Handbook of Methods: Chapter 9. Occupational Safety and ... · from work, and a separate Census of Fatal Occupational Injuries (CFOI) was established to capture counts and profiles

IN THIS CHAPTERPart I. Common Coding Systems NorthAmericanIndustryClassificationSystem(NAICS) ........ 2 StandardOccupationalClassification(SOC) ............................. 3 OccupationalInjuryIllnessClassificationSystem(OIICS) ...... 4 Race and Ethnicity Standards .................................................... 4

Part II. Survey of Occupational Injuries and Illnesses ....................... 5 Background ................................................................................ 5 SOIIDefinitions ......................................................................... 6 SOII Measures ........................................................................... 8 Scope of the SOII ....................................................................... 9 State Participation in the SOII ................................................... 9 SOII Sample Design ................................................................ 10 SOII Data Collection ................................................................ 10 SOII Estimation Procedures ..................................................... 11 Uses and Limitations of SOII Estimates .................................. 15 Survey Forms ........................................................................... 15

Part III. Census of Fatal Occupational Injuries ................................ 15 Background .............................................................................. 16 CFOIDefinitions ...................................................................... 16 CFOI Collection Methods ........................................................ 17 CFOI Measures ........................................................................ 17 Fatal Injury Rates ..................................................................... 17 Presentation of CFOI Data ....................................................... 19 Uses and Limitations of CFOI Data ......................................... 20

Part IV. Special Topic Surveys ......................................................... 21Technical References ....................................................................... 22

Chapter 9. Occupational Safety and Health Statistics

depicting the victims’ demographics and the circumstances surrounding their deaths.

In 1987, a National Academy of Sciences study recom-mended that these deficiencies be corrected by collectingdetailed data on severe, nonfatal occupational injuries and illnesses reported in the SOII and by compiling completeaccounts of occupational fatalities from administrative re-cords,suchasdeathcertificatesandworkers’compensationreports.4ThiscriticalreviewoftheSOII,whichhighlighted

Dataon safety andhealth conditions forworkersonthejobhavebeenproducedbytheBureauofLaborStatistics(BLS)sincebeforeWorldWarI.Thefirst

safetyandhealthreportissuedbyBLSsummarizedindustrialaccidents in the iron and steel industries during the warperiod, presenting information on the frequency and severity of injuries, the occupation of the injuredworkers, and thenature of their injuries.1Work-relatedillnessesalsowerethesubjectofBLSstudiesconductedintheearly1900s,suchasthepioneeringresearchonleadpoisoningintheworkplacedonebyDr.AliceHamilton.2Itwas not until the passage of theOccupational Safety

and Health Act of 1970 that Congress delegated to BLS theresponsibilityfordevelopingacomprehensivestatisticalsystem covering work-related injuries, illnesses, andfatalities in private industry. In 1972, BLS, in cooperation withmany state governments, designed the annual SurveyofOccupationalInjuriesandIllnesses(SOII)toestimatethenumberandfrequencyofwork-relatedinjuriesandillnessesbydetailedindustryforthenationandforstatesparticipatingintheSOII.Thissurveyinformationcontinuestobeofvalueto the safety andhealth communitywhendecidinghow toallocate prevention resources among several hundred diverse industries,acrosswhich,workers’risksofinjuryandillnessvarywidely.As originally designed, however, the SOII had its

shortcomings. Although the survey identified industrieswith dangerous work settings, it shed little light on thecircumstances of an injury or illness; for example, the survey didnotaskaboutthemannerinwhichanincidentoccurredandwhichoccupationswereinvolved.3 The SOII also failed toproduceareliablecountofworkplacefatalitiesorprofiles

1The Safety Movement in the Iron and Steel Industry,Bulletin234(BureauofLaborStatistics,1918).

2The White-Lead Industry in the United States, Bulletin 95 (Bureau ofLabor,1911).

3Betweenthemid-1970sandearly1990s,alimitedamountofdataoncasecircumstancesofwork-related injuries and illnesses andcharacteristicsoftheworkersinvolvedwereaggregatedforselectedstatesparticipatingintheSupplementaryDataSystemandWorkInjuryReports.Foradescriptionofthose programs, see BLS Handbook of Methods, Bulletin2414(BureauofLaborStatistics,1992),chapter14.

4See E.S. Pollack and D.F. Keimig, eds., Counting Injuries and Illnesses in the Workplace: Proposals for a Better System (Washington, NationalResearchCouncil,NationalAcademyPress,1987),pp.103–06.

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longstandingdeficiencies,providedtheimpetusforitsrede-sign.With congressional funding, technical support from the

safety and health community, and assistance from some 40 participatingstates,BLSbeganamultiyearefforttoredesignand test an improved safety and health statistical system, whichwasfullyimplementedin1992.Beginningthatyear,SOIIestimatesofnonfatalworkplace injuriesand illnesseswere expanded to profile detailed case circumstances andworker characteristics for cases that involved days awayfrom work, and a separate Census of Fatal OccupationalInjuries(CFOI)wasestablishedtocapturecountsandprofilesof work-related fatalities. (For more information on casecircumstancesandworkercharacteristics, seediscussionofthe Occupational Injury and Illness Classification system and the Standard Occupational Classification system in Part I. Common Coding Systems,whichfollowsthissection.)

The changes to the BLS Occupational Safety and Health Statistics (OSHS) program implemented in 1992 addedtwonewoutputsfortheprogram.Thethreedistinctoutputsinclude theCensus of FatalOccupational Injuries (CFOI);Survey of Occupational Injuries and Illnesses—Case and Demographics (SOII—C&D); and the original Survey ofOccupational Injuries and Illnesses—Annual Summary (SOII—AS). The results of the survey and census arereported in separate newsreleasespublishedannuallybythefollowingtitles:

• Census of Fatal Occupational Injuries includes detailed case circumstances and workercharacteristicsforwork-relatedfatalities(CFOI)

• Workplace Injuries and Illnesses includes industry-levelestimatesofnonfatalwork-relatedinjuriesandillnessesfromtheSOII(SOII—AS)

• Nonfatal Occupational Injuries and Illnesses Requiring Days Away From Work includes detailed case circumstances and worker characteristics forcasesinvolvingdaysawayfromworkfromtheSOII(SOII—C&D)

Severalchangesthathavehadsignificantimpactsondatafrom the BLS safety and health statistics program, including updated recordkeeping requirements, new industry andoccupation classification systems, and changes in race andethnicity standards, are discussed in Part I. Common Coding Systems.

