5.1 25 M FIRING POINTS

The 25 m firing point is raised to 450 mm above ground level at the target line so

as to ensure a depressed LofS from the prone position. It should also have a low

maintenance surface that encourages the firer to take up a comfortable fire

position.

6.5.2 OTHER FIRING POINTS

The 20, 15 and 10 m firing points are only for weapons fired from the standing or

kneeling posture. These firing points are not normally specially surfaced.

6.5.3 DISTANCE AND LANE MARKERS

Timber markers should be suitably positioned to show firing distances and lane

numbers on the firing points.

6.6 LIGHTING

The range may be provided with lighting for night practices but it was not designed

for low light or LNV shooting. Where required the range is to be suitably illuminated

to permit adequate visibility.

6.7 COMMUNICATIONS


be available.




6.8 MAINTENANCE

It is essential to the safety of the range that the ricochet pit is maintained to its

correct profile, depth and width. The bank which forms a mantlet at the end of the

pit must be maintained at 600 mils (34°). The pit should be well drained but a

shallow collection of water at the very bottom of the pit is often unavoidable.

However, a build-up of sediment in the drainage area must be avoided as it will

eventually reduce the depth of the pit.

a. RANGE STAFF See HPRS Volume 1 Chapter 2,para 2.4.4 Muzzle Velocity and Muzzle Energy Limitations - Property Management. General inspection with particular emphasis

on:

- Stop butt, canopy and wing walls.

- Fire trenches.

b. FENCES AND SIGN POSTS (See Chapter 2).

c. EQUIPMENT MANAGEMENT: Repairing and servicing equipment


6.8.1 FREQUENCY










6.8.2 STOP BUTT WALL

Bullet strike on the stop butt wall above or beside the bullet catcher is to be

recorded in the Range Log Form 906. If such incidents occur frequently, the range

configuration may need to be checked by NPIA. Where strike occurs shot marks

should be made good and to ease inspection, the wall should be painted with an

external sand or white paint. The bullet catcher back wall above the sand should

be covered with a weak render mix of 1:4 Cement / sand to ease repairs.


The requirements for maintaining the bullet catcher are given in Chapter 2.




FIGURE 6-1: 30 YARD BARRACK RANGE WITH RICOCHET PIT




FIGURE 6-2: BACK-TO-BACK BARRACK RANGES




CHAPTER 7: Tube Ranges

7.1 INTRODUCTION

The tube or pipe range was originally known as an improvised range that was

developed for use with low velocity SA and later for high velocity SA. The concept is

a truly NDA range that suits those who need to minimise external noise levels.

The aim of this chapter is to describe the design and construction of the tube range.

7.2 Description

These ranges are usually constructed using pre-cast concrete units, although any

suitable tube or box section that will contain shot may be used. There is a firing bay

at one end and may have intermediate firing/target distances. At the target end the

target house contains the bullet catcher and targets. The range may be surface

laid, half or fully buried. It is covered with top soil to enhance the ballistic safety

and is normally covered with turf for aesthetic reasons. In some cases the firing

point and target area are not fully enclosed. This range may be used for high

velocity and low velocity weapons limited only by the ballistic criteria for

backsplash, ricochet and penetration detailed in Chapter 2. Only one firer can use a

tube however there may be multiple tubes allowing several firers to use the range

simultaneously provided the minimum firing point widths given in Table 12 on page

224 are adhered to.




7.3 Purpose

This range provides a local facility for limited firing practices and the range may be

suitable (dependent upon the diameter of the tube) for carrying out the handgun

qualification shoots, introduction to shooting, remedial training, preliminary

grouping and zeroing, and developmental shooting.

7.4 DESIGN

7.4.1 DESIGN CRITERIA

Illustrations of a typical range are shown in Figure 7-1: Typical High Velocity Tube

Range Layout on page 233 for a high velocity range. Figure 7-2: Tube Range

Criteria on page 234 shows the application of bullet catcher and defence zone

criteria, which applies to high velocity ranges. Considerable variation in the design

is possible, with consultation from TAS (RE). The principle of this range is that the

tube will fully contain the shot fired in it. Whilst it is a simple matter to arrange the

weapon to be within the tube, the safe capture of the shot and ricochet poses the

biggest design problem. Environmental issues such as lead dust, unburnt propellant

carbon monoxide and noise must also be considered where firing points and target

house is enclosed. Refer to Chapter 11 for details of the hazards associated with

enclosed ranges. Essential in the construction of new ranges is an internal finish

specification that minimises the build up of dust. In existing firing rooms and bullet

catchers all non-essential dust collecting surfaces should be removed or sealed to

prevent dust accumulating out of sight. Consideration should be given to providing

an open or semi enclosed firing point that will minimise the environmental issues.




7.4.2 SITING

It requires a flat and level site on firm, well drained land. The external

considerations are lead dust from the extract filter, noise and aesthetics.

7.5 CONSTRUCTION - TARGET HOUSE

7.5.1 BULLET CATCHERS

The bullet catcher is sized to capture all direct shot, as shown in Figure 7-2: Tube

Range Criteria on page 234. The type of bullet catcher selected will depend

principally upon the SA to be fired. These are:

a. Low velocity Pistol/Carbine (1) Flat Steel Plate with Anti-Splash Curtain. This is the simplest

and cheapest form of bullet catcher. It does however create a

lot of lead contamination in the target area and the anti-splash

curtain requires maintenance. The steel plate is bolted back to

a solid wall with a material sandwich between to reduce both

impact and transmitted noise (see Chapter 3). The thickness

of steel is determined from Chapter 2 Table 7a (page 92).

Size will be dependent upon the distance from the end of

the tube.

(2) Angled Steel Plate with Anti-Splash Curtain. Although this

design is often selected by range builders, it offers no

advantage over the flat steel plate and is often more noisy.

With both this and the flat steel plate, a sacrificial plate at the

MPI will extend the life of the bullet catcher. However, for the




angled steel plate care will be required not to expose its

leading edges to the LofF

(3) Alternative Bullet Traps. There are many designs

commercially available but most have safety shortcomings.

Two bullet traps described below for High velocity Rifle are also

suitable for low velocity weapons, pistol and carbine, though they

will be more expensive that the traps above. These are the Snail

Bullet Trap and the Granulated Rubber Trap.

b. High velocity Rifle/Carbine and Automatic Fire

(1) Sand Bullet Catcher. Sand bullet catchers are not

recommended indoors due to the dust hazard from the sand.

For ranges where the bullet trap is not enclosed the traditional

sand bullet catcher with canopy protection or limited danger

area is acceptable.

(2) Angled Steel Plate with Anti-Splash Curtain. This bullet catcher

has been used on simple, low cost high velocity tube ranges

but it may only be used for firing single shot. High maintenance

costs make this design a poor choice on a high velocity range

which is to be heavily used. A full specification for steel is

provided in Chapter 2, page 92.

(3) Snail Bullet Trap. This bullet decelerator, patented by the

Savage Arms Corporation of the USA, reduces lead pollution

problems at the target end of the range, can be used for

automatic fire and it can be produced to accept the 0.5 in

round. It must however be individually designed for each




range by the supplier to ensure that safety criteria are met.

This type of trap is unsuitable for steel or steel tipped rounds.

Snail traps cannot be locally manufactured due to precise

impact surface design.

(4) Granulated Rubber Trap. The granulated rubber trap used at a

natural angle of repose potentially is a very cost effective and

environmentally friendly solution. Details of this trap are

provided in Chapter 2 and it is illustrated at Figure 3-6: Typical

Indoor Range Bullet Trap Detail (High or Low Velocity

Ammunition) on Page 166.

7.5.2 DEFENCE ZONE

The defence zone is intended to be impenetrable to shot and is to contain ricochet

beyond the bullet catcher. It is sized as shown in Figure 7-2: Tube Range Criteria

on Page 234. Any portion of the target house within the defence zone is to have a

minimum construction as detailed in Table 7a: Steel Protective Plating for Ranges

on Page 92 or be over-plated with steel as also specified in Table 7a: Steel

Protective Plating for Ranges on Page 92.

7.5.3 TARGETRY SELECTION

When selecting targets and target mechanisms, the difficulty of moving down the

range to mark or change targets should be borne in mind if target retrieval systems

are not installed in the tube. An automatic marking system and a simple turning

target mechanism will greatly enhance the range and the training value. Fall-when-

hit systems are difficult on a tube range as the concentration of the sound energy

in the tube may activate the mechanism without the target being struck.

Representative targets, sized to give the appearance of targets at greater ranges




(see Chapter 10) provide valuable training on shorter ranges. To minimise the risk

of ricochet off the tube walls, targets should be presented centrally in the tube.

7.5.4 RICOCHET AND BACKSPLASH

There should be nothing within the backsplash zone (see Table 2, Chapter 2, page

50) that could cause ricochet or backsplash. Any services, ducts or parts of the

target mechanism that can be struck are to be protected. Should falling plate or

other impenetrable target be used the distance from the target to the firing point

must be greater than the hard target backsplash distance (see column c, Table 2,

Chapter 2) and the effects of subsequent ricochet on services and fittings in the

target house must be considered.

7.5.5 TARGET ILLUMINATION

Target illumination is ideally achieved with a single 5 ft fluorescent strip light per

target which may be mounted above or below the target or to the sides between

each tube. Reflector lamps (tungsten) of 100 watt per target may be used if

dimming is required for low light level shooting.

7.5.6 SIZE

The diameter (dia) of the tube should be selected to suit the targetry and practices.

The size selected must allow a clear view of the whole target but is not to be less

than:

a. Ranges up to 25 m: 900 mm dia to allow for access. For existing

ranges tubes of less than 900 mm dia, special provision for

cleaning will be required.




b. Ranges greater than 25 m: 1800 mm dia is desirable but the

minimum size is 1200 mm, which is also the minimum size to

accommodate the full sized target.

7.5.7 LAYING

A reinforced concrete pipe with a wall thickness of not less than 75 mm, of the type

typically used for drainage works, is normally selected to form the firing tube.

Particular attention shall be paid to the bedding of tube sections to ensure future

settlement or movement is eliminated as any such settlement will render the range

unsafe. The tube must be laid straight to line and level. The laying tolerance is plus

or minus 50 mm over a 100 m length. No edges or lips may occur which would

cause backsplash if struck and any of 3 mm or more facing the firer must be

ground off and feathered out. To avoid problems with settlement of the sectional

tube components a flexible continuous liner may be inserted into the tube. The tube

may be completely or partially below ground or may be laid at ground level and

banked over. The tube should support its own dead loads and all the loads imposed

upon it. Tubes without a liner should:

a. Support its own dead load and all loads imposed upon it.

b. Be bedded and supported to eliminate any subsequent settlement that will generate backsplash hazards from misaligned joints.

c. Have the socket end of the pipe facing the firer.

d. Have all joints sealed watertight and the tube coated with a waterproof membrane.

7.5.8 EARTH COVER

Earth cover to the tube will vary depending on the type of tube range. An additional

allowance has to be made for landscaping such that over the seasons soil erosion

and ground maintenance works will not reduce the compacted earth cover to less




than a minimum of 500 mm for high velocity rifle ranges but for low velocity tube

ranges no earth cover is required for ballistic purposes.

7.5.9 LIGHTING

Some form of lighting may be required according to the length of the tube.

7.5.10 WEAPON MUZZLE LIMIT

At each firing point a line should be painted 150 mm (C) inside the tube to denote

the point to which the muzzle should be inserted before engaging the target. This

will preclude any chance of rounds striking the leading edge of the tube.

7.6 CONSTRUCTION - FIRING BAY

7.6.1 FIRING POINTS

Firing points should be constructed as per Chapter 3, ideally with the height such

that the weapon is positioned centrally in the tube for all firing postures, although

this is less important in large diameter tubes, i.e: over 1200 mm. To cater for all

three postures, platforms at two or three different levels may be required. Small

diameter tubes are best limited to the prone position or prone and standing in a

trench. The firing point widths given in Table 12 of this chapter (page 224) are the

minimum widths required and take into account:

a. Practices to be fired.

b. The space required for coaching.

c. Disturbance caused by adjacent weapon noise.

d. The hazard caused by ejected cartridge cases.




7.6.2 SCREENS

Screens between firers can be used to reduce firing point width. The screen should

be designed to reduce both noise transmission to adjacent firing points and

reflected noise (reverberation). Screens must not be so deep that they restrict the

RCO's view of the firers. The following table is a guide to firing point widths on a

multi-firing point range.

TABLE 12: MINIMUM FIRING POINT WIDTHS

Width of Each Firing Point (m) Minimum Firing Point Width

With Screens Without Screens

(a) (b) (c)

Pistol/LV Carbine HV Rifle/Carbine Automatic Fire

1 1.8 2.5

1.8 1.8 2.5

7.6.3 FLOOR FINISH

The floor finish on the firing point must be smooth and impervious to facilitate the

removal of lead dust and traces of unburnt propellant. A sealed, non-slip surface of

rubber or PVC may be provided with a cushioned backing. Porous materials such as

mats and sand bags, which can harbour lead or unburnt propellant, are not to be

used in the range. A hard smooth floor will reduce ricochet potential.

7.6.4 PISTOL FIRING POINTS

Particular care is required in the design of pistol firing points. It is possible for an

unintentional shot to be fired at about 45° (800 mils) to the LofS and even

withdrawn from the tube. Surfaces which capture or direct the round without

ricochet or backsplash are essential.




7.6.5 INTERMEDIATE FIRING DISTANCES

Two options are possible to provide short firing distances for pistol practices on

longer ranges:

a. Large Diameter Tubes. If the tube diameter or section is 1750

mm or larger, intermediate target positions can be provided

within the tube which are engaged from the main firing point. The

bottom of the tube can be levelled with a soft bitumen macadam

so that firers can move down the tube to mark and change

targets. Target mechanisms and edges within the tube are to be

protected against backsplash (see para 7.5.3).

b. Small Diameter Tubes. Tubes of less than 1750mm in diameter or

section are regarded as too small for firers to walk down. Pistol

firing points in this case are provided in firing rooms forward of

the main firing point. The design must ensure that the RCO can

maintain effective control. This is an expensive option as added

requirements are:

(1) Ventilation and noise attenuation in two locations.

(2) Anti-ricochet and backsplash protection around the

intermediate firing point.

(3) Safety interlock and warning systems to ensure that more

than one firing points cannot be entered at the same

time.




7.6.6 FIRING POINT CHAMBER

The firing point chamber is to provide sufficient circulation space for firing details to

change safely. On ranges with three or more firing points, separate entry and exit

doors should give access to an assembly room behind. A walkway is needed behind

the firing points for the RCO and space should be provided on large ranges for an

instructor to assist the RCO. Open or partially enclosed firing rooms will reduce the

impact of weapon emissions and noise but it makes it difficult to control air flow in

the tubes.

