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Handbook of Nanoparticles
Mahmood AliofkhazraeiEditor
Handbook ofNanoparticles
With 560 Figures and 132 Tables
EditorMahmood AliofkhazraeiDepartment of Materials EngineeringTarbiat Modares UniversityTehran, Iran
ISBN 978-3-319-15337-7 ISBN 978-3-319-15338-4 (eBook)ISBN 978-3-319-15339-1 (print and electronic bundle)DOI 10.1007/978-3-319-15338-4
Library of Congress Control Number: 2015949630
Springer Cham Heidelberg New York Dordrecht London# Springer International Publishing Switzerland 2016This work is subject to copyright. All rights are reserved by the Publisher, whether the whole or part ofthe material is concerned, specifically the rights of translation, reprinting, reuse of illustrations,recitation, broadcasting, reproduction on microfilms or in any other physical way, and transmission orinformation storage and retrieval, electronic adaptation, computer software, or by similar or dissimilarmethodology now known or hereafter developed.The use of general descriptive names, registered names, trademarks, service marks, etc. in thispublication does not imply, even in the absence of a specific statement, that such names are exemptfrom the relevant protective laws and regulations and therefore free for general use.The publisher, the authors and the editors are safe to assume that the advice and information in this bookare believed to be true and accurate at the date of publication. Neither the publisher nor the authors or theeditors give a warranty, express or implied, with respect to the material contained herein or for any errorsor omissions that may have been made.
Printed on acid-free paper
Springer International Publishing AG Switzerland is part of Springer Science+Business Media (www.springer.com)
Preface
Most of the physical properties of materials are changed by changing the scale of
the particles from micrometer to nanometer. One of the reasons for these changes is
increasing the surface-to-volume ratio, and another one is changing the size of the
moving object inside the territories in which quantum effects are ruling. In fact, the
ratio of internal surface atoms increases, and the properties of the surface atoms rule
over the internal atoms’ behavior. These changes affect the properties and interac-
tion of the particles. Increasing the surface is an important factor in the proficiency
of the catalysts. Also increasing the surface (shell surface) of the nanoparticles can
enormously affect the interactions of the materials such as nanocomposites and can
change the chemical, mechanical, and electrical properties of such materials.
Considering the bigger size of nanoparticles in comparison to the wavelength of
the visible light, they can be used in packaging applications, makeup techniques,
adornment, and color coatings. According to the quantum effects or increasing the
surface atoms, some of the properties of the nanoparticles may not be easily
predictable. For example, it has been lately shown that the structures of the silicon
nanoparticles are nanospherical with 40–100 nm diameter. These nanoparticles are
not only harder than silicon but also as hard as diamond.
Nanoparticles have been used for many years, but probably they were first used
in glass utensils of the ancient Chinese dynasty. There is a fourth-century Roman
cup named as “Lycurgus Cup” held in the British Museum with the relief sculpture
of King Lycurgus. The cup structure is mainly made of silicon dioxide and a sodium
oxide and calcium coating with few gold nanoparticles. The presence of gold
nanoparticles results in changing the color of the cup. When light radiates inside
the cup, it turns green, and when light radiates outside the cup, it turns red. The
main origin of this phenomenon was unknown in those times. Lately, a vast variety
of nanoparticles have been fabricated using different types of materials. The most
important and common type of these nanoparticles are ceramics. One of the most
important parts of these ceramic nanoparticles is metal oxides such as titanium
oxides, iron oxides, aluminum oxides, etc. As it is clear, the nanoparticles should be
smaller than 100 nm. A lot of novel applications have emerged for the particles in
this range of size. Using nanoparticles in metallic ceramics and metal oxides
increases their hardness in comparison to their prior state in all sizes. Reduction
v
in the size of the particles changes the reactivity and the electronic, physical,
chemical, magnetic, and optical properties of these materials.
The speed of progress in research around nanoparticles increased during recent
years. As a result, this handbook aims to gather different aspects of nanoparticles,
especially around their synthesis and surface modification, besides their advances.
I would like to appreciate all contributors of this handbook and thank them for
their hard work, patience during the preparation of this handbook, and also their
high-quality chapters. We hope the publishing of this handbook will help all
researchers to benefit from this collection.