Part I. Common Coding SystemsThe Survey of Occupational Injuries and Illnesses (SOII)andtheCensusofFatalOccupationalInjuries(CFOI)shareseveral systems to classify industry, occupation, and case circumstances and worker characteristics. Changes amongthesesystemsoverthepastseveralyearshavesignificantlyimpactedSOIIandCFOIoutputs,asdescribedbelow.

North American Industry Classification System (NAICS)

The SOII and CFOI adopted a new industry classificationsystem beginning with data for reference year 2003. TheStandardIndustrialClassification(SIC)systemservedasthefoundation for SOII and CFOI statistics since the inception of each program—1972 and 1992, respectively, and wasrevisednumeroustimesduringitslifecycle(mostrecentlyin1987)toaccountforchangesinthecompositionoftheU.S.economy.

Despite periodic updates to the SIC system, increasing criticismledtothedevelopmentofanew,morecomprehensivesystemthatreflectsmorerecentandrapideconomicchanges.Many industrial changeswere not accounted for under theSIC system, such as recent developments in information services, new formsofhealth careprovision, expansionofthe services sector, and high-tech manufacturing.The North American Industry Classification System

(NAICS) was developed in cooperation with Canada andMexico to replace the SIC system, and it was one of themost profound changes for statistical programs focused on measuring economic activities. NAICS uses a process-orientedconceptualframeworktogroupestablishmentsintoindustriesaccordingtotheactivityinwhichtheyareprimarilyengaged.Establishments using similar rawmaterial inputs,similar capital equipment, and similar labor are classifiedinthesameindustry.Inotherwords,establishmentsthatdosimilarthingsinsimilarwaysareclassifiedtogether.NAICSprovidesanewtooltoensurethatSOIIandCFOI

statisticsaccuratelyreflectchangesinadynamicU.S.econ-omy. The downside of this change is that these improvedstatisticsresultedintimeseriesbreaksduetothesignificantdifferences between SIC and NAICS. Every sector of theeconomy was restructured and redefined under NAICS.AnewInformationsectorcombinedcommunications,publish-ing, motion picture and sound recording, and online services, recognizingourinformation-basedeconomy.NAICSrestruc-tured theManufacturing sector to recognizenewhigh-techindustries.Anew subsectorwasdevoted to computers andelectronics,includingreproductionofsoftware.Retailtradewasredefined.Inaddition,eatinganddrinkingplacesweretransferredtoanewAccommodationandFoodServicessec-tor.ThedifferencebetweentheRetailTradeandWholesaleTradesectorsisnowbasedonhoweachstoreconductsbusi-ness.Forexample,manycomputer storeswere reclassifiedfromwholesale toretail.Ninenewservicesectorsand250new service-providing industrieswere recognizedwith theadoption of the NAICS revision in 2002.

NAICS uses a 6-digit hierarchical coding system to classify economic activities into 20 industry sectors—4 sectors are mainly goods-producing sectors and 16 are entirely service-providingsectors.This6-digithierarchical structureallowsgreater coding flexibility than the 4-digit structure of theSIC.NAICSallowsfortheidentificationof1,170industriescomparedwiththe1,004foundintheSICsystem.

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•Naturalresourcesandmining—combiningAgriculture,forestry,fishing,andhunting(NAICS11),andMining(NAICS21)

• Trade, transportation, and utilities—combiningWholesale (NAICS 42) and Retail trade (NAICS 44–45), Transportation and warehousing (NAICS 48–49),andUtilities(NAICS22)

• Financial activities—combiningFinanceand insurance(NAICS 52) and Real estate and rental and leasing(NAICS53)

• Professional and business services—combiningProfessional, scientific, and technical services (NAICS54); Management of companies and enterprises(NAICS55);andAdministrativeandsupportandwastemanagementandremediationservices(NAICS56)

• Education and health services—combining Educationservices (NAICS 61) and Health care and socialassistance(NAICS62)

• Leisureandhospitality—combiningArts,entertainment,and recreation (NAICS 71) and Accommodation andfoodservices(NAICS72)

Standard Occupational Classification (SOC)

Beginning with the 2011 reference year, the CFOI andthe SOII began using the 2010 Standard Occupational Classification system for coding occupations. Prior to 2011, the 2000 Standard Occupational Classification system for occupationswas used.Because of the differences betweenthe current and older 2000 SOC version, CFOI and SOII resultsbyoccupationin2011constituteabreakinseries,andusersareadvisedagainstmakingcomparisonsbetween the2011 (and subsequentyears)occupationcategories and theresults forpreviousyears.The2010SOCsystemclassifiesworkersatfourlevelsofaggregation:

•Major group•Minor group•Broad occupation•Detailed occupation

All occupations are clustered into one of 23 major groups, withinwhichare97minorgroups,461broadoccupations,and 840 detailed occupations. Occupations with similarskillsorworkactivitiesaregroupedateachofthefourlevelsof hierarchy to facilitate comparisons. For example, Life, Physical,andSocialScienceOccupations(19-0000)isdividedinto fourminorgroups:LifeScientists (19-1000),PhysicalScientists(19-2000),SocialScientistsandRelatedWorkers(19-3000),andLife,Physical,andSocialScienceTechnicians(19-4000).LifeScientistscontainsbroadoccupationssuchasAgriculture and Food Scientists (19-1010), and BiologicalScientists (19-1020). The broad occupation BiologicalScientists includes detailed occupations such as Biochemists andBiophysicists(19-1021)andMicrobiologists(19-1022).

In late 2004, BLS began publishing survey year 2003occupational safetyandhealthstatisticsusingNAICS,firstwiththeCFOIinSeptember,followedbysummaryestimatesfromtheSOIIinDecember.InMarch2005,BLSpublishedNAICS-based detailed case circumstances and workercharacteristics estimates from the 2003 SOII. Because of the substantialdifferencesbetweentheNAICSandSICsystems,theresultsbyindustrysince2003constituteabreakinseries,andusersareadvisedagainstmakingcomparisonsbetweenthe 2003 industry categories and the results for previous years.The NAICS 2002 structure was revised on a planned

5-year cycle to reflect changes in the economy, resultingin the NAICS 2007 standard. SOII and CFOI industry data incorporatedNAICS2007codingwiththereleaseofdatafor2009.ThedifferencesbetweentheNAICS2002andNAICS2007werenotasbroadas thosebetweenSICandNAICS.Therefore, adoption of NAICS 2007 did not result in series breaks. For additional information regarding differencesbetween NAICS 2002 and NAICS 2007, visit the U.S.CensusBureauNAICSwebpageathttp://www.census.gov/eos/www/naics/.