7.6.7 LIGHTING

Lighting levels are to be such that when exposed, the targets are clearly visible to

the firers.

7.6.8 CONTROL, WAITING AND ASSEMBLY ROOMS

If AMS and turning targets are installed, a control room may be positioned behind

the RCO's walkway. It should be a glazed sound-proofed booth. The waiting detail

and assembly room are also to be isolated from the firing point noise and be

provided with a glazed viewing panel.

7.7 SAFETY MEASURES

7.7.1 ACCESS

As the RCO is unable to observe outside the range, facilities are required to prevent

access to the range when it is in use, and to activate audio-visual warnings and

safety interlocks.




7.7.2 ENTRANCES

a. Main. A red lamp or sign is placed in a prominent position to warn

that the range is in use.

b. Other. Doors that can be opened to the target house or to

intermediate firing chambers is to cause target lights to be

extinguished and to activate an audio-visual alarm in the main

firing chamber. Provision is to be made to allow the RCO to reset

the audio-visual alarm within the firing room. The alarm system is

to have a device that indicates the alarm is correctly reset and is

`live'. Where all down range doors are fully secured by the RCO

such measures are not required.

7.7.3 SHIELDS

A safety shield is to be provided at the opening of the tube behind each

intermediate firing chamber so that it can be raised to block off the tube behind it.

7.7.4 NOISE

All new tube ranges should include noise control measures specifically designed for

the range. Full details are given in Chapter 2. However, the following are pertinent

to a tube range:

a. Noise Containment. This is effectively achieved by burying the

tube under earth. If the target house and firing rooms are not

buried, additional measures may be necessary (see Chapter 2).

b. Noise Attenuation. Noise in the tube can be severe if it is not

effectively controlled. Careful thought is required to cover the




tube's curved surfaces to provide the maximum reverberation

time (RT), which should not exceed 0.5 sec at 500 and 1000

Hertz (Hz).

7.7.5 VENTILATION

The requirements for ventilation in indoor ranges are given in Chapter 11.

7.7.6 FIRE HAZARD

When specifying materials used in range construction, their fire rating must be

considered. Materials such as rubber compounds and timber can present a fire

hazard. This, combined with factors such as heat from target lighting and the

presence of unburnt propellant, require that careful consideration is given at the

design stage to fire prevention. Means of escape should conform fully to the

regulations.

7.7.7 FIRE APPROVAL

Attention is drawn to the Building Regulations 2000, Approved Document B1. The

advice and approval of the Force Fire Officer is mandatory on all new or

reconstructed indoor ranges.

7.7.8 EYE PROTECTION

In small tubes where there are rough joints in the tube walls or other backsplash

obstructions in the tube eye protection is to be worn by all firers.




7.8 COMMUNICATIONS

7.8.1 EXTERNAL


be available.

7.8.2 INTERNAL

A means of communication between the RCO and the waiting detail in the assembly

room should be provided. On larger ranges and when there is a separate control

room, a full Public Address (PA) system should be considered.

7.9 SAFETY SIGNS

7.9.1 SAFETY SIGNS

The risk assessment for the range will determine what safety signs are required.

Details of the signs are illustrated in Chapter 2. However in all cases the following

signs should be provided:

a. No Smoking.

b. No food or drink in the range.

c. Keep out when range is in use.

d. Hearing protection to be worn when firing.

e. Eye Protection to be worn (at all times when firing)




7.10 MAINTENANCE

7.10.1 GENERAL

Regular cleaning is essential to ensure that lead dust and unburnt propellant do not

build up in the range. Cleaning requirements are given in Chapter 11. The target

line must be kept clear of target debris. In some smaller ranges the target house

may need to be considered a confined space and the appropriate control measures

should be applied when accessing for maintenance. Advice from local ED should be

sought.

7.10.2 BULLET CATCHERS

a. Steel Plate Bullet Catchers with Anti-Splash Curtain. It is essential

that this type of bullet catcher is regularly de-leaded. The anti-

splash curtain is to be inspected before firing begins to ensure

that it is not holed. To prevent holing, the curtain should be

rotated regularly to ensure that the MPI location is moved. Holes

can be repaired by patching with pieces of salvaged curtain using

a suitable adhesive. There must be no more than two layers of

anti-splash curtain at any point in the line of fire.

b. Sand Bullet Catchers. See Chapter 2. In addition the sand is to be

kept moist to stop dust getting into the range.

c. Snail Bullet Trap. It is necessary to keep the reservoir of the Snail

Bullet Trap topped up with lubricating fluid and to ensure that the

pump is running before firing starts. Spent rounds in the

collection baskets must be emptied periodically.




d. Granulated Rubber Trap. This trap requires little maintenance.

The MPI should be prodded regularly to check for accumulation of

rounds and to assist in round migration though the granulate. De-

leading should be as detailed in Chapter 2.


Maintenance is the responsibility of the RAU. Responsibilities may be divided as

follows:

a. Range Staff. See HPRS Volume 1 Chapter 2, para 2.4.4, page 70.

b. Property Management. General inspection with particular emphasis on: (1) The back wall especially the defence zone area.

(2) Tube alignment.

(3) Access security systems.

(4) The ventilation system (if fitted).

c. Equipment Management. Repairing and servicing equipment


7.10.4 FREQUENCY



A heavily used range may need one day or more maintenance each week plus one

or two day’s maintenance by the Range Staff each month. For frequency of de

leading ranges refer to Chapter 11, deep cleaning. Other trap systems may differ in

frequency of maintenance and de-leading. For deep cleaning refer to Chapter 11.





7.11.1 THE FOLLOWING SHOULD BE CHECKED


b. Target House - Type of bullet catcher, bullet catcher sizing, defence zone sizing and structure, target material and fixing method, target centre height.

c. Tube diameter, wall thickness, material, tolerance and cover.

d. Any protrusion in the tube greater than 3mm that might generate

backsplash.

e. Firing Bay - Firing point height, width and spacing and intermediate firing distances, if applicable.

f. Signage and lighting.

g. Noise control measures.

h. Ventilation arrangements.




FIGURE 7-1: TYPICAL HIGH VELOCITY TUBE RANGE LAYOUT




FIGURE 7-2: TUBE RANGE CRITERIA




CHAPTER 8: The Gallery Range Imperial & Metric

8.1 INTRODUCTION

A Gallery Range (GR) is an open LDA range originally constructed to imperial

dimensions in yards (yds) or subsequently converted or partially converted to

metres (m) with firing points at 100m intervals normally up to 600m. On some

ranges the 100m to 400m firing points only are converted to metric. For ease of

reference firing points will be referred to as 100m, 200m etc with no suffix. This

range has a markers' gallery and a stop butt. The common range layout has 12

firing lanes each 4m wide. Targets are manually operated by the markers in the

butts.

8.2 Aim

This chapter describes the design and construction of GR.

8.3 Purpose

A GR is suitable for practices using rifle, carbine and pistol. Tracer ammunition

may also be used under the conditions set out in section 8.4.3 SA Tracer

Ammunition on Page 237. Due to the revised pistol template, all pistol practices on

GR or Gallery Type ranges should be confirmed by TAS (RE).




8.4 DANGER AREAS

8.4.1 DA CATEGORIES

Five DA that may be applied to a GR

a. Gallery Range Danger Area Template. The template shown in

Figure 8-1 is applied to GR that conform to the requirements of

this chapter. There is a limiting QEmax of 70 mils (3.94°) for

imperial GR as the design allows some rounds to pass over the

stop butt. Where the QEmax is limited to 70 mils, rounds will fall

inside the RDA. A QEmax of 70mils equates to a QEtch of 30mils

(1.69°). It is the QEtch that can be measured on site.

b. Weapon Danger Area Template. The template shown in Figure 8-

1A, in accordance with the CofF for fixed ranges (see Chapter 2

Table 3), is used when the stop butt and mantlet design criteria

cannot be met, or hard ricochet inducing surfaces exist, and for

falling plate practices which do not conform to the standards set

out in this document.

c. Combined Gallery Danger Area Trace. The templates at sub

paragraphs a and b above may be combined to overcome

shortfalls in achieving the full GR criteria (see section 8.4.2

Combined Gallery DA Trace on Page 237).

d. Hill Background Criteria. The RDA may be reduced when there is

a hill or cliff behind the range. The conditions required to meet hill

background criteria are explained in Chapter 2




e. Specialist Practices. Police Sniper practices may be permitted on

the GR or CGR with standard GR RDA or 2900m combined RDA

using .338 (8.6mm) ammunition providing the control measures

are implemented. These measures are designed to eliminate

ground ricochet and ensure that all shot is captured by the stop

butt. Refer also to

f. Table 4: SA Ammunition Maximum MV and ME Limitations (C) on

Page 71.

8.4.2 COMBINED GALLERY DA TRACE

When the full stop butt specification cannot be met or the range floor conditions are

such that Gallery criteria cannot be maintained, a combination of RDA and WDA

templates might provide a solution. The trace is produced after detailed survey of

the range and its geometry matched by TAS (RE) to the requirements of approved

RDA and WDA templates

8.4.3 SA TRACER AMMUNITION

Where tracer ammunition is used there is a requirement to extend the RDA 400 m

to the right flank around and behind the stop butt, 300 m to the left flank and

backsplash up to 125m back from the stop butt. For 7.62 mm tracer the ADH

increases to 1500 ft. The enhanced Gallery RDA template shown in RED at Figure

8-1 must fall within the overall range DA. Tracer is not to be fired from the 100

firing point unless the stop butt is 25m or more beyond the target line. The gallery

is not to be used when tracer is fired unless additional protection such as timber

boarding is provided between the stop butt and gallery.




8.4.4 OTHER FACTORS

a. Burst Fire. The rules for burst fire are given in the relevant range

SOPs.

b. Moving Targets. The use of moving targets on a LDA (GR) type

range is normally restricted to one 2.4m run at the centre of a 12

lane range. Advice from TAS (RE) should be sought if targets for

more than one firer are required

c. LNV Shooting. If the GR has a 1830 m RDA, the engagement of

targets at the LNV is to be conducted with targets mounted on

the range floor immediately in front of the mantlet. To allow firing

in all postures, target centres must not exceed 1.5m off the range

floor. No engagement closer than 25m from the mantlet nor

further than 75m from the targets. Engagement beyond 75m

must take place from the 100 firing point at Gallery or FET

mounted targets. Range SOPs will state where targets may be

placed.

d. 200 Mil Rule. This reduction from the GR RDA is authorised only

between a split of two standard GR / CGR or ET(LDA)R. On these

ranges ground ricochet is limited by elevating the targets on top

of a mantlet. With reduced ground ricochet a reduction in the

flank safety angle (the 200mil Rule) may be applied. The 200 mil

rule is not to be applied when ranges are used by non Police

organisations.

e. Rifle Practices. Service Rifle practices using .338” (8.6 mm)

ammunition may be permitted on the a GR or CGR with a stop




butt extending at least 1.5 m above the top of the target from the

prone position at 100 m.

8.4.5 PISTOL AND SHOTGUN PRACTICES ON A GR

The accepted location for targets engaged on standard GR pistol practices, from

firing positions between the gallery and the stop butt, is at the bottom of the stop

butt. On ranges where there is insufficient room between the gallery and the stop

butt for pistol practices, targets mounted in front of the mantlet may be engaged.

In such cases where the gallery detail between the stop butt and gallery is non

standard, advice from TAS (RE) should be sought to ensure the pistol template is

contained within the gallery RDA. In all cases the pistol 135mils template is to be

applied to ensure flank firing position templates are contained within the range

RDA.

Shotgun (slug and buckshot) may be fired at targets in lane mounted on the range

floor in front of the mantlet. Flank lanes are not to be used. No engagement of the

target closer than 25m. Ranges with dense rubber tiles fitted on the mantlet are

also suitable for shotgun practices.

8.5 DESIGN

8.5.1 PRINCIPLES

The GR design is based on principles that have evolved since about 1909. Current

design of the stop butt is based on firing from the 100 firing point on the basis that

weapons are zeroed from this distance and minimum grouping is achieved before

firers move back to the other firing positions. Specific information is provided

below:




a. Target Height. Targets are placed above the mantlet so that the

CofF is raised above the range floor and thereby reduces the

incidence of ground ricochet. Some ricochet is inevitable but it will

be either stopped by the mantlet or stop butt, or contained within

the RDA. To ensure that on existing imperial ranges the

occasional shot passing over the stop butt will fall within the RDA,

it is necessary to apply a restriction as described in Section 8.4.1

DA Categories on Page 236.

b. Stop Butt Height. The height of the stop butt is based on criteria

applied from the 100 firing point only for the following reasons:

(1) The QE to the maximum target centre height being

greater from the 100 firing point than from further distant

firing points.

(2) The greater deviation of weapons being zeroed at the 100

firing point.

c. Stop Butt Profile. The slope of the stop butt face reduces the

probability of ricochet from shot fired at the target centre from

the 100 firing point. The angle of impact increases from the firing

points at greater ranges.

d. Quadrant Elevation. (QE) To ensure that on existing imperial

ranges and CGR the occasional shot passing over the stop butt

will fall within the RDA, it is necessary to apply a restriction as

described in section 8.4.1 DA Categories on Page 236. QEtch is

measured by assessing QE to maximum target centre and adding

the respective CofF. Where ranges are found to have a QEtch in




excess of 30 mils TAS (RE) will advise on the options available to

ensure all rounds are captured. Solutions may include adjusting

the range geometry, metrication of the stop butt (see section

8.6.4 Height on Page on page 243) or the extension of the RDA

based on worst case ammunition trajectories. If there is

insufficient land for RDA extension and insufficient funds to cover

adjusting the range geometry then the range will need to be

assessed by WDA Lab to ensure the minimum level of safety has

been met.

8.5.2 SITING

Careful site selection for the GR should enable construction without extensive

earthworks. A site on level dry ground is preferable with the LofF in a northerly

direction. Consideration is also to be given to the level of risk around the DA

boundary when choosing the alignment of the range and this should take

precedence over the problem of firing into the sun. Ground producing a depressed

line of sight with a flat or slightly concave range floor is ideal. Rising ground may

require additional earthwork to raise the more distant firing points. Rocky, marshy

or undulating ground should be avoided as should sites that would produce a very

hollow range floor (see Figure 8-2: Effects of Hollow Sites on Page 259).

8.5.3 WORST CASE LINES OF SIGHT

The normal firing point width is 4 m: a firer may adopt a firing position anywhere

on the firing point. As there is no single position on the flank firing points that can

be designated "worst case" the centre line is taken in the design process.