Tehran, Iran Mahmood Aliofkhazraei
August 2015
vi Preface
Contents
Volume 1
1 Synthesis, Structures and Properties of Boron Nitride
Nanoparticles . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1
Takeo Oku
2 Characteristics of Secondary Electrons from IrradiatedGold Nanoparticle in Radiotherapy . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 41
James Chun Lam Chow
3 Nanoparticles by Laser Ablation of Bulk Target Materials
in Liquids . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 67
N. G. Semaltianos
4 Nano-Emulsions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 93
Nicolas Anton and Thierry F. Vandamme
5 Characterization and Imaging of Solid Lipid Nanoparticles
and Nanostructured Lipid Carriers . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 117
Melike Uner
6 Sonochemistry: A Greener Protocol for Nanoparticles
Synthesis . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 143
Aniruddha B. Patil and Bhalchandra M. Bhanage
7 Synthesis of Pure and Substituted Hydroxyapatite Nanoparticles
by Cost Effective Facile Methods . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 167
D. Gopi, L. Kavitha, and D. Rajeswari
8 Monolayer-Protected Metal Nanoclusters with Chirality:
Synthesis, Size Fractionation, Optical Activity and
Asymmetric Transformation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 191
Hiroshi Yao
vii
9 Characterization of Metallic Nanoparticles Based on the
Abundant Usages of X-ray Techniques . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 217
Anh Thi Ngoc Dao, Derrick M. Mott, and Shinya Maenosono
10 Nucleation Kinetics, Size Effects, and Surface Treatment . . . . . . 245
Toshio Takiya, Karin Furukawa, Naoaki Fukuda, Min Han, and
Minoru Yaga
11 Size-Dependant Optical Properties of NanoparticlesAnalyzed by Spectroscopic Ellipsometry . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 265
Kalyan Kumar Chattopadhyay and Nirmalya Sankar Das
12 Synthesis of Nanoparticles via Solvothermal and
Hydrothermal Methods . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 295
Jianlin Li, Qingliu Wu, and Ji Wu
13 Advances in Spray Drying Technology for Nanoparticle
Formation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 329
Tin Wui Wong and Philipp John
14 Development and Characterization of Stimulus-Sensitive
Nano/Microparticles for Medical Applications . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 347
Jyothi U. Menon, Dat X. Nguyen, and Kytai T. Nguyen
15 Wet Media Milling: An Effective Way to Solve DrugSolubility Issue . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 385
Ranjita Shegokar
16 Laser Fabrication of Nanoparticles . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 407
A. P. Caricato, A. Luches, and M. Martino
17 Synthesis, Characterization, and Applications of Nanoporous
Materials for Sensing and Separation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 429
Kexin Jiao, Katherine T. Flynn, and Punit Kohli
18 Synthesis and Characterization of Nanomaterials UsingMicrofluidic Technology . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 455
Chun-Xia Zhao and Anton P. J. Middelberg
19 Nanoparticle Size Effect on Some Magnetic Properties . . . . . . . . 475
Costica Caizer
20 Emission Properties of Metal Nanoparticles . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 521
S. A. Nepijko, H. J. Elmers, and G. Schonhense
21 Formation of Nanoparticles and Decoration of OrganicCrystals . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 549
Paul Jara, Bárbara Herrera, and Nicolás Yutronic
22 Nanoparticle Arrays . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 565
M. A. Mangold, A. W. Holleitner, J. S. Agustsson, and M. Calame
viii Contents
23 Supported Nanoparticle Synthesis by Electrochemical
Deposition . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 603
Jon Ustarroz, Annick Hubin, and Herman Terryn
24 Laser Ablation Synthesis and Properties of Nanocrystalline
Oxide Powders . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 633
V. V. Osipov, V. V. Platonov, and V. V. Lisenkov
25 Melting Temperature of Metallic Nanoparticles . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 661
Fan Gao and Zhiyong Gu
26 Sol-Gel-Derived Nanoscale Materials . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 691
Mason J. Burger, Benjamin J. Robinson, and Leonard F. Pease III
Volume 2
27 Electrochemistry of Metal Nanoparticles and Quantum Dots . . . . 715
Antonio Domenech-Carbo, Raquel E. Galian,
Jordi Aguilera-Sigalat, and Julia Perez-Prieto
28 The Spectral Properties of (SiO2)n, (GaN)m, (GaAs)m,
(SiO2)n(GaN)m, and (SiO2)n(GaAs)m Nanoparticles:
Computer Experiment . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 745
Alexander Y. Galashev
29 Nanoparticle-Assisted Organic Transformations . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 769
Sonal I. Thakore and Puran Singh Rathore
30 Bio-Functionalized Metallic Nanoparticles with Applications
in Medicine . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 803
Stela Pruneanu, Maria Coros, and Florina Pogacean
31 Thermo-optical Properties of Spherical Homogeneous and
Core–Shell Nanoparticles and Their Applications . . . . . . . . . . . . . 819