Thefollowinglistidentifiestheindividualgoods-producingand service-providing sectors according to 2007 NAICS classifications:

• Goods-producingNAICSsectors:• Agriculture,forestry,fishing,andhunting(NAICS11)• Mining(NAICS21)• Construction(NAICS23)• Manufacturing(NAICS31–33)

• Service-providingNAICSsectors:• Wholesaletrade(NAICS42)• Retailtrade(NAICS44–45)• Transportationandwarehousing(NAICS48–49)• Utilities(NAICS22)• Information(NAICS51)• Financeandinsurance(NAICS52)• Realestateandrentalandleasing(NAICS53)• Professional,scientific,andtechnicalservices(NAICS54)

• Management of companies and enterprises (NAICS55)

• Administrative and support and waste managementandremediationservices(NAICS56)

• Educationservices(NAICS61)• Healthcareandsocialassistance(NAICS62)• Arts,entertainment,andrecreation(NAICS71)• Accommodationandfoodservices(NAICS72)• Otherservices(exceptPublicadministration)(NAICS81)

• Publicadministration(NAICS92)

In addition to these NAICS sectors, SOII and CFOI statistics are tabulated for several additional NAICS aggregations thatareuniquetoBLS,includingthefollowing:




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Each item in the hierarchy is designated by a six-digitcode. The first two digits of the SOC code represent themajor group; the third digit represents the minor group; the fourthandfifthdigitsrepresentthebroadoccupation;andthedetailedoccupation is representedby thesixthdigit.Majorgroupcodesendwith0000(e.g.,33-0000,ProtectiveServiceOccupations),minorgroupsendwith000(e.g.,33-2000,FireFightingWorkers),andbroadoccupationsendwith0(e.g.,33-2020,FireInspectors).(Thezerosarenotalwaysprinted.)All residuals (“Other,” “Miscellaneous,” or “All Other”),whetheratthedetailedorbroadoccupationorminorgrouplevel, contain a 9 at the level of the residual. Detailed residual occupations end in 9 (e.g., 33-9199, Protective ServiceWorkers, All Other), broad occupations which are minorgroup residuals end in 90 (e.g., 33-9190, MiscellaneousProtective ServiceWorkers), and minor groups which aremajor group residuals end in 9000 (e.g., 33-9000, OtherProtectiveServiceWorkers):

• 33-0000 Protective Service Occupations

• 33-9000OtherProtectiveServiceWorkers

• 33-9190 Miscellaneous Protective Service Workers

• 33-9199 Protective Service Workers, AllOther

Also note, prior to 2003, both CFOI and SOII used theU.S. Census Bureau Occupational Coding structure to code occupation.Beginningwith2003data,CFOIandSOII-C&Dbothused2000SOCforthefirsttimetoclassifyoccupation.BecauseofthesubstantialdifferencesintheCensusBureauOccupational Coding structure and the 2000 SOC system, usersareadvisedagainstmakingcomparisonsbetween the2003–2010 occupation categories and the results for yearsbefore2003.

Occupational Injury and Illness Classification System (OIICS)

The Occupational Injury and Illness Classification System(OIICS)wasdevelopedbyBLStoprovideaconsistentsetofclassificationsofthecircumstancesofthecharacteristicsassociatedwithworkplace injuries, illnesses, and fatalities.ThecircumstancesofeachcaseareclassifiedbasedontheBLS OIICS manual.TheBureauofLaborStatisticsClassificationStructureTeamdevelopedtheoriginalOIICSwithinputfromdata users and states participating in the BLS Occupational SafetyandHealthStatistics(OSHS)federal/statecooperativeprograms. The original system was released in December1992 and approved for use as the American National Standard for Information Management for Occupational Safety and Health in 1995 (ANSI Z16.2—1995). In September 2007,OSHS staff updated the 1992 manual to incorporate various interpretations and corrections.

TheOIICS revision inSeptember2010was thefirstma-jor revision since the 1992 manual. The BLS OIICS Revi-sionTeamdevelopedthenewmanualusinginputfrommanystakeholders.InFebruary2008,BLSissuedaFederalRegis-ter Notice requesting suggestions for proposed changes to the manual. In addition, the OSHS program sent out numerous lettersande-mails tootherswhouse theOIICS toclassifyinjury and illness data. In April 2010, the OSHS program sent a draft of the revised OIICS manual to interested parties for their comments. The team considered comments received, maderevisions,andcompletedthefinalmanualinSeptember2010.OIICS2.0differssignificantlyenoughfromtheorigi-nalversiontobeconsideredabreakinseries,sodatamaynotbecomparabletopreviousyears.The SOII—C&D and CFOI use five classifications to

describeeachincidentthatledtoaseriousnonfatalinjuryorillnessorafatalinjury:

•Nature—the physical characteristics of the disablinginjury or illness, such as cuts and lacerations, fractures, sprains and strains, or electrocution

• Part of body affected—thepartofbodydirectlylinkedtothenatureofinjuryorillnesscited,suchasfinger,arm,back,orbodysystems

• Event or exposure—the manner in which the injuryor illnesswasproducedor inflicted, such as caught inrunning equipment; slips, trips, or falls; overexertion; or contactwithelectriccurrent

• Source—the object, substance, exposure, or bodilymotionthatwasresponsibleforproducingor inflictingthe disabling condition, such as machinery, ground,patient,orelectricalwiring

• Secondary source—theobject, substance, or person, ifany, that generated the source of injury or illness or that contributedtotheeventorexposure,suchasiceorwaterthatcontributedtoafall

Figure1isanillustrativeexampleofhowSOII—C&DmayuseOIICScodestodescribeaninjuryincident.(seepage5)

Race and Ethnicity StandardsBoth the Census of Fatal Occupational Injuries (CFOI)and the Survey of Occupational Injuries and Illnesses (SOII—C&D) were implemented in 1992, followingrecommendationsofaNationalAcademiesofSciencereviewhighlighting the need to capture detailed case circumstances andworkercharacteristics for fatalandnonfatalworkplaceincidents, respectively. At their inception, each of these series used separate methods to categorize the race or ethnicityof injured or ill workers. The SOII—C&D categorizedHispanicsseparately,whiletheCFOIcategorizedHispanicsbyrace(e.g.,BlackorWhite)andalsoprovidedatotalcount



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of Hispanics. The remaining race and ethnicity categories for bothserieswere

• White• Black• AsianorPacificIslander• American Indian or Native Alaskan.