8.6 CONSTRUCTION - STOP BUTT

8.6.1 PURPOSE

The butt stops most aimed direct shot and low angle ricochets. It also allows the

firer and coach to observe the fall of shot. Sand or granulated rubber bullet

catchers may also be incorporated into the stop butt behind the target positions for

ease of maintenance (see section 8.6.7 Bullet Catcher or Material Boxes on page on

page 244). However, a stop butt is not a mandatory requirement if a WDA is

available and QE does not exceed 150 mils (8.5°). A reduced stop butt is however

still useful to observe fall of shot and it will capture the majority of shot fired

enabling recovery of the lead.

8.6.2 LOCATION

The stop butt is sited behind the targets and it will normally be at right angles to

the range centre line but a maximum deviation of 180mils (10°) is permitted. It

should not be less than 25 m from the gallery target line to prevent backsplash into

the gallery. The space can also be used for shooting at 25 m provided the stop butt

meets the criteria in this Chapter. and there is sufficient land beyond the GR flank

RDA for the pistol WDA. In this case provision for targetry at the base of the stop

butt may be considered. Refer to TAS (RE) to determine the pistol WDA required

based on flank target positions. On ranges where the stop butt is less than 25m

provision must be made to prevent backsplash into the gallery. See Chapter 2 Table

2 on Page 50.




8.6.3 STRUCTURE

The stop butt is a bank constructed from stone-free soil. It may have a rock core

faced with a minimum of 1.5 m of compacted soil free from large stones (>30 mm

in any dimension). Measures to reinforce stop butts to take account of torrential

rain should be used particularly where stop butts are constructed entirely of sand.

Timber framing or geo-grid around shooting in boxes have proven to be successful

solutions.

8.6.4 HEIGHT

The height of the stop butt is determined by setting a boning rod on top of the

mantlet and, when viewed from the prone position, at the 100 firing point, the crest

of the stop butt, should not appear lower than the boning rod, along the whole

length of the stop butt. Where a GR exceeds the QE restriction, lifting the stop butt

to capture the CofF may provide a solution. Details for imperial and metric GR are

illustrated in Figure 8-3 on Page 260. It must however be established that the

mantlet is the correct height (see section 8.8.1 Length and Height on Page 248).

The minimum height for the stop butt boning rod is to be 5m though on existing

imperial ranges it may be 3.05m as illustrated in Fig 8-3.

8.6.5 CREST LENGTH AND WIDTH

The length of the stop butt crest is determined when a horizontal angle of 60 mils

(3.40°) applied to each worst case flank LofS on the 100 firing point meets the line

of the stop butt crest as shown in Figure 8-3: Determination of Stop Butt Height &

Length on Page 260. The stop butt must be level across the crest and not less than

1.5 m wide over the full length.




8.6.6 PROFILE

The face profile of the stop butt is constructed and maintained at an angle of 600

mils (34°) (S) to the horizontal (2:3). This ensures the minimum bullet impact

angle of 533 mils (30°) (C) is achieved, which is the minimum angle required to

limit ricochet. The rear of the stop butt and its ends should be constructed at the

natural angle of repose for the soil type. Stability can be enhanced with geotextiles,

geogrids or a combination of the two, and the surface should be seeded to assist

stability. If drainage or soil types make these slopes impracticable, the face of the

stop butt may be terraced. The design of a terraced stop butt must avoid terrace

steps in the main impact area behind the targets (see section 8.6.10 Terracing on

Page 245).

8.6.7 BULLET CATCHER OR MATERIAL BOXES

A sand or granulated rubber bullet catcher may be formed on the face of the stop

butt. With sand, this will help with identifying the fall of shot and with either, will

simplify de-leading. An area behind the target is excavated to 500 mm deep and

filled with coarse sand as specified in Chapter 2 or granulated rubber. To assist in

maintaining the profile, these boxes may be constructed of timber and set into the

stop butt. The height and width of the box is to be such that when a 1.22 m2 (4ft2)

target is installed, at least 0.3 m of material all around it is visible to the firer from

the 100 firing point. Granulated rubber should not be placed over the whole stop

butt due to the fire risk. It is easier to control a fire in smaller shooting in boxes.

Light rubber sheet or shredded rubber tiles may be used to stop granulate jumping

out of the boxes following bullet strike. This also helps prevent grass from grass

cutters and other debris getting into the granulate.




8.6.8 FLAG POLES AND LIGHTS

A flag pole 6-9 m high manufactured from non- ricochet inducing material such as

timber, hollow aluminium or penetrable composite material is mounted at one end

of the stop butt on which a 1.8 m2 red range in use flag is flown. If the range is

authorised for night firing, a red warning light is mounted on top of the pole

8.6.9 LANE NUMBERS

Lane numbers constructed of timber and WBP grade plywood as shown in Figure

15-4 are positioned at the foot of the mantlet. The lane numbers are to be 1 m high

and painted black in silhouette or white numbers on a 1.2 m high black

background. On ranges in excess of 600, the height of the numbers should be

increased to 1.4 m. For night firing or falling plate practices, the lane numbers must

be removable.

NOTE: Any shots aimed over the top of the stop butt will almost certainly leave the

RDA.

8.6.10 TERRACING

a. Hill Stop Butts. Engineering considerations may make it necessary

to terrace a stop butt such as when a hill is used. Each terrace

must be cut with a face angle of 34° (2:3) (S) and the top of the

terrace sloped back from the face at 4.8° (1:12). Terraces may

be wide enough to accept a small excavator but the possibility of

ricochet from the edge will limit the depth of each terrace to

ensure capture of the round by the terrace above. The layout of

terracing must be planned using established ricochet data.




Terraces should be constructed to avoid the main area of impact

behind the targets.

b. Stop Butt and Mantlet Cross-fall. When a cross-fall exceeds 2.3°

(1:25), it will be necessary to form a step or steps in the length of

the stop butt and mantlet. The slope should be formed at the

natural angle of repose for the soil and the resulting horizontal

slope length added between lanes. To meet the minimum crest

width, lower levels will have an increased crest width to avoid a

change in the face angle. A step in the stop butt must be offset

from the step in the mantlet to cover the flank angle distance (60

mils (3.4°)) from the LofS at the 100 firing point. The

requirements for a stepped stop butt and mantlet are shown at

Figure 8-5 on Page 262.

8.7 MARKERS' GALLERY

8.7.1 GENERAL

The markers' gallery is designed to work with the Hythe target frames. It must

provide sufficient height to allow both front and back targets to be lowered out of

sight to the firers and to enable the marker to paste up a 1.8 m screen without

standing on a step or reaching above the gallery roof. This is not easily achieved

and the design dimensions for gallery construction must be carefully adhered to.

Figures 8-6 and 8-7 show a typical layout and cross-section of a gallery and the

design requirements. The gallery should be at right angles to the axis of the range

but, like the stop butt, a deviation of 180 mils 10°) is permitted. It is desirable that

the gallery and stop butt are parallel but this is not essential.




8.7.2 CONSTRUCTION

The construction should be of brick or concrete, pre-cast concrete cantilever

sections are ideal. Provision must be made behind this wall for the relief of

hydraulic pressures. The target trench is the lowest point in the gallery and has to

be properly drained by laying the bottom of the trench to a self-draining fall from

the centre out towards each end of the gallery or from one end to the other over its

full length. From the end the drainage may lead into the range system or into a

soakaway. It may be necessary to install a lift pump but every effort must be made

to prevent flooding in the gallery area.

8.7.3 FIXTURES

A seat for each marker is fixed to the gallery wall opposite each target and

provision made for telephones. A flag pole of the same material specified in section

8.6.8 Flag Poles and Lights on Page 245 is fixed to one end of the gallery for

mounting a 1.2 x 0.9 m red butt flag. Access to the gallery is at this end.

8.7.4 TARGET SPACING

Ranges built to imperial units have target spacing which give a lane width of 4 yds.

This is the minimum requirement to ensure sufficient working space for markers in

the gallery and to give sufficient visual separation between targets. Even at short

range, firers may have difficulty identifying their targets if this spacing is reduced.

On new ranges lane widths should be 4 m.




8.7.5 TARGET AND TARGET FRAMES

The in-service target frame is the 'Hythe' pattern shown in Figure 8-8: The Hythe

Pattern Target Frame on Page 266. The original frames were built of malleable iron

and are normally supplied by McQueens Ltd of Galashiels who hold the original

drawings. The calculations for setting the height of the target frames are critical for

the safe operation of the range. Great care must be taken in ensuring accurate

design and setting out the work. Details of the service specifications to be applied

to the target carriages for fixing Figure targets and target poles are shown in Figure

8-9: Fixing Details for Figure Target in Hythe Frames on Page 267. The legs of the

targets used in target frames must allow the bottom edge of the target to show 75

mm above the crest of the mantlet as seen from all firing points (see Figure 8-10:

Crest Board Clearance and Mantlet Damage on Page 268).

8.8 MANTLET

8.8.1 LENGTH AND HEIGHT

In terms of safety it is the mantlet that determines whether the range is an

imperial or metric range. Whenever possible, the mantlet length should be

extended beyond the flank targets to protect structures at the ends of the gallery.

As a guide the flanks of the mantlet should be in the LofS from the 100 firing point

to the flanks of the stop butt. The minimum height of the mantlet is to be 2m. On

existing imperial ranges it may be 1.8m. (See Figure 8-3: Determination of Stop

Butt Height & Length on Page 260). The full minimum height must be visible from

all firing points in the prone posture. For mantlets that are higher, it is only

necessary to see the minimum height from the crest board down from each firing

point, not the whole mantlet. The mantlet and the stop butt height are key factors

in justifying confidence in the capture of direct aimed shot and low, long ranging

ricochets.




8.8.2 CONSTRUCTION

A typical cross section of a mantlet is illustrated in Figure 15-7. The mantlet is

formed of compacted soil free from large stones (>30 mm in any one dimension).

It must not be less than 1.5 m thick at any point. A rock or rubble core may be

incorporated providing there is a minimum of 500 mm of stone-free cover. The

forward face has to be constructed to a minimum slope of 34 degrees (2:3) to the

range floor. Due to increased use of targets mounted on the range floor in front of

the mantlet, shooting in boxes 1.4 m x 1 m wide (T) should be provided in each

lane to facilitate effective de-leading. The depth of the sand or granulate in each

box is around 450 mm perpendicular to the surface, 500 mm in line with the path

of the bullets. To reduce ricochet the top of the mantlet is raked back to a slope of

1:12 (S) below the highest LofS. To ensure that the correct height and width are

maintained, the crest of the mantlet is defined by a timber profile board 230 mm x

40 mm set on edge along the full length of the mantlet. The face of the mantlet

should match the range floor. In accordance with Health and Safety at Work

Regulations, protection for maintenance staff should be provided where there is an

open drop into the gallery. The minimum measure is a steep drop warning sign at

each end of the mantlet. The type protection provided on the mantlet is to be

dictated by local risk assessment based on the degree of permitted and

unauthorised access onto the mantlet.

8.8.3 FALLING PLATE TARGETS

Falling plate shooting-in boxes set into the face of the mantlet lower the CofF,

which increases the risk of ricochet off the range floor and therefore requires the

2900 m RDA template to be applied (see Figure 8-1A, page 257). To avoid lowering

the CofF, shooting-in boxes may be set into the stop butt between target frames on

the normal LofS. However, as this creates a backsplash hazard, the markers'

gallery should not to be manned. To fire falling plate practices on gallery ranges




without the need to increase the Gallery RDA, falling plate boxes or covers over the

steel plates mounted on the mantlet may be used (5.56 mm only; refer to TAS for

details). Only the issued falling plate targets are to be used (see Chapter 10).

8.9 TARGET STORE and WORKSHOP

The preferred position for the target store and workshop is at one end of the

markers' gallery (see Figure 8-6 on Page 263). On ranges with up to twelve targets

it will be found that a combined target store and workshop will be adequate. In the

case of larger ranges it is advisable to have the workshop sited centrally and the

target store sited in the gallery. The workshop should be equipped with a large flat-

topped target table, a carpenter's bench, cupboards, and adequate heating and

lighting. A water supply is desirable. RAO should be aware that most target stores

and workshops on GR are located within the GR RDA. Personnel in this area are

exposed to rounds that “pop over” the stop butt. This is a particular hazard when

7.62mm is fired.

8.10 RANGE FLOOR

8.10.1 LEVELLING

Visibility of targets must be maintained throughout, when advancing from the 400

firing point forward. Drainage ditches, streams etc need to be culverted and

brought approximately to ground level. It is not satisfactory to place footbridges

across such obstacles as timber will become slippery, and steel and concrete are a

ricochet hazard. Depth of soil cover on the range floor is 150mm (S) and should be

free from stones >30mm in any direction.




8.10.2 DISTANCE AND LANE MARKERS

Timber markers are suitably positioned to show lane numbers and the firing

distance of the firing points.

8.11 FIRING POINTS

8.11.1 CONSTRUCTION

The minimum height of the mantlet (see section 8.8.1 Length & Height on Page

248) must be visible to the firer in the prone posture or in a firing trench. The crest

board must be 450mm above the range floor. In addition, to reduce ricochet, no

ground or obstruction is to intrude into a line 450mm below the prone firer's LofS.

8.11.2 SURFACES

Firing point surfaces should be slip resistant, have no trip hazards and designed to

minimise maintenance bearing in mind that they are exposed to shot from firing

points to the rear.

8.11.3 FIRE TRENCHES

Properly drained fire trenches together with a post to simulate fire from cover are

normally provided at the 100m, 200m and 300m firing points but may not be

possible if the water table is high. The trenches may be revetted with timber or pre-

formed concrete sections with a 225mm timber surround at the top to prevent

ricochet. For reasons of safety, a lid to cover the trench when it is not in use should

be provided.




8.12 COMMUNICATIONS

8.12.1 EXTERNAL


be available.

8.12.2 INTERNAL

Provision should be made for the following telephone communications:

a. Gallery. The connection point in the gallery should be placed centrally

to each bank of twelve targets and is to be an external weatherproof

fitting made vandal-proof by putting it into a secure access box with the

cable in securely fixed trunking. The spur that runs to the side of the

range to connect with the line from the firing points is in a cable duct

buried 600mm deep.

b. Firing Points. The connections at the firing points are to be external

weatherproof fittings located to the rear of the firing point. Preferably

the connections are set below ground in a damp-proof container with a

50mm thick timber lid set flush with the range floor. An above ground

connection point should be provided on a pole set as low as possible but

not more than 500mm high protected by 100mm thick timber or

500mm of earth ramped up from the range floor.

c. Inspection Pits. All inspection pits on or adjacent to the range floor are

fitted with 50 mm thick timber covers set flush with the range floor.