Victor K. Pustovalov
32 Dye Nanoparticle or Nanocomposite-Coated Test Papers for
Detection at Ppb Levels of Harmful Ions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 843
Yukiko Takahashi
33 Structural Studies of Lipid-Based Nanosystems for Drug
Delivery: X-ray Diffraction (XRD) and Cryogenic Transmission
Electron Microscopy (Cryo-TEM) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 861
Elisabetta Esposito, Paolo Mariani, Markus Drechsler, and
Rita Cortesi
34 Nanoparticles as Nonviral Transfection Agents . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 891
Nelisa T€urkoglu Lacin and Kadriye Kızılbey
Contents ix
35 Assessing Toxicity of Nanoparticles: In Vitro and
In Vivo Assays . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 923
Dong Hyun Jo, Jin Hyoung Kim, Tae Geol Lee, and
Jeong Hun Kim
36 Nanoparticle Functionalization for Brain Targeting Drug
Delivery and Diagnostic . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 941
Maria Joao Gomes, Bárbara Mendes, Susana Martins, and
Bruno Sarmento
37 Nanoparticles and Fluorescence . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 961
Santa Chawla
38 Stabilization of Zero-Valent Iron Nanoparticles: Role of
Polymers and Surfactants . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 985
Ritu Singh and Virendra Misra
39 Advanced Engineering Approaches in the Development of
PLGA-Based Nanomedicines . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1009
Mazen M. El-Hammadi and Jose L. Arias
40 Effect of Size and Functionalization of Pharmaceutical
Nanoparticles and Their Interaction with Biological Systems . . . . 1041
Roberto Dıaz-Torres, Raquel Lopez-Arellano, Jose Juan
Escobar-Chávez, Elizabeth Garcıa-Garcıa, Clara Luisa
Domınguez-Delgado, and Patricia Ramırez-Noguera
41 Organic Modification of Hydroxylated Nanoparticles: Silica,
Sepiolite, and Polysaccharides . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1061
Pilar Tiemblo, Nuria Garcıa, Mario Hoyos, Alberto Mejıa, and
Raquel de Francisco
42 Surface Treatment Strategies on Catalytic Metal
Nanoparticles . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1101
Francisco J. Vidal-Iglesias, Maria Gomez-Mingot, and
Jose Solla-Gullon
43 Surface Decoration of Organic Ligands on Quantum Dots:
Fine Tuning of Photophysical Properties . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1127
Navneet Kaur, Vimal K. Bharadwaj, Kamalpreet Kaur, and
Narinder Singh
44 Cyclodextrins as Multitask Agents in Nanocatalysis . . . . . . . . . . . 1151
Sebastien Noel, Bastien Leger, Anne Ponchel, and Eric Monflier
45 Synthesis and Properties of Metal-Based Nanoparticles with
Potential Applications in Food-Contact Materials . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1177
Raul A. Trbojevich and Avelina Fernández
x Contents
46 Diffusion of Nanoparticles in Gases and Liquids . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1193
Valery Ya. Rudyak
47 Application of Nanoparticles in Manufacturing . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1219
Qin Hu, Christopher Tuck, Ricky Wildman, and Richard Hague
48 Water Transfer of Hydrophobic Nanoparticles: Principles and
Methods . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1279
Marlene Branca, Mahmoud Ibrahim, Diana Ciuculescu
Karine Philippot, and Catherine Amiens
49 Applications of Nanoparticles in Mass Spectrometry for Highly
Sensitive Analysis . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1313
Cuilan Chang, Jialing Zhang, Ze Li, Liping Li, Linnan Xu,
Xianjiang Li, Baosheng Feng, Yu Bai, and Huwei Liu
50 Gold Nanoparticles for DNA/RNA-Based Diagnostics . . . . . . . . . 1339
Ricardo Franco, Pedro Pedrosa, Fábio Ferreira Carlos,
Bruno Veigas, and Pedro V. Baptista
51 Nanoparticles for Mass Spectrometry Applications . . . . . . . . . . . 1371
Miguel Larguinho, Jose Luıs Capelo, and Pedro V. Baptista
52 Biomediated Atomic Metal Nanoclusters: Synthesis
and Theory . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1397
Mark H. Griep, Abby L. West, Michael S. P. Sellers
Molleshree Karna, Edric Zhan, and Nabila Hoque
Index . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1427
Contents xi
About the Editor
Dr. Mahmood Aliofkhazraei is assistant professor inthe materials engineering department at Tarbiat
Modares University. Dr. Aliofkhazraei’s research inter-
ests include nanotechnology and its use in surface and
corrosion science. One of his main interests is plasma
electrolysis, and he has published more than 40 papers
and a book in this area. Totally, he has published more
than 12 books and 90 journal papers. He has given some
invited talks including several keynotes in several
countries. Aliofkhazraei has received several awards
including the Khwarizmi award, IMES medal, INIC
award, best thesis award (multiple times), best book award (multiple times), and
the best young nanotechnologist award of Iran (two times). He is on the advisory
editorial board of several materials science and nanotechnology journals. He is a
member of the National Association of Surface Sciences, Iranian Corrosion Asso-
ciation, and National Elites Foundation of Iran.