The classification ofworkers by race and ethnicity for theCFOI and the SOII is based on the 1997 Standards for Federal Data on Race and Ethnicity asdefinedbytheOfficeof Management and Budget. In 1999, the CFOI amended race categoriessothatHispanicsnolongercountedasarace,butsolely as an ethnicity. Three additional changes were alsoincorporatedtoraceandethnicitycategories:

• Asianbecameaseparatecategory.• Native Hawaiian was combined with Pacific

Islandertoformanewcategory,NativeHawaiianorPacificIslander.

• “Multirace”wasadded.

In 2002, the SOII—C&D incorporated these same racecategories. One result of this revision is that individuals may becategorizedinmorethanoneraceorethnicgroup.Race

andethnicityisoneofthefewdataelementsthatareoptionalin the SOII. This resulted in 37 percent of the cases involving daysawayfromworkforwhichraceandethnicitywerenotreported in the 2009 SOII.

Part II. Survey of OccupationalInjuries and Illnesses

BackgroundThe current BLS Survey of Occupational Injuries and Illnesses (SOII)evolvedfromannualBLSsurveysfirstconductedinthe 1940s, when injury recordkeeping standards becamesufficiently uniform to permit the collection of nationwidework injury data. Spanning 3 decades, those nationwidesurveys proved useful in measuring and monitoring injury frequencyandseverity,but theyhadtwomajorlimitations.First, the surveydatawere compiled fromand representedonlyemployerswhovolunteeredtorecordandreportworkinjuries. Second, work injuries were limited to those thatresulted in death, permanent impairment, or temporary disability, defined as unable to perform regular job dutiesbeyond the day of injury.Thus, survey estimates excludedmany employers and, by definition, numerous cases that

Figure 1

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required medical treatment (beyond first aid) or restrictedworkdutiesbutdidnotresultindaysawayfromwork.Theseandotherlimitationswereaddressedinalandmark

piece of safety legislation passed by the Congress: theOccupational Safety and Health Act of 1970. The 1970 act and its implementing regulations required that most private industry employers regularly maintain records (logs) andpreparereportsonwork-relatedinjuriesandillnesses,whichinclude all disabling, serious, or significant injuries andillnesses,whetherornotinvolvingtimeawayfromwork.5The1970actcalledforawiderstatisticalnettogatherwork

injury and illness data and to measure their numbers andincidencerates.Thecurrentmandatorysurvey,modifiedonseveral occasions to incorporate various changes discussed in latersections,stillmeetsthebasicrequirementsofthe1970actforcountsandratescoveringabroadspectrumofworkinjuries and illnesses in various work settings. Beginningwith the 1992 calendar year, the SOII began to collectinformation on the circumstances of the most serious of its nonfatalcases—thoseinvolvingdaysawayfromwork—andthe characteristics of workers sustaining such injuries andillnesses.TheSOIIestimates thenumberandfrequency(incidence

rates)ofworkplaceinjuriesandillnessesbasedonlogskeptby employers during the year. These records reflect notonly the year’s injury and illness experience, but also theemployer’s understanding of which cases arework-relatedunder recordkeeping guidelines promulgated by the U.S.Department of Labor’s Occupational Safety and HealthAdministration (OSHA).Effective January1,2002,OSHArevised its requirements for recording occupational injuries and illnesses. These requirements were further refined toinclude guidelines for recording of hearing loss cases as a separate category of illness, for which SOII estimatesare available beginningwith the 2004 survey year.Detailsabout the revised requirements, including a summary ofthe revisions and a comparison between the old and newrequirements,areavailableonlineathttp://www.osha.gov/recordkeeping/index.htmlorfromOSHA’sOfficeofPublicAffairs,availableviatelephoneat202-693-1999.

Because of the revised recordkeeping requirements, SOII estimates for 2002 are not comparable with those fromprior years. Similarly, SOII estimates since 2003 are not comparabletothoseforpreviousyearsowingtochangesinindustryandoccupationcodingsystems.(See Part I. Common Coding Systems for discussion of NAICS and SOC.) TheSOIIwas not designed to be able to determine the impactof these revisions on the estimates of nonfatal occupational injuriesandillnesses.(TherevisedrecordkeepingdefinitionsarereflectedintheSOIIDefinitionssection.)

SOII DefinitionsThe following definitions of nonfatal occupational injuriesandillnessesusedintheSOIIarethesameasthoseestablishedintherecordkeepingguidelinesofOSHA,effectiveJanuary

1,2002,andusedbyemployerstokeeplogsandcasedetailsofsuchincidentsthroughoutthesurvey(calendar)year.(Seethe Technical References section for citations of instructional materials useful in understanding the types of cases recorded undercurrentrecordkeepingguidelines.)

Recording criteria Nonfatal recordable workplace injuries and illnesses arethosethatresultinanyoneormoreofthefollowing:

• Loss of consciousness• Daysawayfromwork• Restrictedworkactivityorjobtransfer• Medicaltreatmentbeyondfirstaid

In addition to these four criteria, employers must also recordanysignificantwork-relatedinjuriesorillnessesthatare diagnosed by a physician or other licensed health careprofessional or other instances that meet additional criteria discussedbelow.Significantwork-relatedinjuriesorillnessesinclude cancers, chronic irreversible diseases, fractured orcracked bones (including teeth), or punctured eardrums.Additionalcasesthatmustberecordedasworkplaceinjuriesorillnessesincludethefollowing:

• Anyneedlestick injury or cut froma sharp objectthatiscontaminatedwithanotherperson’sbloodorother potentially infectious material

• Any case requiring an employee to be medicallyremoved under the requirements of an OSHA health standard

• Tuberculosis infection as evidenced by a positiveskintestordiagnosisbyaphysicianorotherlicensedhealthcareprofessionalafterexposuretoaknowncaseofactivetuberculosis

• An employee’s hearing test (audiogram) reveals1) that the employee has experienced a StandardThreshold Shift (STS) in hearing in one or bothears(averagedat2kHz,3kHz,and4kHz)and2)theemployee’s total hearing level is 25 decibels (dB)ormore above audiometric zero (also averaged at2kHz, 3kHz, and 4kHz) in the same ear(s) as theSTS.

Additionaldetailsregardingrecordabilityofnonfatalwork-related injuries and illnesses can be found in the OSHA Recordkeeping Handbook.