8.13 MAINTENANCE

8.13.1 RANGE PROFILE SURVEY

The effects of weathering, soil movement and attrition will cause changes in the

range profile. Range inspectors should call on TAS (RE) if they are in any doubt on

ballistic element compliance.



follows:

a. Range Staff. See HPRS Volume 1 Chapter 2, para 2.4.4.

b. ED.

(1) Grounds.

(2) Fencing and sign posting. (See Chapter 2).

(3) Structures, roads and drainage including stability of slopes and erosion control.

(4) Water and electricity supplies.

(5) Periodic refurbishment of the range structure.

c. Equipment Management. Repairing and servicing equipment installed by single Police contract.

8.13.3 FREQUENCY











The requirements for maintaining the bullet catcher sand, granulate and de-leading

are given in Chapter 2, pages 99 to 106.

8.13.5 MANTLET SCOOPING

Low shots can cause deep scooping to the front of the mantlet in line with the

targets. This can generate high ricochet and may allow shot to penetrate through

the mantlet to strike target frames. Maintaining the mantlets correct profile is

essential. Timber or shredded rubber/polymer blocks may be used to minimise the

maintenance effort providing 75mm of clearance is maintained. (see Figure 8-12:

Mantlet Protection – Options for Ease of Maintenance on Page 270).


The following areas are considered during a compliance check:


b. Firing point dimensions, construction, lane identification, alignment and profiles.

c. Visibility of required mantlet face from all firing points.

d. Mantlet profile, height and width.

e. Full exposure of all targets from all firing points, spacing identification and target centre height.




f. Minimum clearance over mantlet crest board.

g. Minimum clearance over Hythe Frame.

h. Stop butt alignment, distance from target line, size and profile.

i. Falling plate target position and construction, if applicable.

j. Quadrant Elevation to target centre. (CofF then added to determine max QE).

k. Template alignment.

l. Flags, signage, communications.




FIGURE 8-1: RDA TEMPLATE GALLERY RANGE

NOTES:

1. ADH: 5.56, & 9mm: 500 ft, 7.62 Ball 750 ft, 7.62 mm Tracer: 1500 ft AGL. 2. When firing 7.62 mm Ball an air sentry may be required. 3. This template only applies to ranges built to metric standards (see Figure 8-1B: HEF

WDA Template SA Ammunition QE > 150 < 1250mils on Page 258) and to those constructed to Reference W with a QE restriction (QEmax) of 70mils (30mils to target centre QEtch)).

4. Maximum MV / ME permitted - see Table 4: SA Ammunition Maximum MV and ME Limitations (C) on Page 71.

5. Tracer DA shown in red.




FIGURE 8-1A: RDA TEMPLATE, <QE 150MILS - ETR

(RDA for 5.56mm and 7.62mm ammunition shown)

1. ADH: 5.56mm and 9mm: 500ft, 7.62mm Ball 750ft, 7.62mm Tracer 1500ft. (For ranges where range floor is not shaped use FFA ADH detail in Chapter 2 Table 1.)

2. When firing 7.62mm Ball an air sentry may be required. 3. See HPRS VOLUME III for pistol use. 4. Where unprotected hard surfaces exist on the range floor within the CofF, hard template

wings are to be applied (Figure 8-1c on Page 258) 5. The Template is asymmetrical due to the 200m target line offset.




FIGURE 8-1B: HEF WDA TEMPLATE SA AMMUNITION QE > 150 < 1250MILS

FIGURE 8-1C: 8.6MM LONG RANGE RIFLE FFA TEMPLATE

Ser Ammunition Measurements to be Applied

(m) (m) (m) (m) (mils)

(a) (b) (c) (d) (e)

1 5.56 & 7.62mm 4000 2100 200 325 150

2 12.7mm (0.5”) 6400 4000 250 350 150

3 .22”, < 330m/s 1450 800 100 175 150

4 .22”, > 330m/s 1550 800 100 175 150

5 9mm ball 1825 1000 150 200 40

Note: 1. Dimension ‘d’ represents an allowance for wind. 2. For ADH refer to Chapter 2 Table 1. 3. Ball, tracer or AP. 4. 9mm (less moving vehicle) Vertex Ht. 1225m

Reference: D/DEO(CS)/70/49/5/2 Mar 98




NOTES:

6. 1. The C of F is omitted from the template as it has been included in the overall calculation.

7. 2. This template is for 8.6mm ball ammunition only. 8. 3. ADH – 3000ft.

FIGURE 8-2: EFFECTS OF HOLLOW SITES




FIGURE 8-3: DETERMINATION OF STOP BUTT HEIGHT & LENGTH




FIGURE 8-4: LANE MARKER NUMBERS




FIGURE 8-5: STEPPED MANTLET AND STOP BUTT




FIGURE 8-6: MARKERS’ GALLERY LAYOUT







FIGURE 8-7: MARKERS GALLERY DETAIL




FIGURE 8-8: THE HYTHE PATTERN TARGET FRAME




FIGURE 8-9: FIXING DETAIL FOR FIGURE TARGET IN HYTHE FRAMES




FIGURE 8-10: CREST BOARD CLEARANCE AND MANTLET DAMAGE




FIGURE 8-11: ‘SHOOTING-IN’ BOXES




FIGURE 8-12: MANTLET PROTECTION - OPTIONS FOR EASE OF MAINTENANCE




CHAPTER 9: The Converted Gallery Range And Electric Target (Limited Danger Area) Range

(READ IN CONJUNCTION WITH CHAPTER 8)

9.1 INTRODUCTION

Converted Gallery Range CGR is a Gallery Range that has been converted to be

equipped with fixed electric targets (FET), each of which provide two `fall-when-hit'

targets per shooting lane (target details are given in Chapter 10). If the mantlet is

constructed as shown in Figure 9-2: Siting of FET and Access Path on page 284,

automatic marking system (AMS) may be installed without further major works.

When a new range is constructed without a gallery but with FET, it is termed an

Electric Target (Limited Danger Area) Range (ET(LDA)R). The CGR and ET(LDA)R

can be used to fire the same SA as the GR using the Gallery RDA template.

9.2 Aim

This chapter describes the construction requirements to convert a GR to a CGR and

the construction of a new ET(LDA)R. The features which do not differ from the GR

are not covered in this Chapter and for which reference should be made to Chapter

8.




9.3 CONVERSION CONSTRUCTION - GENERAL

9.3.1 DESIGN CONSIDERATIONS

No range design work should start until full details of the targetry to be used are to

hand. Compliance cannot be achieved without full details of the targets and target

mechanisms. The firing point crest board, mantlet crest board, stop butt and target

centres are all linked in the design to achieve compliance. Ranges with FET and

AMS will require different design detailing to those ranges without AMS due to

differing target requirements. Ducting should always be included in the mantlet

whether or not AMS is to be installed to enable AMS installation at a later date.

9.3.2 LAND REQUIREMENTS

The construction of a new CGR or ET(LDA)R may be more expensive than an ETR.

Considerations such as land availability may, however, make the ET(LDA)R the

preferred choice. A comparison of the land requirement is:

a. CGR, ET(LDA)R. Length 2400 m, width 750 m and an area of 1,800,000 m2 (180 hectares or 445 acres).

b. ETR. Length 3325 m, width 1132 m and an area of 3,763,900 m2

(376 hectares or 930 acres).

9.3.3 CONVERSION

The conversion of a GR to a CGR requires that all elements of the range are

brought up to full new GR specification. The designer / contractor must establish

the current range profile and layout in relation to compliance prior to conversion.

Ranges with firing points set out in imperial should be converted to metric but it is

unnecessary to alter the lane widths and target spacing to metric. By installing FETs




on the mantlet of a GR the GR RDA will increase in width due to re alignment of

LofS to target centres. To facilitate AMS, it will be necessary to ensure the LofS for

each firing position is at right angles to the targets (see section 9.3.4 Layout for

Automatic Marking System on Page 273). Conversion will include:

a. Reconstruction of the mantlet and installation of FET.

b. Realignment of lanes if necessary.

c. Construction of the control building.

d. Installation of electric power and target control circuits.

e. It is most likely that there will be an increase to the stop butt dimensions if mantlet height changes or firing points are taken back to metric distances.

9.3.4 LAYOUT FOR AUTOMATIC MARKING SYSTEM

AMS often requires precise range layout to assure accuracy in recording the fall of

shot. If firing lanes are re aligned the RDA must be re confirmed. Where AMS

equipment requires FET equipment to move back from the crest board, careful

design is required to ensure full target exposure with clearances. If AMS is to be

installed either at the time of conversion or at a later date and for new ranges refer

to TAS (RE) for details of current AMS installation requirements.

9.4 MANTLET

The reconstruction details for the mantlet are shown in Figure 9-2: Siting of FET

and Access Path on page 284. The depth from the markers' gallery to the mantlet

crest board must be able to accommodate the target system (including AMS) and

access path. The face profile of the mantlet is retained at the recommended 34°

(2:3) from the horizontal whilst the full face at minimum height of 2m must remain

visible to the firer from all firing points. Extending the mantlet by filling on to the




existing construction is not good practice. The mantlet is best totally reconstructed

as a monolithic structure of fully compacted 150 mm thick layers of stone-free soil,

which should ensure that there is no settlement under the additional imposed

loading. A rock core is permitted but this must be covered and faced with stone-

free soil to a depth of 500 mm on the front face. In accordance with Management

of Health and Safety at Work Regulations , protection should be provided where

there is a drop into the gallery. To avoid the fall from height hazard when working

on the mantlet on CGR it is possible to provide the access path in front of the

mantlet.

See Figure 9-2: Siting of FET and Access Path on page 284.

9.4.1 LofS CLEARANCE

The slope from front to back on top of the mantlet is dependant upon the levels on

the range floor and in particular the level of firing point crest boards. It is important

that at the design stage the following clearances are resolved to ensure full target

exposure and clearances. (Note: With current FETs it may not be possible to

achieve all clearances.)

a. FET clearance 50 mm below the lowest LofS.

b. Bottom of target 75 mm from highest LofS.

c. No ricochet inducing surfaces from any LofS.

d. Gallery frames clear of the lowest LofS.




9.5 STOP BUTT

Existing Gallery Ranges have a 1 .8m mantlet and the stop butt is determined with

a 3.05m pole set on the mantlet crest board. Conversion will bring the mantlet

height up to at least 2.0m and a 5.0m pole set on the mantlet crest board is used

to determine the increased stop butt height required.

9.6 TARGETRY

9.6.1 TARGETS

Only authorised targets described in Chapter 10 may be used. All targetry is to

comply with section 9.4.1 LofS Clearance on Page 274. Falling plate targets may be

used with the same conditions and limitations applicable to the GR.

9.6.2 FIXED ELECTRIC TARGET LOCATIONS

The FET consists of 24 units, 2 for each of the 12 lanes (see Figure 9-1: Layout

CGR on Page 283). Each unit is normally housed in a pre-cast concrete box

(coffin). It is often necessary to enclose coffins with vandal-proof steel lids. The

coffins in each pair are set slightly staggered to allow their lids to open without

obstruction; coffins with single lids need not be offset. However, each coffin must

be placed symmetrically across the centre line of the firing lane to facilitate AMS.

9.6.3 PROTECTION

Coffins are protected against strike by a 12 mm thick armoured steel sheet to the

specification provided in Chapter 2. Ricochet from the steel is reduced by timber or

shredded rubber protection (see Figure 9-2: Siting of FET and Access Path on page

284. Depending on site conditions, all elements must be set to a level so that no




part is above the line from the mantlet crest at a fall of 4.85 (1:12) from the worst

case LofS. In addition, it is necessary to ensure that no part of the rear of the coffin

is exposed to the firer standing on any firing point. A 50 mm margin for safety is to

be provided between the worst LofS and the rear the coffin (see Figure 9-2: Siting

of FET and Access Path on page 284).

9.6.4 ACCESS

A path wide enough for the FET trolley is required to replace and maintain FET

mechanisms. This should be laid close to the level of the coffin base to reduce

lifting. If Materials Handling Equipment (MHE) is to be used, the path will have to

be designed to provide access to all equipment on the mantlet as well as a ramp

from the mantlet down to the workshop.

9.6.5 TARGET STORE AND WORKSHOP

Extra space is likely to be required in both the target store and workshop to

accommodate an increased holding of targets for FET. It may be possible to turn

the existing workshop into an extra target store and to build a new workshop

behind the range. Roller tables or lifting gear should be provided to move FETs

within the workshop. The workshop has to be large enough to allow for:

a. Storing spare FET and spare parts.

c. Repairing and servicing FET.

d. A 240 volt AC power supply.

e. Working space for 3 men.




9.7 CONTROL BUILDING

9.7.1 PURPOSE

This building houses the control, operation and communication systems required to

control the range, activate the targetry and record the number of hits. It is an

operations room which should be sized only to accommodate personnel essential to

running practices.

9.7.2 LOCATION

The control building is usually sited to the right, rear of the 300 m firing point at an

angle optimising the view of the range (see Figure 9-1: Layout CGR on page 283

and Figure 9-2: Siting of FET and Access Path on page 284).

9.7.3 CONSTRUCTION

The control building walls may be constructed of concrete or brick. The walls

exposed to strike must provide ballistic protection and prevent damp entering

where earth banks are used. The protected walls will also need to be designed to

withstand lateral pressures where earth or sand banks are used. The back wall

facing 400 - 600m firing points is constructed to withstand bullet penetration (See

Chapter 2). The rear of the building must be faced so that firers during fire and

movement practices are not exposed to the risk of backsplash (Note. 7.62mm

tracer may backsplash 125m from large sand banks with 34 degree slopes). On

compacted earth slopes the 7.62 mm tracer round are normally captured without

ricochet If earth or sand banks are not used, anti-splash protection is provided with

50mm timber boarding on 50 mm timber battens set vertically to cover the walls

exposed to strike. The timber protection is to be off set to allow inspection of the

protected walls for shot damage or fixed in such a way to allow inspection of the




wall. The building has a raised floor to give the equipment operators clear view of

targets over the heads of personnel on the firing point. The building should be

vandal-proof.

9.7.4 WARNING FLAGS AND LIGHTS

A 6-9 m high flag pole made of timber, hollow aluminium or non-ricochet inducing

composite material is fixed to the control building at the furthest safety point from

the access door. This pole is for hoisting a 1.8 m2 red range in use flag. A shorter

flag pole is also provided to protect personnel in the control building in a similar

way to that used on a mantlet for a butt party. This flag pole made of the same

material as the main pole is fixed outside the access door. A red light operated from

the control building is fitted to the top of both flag poles for night firing.