xiii
Contributors
Jordi Aguilera-Sigalat Instituto de Ciencia Molecular (ICMol), Universidad de
Valencia, Paterna, Valencia, Spain
J. S. Agustsson Department of Physics and Swiss Nanoscience Institute, Univer-
sity of Basel, Basel, Switzerland
Catherine Amiens LCC (Laboratoire de Chimie de Coordination), CNRS,
Toulouse, France
UPS, Universite de Toulouse, Toulouse, France
INPT, Universite de Toulouse, Toulouse, France
Nicolas Anton Faculty of Pharmacy, CNRS 7199 Laboratoire de Conception et
Application de Molecules Bioactives (CAMB), equipe de Pharmacie Biogalenique,
University of Strasbourg, Strasbourg, France
Jose L. Arias Department of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Technology, Faculty
of Pharmacy, University of Granada, Campus Universitario de Cartuja s/n,
Granada, Spain
Yu Bai Beijing National Laboratory for Molecular Sciences, Institute of Analyt-
ical Chemistry, College of Chemistry and Molecular Engineering, Peking Univer-
sity, Beijing, China
Pedro V. Baptista UCIBIO, CIGMH, Departamento de Ciencias da Vida,
Faculdade de Ciencias e Tecnologia, Universidade Nova de Lisboa, Caparica,
Portugal
Bhalchandra M. Bhanage Department of Chemistry, Institute of Chemical Tech-
nology, Matunga, Mumbai, India
Vimal K. Bharadwaj Department of Chemistry, Indian Institute of Technology
Ropar (IIT Ropar), Rupnagar, Punjab, India
xv
Marlene Branca LCC (Laboratoire de Chimie de Coordination), CNRS, Tou-
louse, France
UPS, Universite de Toulouse, Toulouse, France
INPT, Universite de Toulouse, Toulouse, France
LPCNO (Laboratoire de Physique et Chimie des Nanoobjets), CNRS, INSA,
Toulouse, France
Mason J. Burger Chemical Engineering, Internal Medicine, Pharmaceutics and
Pharmaceutical Chemistry, The Nano Institute of Utah, University of Utah, Salt
Lake City, UT, USA
Costica Caizer West University of Timisoara, Faculty of Physics, Department of
Physics, Timisoara, Romania
M. Calame Department of Physics and Swiss Nanoscience Institute, University of
Basel, Basel, Switzerland
Jose Luıs Capelo UCIBIO, REQUIMTE, Departamento de Quımica, Faculdade
de Ciencias e Tecnologia, Universidade Nova de Lisboa, Caparica, Portugal
A. P. Caricato Department of Mathematics and Physics “E. De Giorgi”, Univer-
sity of Salento, Lecce, Italy
Fábio Ferreira Carlos CIGMH, Department of Life Sciences, Faculdade de
Ciencias e Tecnologia, Universidade Nova de Lisboa, Caparica, Portugal
STABVIDA, Caparica, Portugal
Cuilan Chang Beijing National Laboratory for Molecular Sciences, Institute of
Analytical Chemistry, College of Chemistry and Molecular Engineering, Peking
University, Beijing, China
Kalyan Kumar Chattopadhyay Thin Film and Nanoscience Laboratory, Depart-
ment of Physics, Jadavpur University, Kolkata, West Bengal, India
Santa Chawla Luminescent Materials Group, CSIR-National Physical Labora-
tory, New Delhi, India
James Chun Lam Chow Radiation Medicine Program, Princess Margaret Cancer
Center, University Health Network, Toronto, ON, Canada
Department of Radiation Oncology, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada
Diana Ciuculescu LCC (Laboratoire de Chimie de Coordination), CNRS, Tou-
louse, France
UPS, Universite de Toulouse, Toulouse, France
INPT, Universite de Toulouse, Toulouse, France
Maria Coros National Institute for Research and Development of Isotopic and
Molecular Technologies, Cluj-Napoca, Romania
xvi Contributors
Rita Cortesi Department of Life Sciences and Biotechnology, University of
Ferrara, Ferrara, Italy
Roberto Dıaz-Torres Laboratory 9: Toxicology and Genetics. Unidad de
Investigacion Multidisciplinaria. Facultad de Estudios Superiores Cuautitlán,Universidad Nacional Autonoma de Mexico, Cuautitlán Izcalli, Estado de Mexico,
Mexico
Anh Thi Ngoc Dao School of Materials Science, Japan Advanced Institute of
Science and Technology, Nomi, Ishikawa, Japan
Nirmalya Sankar Das Thin Film and Nanoscience Laboratory, Department of
Physics, Jadavpur University, Kolkata, West Bengal, India
Antonio Domenech-Carbo Departamento de Quımica Analıtica, Universidad de
Valencia, Burjassot, Valencia, Spain
Clara Luisa Domınguez-Delgado Laboratory 12: Sistemas Transdermicos y
Materiales Nanoestructurados. Unidad de Investigacion Multidisciplinaria.