Injuries and illnesses Thedistinctionbetweenoccupationalinjury and occupational illnesswaseliminatedfromOSHArecordkeepingguidelineswhen revisions were implemented in 2002. The OSHAguidelines now define an injury or illness as an abnormalcondition or disorder. For purposes of clarification for theSOII,thesetermsaredefinedseparatelybelow.Naturecodesfrom the OIICS manual are used to code distinct injuries and 5See section 24(a) of the Occupational Safety and HealthAct of 1970

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illnessesformoreseverecases.(SeediscussionofOIICSinPart I. Common Coding Systems.)

• Occupational injury is any injury, such as a cut, fracture, sprain, amputation, and so forth, that results fromawork-relatedeventor fromasingleinstantaneousexposureintheworkenvironment.

• Occupational illness is anyabnormal conditionordisorder caused by exposure to factors associatedwith employment, other than those resulting froman instantaneous event or exposure. It includes acuteandchronicillnessesordiseasesthatmaybecausedbyinhalation,absorption,ingestion,ordirectcontact. Five categories of occupational illnesses and disorders are used to classify recordable illnesses,described as follows. Examples of each categoryareprovided,butthesearenotacompletelistingofthe types of illnesses and disorders that are counted undereachcategory. (See theOIICSmanual foramore comprehensive list of injuries and illnesses andtheirassociatedcodes.)

• Occupational skin diseases or disorders are illnesses involving the worker’s skin that arecausedbyworkexposuretochemicals,plants,orothersubstances.Examples:Contactdermatitis,eczema,orrashcausedbyprimaryirritantsandsensitizersorpoisonousplants;oilacne;frictionblisters; chrome ulcers; or inflammation of theskin.

• Respiratory conditions are illnesses associated with breathing hazardous biological agents,chemicals, dusts, gases, vapors, or fumes in the workplace. Examples: Silicosis; asbestosis;pneumonitis; pharyngitis; rhinitis or acute congestion; farmer’s lung; beryllium disease;tuberculosis; occupational asthma; reactiveairways dysfunction syndrome (RADS);chronic obstructive pulmonary disease(COPD); hypersensitivity pneumonitis; toxicinhalation injury, such as metal fume fever; chronic obstructive bronchitis; and otherpneumoconioses.

• Poisoning includes disorders evidenced byabnormal concentrations of toxic substancesin blood, other tissues, other bodily fluids,or the breath that are caused by the ingestionor absorption of toxic substances into thebody. Examples: Poisoning by lead, mercury,cadmium, arsenic, or other metals; poisoning bycarbonmonoxide,hydrogensulfide,orothergases;poisoningbybenzol,carbontetrachloride,or other organic solvents; poisoning byinsecticide sprays, such as parathion or lead arsenate;poisoningbyotherchemicals,suchasformaldehyde.

• Hearing loss. Noise-induced hearing loss is definedfor recordkeeping purposes as a change in hearing threshold relative to a baselineaudiogram of an average of 10 dB or more in either ear at 2kHz, 3kHz, and 4kHz, and theemployee’s total hearing level is 25 dB or more aboveaudiometriczero(alsoaveragedat2kHz,3kHz,and4kHz)inthesameear(s).

• All other occupational illnesses. Includes all other occupational illnesses not covered in the preceding categories. Examples: Heatstroke,sunstroke, heat exhaustion, heat stress, and other effects of environmental heat; freezing,frostbite, and other effects of exposure to lowtemperatures; decompression sickness; effects of ionizingradiation(isotopes,x rays, radium);effects of nonionizing radiation (welding flash,ultraviolet rays, lasers); anthrax; bloodbornepathogenic diseases, such as AIDS, HIV, hepatitis B,orhepatitisC;brucellosis;malignantorbenigntumors; histoplasmosis; coccidioidomycosis; conditions due to repeated motion, vibration,or pressure, such as carpal tunnel syndrome; synovitis, tenosynovitis, and bursitis; andRaynaud’s phenomena.

Case types NonfatalinjuryandillnessestimatesaretabulatedfromSOIIdataforseveraltypesofcases,includingthefollowing:

• Days-away-from-work, job transfer, or restriction (DART) cases are thosewhich involve days awayfromwork (beyond the day of injury or onset ofillness), or days of job transfer or restrictedworkactivity,orboth.

• Days-away-from-work cases are those whichresult indaysawayfromwork(beyondthedayofinjuryoronsetofillness).Thenumberofdaysaway fromwork for these cases is determinedaccording to the number of calendar days (notworkdays)thatanemployeewasunabletowork,eveniftheemployeewasnotscheduledtoworkthosedays.Thedayonwhichtheemployeewasinjuredorbecameillisnotcounted.Thesecasesmayalsoincludedaysofjobtransferorrestrictedwork activity in addition to days away fromwork.Takethecaseofanemployeewhosuffersawork-relatedinjuryresultingin5daysawayfromwork. Upon returning to work, the employeewasunabletoperformnormaldutiesassociatedwith the job for an additional 3 days (i.e., theemployeewasonrestrictedworkactivity).Thiscase would be recorded as a days-away-from-work casewith 5 days away fromwork and 3daysof restrictedworkactivity.Thenumberof

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daysawayforwhichemployersare required toreportis“capped”at180calendardays.

• Job transfer or restriction casesarethosewhichresult only in job transfer or restricted workactivity. This occurs when, as the result of awork-relatedinjuryorillness,anemployerkeepsor health care professional recommends keeping an employee from doing the routine functions of hisorherjoborfromworkingthefullworkdaythattheemployeewouldhavebeenscheduledtoworkbeforetheinjuryor illnessoccurred.Thismayincludethefollowinginstances:

• Anemployee isassigned toanother jobonatemporarybasis

• An employeeworks at a permanent job lessthan full time

• Anemployeeworksatapermanentlyassignedjobbutisunabletoperformalldutiesnormallyconnectedwithit.

Thedayonwhichtheinjuryorillnessoccurredisnotcountedasadayofjobtransferorrestriction.Workerswhocontinueworkingafterincurringaninjuryorillnessintheirregularlyscheduledshiftbutproducefewergoodsorservicesarenotconsidered tobe in restrictedactivity status.Theymustberestrictedfromperformingtheirroutineworkfunctionstobecounted in this category.