9.8 ELECTRICITY SUPPLY

9.8.1 ELECTRICITY SUPPLY

The provision of a reliable supply of electricity is essential. The power requirement

to successfully use a CGR or ET(LDA)R will vary with the circumstances of each

range but, as a guide, 50 kilovolt Amperes Triple Phase and Neutral (50 kVA TP&N)

is generally satisfactory but a generator seldom is. In addition to electricity for

target mechanisms and control circuits, power should be provided to heat and light:

a. Control building and systems.

b. Range Wardens' workshop.

c. Target store.




d. Staff shelter and toilets.

e. Night firing warning lights.

9.8.2 FIXED ELECTRIC TARGET

The power supply to FET should be switched and circuit protected. The switch

should be a lockable isolator switch to prevent others accidentally turning on the

power while work on FET is undertaken.

9.9 COMMUNICATIONS

9.9.1 EXTERNAL


be available.

9.9.2 INTERNAL

A range telephone system is required to connect the control building to the:

a. RCO at each firing point.

b. Staff shelter.

c. Butts.

d. Target line for testing and maintaining target mechanisms.




9.9.3 PUBLIC ADDRESS SYSTEM

A PA system is required with a microphone in the control building and a wandering

microphone for use outside by the RCO. A microphone connection point may be

required at each firing point. Loudspeakers are to be fitted to the control building

and at each end of the main firing point. If the control building is on a flank, the

location of installations may need to be reviewed.

9.9.4 PROTECTION

The down-range telephone connection points must be protected against SA fire by

timber 100 mm thick or 500 mm of well compacted soil. All cables are to be buried

in protective conduit with waterproof connections and fittings.

9.10 MAINTENANCE


The requirements for maintaining a GR apply equally to the CGR and ET(LDA)R.

Maintenance of the range is the responsibility of the RAU and may be divided as

follows:

a. Range Warden. See HPRS Volume 1 Chapter 2, para 2.4.4.

b. Property Management.

(1) Grounds.

(2) Fencing and sign posting. (See Chapter 2.)

(3) Structures, roads and drainage including stability of slopes and erosion control.




(4) Water and electricity supplies.

(5) Periodic refurbishment of the range structure.

c. Equipment Management. Repairing and servicing equipment installed by

Police contract.

9.10.2 FREQUENCY

Proper maintenance depends on good liaison between the CFI, Range Safety




so may be needed each year for repairing buildings and earthworks; this work

should be combined with contract repair of equipment.


The compliance tests are detailed below:


b. Firing point type, dimensions, construction, lane identification, alignment and profiles.

c. Visibility of required mantlet face from all firing points.

d. Mantlet profile, height and width.

e. Full exposure of all targets from all firing points, spacing, identification and target centre height.

f. Minimum clearance over mantlet crest board.

g. Protection to coffins and minimum clearance over coffin.




h. Minimum clearance over Hythe Frame.(where provided)

i. Stop butt alignment, distance from target line, size and profile.

j. Falling plate target position and construction, if applicable.

k. Positioning, alignment and protection to control building.

l. Quadrant Elevation to target centre. (CofF then added to determine max QE).

m. Template alignment.

n. Flags, signage and communications.




FIGURE 9-1: LAYOUT CGR

NOTE: Double targets for SA systems positioned between the two lanes with

targets in the right hand FET of the left lane and the left hand FET on the right lane.




FIGURE 9-2: SITING OF FET AND ACCESS PATH




FIGURE 9-3: SITING OF THE CONTROL BUILDING




CHAPTER 10: Targetry

10.1 INTRODUCTION

This chapter covers the provision, description and maintenance of targetry

approved by the Sponsor for use on the ranges described in previous chapters of

this Volume.

10.2 Definitions

Targetry is the fitted, non-constructed, part of a range and includes:

a. Targets: Targets are the consumable materials struck by shot.

They include pre-formed targets and the basic materials for

making up targets.

b. Target Mechanisms: These expose targets on command and

may be operated manually, by radio when portability is required

or by land line when a mains supply is available at fixed

installations. Mechanisms may be single or multiple function

devices, the latter having the ability to move. Details of manually

operated mechanisms are given in the relevant range chapters.

c. Support Systems: These are ancillary systems, such as the

Automatic Marker System (AMS), which measures the fall of shot

on and around a target by acoustic triangulation and displays the

results on individual monitors and Visual Hit Indicators (VHI).




10.3 Design Criteria

The use of the approved targetry listed in this Chapter is essential to the safety of a

fixed range as the type; position and size of targets are principal considerations in

range design. LofS, QE and ricochet determine range geometry, which may be

adversely affected if unapproved targetry is used.

10.4 PROVISION

10.4.1 TARGET MECHANISMS AND SUPPORT SYSTEMS

The RAO in consultation with the CFI will decide what target systems will be used

on police ranges. Their responsibilities will include

a. Target mechanisms and support systems, including when appropriate,

their installation and the training of operators and maintenance staff.

b. Spares and spare parts for new mechanisms and support to those

systems on their introduction into service. Thereafter it is the

responsibility of the Estates Department – through the force estates

contract process.

10.4.2 REPAIR AND MAINTENANCE

CFI in consultation with the Estates Department is responsible for providing the

repair and maintenance of approved in-service target mechanisms and support

systems.




10.5 FIGURE TARGET MECHANISMS STATIC

10.5.1 FIXED ELECTRIC TARGET (FET)

The FET is an electrically operated target presentation system. Targets are raised

by an operator at a console and may be set for a required exposure period or to

fall-when-hit. An electronic counter records hits. Each mechanism will lift up to

three targets using a triple target bar conversion. FET require to be set into

protected, properly drained concrete housings and protected against rodents and

vandalism. A power supply and signal cabling are needed. Construction details are

contained in Type Drawings. Complex Combined Equipment Schedule (CES)

No.40731 Fixed Electrical Target Ranges lists the components and it is sub-divided

into:

a. CES No.38814 - Target Holding Assembly, Electric, Fixed, 240 V

AC (B2/6920-99-200-9072) or Target Holding Assembly, No. 1,

Electric, Fixed, 240 V AC (B2/6920-99-105-6283).

b. CES No.38815 - Console Target Control, Fixed, 24 V DC

(B2/6920- 99-200-970 1).

c. CES No.38917 - Conversion Kit, Target Holding Assembly, Electric

(B2/6920-99-96 1-4355).

d. CES No.38920 - Parts Kit, Target Holding Assembly, Electric

(B2/6920-99-96 1-8181).




10.5.2 ELECTRIC SWIVEL TARGET EQUIPMENTS

These electrically operated mechanisms replace the traditional hand operated

turners. Banks of two or three targets per lane are turned through 90° (1600 mils)

by an operator using a hand-held console, which is connected by a cable to the

mechanisms, to expose the targets to the firers. The mechanisms are placed behind

a mantlet so that no part of them is visible to a firer in any firing position on any

firing point. Power supply is either 12 V batteries or mains transformed to 12 V DC.

Although not strictly portable, the mechanisms can be moved to and from a store.

10.5.3 PORTABLE RADIO-OPERATED TARGET EQUIPMENTS

These are primarily used for tactical exercises. They may provide a number of

features such as fall-when-hit, hit counters and displays, and have retaliatory

devices. Targets are radio-controlled with a multi-link possibility. The equipment

has to be well dug in or shielded by a mini mantlet (indoor) bank or bund (outdoor)

so that no part of the mechanism, including the target arm, is visible to a firer in

any firing position from any firing point. A minimum of 500mm of well compacted

earth protection or sandbags is required, although this will require review when

new weapons are brought into service. If the unit is only splash-proof and is to be

left in a pit, drainage will be necessary.

NOTE: Radio controlled target mechanisms present a danger to users if not

properly handled. Detailed preparation instructions and safety precautions are

contained in the User Instructions.




10.5.4 PORTABLE CABLE OPERATED EQUIPMENT

a. Description: If FET installation is impracticable, portable

cable-operated electric targets provide a fall when-hit- capability

but have no up-and-hold facility which may be unsuitable for

some practices. Installation is carried out by the range staff or

user force referring to the engineering instructions. The

equipment is supplied to CES No.38880 - Target Set Silhouette,

Portable, Electrical/Pneumatic, (B2/6920-99- 106-9201) and

comprises:

(1) 12 target mechanisms and a console.

(2) 36 drums of 100 m long electric cable with connectors.

(3) A 3 m lead with crocodile clips to connect the console to

the battery.

(4) 4 drum carrying handles.

b. Compressed Air Supply. Each mechanism is operated by

compressed air and has two air cylinders. Compressors for

charging the cylinders are shown in Table 1 below:

TABLE 13 - AIR COMPRESSORS

Type Vocabulary No. Description

(a) (b) (c)

Static W2/WX/0415 Plant, Dry Air Charging, Static, S.I. Engine Driven, 5 c.f.m/2500 p.s.i., Reavell, SAT3, Coventry Climax

Mobile W2/4310/99/205/9313 Plant, Dry Air Charging, Mobile, Engine Driven, Bristol Pneumatic Tools Ltd. Policeel BM 4S-7




10.6 TARGETS AND ACCESSORIES

10.6.1 FIGURE TARGETS

Figure 11, 12, 14 and 20 targets are the basic targets for police training. Figure 11

and 12 targets are also available in reduced sizes to represent the full target

viewed from a greater distance. Figure targets for use with AMS are shown in

Figure 10-1 on Page 295. Other targets suitable for cadets are shown in Figure 10-

2: ARA Targets on 1.220 metre Screen (1) on Page 296. Targets are issued in a

variety of forms for particular applications. These include:

a. Colour. Black and ochre for range use, and black and silver for

field firing exercises.

b. Materials. Plywood veneers with a printed paper facing for static

(stick-in) use or fitting in GR Hythe frames and aluminium or

plastic with a pre-printed facing for fall-when-hit mechanisms.

c. Scoring Circles. Scoring circles are provided on targets for basic

practices. They are not provided on fall-when-hit targets.

d. Optical/Iron Sights. Target designs are varied to suit the type of

sight being used.

e. Various types of judgmental paper facings are available through

police sources.




10.6.2 1.22 M2 AND 1.83 M2 SCREEN TARGETS

A 1.22 m2 (4 ft2) timber frame is covered with hessian and faced with ochre

coloured paper to form a screen. A Figure 11 or 12 target facing is pasted in the

centre as an aiming mark. Appropriate screen targets are also used for Stage 1 and

2 shooting and for cadet, National Rifle Association (NRA) and ARA competitions.

1.83 m2 (6 ft) screens may be held for NRA and ARA shooting at distances over

400 m, for which Table 2 gives the scoring circle diameters that are marked with

wax crayon.

TABLE 14 - NRA AND ARA SCORING CIRCLE DIAMETERS

Ser Figure Target

Figure 12 Figure 11 or 12

(a) (b) (c) (d) (e) (f) (g)

Type A 500 m (mm)

B 300 m (mm)

C 200 m (mm)

D Marksmanship shooting

1 Series A 300 180 120 300 760

(optical sight) 600 360 240 1200 1200 1200 750 750 1200

2 Series B 375 225 150 300 760

(iron sight) 750 450 300 1200 1200 1200 750 750 1200

10.6.3 REPRESENTATIVE SIZES

Targets may be scaled to represent proportions presented at a notional distance,

rather than the true engagement distance. Proportions may be calculated by

applying the formula:

Actual Target Dimension x True Distance = Representative Dimension




Representative Distance

Example: A weapon is to be used at a true engagement distance of 100 m

whereas the practice requires a representative range of 450 m. If the actual width

of the target being engaged is 3.5 m, the representative width will be:

3.5 x 100 = 0.777 m or 777 mm

450

10.6.4 FALLING PLATES

These are made of 8 mm thick armour plate, approximately 300 mm square and

painted white. They are free standing on a narrow flange as shown in Figure 10-4:

Falling Plate and Head-on Tank Target on Page 298, and their positioning and

mounting are shown in Figure 10-11. Only the issued falling plates are authorised

for use.

10.6.5 TARGET SHOOTERS ZEROING TARGETS (NRA)

In order to zero rifles that have an ME exceeding 4500J on Police ranges, zeroing

targets are to be fixed to screens mounted in gallery frames on gallery ranges. The

firers are to set sights for 600m for zeroing at 200m and check that the fall of shot

at the point of impact is central on the target screen.




NRA Zeroing Target

10.7 TARGET HOLDINGS

The types and quantities of targets held on a range will vary greatly and will

depend on local demand.

10.8 MAINTENANCE


It is the responsibility of the CFI to ensure that all targets and target systems are

to be properly maintained in line with force range standard operating procedures.




FIGURE 10-1: AMS FIGURE TARGETS




FIGURE 10-2: ARA TARGETS ON 1.220 METRE SCREEN (1)




FIGURE 10-3: ARA TARGETS ON 1.220 METRE SCREEN (1)




FIGURE 10-4: FALLING PLATE AND HEAD-ON TANK TARGET




FIGURE 10-5: UGL HE TARGET




CHAPTER 11: Control Of Hazardous Substances In Indoor Ranges

11.1 INTRODUCTION

This Chapter lays down the police requirements to ensure that exposure to

emissions from Police weapons in indoor ranges and ranges with enclosed or semi

enclosed firing points do not generate a hazard to those who enter. In particular it

sets out the control measures to be taken to protect those who enter such ranges.

11.1.1 ENVIRONMENTAL HEALTH HAZARDS COVERED

Not all emissions from weapons are of sufficient quantity to present a measurable

hazard. The following emissions from Police weapons and resultant dust have been

identified as potentially hazardous in some circumstances:

a. Lead b. Unburnt Propellant c. Accumulated Dust d. Carbon Monoxide

11.2 HAZARDS

11.2.1 LEAD

Inhalation and ingestion of lead can be hazardous to health. When a weapon is

fired, the hot gases produced by the propellant burns the lead from the base of the

bullet, producing lead fume. Lead particles are also stripped from unjacketed

bullets as they travel down the barrel and are subsequently released into the air

around the firer. In addition lead dust is produced when the bullet impacts sand or




steel bullet catchers at the end of the range. Lead will also be present in any dust

filtered by any extraction system fitted.

11.2.2 UNBURNT PROPELLANT

Unburnt propellant is also released into the range when a SA is fired. It not only

produces a hazard in its own right but also adds to the problem of controlling lead

pollution. Long barrelled weapons with a good breech seal (obturation) may eject

less than 2% unburnt propellant but some pistols can eject more than 7%. Most

unburnt propellant falls in the area of the firing point and immediately in front of

the firers but some will be distributed down range and may be collected in the dust

filters. If unburnt propellant is allowed to accumulate in the range, particularly out

of sight behind wall cladding or fixtures, it could become a significant hazard.

There is currently no simple means of measuring levels of unburnt propellant.