Facultad de Estudios Superiores Cuautitlán, Universidad Nacional Autonoma de
Mexico, Cuautitlán Izcalli, Estado de Mexico, Mexico
Markus Drechsler Bayreuth Institute of Macromolecular Research – Electron
Microscopy, University of Bayreuth, Bayreuth, Germany
Mazen M. El-Hammadi Department of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Technol-
ogy, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Granada, Campus Universitario de Cartuja
s/n, Granada, Spain
Department of Pharmaceutics and Pharmaceutical Technology, Faculty of Phar-
macy, Damascus University, Damascus, Syria
H. J. Elmers Institute of Physics, University of Mainz, Mainz, Germany
Jose Juan Escobar-Chávez Laboratory 12: Sistemas Transdermicos y Materiales
Nanoestructurados. Unidad de Investigacion Multidisciplinaria. Facultad de
Estudios Superiores Cuautitlán, Universidad Nacional Autonoma de Mexico,
Cuautitlán Izcalli, Estado de Mexico, Mexico
Elisabetta Esposito Department of Life Sciences and Biotechnology, University
of Ferrara, Ferrara, Italy
Baosheng Feng Beijing National Laboratory for Molecular Sciences, Institute of
Analytical Chemistry, College of Chemistry and Molecular Engineering, Peking
University, Beijing, China
Avelina Fernández Instituto de Fısica Corpuscular (CSIC), Edificio Institutos de
Investigacion, Paterna, Valencia, Spain
Katherine T. Flynn Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Southern
Illinois University, Carbondale, IL, USA
Contributors xvii
Raquel de Francisco Instituto de Ciencia y Tecnologıa de Polımeros, Consejo
Superior de Investigaciones Cientıficas (ICTP-CSIC), Madrid, Spain
Ricardo Franco REQUIMTE, Department of Chemistry, Faculdade de Ciencias e
Tecnologia, Universidade Nova de Lisboa, Caparica, Portugal
Naoaki Fukuda Office of Society-Academia Collaboration for Innovation, Kyoto
University, Kyoto, Japan
Karin Furukawa Hitachi Zosen Corporation, Osaka, Japan
Maria Gomez-Mingot Laboratoire de Chimie des Processus Biologiques, UMR
8229, College de France, Paris, France
Alexander Y. Galashev Institute of High Temperature Electrochemistry, Ural
Division, Russian Academy of Sciences, Yekaterinburg, Russia
Raquel E. Galian Instituto de Ciencia Molecular (ICMol), Universidad de Valen-
cia, Paterna, Valencia, Spain
Fan Gao Department of Chemical Engineering, University of Massachusetts
Lowell, Lowell, MA, USA
Nuria Garcıa Instituto de Ciencia y Tecnologıa de Polımeros, Consejo Superior
de Investigaciones Cientıficas (ICTP-CSIC), Madrid, Spain
Elizabeth Garcıa-Garcıa Psicofarma S.A. de C.V., Col. Toriello Guerra, Mexico
Maria Joao Gomes INEB, Institute of Biomedical Engineering, University of
Porto, Porto, Portugal
D. Gopi Department of Chemistry, Periyar University, Salem, Tamilnadu, India
Centre for Nanoscience and Nanotechnology, Periyar University, Salem,
Tamilnadu, India
Mark H. Griep Weapons and Materials Research Directorate, US Army Research
Laboratory, Aberdeen Proving Grounds, MD, USA
Zhiyong Gu Department of Chemical Engineering, University of Massachusetts
Lowell, Lowell, MA, USA
Richard Hague Faculty of Engineering, EPSRC Centre for Innovative
Manufacturing in Additive Manufacturing, The University of Nottingham,
Nottingham, UK
Min Han Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Nanjing University,
Nanjing, China
Bárbara Herrera Departamento de Quımica, Facultad de Ciencias, Universidad
de Chile, Santiago, Chile
xviii Contributors
A. W. Holleitner Walter Schottky Institut and Physik-Department, Technische
Universitat M€unchen, Garching, Germany
Nanosystems Initiative Munich (NIM), Munich, Germany
Nabila Hoque Weapons and Materials Research Directorate, US Army Research
Laboratory, Aberdeen Proving Grounds, MD, USA
Mario Hoyos Instituto de Ciencia y Tecnologıa de Polımeros, Consejo Superior
de Investigaciones Cientıficas (ICTP-CSIC), Madrid, Spain
Qin Hu Faculty of Engineering, EPSRC Centre for Innovative Manufacturing in
Additive Manufacturing, The University of Nottingham, Nottingham, UK
Annick Hubin Research Group Electrochemical and Surface Engineering
(SURF), Vrije Univeristeit Brussel, Brussel, Belgium
Mahmoud Ibrahim LCC (Laboratoire de Chimie de Coordination), CNRS, Tou-
louse, France