• Other recordable casesarethosewhicharerecordableinjuries or illnesses under OSHA recordkeeping guidelines, but which do not result in any daysaway fromwork, nor a job transfer or restriction,beyondthedayoftheinjuryoronsetofillness.Forexample, John cut hisfinger onmachineryduringhis Wednesday afternoon workshift. The injuryrequiredmedicalattention,forwhichJohnreceivedsuturesatthelocalemergencyroom.Johnwasabletoreturntohisnormallyscheduledworkdayonthefollowingday(Thursday)andperformedhistypicalworkdutieswithoutanyrestrictions.

Case circumstancesInformationaboutthecircumstancesofnonfataloccupationalinjuries and illnesses cases involving days away fromwork are collected from employersOSHA case forms andclassifiedusingdefinitionsand rulesof selectionstipulatedin the BLS Occupational Injury and Illness Classification System (OIICS) manual, cited among technical references attheendofthischapter.ThefollowingcasecircumstancesareusedintheSOIItodescribetheseinjuriesandillnessesfrom different perspectives.

• Nature of injury or illness,• Partofbodyaffected,

• Source and secondary source of injury or illness,• Event or exposure.

Other circumstances include• Dayoftheweektheincidentoccurred,• Time of day the incident occurred,• Hoursofworkbeforetheincidentoccurred.

See Part I. Common Coding Systems for additional details on OIICS.

Worker characteristicsIn addition to the aforementioned case circumstances, several workercharacteristicsarecollectedandpublishedintheSOIIfor injuries and illnesses involving days away fromwork.Workercharacteristicsarecodedfrominformationsuppliedby the employer, supplemented by employer descriptions(narratives) of how the incident occurred include thefollowing:

• Occupation(SeePart I. Common Coding Systems fordiscussionofSOC.)

• Industry(SeePart I. Common Coding Systems for discussionofNAICS.)

• Age and age groups

• Raceorethnicorigin(SeePart I. Common Coding Systemsfordiscussionraceandethnicity.)

• Gender

• Length of service

SOII MeasuresThenumberandincidencerateofnonfatalworkplaceinjuriesand illnessesare reportednationwideby industry (NAICS)forthefollowingtypesofcases:

• Totalrecordablecases

•Days-away-from-work,jobtransfer,orrestrictioncases

•Days-away-from-workcases

•Daysofjobtransferorrestrictioncases

• Otherrecordablecases

SeetheSOIIDefinitionssectionforadditionaldetails.Days-away-from-work cases, which may also involve jobtransfer or restrictedworkdays, are a subset of days awayfrom work, job transfer, or restriction (DART) cases. Forcases involving days away from work, the SOII presentsthe case circumstances and worker characteristics by thefollowing:

•Case counts• Incidence rates• Percentdistributions



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The SOII also includes measures of severityfordays-away-from-workcases:

•Mediannumberofdaysawayfromwork

•Numberofdaysaway fromworkbycasecountandpercentdistribution

These severity measures are presented nationwide byindustry,byoccupation,by thecircumstances(nature,part,source, and event), and for select worker characteristics(includinggender,agegroup,lengthofservice,andraceorethnicorigin).For cases involving days away from work, the median

number of workdays lost and a number and percentdistributionofdays-away-from-workcasesbytheirduration(seebelow)areprovided.Themediannumberofdaysawayfromwork provides themiddle observation of the numberofdaysmissedassociatedwith theparticular characteristicthat is being measured (i.e., half of the cases involvedmoredaysaway fromworkandhalfof thecases involvedfewerdaysawayfromwork than themedian).Thepercentdistributionmeasuresarepresentednationwide,byindustry,and for theaforementionedcasecircumstancesandworkercharacteristicsforcasesinvolvingthefollowing:

• 1dayawayfromwork

• 2daysawayfromwork

• 3–5daysawayfromwork




• 31ormoredaysawayfromwork

Incidence rates permit comparison among industries and establishments of varying sizes. They express variousmeasures of injuries and illnesses in terms of a constant reflecting exposure hours in the work environment—forexample, 200,000 employee hours or the equivalent of 100 full-time employees working for 1 year—thus allowingfor a common statistical base regardless of the number ofemployees.Inthisway,afirmwith5casesrecordedfor70employees can compare its injury and illness experience to thatof anentire industrywith12,000cases for150,000employees. (The method of calculating incidence rates isdiscussed in the SOII Estimation Proceduressection.)

Incidence rates also are useful in evaluating the safety performance of a particular industry over time or in comparing state-to-state variations in an industry’s safety record. Such comparisons are possible using the totalrecordablecaseincidencerateortheincidencerateforcases

involvingdaysawayfromwork,jobtransfer,orrestriction,or other recordable cases. Incidence rates are available forinjuriesandillnessescombinedbytheaforementionedcasetypes and for total recordable cases of injuries only. Forillnesses,incidenceratesareavailablefortotalillnesscasesand separately for thefive illness categoriesdefined in theSOIIDefinitionssection.Incidenceratesforinjuryandillnesscasesinvolvingdaysawayfromworkarealsoavailableforspecificcasecircumstances.Forexample,theincidenceratesassociatedwith carpal tunnel syndrome, back injury cases,injuriesinflictedbyhealthcarepatients,ordisablingfallstoalowerlevel.Beginning with survey year 2006, incidence rates are

alsoavailable forselectedworkercharacteristics, includingage groups, gender, detailed occupation, and occupation groupsfornationalestimatesandbyagegroup,gender,andoccupationgroupforstateestimates.(SeesectionbelowonState Participation in the SOIIfordescriptionofavailabilityofstateestimates.)Thesedemographicratesforbothnationaland state estimates are available cross-tabulated by theaforementioned circumstances—nature, part, source, and event.Beginningwithsurveyyear2009,incidenceratesbyoccupation in state government and local government are alsoavailable.

Scope of the SOIIThesampleofworkplacesselectedbyBLSforparticipationin the SOII consists of approximately 230,000 private industry establishments each year. SOII data are solicitedfrom employers having 11 employees or more in Agricultural production, and from all employers in all other industries. Startingwithsurveyyear2008,SOIIalsocollectsdatafromstateandlocalgovernmentestablishmentstoprovideestimatesof occupational injuries and illnesses among government workersforthenationandeachparticipatingstate.Priorto2008, state and local government injury and illness estimates wereavailable foronlyaselectionofstatesandatvaryinglevels of detail. The SOII uses data from the Mine Safety and HealthAdministrationoftheU.S.DepartmentofLaborandthe Federal Railroad Administration of the U.S. Department of Transportation.Self-employedpersonsarenotconsideredtobeemployees

under the 1970 act. Private households (NAICS 814), theUnited States Postal Service (NAICS 491), and federalgovernmentworkersareoutofscopefortheSOII.