However, it can be assumed that it will always be present in dust, whether visible

or hidden, in the range if that range has been used during the period.

11.2.3 ACCUMULATED DUST

Any dust allowed to accumulate in a range is likely to contain both lead and

unburnt propellant. If made airborne either by movement of air or the shockwave

created by the blast from the muzzle, it can become an inhalation hazard. Firers in

the prone position and personnel inspecting, cleaning or maintaining the range are

most at risk from this hazard. When dust is collected, such as in a vacuum cleaner

bag, or if permitted to accumulate, it may also become an explosive hazard.




11.2.4 CARBON MONOXIDE

Carbon Monoxide (CO) is released into the air each time a weapon is discharged.

The amount of CO expelled is dependent upon the ammunition cartridge used.

These gasses are light and will disperse in the direction of any air flow. This hazard

need only be considered in ranges that have no mechanical or natural ventilation

and in all ranges with small enclosed firing points.

11.3 UK REGULATIONS

11.3.1 CONTROL OF LEAD AT WORK (CLAW) REGULATIONS

The following terms have been extracted with a summary from the CLAW

Regulations and Approved Code of Practice. For a full explanation refer to the CLAW

Regulations.

Ser Term Summary

1 Action level Blood-lead concentration of: • women of reproductive capacity 25µg/dl • young person 40µg/dl • Any other employee 50µg/dl

2 Biological monitoring Includes measuring of a person’s blood-lead concentration.

3 Control measure Measures taken to reduce exposure to lead such as systems of work, cleaning, engineering controls and the provision and use of PPE.

4 OEL limit Reg.2 Occupational Exposure Limit for lead - 0.15mg/m3

5 Risk assessment Reg.5

Identify those who may be exposed to significant levels of lead in air and apply standard Risk Assessment principles. [Identify hazards, eliminate those that may be eliminated, prioritise the remainder and apply control measures to reduce as far as possible the residual hazards.]




6 Significant exposure Reg.2 For the purpose of this legislation, “significant” in

relation to exposure to lead means exposure in the following circumstances:

(a) where any employee is or is liable to be exposed to a concentration of lead in the atmosphere exceeding half the occupational exposure limit for lead;

(b) where there is a substantial risk of any employee ingesting lead; or

(c) where there is a risk of contact between the skin and lead alkyls or other substances containing lead which can be absorbed through the skin

7 Young person Reg.2 Has not attained the age of 18 and who is not a woman of reproductive capacity

8 Intermittent exposure Reg.5

Exposure to lead compounds for only a few hours over a 40hr week but that exposure may exceed 1/2 OEL over an 8 hr period. if • exposure level is below OEL when averaged

over 8hrs • is below 1/2 OEL when averaged over 40hrs • no substantial risk from surface or skin

contamination. All the above should be covered by appropriate risk assessments.

9 Control measures Reg.6

• ventilation - sufficient general ventilation • reduce exposure to minimum • regular cleaning - wet methods • prohibiting eating and drinking • provide washing facilities

10 Air monitoring Reg.9 • Required where the employer assesses that employees may be exposed to significant Levels of lead in air. • Maximum period between monitoring is

12months.

11 Monitoring records Reg.9(5)

Kept for min 5yrs.

12 Medical surveillance Required for those likely to be or are exposed to significant levels of lead in air.




11.3.2 CARBON MONOXIDE (CO)

The UK Regulations relating to the control of exposure to CO are contained in the

Control of Substances Hazardous to Health (COSHH) Regulations. The Regulations

state that control of exposure will only be treated as adequate if the principles of

good practice are applied and the workplace exposure limit in not exceeded. The

Army Medical Directorate Environmental Health Monitoring Team (AMD EHMT) is

able to provide advice and support in this area. Below are the long and short term,

Time Weighted Average (TWA), CO workplace exposure limits published in the

Health & safety Executive’s document EH40.

Workplace Exposure Limit (WEL)

Long term exposure limit (8hr TWA referenced period)

Short term exposure limit (15min reference period)

ppm mg.m-3 ppm mg.m-3

30 35 200 232

11.3.3 CATEGORY OF USER

There are several categories of range user to be considered under the CLAW

regulations.

(1) Police training staff.

(2) RCOs and Safety supervisors.

(3) Range Inspectors.

(4) Cleaners / Contractors.

(5) Police employees




11.3.4 LEVEL OF EXPOSURE TO LEAD

All personnel in an indoor range are exposed to the lead hazard produced by firing.

In a clean range the degree of exposure is generally very low dependent upon the

number and nature of rounds fired and mitigated by the effectiveness of any

ventilation provided. Personnel such as RCOs, supervisors and instructors are likely

to be exposed for longer periods than the firers. Inspection, cleaning and

maintenance staff will be exposed to residual dust in the range as a result of their

activities. Movement forward of the firing point should be kept to a minimum as this

is where some lead dust will settle. Provided that appropriate dust filters have been

correctly installed and maintained within the extract ventilation system there should

be no risk of exposure, externally, from the exhausted air.

a. Low Use Ranges. Low use is defined as 2 or 3 sessions per week and an average total of up to 500 rounds per week, 26,000 rounds per year.

b. Full Time Use Ranges. Full time use is defined as those ranges

that are expected to be used on a daily basis or fire over 26,000 rounds per year.

11.4 ASSESSMENT

11.4.1 CHIEF FIREARMS INSTRUCTOR (CFI) RESPONSIBILITIES

CFI’s are to assess each of the indoor ranges in their area of responsibility to

determine the level of exposure to lead in air and CO as set out in section 11.3.2 on

Page 304 & section 11.3.4 Level of Exposure to Lead Page 305. Where ranges or

test facilities are used full time or exceed 26,000 rounds per year they are to

undertake full lead in air monitoring to establish the OEL for that particular range

and for each particular use. These are to be monitored for each type of use. If a

range is used by more than one group of users, each use must be assessed.




11.4.2 FACTORS INCLUDED IN THE ASSESSMENT

The lead and CO exposure assessment should take into account the nature of all

activities taking place in the range including dry training, inspecting, maintaining,

monitoring and cleaning, as well as all shooting practices. The assessment should

consider both users and visitors. Personnel such as RCOs, supervisors and

instructors, who are employed routinely in the range are potentially at the greatest

risk as they may be in the range for extended periods whether or not firing is

taking place. Cleaners, works officers and inspectors are likely to be exposed to

higher levels of lead for shorter periods.

11.5 AIR MONITORING

11.5.1 REQUIREMENT

Full lead in air monitoring is to be carried out in accordance with current CLAW

Regulations where the risk assessment indicates that any other person using the

range is liable to receive significant exposure to lead and in the following

circumstances:

a. When a new or a refurbished full time use indoor firing range is

commissioned.

b. An existing indoor range has a change of use that may expose

users to significant levels of lead or has more than 26,000 rounds

fired in it each year.




11.5.2 AIR MONITORING

Air monitoring may be carried out by a specialist contractor. For CO it is a direct

measurement undertaken in the range. For lead, air filters are placed on the firers

and at several points down range during peak maximum capacity firing in the

range. The amount of lead collected by these filters is then measured to determine

the lead in air levels for that range.

11.5.3 RECORDING RESULTS

All monitoring must be recorded in the Range Log Form 906. A certificate giving the

results should be provided and displayed following each measurement of lead in air

from air monitoring stating the conditions, if any, under which the range may

operate.

11.5.4 SIGNIFICANT LEVELS OF LEAD IN AIR

If following lead in air assessment of a range indicates that exposure to lead is

significant, ie greater than 0.075mg/m3, the NPIA should be consulted to

determine the way forward. Where an assessment finds that there is a significant

level of lead at the target end of a range personnel who maintain and inspect the

bullet trap shall if not already doing so, undergo medical surveillance.

11.5.5 SIGNIFICANT LEVELS OF CO

In ranges where there is little or no air flow, particularly in smaller firing rooms, it

will be necessary to improve the ventilation arrangements if personal CO exposures

exceed the WEL.




11.6 RESPONSIBILITIES

11.6.1 CFI

The CFI is responsible for ensuring that anybody using or working in its indoor

range is not put at unacceptable risk from hazards listed above. They are to ensure

the following:

a. Works. As those ranges with ventilation systems depend on the

efficiency of the ventilation system to meet CLAW Regulations, all

ventilation systems are subject to a statutory inspection at least

annually. Estates Departments are to ensure that deep cleaning

by contract is properly completed in accordance with guidance set

out in this document.

b. Information and Training. The CFI is responsible for ensuring that

adequate information and training on the precautions to be

observed are given to all personnel under their control who

operate, use, maintain or clean indoor ranges on the risks from

lead and un-burnt propellant. Local Health & Safety officers can

provide information and training on the correct use and disposal

of PPE. Fire Officers should be consulted where units collect and

store dust from ranges that have been used for live firing that will

contain small amounts of un-burnt propellant.

c. Range Usage. The CLAW Regulations require that the number of

persons exposed should be reduced to a minimum. An indoor

range should therefore not be used for any purpose other than

weapon training or evaluation. Where it is absolutely necessary

for a range to be used for other purposes, the CFI must ensure

that it is free of surface dust prior to use.




11.7 RANGE DESIGN

11.7.1 DESIGN CONCEPT

The design of indoor ranges must address each of the hazards listed in this chapter

as far as is reasonably practicable. The aim of the design should be to provide

sufficient fresh air into the range to ensure that lead particles and carbon monoxide

generated on the firing point(s) are taken clear of the breathing zone. It will not be

possible to take all lead dust out of the range as most will settle out between the

firing point and bullet catcher. The range envelope should be designed in such a

way to minimise air turbulence and have surfaces that are easily cleaned.

11.7.2 DESIGN SOLUTION

Each range will have different problems to address. Clearly the ideal solution is to

remove contaminants at source with local exhaust ventilation. Where this might be

possible in test ranges with fixed firing benches it will not be possible for variable

firing positions on several firing points. A combination of local control (directed

airflow) and dilution should be achievable in most circumstances.

11.7.3 AIR FLOW WITHIN THE RANGE

The ideal air flow is a laminar flow pulled down range with an extraction system

rated 10% greater than the inlet producing a negative pressure down range. The

optimum design to deliver steady air flows across a single firing point is to bring air

into the range through a full cross sectional laminar wall grill. This is clearly an

expensive proposition as such volumes of air will need to be heated. An alternative

solution is to provide positional grills behind the firers. Where firing takes place

from prone, kneeling and standing positions directional vents may provide the




solution. All solutions should ensure there are no "dead zones" or excessive

turbulence generated within the range.

11.7.4 AIR SPEED

During trials it was observed that the greater the air speed over the firers the more

turbulence in front of the firers breathing zone. Optimum air speeds to minimise

such turbulence recorded were 0.15 - 0.2m/s. Air speeds of 0.1 m/s or less will not

provide sufficient fresh air in the range. The HSE recommend not less than

0.25m/s downrange. Air speeds in excess of 0.3m/s may need to be heated. In

ranges with more than one firing point it may be necessary to increase the air flow

at the rear of the range to ensure adequate air flow over the firing points down

range. Complex solutions involving intermediate air intakes should only be

considered in ranges that are heavily used on a daily basis. In low use ranges

where there is a simple fan input (single or multiple) and simple extract fan (single

or multiple) it is sufficient to ensure the fan is inputting air at the firing point and

extracting air at the target end. A wet hand or strand of cotton is all that is required

to check this. With these simple fans efficiency is not such an issue. Where there is

air handling plant, ductwork and filters the inspection of the air handling system

should be undertaken by competent mechanical engineers in accordance with the

manufactures recommendations.

11.7.5 AIR CHANGES

Domestic and office designs often revolve around the number of air changes per

hour to establish comfortable conditions. In ranges the issues are local air flow and

dilution. Air changes can of course be likened to dilution but it will not ensure local

airflow over the firing points has been achieved. It is expected that for most ranges

air change rates of between 6 - 10 changes/hr will deliver adequate dilution.




11.8 AIR EXTRACTION

11.8.1 EXTRACTION SYSTEM

The air extraction system should provide an air extraction rate that is at least 10%

greater than the air input to assist in pulling a laminar air flow down range. The

extractor unit(s) will need to handle dust and unburnt propellant safely. Access for

maintenance and inspection is essential. Air systems are to be switched on 20

minutes before use of the range and left on 30 minutes after use to ensure the

systems are running to optimum capacity and that any residual dust is removed

from the system after firing ceases.

11.8.2 EXTRACT FILTER

The extract filter system where fitted must be suitable to hold unburned propellant

safely. Replacement instructions must be clearly displayed warning of the hazards

presented by filters containing lead dust and unburned propellant.

11.9 INSPECTION, CLEANING, HYGIENE, RECORDS AND SIGNS INSPECTION

11.9.1 INSPECTION OF RANGES USED FOR FIRING

Between the annual and independent inspections the CFI is to ensure the following

conditions are maintained:

a. The cleaning regime is effective. The cleaning regime must ensure

there is no accumulation of dust in the range. Any visible dust will

contain both lead and unburnt propellant.




b. There are no areas to harbour dust. Equipment, material,

apertures or areas in the structure where dust may gather out of

sight are to be avoided.

c. The bullet catcher is maintained to ensure backsplash will not

result from attrition of the trap, a build up of bullets or bullets

captured in the anti backsplash curtain where fitted. Cleaning the

bullet trap including any anti backsplash curtain is to be

undertaken only by competent personnel or specialist contractors.

d. The ventilation system, when fitted, works correctly and filters

(where fitted) are checked and maintained at the intervals

recommended by the manufacture by contractors appointed by

the local works officers.

e. Any change in use of the range or any increase in the amount of

dust generated the CFI is to initiate a further risk assessment to

determine if this results in a change in the level of lead exposure.

11.9.2 DUST

The level of dust in the range is a matter of observation. Any dust generated from

the firing of weapons must be considered a hazard from lead and unburnt

propellant. Where this dust is gathered such as in a vacuum cleaner bag or

permitted to accumulate, it becomes an explosive hazard. Only authorised spark

free vacuum cleaners are to be used. Refer to TAS (RE) for details.

11.9.3 CONFINED SPACES

Inspectors may need to work in tubes and behind anti- splash curtains to complete

their inspection. In such cases inspectors should carry out a risk assessment to




determine any additional control measures required by the Confined Spaces

Regulations. The risk assessment will also determine what Personal Protection

Equipment (PPE) will be necessary.

11.10 RANGE CLEANING

11.10.1 SCOPE

Maintaining a clean range is the single most effective way to ensure that the risk of

exposure to both lead and unburnt propellant are minimised. This section refers to

all types of indoor ranges including tube, test ranges and ranges with enclosed or

semi enclosed firing points. Ranges where dust from live firing is allowed to

accumulate in the working areas, firing point and on surfaces down range due to

inadequate cleaning will potentially expose users to significant levels of lead in air

and an explosive hazard.