UPS, Universite de Toulouse, Toulouse, France
INPT, Universite de Toulouse, Toulouse, France
Paul Jara Departamento de Quımica, Facultad de Ciencias, Universidad de Chile,
Santiago, Chile
Kexin Jiao Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Southern Illinois Univer-
sity, Carbondale, IL, USA
Dong Hyun Jo Fight Against Angiogenesis-Related Blindness (FARB) Labora-
tory, Clinical Research Institute, Seoul National University Hospital, Seoul, Repub-
lic of Korea
Department of Biomedical Sciences, College of Medicine, Seoul National Univer-
sity, Seoul, Republic of Korea
Philipp John BUCHI Labortechnik AG, Flawil, Switzerland
Kadriye Kızılbey Science and Technology Application and Research Center,
Yıldız Technical University, Istanbul, Turkey
Molleshree Karna Weapons and Materials Research Directorate, US Army
Research Laboratory, Aberdeen Proving Grounds, MD, USA
Navneet Kaur Centre for Nanoscience and Nanotechnology (UIEAST), Panjab
University, Chandigarh, India
Kamalpreet Kaur Department of Chemistry, Indian Institute of Technology
Ropar (IIT Ropar), Rupnagar, Punjab, India
L. Kavitha Department of Physics, School of Basic and Applied Sciences, Central
University of Tamilnadu, Thiruvarur, Tamilnadu, India
Contributors xix
Jin Hyoung Kim Fight Against Angiogenesis-Related Blindness (FARB) Labo-
ratory, Clinical Research Institute, Seoul National University Hospital, Seoul,
Republic of Korea
Jeong Hun Kim Fight Against Angiogenesis-Related Blindness (FARB) Labora-
tory, Clinical Research Institute, Seoul National University Hospital, Seoul, Repub-
lic of Korea
Department of Biomedical Sciences, College of Medicine, Seoul National Univer-
sity, Seoul, Republic of Korea
Department of Ophthalmology, College of Medicine, Seoul National University,
Seoul, Republic of Korea
Punit Kohli Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Southern Illinois
University, Carbondale, IL, USA
Bastien Leger Unite de Catalyse et de Chimie du Solide, CNRS UMR 8181,
UCCS Artois, Universite d’Artois, Faculte Jean Perrin, Lens, France
Raquel Lopez-Arellano Laboratory 5: LEDEFAR. Unidad de Investigacion
Multidisciplinaria. Facultad de Estudios Superiores Cuautitlán, Universidad
Nacional Autonoma de Mexico, Cuautitlán Izcalli, Estado de Mexico, Mexico
Nelisa T€urkoglu Lacin Science and Technology Application and Research
Center, Yıldız Technical University, Istanbul, Turkey
Miguel Larguinho UCIBIO, CIGMH, Departamento de Ciencias da Vida,
Faculdade de Ciencias e Tecnologia, Universidade Nova de Lisboa, Caparica,
Portugal
Tae Geol Lee Center for Nano-Bio Convergence, World Class Laboratory, Korea
Research Institute of Standards and Science, Daejeon, Republic of Korea
Jianlin Li Energy and Transportation Science Division, Oak Ridge National
Laboratory, Oak Ridge, TN, USA
Ze Li Beijing National Laboratory for Molecular Sciences, Institute of Analytical
Chemistry, College of Chemistry and Molecular Engineering, Peking University,
Beijing, China
Liping Li Beijing National Laboratory for Molecular Sciences, Institute of Ana-
lytical Chemistry, College of Chemistry and Molecular Engineering, Peking
University, Beijing, China
Xianjiang Li Beijing National Laboratory for Molecular Sciences, Institute of
Analytical Chemistry, College of Chemistry and Molecular Engineering, Peking
University, Beijing, China
V. V. Lisenkov Institute of Electrophysics, Yekaterinburg, Russia
xx Contributors
Huwei Liu Beijing National Laboratory for Molecular Sciences, Institute of
Analytical Chemistry, College of Chemistry and Molecular Engineering, Peking
University, Beijing, China
A. Luches Department of Mathematics and Physics “E. De Giorgi”, University of
Salento, Lecce, Italy
Shinya Maenosono School of Materials Science, Japan Advanced Institute of
Science and Technology, Nomi, Ishikawa, Japan
M. A. Mangold IRsweep GmbH, c/o ETH Zurich, Institute f€ur Quantum
Electronics, Z€urich, Switzerland
Paolo Mariani Department of Life and Environmental Sciences and CNISM,
Università Politecnica delle Marche, Ancona, Italy
M. Martino Department of Mathematics and Physics “E. De Giorgi”, University
of Salento, Lecce, Italy
Susana Martins Department of Physics, Chemistry and Pharmacy, University of
Southern Denmark, Odense, Denmark
Alberto Mejıa Instituto de Ciencia y Tecnologıa de Polımeros, Consejo Superior
de Investigaciones Cientıficas (ICTP-CSIC), Madrid, Spain
BárbaraMendes INEB, Institute of Biomedical Engineering, University of Porto,
Porto, Portugal
Faculty of Engineering, University of Porto, Porto, Portugal
Jyothi U. Menon Department of Bioengineering, University of Texas at Arling-
ton, Arlington, TX, USA
Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of Texas Southwestern Medical
Center, Dallas, TX, USA
Anton P. J. Middelberg Centre for Biomolecular Engineering, Australian Insti-
tute for Bioengineering and Nanotechnology, The University of Queensland,
St Lucia, QLD, Australia
Virendra Misra Ecotoxicology Division, CSIR-Indian Institute of Toxicology
Research (IITR), Lucknow, UP, India
Eric Monflier Unite de Catalyse et de Chimie du Solide, CNRS UMR 8181,
UCCS Artois, Universite d’Artois, Faculte Jean Perrin, Lens, France
Derrick M. Mott School of Materials Science, Japan Advanced Institute of
Science and Technology, Nomi, Ishikawa, Japan
S. A. Nepijko Institute of Physics, University of Mainz, Mainz, Germany
Contributors xxi
Dat X. Nguyen Department of Bioengineering, University of Texas at Arlington,
Arlington, TX, USA
Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of Texas Southwestern Medical
Center, Dallas, TX, USA
Kytai T. Nguyen Department of Bioengineering, University of Texas at Arling-
ton, Arlington, TX, USA
Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of Texas Southwestern Medical
Center, Dallas, TX, USA
Sebastien Noel Unite de Catalyse et de Chimie du Solide, CNRS UMR 8181,
UCCS Artois, Universite d’Artois, Faculte Jean Perrin, Lens, France
Takeo Oku Department of Materials Science, The University of Shiga Prefecture,
Hikone, Shiga, Japan
V. V. Osipov Institute of Electrophysics, Yekaterinburg, Russia
Julia Perez-Prieto Instituto de Ciencia Molecular (ICMol), Universidad de
Valencia, Paterna, Valencia, Spain
Aniruddha B. Patil Department of Chemistry, Institute of Chemical Technology,
Matunga, Mumbai, India
Leonard F. Pease III Chemical Engineering, Internal Medicine, Pharmaceutics
and Pharmaceutical Chemistry, The Nano Institute of Utah, University of Utah, Salt
Lake City, UT, USA
Pedro Pedrosa CIGMH, Department of Life Sciences, Faculdade de Ciencias e
Tecnologia, Universidade Nova de Lisboa, Caparica, Portugal
Karine Philippot LCC (Laboratoire de Chimie de Coordination), CNRS, Tou-
louse, France
UPS, Universite de Toulouse, Toulouse, France
INPT, Universite de Toulouse, Toulouse, France
V. V. Platonov Institute of Electrophysics, Yekaterinburg, Russia
Florina Pogacean National Institute for Research and Development of Isotopic
and Molecular Technologies, Cluj-Napoca, Romania
Anne Ponchel Unite de Catalyse et de Chimie du Solide, CNRS UMR 8181,
UCCS Artois, Universite d’Artois, Faculte Jean Perrin, Lens, France
Stela Pruneanu National Institute for Research and Development of Isotopic and
Molecular Technologies, Cluj-Napoca, Romania
Victor K. Pustovalov Belarusian National Technical University, Minsk, Belarus
xxii Contributors
D. Rajeswari Department of Chemistry, Periyar University, Salem, Tamilnadu,
India
Department of Physics, Periyar University, Salem, Tamilnadu, India
Patricia Ramırez-Noguera Laboratory 9: Toxicology and Genetics. Unidad de
Investigacion Multidisciplinaria. Facultad de Estudios Superiores Cuautitlán,Universidad Nacional Autonoma de Mexico, Cuautitlán Izcalli, Estado de Mexico,
Mexico
Puran Singh Rathore Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science, The Maha-
raja Sayajirao University of Baroda, Vadodara, Gujarat, India
Benjamin J. Robinson Chemical Engineering, Internal Medicine, Pharmaceutics
and Pharmaceutical Chemistry, The Nano Institute of Utah, University of Utah, Salt
Lake City, UT, USA
Valery Ya. Rudyak Novosibirsk State University of Architecture and Civil Engi-
neering, Novosibirsk, Russia
Bruno Sarmento INEB, Institute of Biomedical Engineering, University of Porto,
Porto, Portugal
IINFACTS, Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Instituto Superior de Ciencias
da Saude-Norte, Gandra, Portugal