11.10.2 FREQUENCY OF CLEANING

The frequency of cleaning will be dependent on how the range is used. Ranges used

only once or twice a week may need only a weekly clean. Range used more

frequently and firing more rounds may need cleaning after each use. The aim is to

ensure there is no build up of dust in the range working areas and this is a matter

of observation. Factors that will influence the frequency of cleaning necessary to

keep the work areas of the range free of visible dust include:

a. The type of ammunition fired, e.g. handguns firing unjacketed

ammunition will create a need for more frequent cleaning than

rifle. Handguns eject a considerable amount of unburnt propellant

and unjacketed ammunition will create more lead dust than

jacketed.




b. The frequency of use and number of rounds fired.

c. The efficiency of ventilation and extraction.

d. The porosity of surfaces down range.

11.10.3 CLEANING METHODS

So as neither to create a risk from lead and unburnt propellant to cleaning staff or

other personnel nor to spread contamination, cleaning the range ceiling, floor and

walls, and adjoining rooms is to be by damp sweeping or, preferably, by a vacuum

cleaner approved specifically for indoor ranges and used in accordance with the

manufacturer's instructions. Dry sweeping and dusting is strictly forbidden.

a. Routine Cleaning. Cleaning the range between deep cleans should

only be undertaken by staff with adequate PPE and who have

received sufficient training on the hazards in the range and use of

the PPE. It is essential to ensure the firing point and the area

behind and directly in front of the firing point is kept clean and

free of visible surface dust. Where it is necessary for firers to

move forward to targets, the range floor is also to be kept free of

dust. Routine cleaning should not include confined spaces or

restricted areas such as that between steel plate and anti splash

curtains. Where there are small tubes (<900mm diameter)

routine cleaning should extend as far as possible into the tube

with wet wipe without entering the tube. Routine cleaning should

include wet wipe of all exposed surfaces to remove any dust and

removal of any lead or debris build up in the trap area. Authorised

vacuum cleaners (see section 11.9.2 Dust on Page 312) may be




used for the range floor and dependant upon type, vertical

surfaces in the range. All dust collected in authorised vacuum

cleaners is to be disposed of as a hazardous waste. Routine

cleaning should not include confined spaces or restricted areas

such as that between the steel plate and anti splash curtain

except in the following circumstances:

(1) Where staff ensure there is no build up of dust in the range

and trap area by cleaning all surfaces after each shoot

or regularly enough to ensure no accumulation of dust on

any surfaces.

(2) Where during the monthly inspections a build up of lead is

identified as generating a potential backsplash or ricochet

hazard or preventing the anti splash curtains from hanging

freely.

b. Deep Cleaning. Deep cleaning must be undertaken by specialist

contractors. Guidelines for deep cleaning contracts for ranges are

provided at Annex A to this chapter. Deep cleaning involves

removing all residual dust from the structure including roof

spaces, tubes; target and bullet trap area including any anti

backsplash curtains. It is sensible to de-lead and maintain bullet

traps just before a deep clean as this process can generate

considerable dust. A deep clean is necessary periodically

dependent upon range use. As a guide for non or semi jacketed

ammunition:




Total number of rounds fired Frequency of Deep Clean

0-10,000 rounds Every 2yrs

10,000 -20,000 rounds Annually

20,000+ Every 6mths

11.10.4 DUAL USE FACILITIES

CFI’s with dual use facilities must ensure that prior to the alternate use of the room

following use as a range; the surfaces are free of lead dust and unburnt propellant.

11.10.5 PERSONNEL INVOLVED IN CLEANING

Only competent personnel provided with PPE and adequate training on the hazards

involved and the use of the PPE should carry out cleaning in an indoor firing range.

At no stage should those cleaning ranges enter small tubes (<900mm dia.) unless

they are specialist contractors. Minors and women of childbearing capability must

not be involved in the cleaning of ranges.

11.10.6 WASTE DISPOSAL.

a. General. Waste generated from routine cleaning in low use (see

section 11.3.4 Level of Exposure to Lead on Page 305) and air

weapon ranges need not be treated as hazardous waste. Any

waste from a high use indoor range which may be contaminated

with lead and unburnt propellant is subjected to disposal in

accordance with the Hazardous Waste (England & Wales)

Regulations 2005 and Council Directive 2006/12/EC. It is not to




be dumped or disposed of as ordinary waste but stored in sealed

containers for proper disposal. This includes:

(1) Water and other fluids from a bullet catcher.

(2) Sand from stop butts and bullet catchers.

(3) Vacuum cleaner waste bag contents and used filters.

(4) Ventilation filters.

b. Authorised Vacuum Cleaners. Vacuum cleaners are to be emptied

each time after use to avoid build up of potentially explosive dust.

Emptying vacuum cleaners should be conducted with extreme

care to avoid dust exposure to the individual and contamination of

the surrounding area.

c. Storage. The waste from ranges should be removed from the

range or stored dry in sealed containers and placed in a secure

area. Normal HAZMAT labelling should be used in accordance with

Chemicals (Hazard Information and Packaging for Supply)

Regulations 2009. Force Fire Officers will advise on the limits that

may be stored dependent on the storage facility.

d. Disposal. The Hazardous Waste (England and Wales) Regulations

2005 require sites producing hazardous waste to notify the

Environment Agency every 12 months. The regulations, together

with the List of Wastes (England) Regulations 2005, stipulate how

hazardous wastes should be classified and tracked during

movement. Transportation of hazardous waste must be




undertaken by a registered carrier in accordance with the

Controlled Waste (Registration of Carriers and Seizure of

Vehicles) Regulations 1991 to a licensed hazardous waste

treatment or disposal facility.

11.11 HEALTH & HYGIENE

11.11.1 WASHING

Hand washing facilities are to be conveniently available as all who use the range

will come into contact with dust and range orders are to stipulate that hands are to

be washed on leaving the range.

11.11.2 EATING, DRINKING AND SMOKING

Eating, gum chewing, drinking and smoking are forbidden in an indoor training

range. All personnel are to be instructed that on leaving an indoor training range

not to eat drink or smoke until they have washed their hands. Permanent staff rest

room facilities may be provided separated from the range.

11.11.3 PERSONAL PROTECTIVE EQUIPMENT

PPE, which is normally disposable coveralls, gloves and dust masks, may be

required for routine cleaning but must be worn for working, inspecting, maintaining

and cleaning in or around, bullet catchers that have accumulated lead dust. Re

usable PPE has to be maintained properly and facilities for its storage are to be

provided in accordance with PPE Regulations. Where disposable PPE is used, it

should be bagged after use and sealed for disposal by authorised contractors.




11.11.4 ADDITIONAL MEASURES FOR MINORS

The CLAW Regulations require RAUs to ensure minors and women of childbearing

capacity receive particular care, supervision and training when exposed to lead in

air at any level. These are only pertinent for those exposed to significant levels of

lead in air and require medical surveillance.

11.12 KEEPING OF RECORDS

11.12.1 RECORDS

General: The dates of all assessments, maintenance, air monitoring, medical

surveillance (excluding health records of identifiable individuals) and

inspections of the range are to be recorded in the Land Range Log (police

Form 906). The reports and details are to be kept in the Range File for a

period of at least 5 years, as required by the current CLAW Regulations.

However the employer shall ensure that an adequate health record in respect

of each of his employees to who paragraph (1) applies is made and

maintained and that that record or a copy thereof is kept available in a

suitable form for at least 40 years from the date of the last entry made in it.

Monitoring: The user unit is to keep details of personnel who are exposed

to significant levels (>0.075mg/m3) of lead in air in an indoor range and the

period they were present. This may be a copy of the RASP. The records are to

be kept for 5 years and are subject to auditing.

Cleaning and De-leading: All cleaning and de-leading is to be recorded in

the Range Log (Form 906) together with the name, rank or job status of the

person responsible for the overall supervision.




Ventilation: The dates of inspections, checks and any failures or defects

found in the mechanical ventilation system if fitted are to be recorded with

the name of the inspector in the Range Log (Form 906).

Inspection and Audit: Records are to be available for inspection by

Independent Inspectors and, when required, by the enforcing authority (eg

HSE). The procedures for completing and auditing the range usage record are

to be stated in the range standing orders.

11.13 SAFETY SIGNS

11.13.1 SAFETY SIGNS

Hygiene and PPE signs– refer to Chapter 2.




Chapter 11 Annex A: Guidelines For Deep Cleaning Contracts

Typical Detail for a Range Deep Clean contract.

1. Essential Information to be passed to contractors where pertinent. a. Lead. All ranges contain significant levels of lead in the form of bullets, bullet fragments and dust. b. Un burnt Propellant. Dust in ranges will also contain un burnt propellant which is an explosive hazard when collected in any quantity. In ranges where only air pellets are fired this hazard should not exist. c. Antimony (Sb). In high use ranges that permit 7.62mm or similar ammunition to be fired there may be levels of Antimony in excess of EU recommended limits. d. Risk Assessment – Confined spaces. There are some ranges particularly where there are small tubes or box sections where the work environment may be classed as a confined space. In all cases it would not be safe to allow personnel to work alone nor allow access into small tubes unless there are personnel monitoring activity from outside the small tube or box section. 2. Requirements. a. Range Structure. All internal surfaces are to be free of dust. This includes any open roof structures, furniture and fixings. Surfaces that may absorb dust are to be pressure jetted where this is possible or vacuumed1. Particular care is required to clean out joints in any surface finishes. Mechanical scrubbing machines are particularly effective for use on floors. b. Bullet Trap. Cleaning bullet traps will be dependant upon the type of trap.




i. Steel plate traps. Remove all bullet debris and wipe down all surfaces. This includes any antisplash curtain which may contain bullet debris and will be covered in fine lead dust. Buckled, loose or damaged steel surfaces should be reported to the authority. ii Snail traps. Remove all bullet debris and wipe down all surfaces. Empty and wash out any wet or dry collection chambers. Report any damage or distortion on impact surfaces to the authority. iii Granulated rubber or sand traps. Arrange for de leading prior to deep clean or combine with deep clean contract and ensure the de leading is completed prior to starting the deep clean. iv Lamella / curtain / Venetian traps. Remove all bullet debris and wipe down all visible surfaces. These traps should be dismantled if it is not easily determined that there is no build up within the trap. v. See approved vacuum specification. c. Baffles and vertical traps. Where baffles and vertical wall traps are sealed at the bottom, bullet debris will collect between the steel plate and the off set antisplash timber or tile. A deep cleaning contract should include removing any bullet debris from this gap. Baffles that show no indication of bullet strike may not need to be cleaned out. d. Electrical fittings. Dust is to be removed from all electrical fittings, lighting and any switch gear. Where there is an indication that dust is building up in or around any electrical fitting the authority is to be notified. e. Air handling plant and fans. All filters in air handling plant and fans are to be removed, cleaned or replaced in accordance with manufactures recommendations. All ductwork is to be cleaned through. Input and extract fan grills are to be removed and ducts, blades, grills and motors are to be cleaned free of dust. f. Requirement Tube Ranges. Small tubes or rectangular section ranges where it is not possible to enter the tube to deep clean are to be deep cleaned with methods that ensure all dust and bullet debris within the tube or box section is removed.




3. Cleaning Guidelines. a. General. Deep cleaning contractors are to take every measure to avoid raising dust during cleaning operations. b. Ventilation. Any ventilation system in the range is to be run at full capacity during cleaning in the range. The ventilation system, once shut down at the end of cleaning operations is then to be cleaned as previously described. c. Cleaning methods. Dry sweeping is prohibited. Wash down, wet wipe limits airborne dust. d. Vacuums. Only approved spark free equipment is to be used in ranges with the exception of those ranges where only air pellets have been fired. ATEX equipment category 1D with T4 135°C; this is required as there is a Category B Zone 20 hazardous area, within the vacuum cleaner. See below for examples available at the time of writing. There may well be others not listed that meet the performance specification.

e. Cleaning small tube or box section ranges (where access is not possible). Below are some options that contractors might consider. i Pressure jetting the tube or box section would safely remove bullet debris and dust however the water will need to be collected and removed. ii Where pressure jetting is not possible and the target room could be sealed, the tubes or box sections can be dry brushed with a positive airflow directed down the tube. A vacuum/s at the target end inside the sealed space will take out the dust. Vacuum/s extract rate to exceed input air flow rate. Bullet debris can be collected once the dust has settled at the target end.

4. PPE. The deep cleaning contractor is responsible to assess the hazards in a particular range and provide all operatives involved with adequate PPE and instruction in its proper use.

5. Compliance with Regulations. The contractor is to ensure full compliance with the CLAW Regulations for all work undertaken within the range and the Hazardous Waste (England and Wales) Regulations 2005 regarding all waste disposals from the range.

6. Form 906 / Certification. On completion of the works the authority is to confirm that all scheduled work has been completed and the contractor is to sign the Range Log Form 906 to certify that the deep clean has been completed.




CHAPTER 12: Weapon Unloading Facilities (Wuf)

12.1 INTRODUCTION

Although SA unloading facilities are not ranges, they have been included in this

Volume for convenience. This Chapter describes their construction.

12.2 Purpose

Police officers and patrols carrying loaded SA require an area for safe loading and

unloading drills. The unloading bays described in this Chapter are intended for all

Police SA used in accordance with established drills under supervision.

12.3 Limitations

As the unloading facility is intended to capture the occasional round which has been

fired unintentionally, the danger from backsplash cannot be eliminated due to the

proximity of the firer to the sand. The unloading facility is not to be used for testing

or any other deliberate firing of a SA.

12.4 UNLOADING FACILITY CONSTRUCTION

12.4.1 SITING

Unloading facilities are intended for outdoor use but may be inside a building if

there is no other option. The prime consideration in siting is convenience of use.

Ideally the facility should be built against the wall of an existing brick building with

no windows or doors close by but it is essential that the back wall of the facility is




built and that the bullet catcher is not simply built against an existing wall.

Instructions for use where required are derived from local risk assessment.

12.4.2 FACILITY MATERIALS

The facility may be constructed in any form providing the ballistic safety

requirements of this Chapter are met.


The permanent unloading facility normally includes a sand or rubber bullet catcher,

details of which are given in Chapter 2. It is essential to safety that the correct

grade of sand or rubber is used and maintained in a loose state at an angle of 34º

(600 mils). The sand or rubber profile has to be maintained to the levels marked on

the facility's side and back walls. For low velocity weapons .22 in, 9mm, the depth

required to contain a round is 750 mm(S) 500 mm(C), for high velocity weapons

the depth should be 1000mm(S) 900 mm(C). The depth can be achieved by

elevating the standing position for unloading, so that the barrel is pointed down at

an angle into the sand unloading facility. A low velocity bullet catcher must be

clearly signed detailing which weapons are permitted.