G. Schonhense Institute of Physics, University of Mainz, Mainz, Germany
Michael S. P. Sellers Weapons and Materials Research Directorate, US Army
Research Laboratory, Aberdeen Proving Grounds, MD, USA
N. G. Semaltianos Department of Physics, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki,
Thessaloniki, Greece
Ranjita Shegokar Freie Universitat Berlin, Institute of Pharmacy, Department
Pharmaceutics, Biopharmaceutics & NutriCosmetics, Kelchstraße 31, Berlin,
Germany
Ritu Singh Department of Environmental Science, School of Earth Sciences,
Central University of Rajasthan, Ajmer, Rajasthan, India
Ecotoxicology Division, CSIR-Indian Institute of Toxicology Research (IITR),
Lucknow, UP, India
Narinder Singh Department of Chemistry, Indian Institute of Technology Ropar
(IIT Ropar), Rupnagar, Punjab, India
Jose Solla-Gullon Institute of Electrochemistry, University of Alicante, Alicante,
Spain
Yukiko Takahashi Department of Materials Science and Technology, Nagaoka
University of Technology, Nagaoka, Niigata, Japan
Contributors xxiii
Toshio Takiya Hitachi Zosen Corporation, Osaka, Japan
Herman Terryn Research Group Electrochemical and Surface Engineering
(SURF), Vrije Univeristeit Brussel, Brussel, Belgium
Sonal I. Thakore Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science, The Maharaja
Sayajirao University of Baroda, Vadodara, Gujarat, India
Pilar Tiemblo Instituto de Ciencia y Tecnologıa de Polımeros, Consejo Superior
de Investigaciones Cientıficas (ICTP-CSIC), Madrid, Spain
Raul A. Trbojevich Division of Biochemical Toxicology, National Center for
Toxicological Research, US Food and Drug Administration, Jefferson, AR, USA
Christopher Tuck Faculty of Engineering, EPSRC Centre for Innovative
Manufacturing in Additive Manufacturing, The University of Nottingham,
Nottingham, UK
Melike Uner Istanbul University, Faculty of Pharmacy, Department of Pharma-
ceutical Technology, Istanbul, Turkey
Jon Ustarroz Research Group Electrochemical and Surface Engineering (SURF),
Vrije Univeristeit Brussel, Brussel, Belgium
Thierry Vandamme Faculty of Pharmacy, CNRS 7199 Laboratoire de Concep-
tion et Application de Molecules Bioactives (CAMB), equipe de Pharmacie
Biogalenique, University of Strasbourg, Strasbourg, France
Bruno Veigas CIGMH, Department of Life Sciences, Faculdade de Ciencias e
Tecnologia, Universidade Nova de Lisboa, Caparica, Portugal
CENIMAT-I3N, Department of Material Sciences, Faculdade de Ciencias e
Tecnologia, Universidade Nova de Lisboa, Caparica, Portugal
Francisco J. Vidal-Iglesias Institute of Electrochemistry, University of Alicante,
Alicante, Spain
Abby L. West Weapons and Materials Research Directorate, US Army Research
Laboratory, Aberdeen Proving Grounds, MD, USA
Ricky Wildman Faculty of Engineering, EPSRC Centre for Innovative
Manufacturing in Additive Manufacturing, The University of Nottingham,
Nottingham, UK
Tin Wui Wong Particle Design Research Group, Faculty of Pharmacy, Universiti
Teknologi MARA, Puncak Alam, Selangor, Malaysia
Non-Destructive Biomedical and Pharmaceutical Research Centre, Universiti
Teknologi MARA, Puncak Alam, Selangor, Malaysia
Qingliu Wu Chemical Sciences and Engineering Division, Argonne National
Laboratory, Argonne, IL, USA
xxiv Contributors
Ji Wu Department of Chemistry, Georgia Southern University, Statesboro, GA,
USA
Linnan Xu Beijing National Laboratory for Molecular Sciences, Institute of
Analytical Chemistry, College of Chemistry and Molecular Engineering, Peking
University, Beijing, China
Minoru Yaga Faculty of Engineering, University of the Ryukyus, Okinawa, Japan
Hiroshi Yao Graduate School of Material Science, University of Hyogo,
Kamigori-cho, Ako-gun, Hyogo, Japan
Nicolás Yutronic Departamento de Quımica, Facultad de Ciencias, Universidad
de Chile, Santiago, Chile
Edric Zhan United States Military Academy, West Point, NY, USA
Jialing Zhang Beijing National Laboratory for Molecular Sciences, Institute of
Analytical Chemistry, College of Chemistry and Molecular Engineering, Peking
University, Beijing, China
Chun-Xia Zhao Centre for Biomolecular Engineering, Australian Institute for
Bioengineering and Nanotechnology, The University of Queensland, St Lucia,
QLD, Australia
Contributors xxv