12.4.4 CLADDING

As an additional safety feature, the walls are timber clad, which reduces but does

not eliminate danger if struck.




12.5 PORTABLE UNLOADING FACILITY

It is recognised that sand unloading facilities are permanent structures not well-

suited to changing operational conditions. Any portable unloading facility must meet

the requirements set out in section 12.4.1 Siting on Page 324. Details of portable

Weapon Unloading Facilities may be obtained from TAS (RE).

12.6 DESIGN

To be safe a WUF must meet the following criteria.

1. Capture without penetration, ricochet or backsplash all rounds that

might be fired into it. HPRS Volume 2 provides material performance

details.

2. The bullet impact area must be large enough to eliminate the chance of

a bullet striking anything other than the trap, or

3. The muzzle is fully contained in a tube or flared aperture. If a tube is

used, consideration must be given to venting muzzle blast.

4. The design must be intrinsically safe, no hidden attrition. Weapons held

in the unload position point naturally at the intended point of impact.

5. Where pistols are to be unloaded the design must take account of the

unloading drills in that the muzzle may be drawn back during the

unload.




FIGURE 12-1: SAND FILLED LOADING BAY




CHAPTER 13: CONTROL OF NOISE FROM SMALL ARMS RANGES

13.1 INTRODUCTION

This Chapter provides advice on environmental noise related issues as they relate

to small arms ranges. The Chapter is primarily aimed at those producing

justifications for works related to noise reduction around ranges and those with

management responsibility for these types of facilities so they have some insight

into the issues and more particularly the control measures available and covers:

a. Introduction.

b. Noise at Work.

c. Environmental Noise from ranges.

d. Engineering controls for environmental noise from ranges.

13.2 NOISE AT WORK.

Noise in relation to small arms ranges involves protection for those exposed to

muzzle blast peak noise levels dealt with under the Control of Noise at Work Regs.

(CNWR).

13.2.1 INDOOR RANGES

Engineering solutions to minimise the effect of noise are only possible in indoor

ranges or where there are enclosed firing points. When analysing the acoustic

properties of a room, the sound arriving at the ears, can be considered under 3

headings:




a. Direct Sound. This is the sound which travels directly from the source to the

listener. It is the first sound to reach the listener, having travelled by the

shortest route at a velocity of approximately 340m/s. Hearing protection is

the only means of providing protection from direct sound.

b. Early Sound Reflections. Shortly after the direct sound arrives, the listener

receives a series of sound wave fronts which have been reflected one or more

times from the walls, ceiling and any other reflective surfaces in the room.

These wave fronts have taken a longer path than the direct sound and

therefore arrive later. The later they arrive, the greater their potential for

interfering with speech intelligibility. Angled baffles deflect noise away from

the firing point. Open texture materials can absorb noise and there are many

proprietary noise reduction surface finishes that are suitable for use in ranges

– i.e. they do not absorb dust

c. Reverberation. Sound wave fronts are repeatedly reflected from the

room surfaces and, as a result of absorption, gradually grow weaker and

weaker. Acoustic surfaces in a firing room will ensure reverberation is

minimised.

13.3 ENVIRONMENTAL NOISE

13.3.1 THE ENVIRONMENTAL ISSUE

Noise is a particular issue for the Police. Training requires realistic conditions which

include live and blank firing on ranges and training areas, blast vibrations from

firing, pyrotechnic effects, and the use of weapon firing simulators and other

similar operations. Night exercises are also essential training activities that must be

carried out regularly if the Police are to remain effective, this may be intrusive,

especially at night. Noise can also be generated from non-training activities at




offices and establishments. Road vehicles are a very pervasive source of noise

(and vibration) in the environment, and heavy vehicle movements may be

intrusive, again, especially at night.

13.3.2 THE NUGENT RULE (HISTORICAL REFERENCE)

Distance is the most cost effective reduction measure available as well argued in

the Report extracted below.

Report of the Defence Lands Committee 1971-73 by The Right Hon. Lord Nugent of

Guilford.

Noise

8.33 We first examined the measures the Services are already taking to mitigate the effects of noisy activities. We learned that steps have been taken, at an airfield

where noise problems are particularly severe, to buy surrounding land to ensure

that the areas most affected are not developed. This policy of sterilization can, in special cases, make a worthwhile contribution to the reduction of noise nuisance to

the public; though it involves the acquisition of more defence land, this land can usually be productively used for agricultural purposes.

Buffer Zones

8.34 We considered whether this policy might have wider applications. In

particular, we had in mind the fact that the noise problem which already exists at firing ranges and training areas close to urban areas is likely to get worse as

housing and other developments advance closer to the Service sites, even though the volume of noise may not increase. We hold very strongly that this is a matter

which needs to be tackled now, and consider that if ‘buffer zones’ were introduced between sites where firing takes place and civilian developments, the worst

features of this noise problem could be contained, and in some measure mitigated.

We recognize that this poses problems for local authorities as well as the Home Office we recommend that it should be tackled jointly, with give and take on both

sides. Existing dispositions and problems of land acquisition make it unlikely that this policy can be universally applied, but we would propose its adoption wherever

practicable.




13.4 NOISE SOURCE

13.4.1 SOUND IN THE OPEN AIR.

As an observer moves away from a sound source, the sound pressure level

diminishes. The rate which this occurs depends on the nature of the source itself

and this principle is true as long as the observer is not too close. Most practical

situations may be described in terms of two ‘ideal’ sources: point sources and line

sources.

a. Point Source. The sound source is represented by a point and sound is

radiated equally from it in all directions. Every time the distance from a point

source is doubled, the level decreases by 6dB. A point source, such as a

weapon, which produces a level of 130dB at 10m will produce a level of

124dB at 20m. At a distance of 30m, the level will have fallen by 10dB. In

other words, when the distance is trebled, the loudness is halved.

b. Line Source. A line source, such as a military convoy, which

produces a level of 70dB at 10m, will produce 67dB at 20m. For

a 10Db reduction, half as loud as the level at 10m, the observer

must retreat to a distance of approximately 100m from the

source or ten times the original distance.




13.5 NATURAL DISSIPATION

13.5.1 ATTENUATION IN OPEN AIR

Attenuation due to distance has already been discussed. Wind and temperature

gradients also effect sound. Sound travels faster in air as the temperature

increases. The absolute speed also

increases with wind speed (downwind propagation).

13.5.2 ATTENUATION FROM EXISTING SCREENS AND BARRIERS

In addition to the effect climate has on sound, there are often buildings or similar

objects which lie between the source and the observer and prevent line of sight

between them. When a sound wave meets an obstacle like a fence or a building, a

proportion of it is reflected, and the rest of the wave carries on past the edge of the

obstacle. However, the ‘bare’ edge of a sound wave cannot sustain itself in free

space - the vibrating air molecules at the end start themselves to act like sources

and radiate in all directions. The result is, that a sound wave which has passed the

obstacle, bends or diffracts round it into the shadow zone behind the obstacle.

13.6 NATURAL & ENGINEERING CONTROLS

13.6.1 DISTANCE

This is a simple inverse square law relationship, which at frequencies between 300-

600 Hz, would give attenuations of 66 dB and 68 dB at 1500 metres and 1650

metres respectively.




13.6.2 GROUND ABSORPTION

Sound travelling close to grass covered ground is attenuated as follows:

Ground Absorption Frequency (Hz) 37-75 75-150 150-300 300-600 600-1200 Attenuation (dB)

1500 4-5 15-0 34-0 45-0 34-0 Distance from sound source in metres 1650 5-0 16-5 38-0 50-0 38-0

13.6.3 TREES

When trees are sufficiently dense, so as to mask a white moving object at 60

metres, the following attenuations apply:

ATTENUATION FROM TREES

Frequency (Hz) 37-75 75-150 150- 300 300-600 600-1200

Attenuation (dB 2 3 5 6 7

13.6.4 EARTH BANKS

Although these block the direct path of sound between weapon and complaint area,

earth banks have a complicated effect:

a. For example, the attenuation due to banks at 3 metres and 30

metres from the weapon would be 18dB and 9dB respectively. Should

the side of the bank nearest the weapon be vertical the above

attenuation would be reduced.




b. A bank may however cut out, or reduce, the sound travelling

close to the ground and hence reduce the ground absorption by

about half. To gain 18dB attenuation by means of a bank 3 metres

from the weapon, one could therefore lose between 22dB and 25dB

attenuation in lost ground absorption. This effect is uncertain,

especially where the ground cover is bushy rather than grassy.

c. The effect of a bank and its likely effect on ground absorption may be

summarised as follows:

ATTENUATION FROM EARTH BANKS Frequency (Hz) 37-75 75-150 150-300 300-600 600-1200 Attenuation (dB) Attenuation due to bank (dB) (Bank sited at 3m from weapon)

9 12 15 18 21

At 1500m 2.3 7.5 17 22.5 17 Loss of ground absorption, in dB, due to bank

At 1650m 2.5

8.3 19 25 19

13.6.5 WIND AND TURBULENCE

Turbulence at the top of a wall may assist the sound to diffract over the wall and

reduce the dB’s of attenuation as follows:

ATTENUATION FROM WIND Frequency (Hz) 37-75 75-150 150-300 300-600 600-1200 Attenuation (dB)

8kph 0db 0db 0db 0db 0db 16kph 0db 0db 1db 2db 4db

Wind Speed at: 32kph 1db 3db 6db 8db 10db




13.6.6 TEMPERATURE AND HUMIDITY

A figure of 3dB attenuation has been taken as typical for temperate summer limatic

conditions. The figure represents atmospheric absorption at low frequencies. At

high frequencies absorption will be much higher, so much so that high frequency

nuisance over these sample distances can be ignored.

13.6.7 TEMPERATURE GRADIENTS

These have effects like those of wind gradients and, similarly, are not as yet

capable of prediction. An inversion may increase sound transmission but it is not

known how often this condition may be obtained in any given locale. However at

least it could not be combined with the adverse wind direction mentioned above.

13.6.8 THEORETICAL PREDICTION

An example is given below of a theoretical prediction of sound attenuation, at

distances of 1500 metres and 1650 metres for 7.62mm ammunition. As high

frequencies, ie above 1000 Hz, will be unimportant in the case of small arms, the

octave 300-600 Hz is used in the example.




Attenuation for sounds in the 300-600 Hz octave

Distances from Weapon 1500 metres 1650 metres

Without Bank

With Bank Without Bank

With Bank See para:

dB dB dB dB Distance 13.6.1 66 66 68 68 Ground absorption 13.6.2 45 22.5 50 25 Trees 13.6.3 6 6 6 6 Earth bank 3 m from weapon 13.6.4 - 18 - 18 Wind and Turbulence (assumed 32 kph)

13.6.5 -8 -8 -8 -8

Temperate and Relative Humidity

13.6.6 3 3 3 3

TOTAL Attenuation 112dB 107.5dB 119dB 112dB

The sound peak pressure, at the weapon, for the SLR/7.62 ammunition is 159dB.

From the table above, it can be seen that at 1500 metres from the weapon the

sound peak pressure would be:

a. With Bank (159 -107.5) = 51.5dB.

b. Without Bank (159 -112) = 47dB.

These levels would be barely detectable in an average room and certainly not

outside in a normal urban environment. It is emphasised that while these figures

are theoretical, they were found to agree, within plus or minus 10%, with sound

measurements taken in a similar situation.

13.7 GERMAN RANGE NOISE BAFFLE SOLUTIONS

In 1991 Germany, the US and UK combined to develop means of reducing noise

from tank test facilities, armoured and artillery ranges with fixed firing points and

fixed small arms ranges. The methods included absorbing noise walls, barriers,

both vertical and earth banks and for the first time open box units mounted above




the firing points and in some cases, ranges. These measures achieved considerable

reductions in audible noise beyond the firing points.




Chapter 13 Annex A.

MEASUREMENTS OF PEAK PRESSURE LEVELS (Db) AND PULSE DURATION

(MILLISECONDS) FOR TYPICAL WEAPON SYSTEMS

EAR POSITION SER WEAPON/AMMUNITION FIRER LOADER INSTRUCTOR OR ADJACENT

PERSONNEL 0.3m to

Side 1.2m Side

3.0m Side

dB ms dB ms dB ms dB ms dB ms (a) (b) (c) (d) (e) (f) (g) (h) (i) (j) (k) (l) 1 SLR/7.62mm Live 0.3M above Ground 160 5.0 - - - - - - - - 1.5M above Ground 151 0.9 - - 169 0.5 16

0 0.5 155 0.5

SLR/7.62 Blank 150 10.0

- - - - - - - -

2 SA80/5.56mm Live 158 - - - - - - - - - 3 Colt Armalite/5.56mm

Live 151

1.0 - - 165 1.0 155

0.5 153 0.5

4 MG/9mm Live 157 1.0 - - 162 1.0 154

0.5 151 0.5

5 GPMG/7.62mm Live 162 - - - - - - - - -

6 Shotgun/12 bore 155 5.0 - - - - - - - -

7 Pistol/0.38 inch 157 5.0 - - - - - - - -

8 Pistol/9mm Live 157 1.0 - - - - - - - -

9 Rifle/0.22 inch 138 2.5 - - - - 132

2.5 - -

Note:

1. The pulse duration is the total time taken for the pressure fluctuations

to decay by 20 dB from the peak pressure level.




Chapter 13 Annex B.

NOISE SURVEY RESULTS FOR A TYPICAL HIGH VELOCITY INDOOR TUBE

RANGE

1. Frequency Analysis - 5.56mm Ball.

Hz 63 125 250 500 1000 2000 4000 8000

dB 127 138 140 145 151 144 147 145

2. 5.56mm 5 rounds Single Shot.

Max Peak 158 157 157 156 157

IEL2 - 143 143 143 144

3. 5.56mm Rapid Fire.

Max Peak 158 158 158 157 158

IEL 145 144 144 144 145

4. Frequency Analysis - 7.62mm Ball.

Hz 63 125 250 500 1000 2000 4000 8000

dB 129 140 148 148 148 150 150 150

5. 7.62mm 5 rounds Single Shot.

Max Peak 159 160 161 160 161

IEL 144 144 141 142 144

2 IEL - Impulse Exposure Level.




6. 7.62mm Rapid Fire.

Max Peak 162 160 160 160 158

IEL 149 145 144 141 142

7. Reverberation Time of Range Tested = 1.016 seconds.

Documents

Handbook of Police Range Safety Volume 2library.college.police.uk/docs/acpo/police-range-safety-vol-2... · 2.2.37 Small Arms ... 2.8.4 Profile ... Handbook of Police Range Safety