State Participation in the SOIIThe SOII shares costs evenly with participating states to develop estimates of occupational injuries and illnesses for each participating state and the nation. BLS collects data in nonparticipating states to support the national estimates only. The participating state agencies collect and process the data fromwhichstateandnationalestimatesaretabulatedusingstandardizedproceduresandsystemsestablishedbyBLSto

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insure uniformity and consistency among the states. BLS designs and selects the survey sample for each state, though statesmakedecisionsabout theoverall sizeof the sample.To further ensure comparability and reliability of SOIIestimates, BLS provides training and continuing technical assistance,reviewstheestablishmentdata,andvalidatesthesurvey results. StateparticipationintheSOIIvariesbyyear,dependingon

fundingdecisionsineachstate.In2009,nonfatalworkplaceinjuries and illnesses estimates for private industry weretabulated separately for 44 participating states, cities, andterritories.Beginningwith2008,BLSpublishedestimatesofinjuriesandillnessestostateandlocalgovernmentworkersfor the nation as a whole and for each participating state.Priorto2008,abouthalfoftheparticipatingstatescollectedandpublishedestimatesofinjuriesandillnessestostateandlocal governmentworkers.The level of industry detail forwhich state estimates are tabulated varies and is based ontheneedsdeterminedbyeachstate.EstimatesforthreeU.S.territories—Guam, Puerto Rico, and the Virgin Islands—are notincludedinthetabulationofnationalestimates.Estimatesfor the participating states, cities, and territories can beaccessed electronically at http://www.bls.gov/iif/oshstate.htm.

SOII Sample DesignAtwo-stageprocess isused toselectasample fromwhichestimatesaregeneratedfortheSOII.Thefirststageinvolvestheselectionfromaframeincludingallin-scopeestablishmentsthatwillberequiredtoparticipateintheSOII(i.e.,sampleunits). The second stage is the selection of sample casesinvolvingdaysawayfromworkfromtheestablishmentsthathavebeenselected.Allcasesinvolvingdaysawayfromworkarecollectedfrommostestablishments.However,asawaytoreducerespondentburden,establishmentsthatarepredictedtohavea largenumberofcases involvingdaysawayfromworkareinstructedtoprovideasubsampleoftheircasesbyreportingonlythosecasesthatoccurredinspecifiedmonths.

Because the SOII is a federal-state cooperative program and the data are designed to meet the needs of the states, an independent sample is selected for each participating state, city, or territory. The sample is selected to represent all in-scope private industries, state government, and local government.ThesamplesizefortheSOIIisdependentuponthe

•Number and kind of cases for which estimates areneeded,

• Industriesforwhichestimatesaredesired,•Characteristicsofthepopulationbeingsampled,• Targetreliabilityoftheestimates,• Survey design employed.

One criterion of the SOII design is identifying target estimation industries (TEIs). TEIs, which are selected byeach state, are North American Industry ClassificationSystem(NAICS)industriesorgroupsofindustriesforwhich

astatewishes toproduceanestimate.Forexample,astatemay select to target estimates forHospitals (NAICS 622).ThisTEIwould includeestablishments inGeneralmedicaland surgical hospitals (NAICS 622110), Psychiatric andsubstance abuse hospitals (NAICS 622210), and Specialtyhospitals, except psychiatric and substance abuse (NAICS622310). A sampling cell is defined by state, ownership,TEI,andsizeclassforwhichanestimatewillbetabulated.Sizeclassesarebasedonanestablishment’saverageannualemployment,asdefinedbelow:

• Sizeclass1=establishmentswith1–10employees




• Size class 5 = establishments with 1,000 or moreemployees

In the SOII, the variability of the incidence rate for totalrecordable cases (TRC)of injuries and illnesses is used astheprimaryvariablefordeterminingallocationofthesample,since there is a high correlation between these cases andother important characteristicsof thedatabeing estimated.Historical state TRC rates are used to calculate the variance. The optimal allocation procedure distributes the sample totheindustriesinamannerintendedtominimizethevarianceof the total number of recordable cases in the universe or,alternatively, the incidence rate of recordable cases in theuniverse.Instratawithhighervariabilityofthedata,alargersampling is selected.

For some sampling cells, it is necessary to select all frame units in the cell in order to meet minimum sampling requirementsortoensurethatanadequatenumberofunitsare sampled to produce accurate and reliable estimates forthe cell.Oncesamplingiscompleteandallnecessaryreviewsand

adjustmentshavebeenmade,samplingweightsarecalculatedforunitsselectedineachsamplingcell.Amaximumweightthreshold is applied to sampleunits. Samplingweights arecalculated by dividing the number of frame units in thesamplingcellbythenumberofsampleunits in thatcellasfollows:

where:NU=thenumberofframeunitsavailableforselectioninthe sampling cell

nS=thenumberofunitssampled.

For example, if there are 100 frame units in a sampling cell from which 5 units are selected for the sample, then theweight assigned to eachof the sampleunitswouldbe100dividedby5,or20.

http://www.bls.gov/iif/oshstate.htm


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SOII Data CollectionAlthough most of the SOII data are now collectedelectronically,theSOIIbeganasamail-basedsurvey.Stateagencies mailed a printed survey form to selected employers earlyintheyearfollowingtheyearforwhichemployerswererequired to record their injury and illness experience on the OSHA recordkeeping forms. For establishments in thosestatesnotparticipatingintheprogram(seesectiononState Participation in the SOII),surveyformsweremailedbyBLS.Eachemployercompletedandmailedbackitssurveyform,which was then manually keyed into a survey collectionsystem.Data from thesurveyswereused forbothnationaland state estimates of occupational injuries and illnesses. This procedureeliminatedduplicatereportingbyrespondentsand,togetherwith the use of identical survey techniques at thenationalandstatelevels,ensuredmaximumcomparabilityofestimates.(LinkstoSOIIformsandtheirrelatedinstructionsare included in the section on SOII Forms.)CollectionmethodsfortheSOIIhaveevolvedsignificantly

in recent years in response to BLS goals to collect data more efficientlyandtoprovidemoretimelyandaccuratedatatoitsusers.Useofnewtechnology—namelytheInternetandotherelectronic resources as alternative means for responding to the SOII—has reduced data collection and processing times.TheresulthasbeenmoretimelypublicationofSOIIestimates.Options that are available to employers tomeettheirrequirementtorespondtotheSOIIincludethefollowing:

• Internet

• Automatedfillableform

• Fax form

• Telephone

• Mail

EstablishmentsselectedtoparticipateintheSOIIarenotifiedbyBLSinwritinginadvanceoftheyearforwhichtheywillberequiredtoprovidedata.Thisnotificationprocessensuresthat even those establishments not normally required byOSHAtomaintaininjuryandillnesslogsandcaseformswilldo so for the survey year.The Internet Data Collection Facility (IDCF) is the

centralized data collection facility for BLS, used by theSOII and other BLS programs as a platform for Internet data collection. The facility provides a uniform, manageable,and secure environment for BLS survey collection via the Internet. BLS first used the IDCF for the 2002 surveyyear.TheIDCFsurveyinstrumentisaWeb-basedtool thatprovides sampled employers the ability to respond to theSOII using online capabilities. Employers can enter theirinjury and illness data, along with employment and hoursworked,usingan Internet-based system that isdesigned toresembleascloselyaspossiblethehardcopysurveyformsthat employers traditionally received and responded to bymail. By the 2009 survey year, around 70 percent of total responsesweresubmittedbyIDCF.

In addition to the IDCF, employers have the option to request, receive, and respond electronically to the SOII using anautomatedfillablesurveyform.Otheralternativemethodsfor satisfying the requirement to respond to the SOII include a standardized fax form, telephone, and mail. RegardlessofwhichoptionanemployerchoosesforrespondingtotheSOII, each form has been designed to resemble employerOSHArecordkeepingformstoallowforeasytranscription.

On the SOII form, Section 1: Establishment Information contains questions about the number of employee hoursworked(neededinthecalculationofincidencerates)andthereporting unit’s average employment. Section 2: Summary of Work-Related Injuries and Illnesses asks employers to report informationonthenumberofinjuriesandillnessesbytypeofcase,whichcanbecopieddirectlyfromemployerinjuryand illness logs. Section 3: Reporting Cases with Days Away from Work requestsdetailedinformationontheworkerandthe injury or illness for cases that resulted in at least one day awayfromwork,whichcanbecopiedfromtheemployer’sOSHA case forms. State agency and BLS personnel edit the summary data (Section 2) and code the details (seediscussion of OIICS in Part I. Common Coding Systems)ofseriouscases(Section3),verifyingandcorrectingapparentinconsistenciesbycontactingtheemployeragain.Section 4: Contact Information asks the employer to provide contact information for the individual who completed the surveyform in case there are discrepancies in the reported data that require correction. Section 5: If You Need Help provides employers with contact phone numbers within each stateshould employers have questions or require assistance in completing the survey form.

Survey responses received in the mail are manually keyed intotheSOIIdatacollectionsystem,whileInternetresponsesremove this manual processing since data are entered directly bytheemployerintheIDCFandthenuploadedintotheSOIIdata collection system. Therefore, Internet responses using IDCF reduce processing time and remove the risk of errors associatedwiththemanualkeyingofdatarequiredofSOIIresponsesreceivedinhardcopyformat(bymail).Similarlyfor the automated fillable form, data that employers haveentered into the form are loaded directly into the SOII data collection system. All reports that are received, regardless of which reportingoptionwas used, are electronically edited.Reports that do not meet the computer screening criteria or seniorstaffreviewareverifiedwiththeemployer.

By midsummer, the active data collection phase of the SOII is completed and the preparation of data for both nationaland state estimates of occupational injuries and illnesses begins. Annual summary estimates on injury and illnessincidence rates and counts by detailed industry and typeof case are nowpublished inmid-October, comparedwithmid-Decemberinpastyears.Asubsequentreleasecoveringmoredetailedestimatesofthecasecircumstancesandworkercharacteristics for injuries and illnesses that involved days awayfromworknowfollowsinearlyNovember,comparedwiththefollowingMarchorAprilinpastyears.

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SOII Estimation Procedures NonfatalworkplaceinjuryandillnessdatacollectedfortheSOII are used to tabulate estimates for two separate dataseries—annual summary (industry-level) estimates andmore detailed case circumstance and worker characteristicestimatesforcasesthatinvolveddaysawayfromwork.Partof the estimation process involves weighting sample unitsand cases to represent all injuries and illnesses from units on the frame fromwhich the samplewas selected.Sampleunitandcaseweightingandcalculationofincidenceratesaredescribedinthesectionsthatfollow.

Weighting for Summary EstimatesOriginal summary weight. By means of a weightingprocedure, sample units represent all units in their state, industry, employment size class, and ownership (privatesector,stategovernment,orlocalgovernment),alsoreferredtoasasamplingcell.Anoriginalsummaryweightforeachsampleunitisdeterminedbytheinverseofthesamplingratio(number of units selected relative to the number of frameunitsavailableforselection)forthesamplingcellfromwhichtheunitwasselected.(SeeexampleinSOII Sample Design section.)

Final summary weight. Prior to the tabulationof summaryestimates,theoriginalsummaryweightforasampleunitisadjusted by numerical factors to account for nonresponsefromsomesampleunits,benchmarkingthesamplingframetothecurrentsurveyyear,andoccasionalinabilityforsomesampleunitstoreportdatafortheunitasitwassampled.Afinalsummaryweightusedinthetabulationofestimatesisdeterminedbyapplyingthesefactorstotheoriginalweight:

• Unit nonresponse—Because a small proportion of SOIIformsarenotreturned,weightsofrespondingemployers in a sampling cell are adjusted to account for nonrespondents by applying a nonresponseadjustmentfactor(NRAF).

• Outlier—An outlier adjustment factor (OAF) isappliedwhen an establishment experiences a rarecircumstance that makes its case count or hours worked unrepresentative of its sampling cell.Includingsuchdatawiththeoriginalsamplingweightwouldhaveanundueinfluenceontheestimates.Forexample,anestablishmentmayreportanunusuallyhighnumberofillnesscasesthatoccurredasaresultof a severe and uncommon scabies outbreak.Theoutlieradjustmentfactoradjuststheunit’sweighttoone to avoid an overrepresentation of this uncommon occurrence.An adjustment factor to distribute theremainingweightedemploymentoftheoutlierunitisalsoappliedtoeachoftheremaininguseableunitsin the sampling cell.

• Benchmarking—The sample for a particular survey yearmustbedrawnpriortothatyear,sothatselected

establishmentsmaybeprenotifiedoftheirobligationto maintain logs throughout the year. As a result, the universe file fromwhich the sampling framewasdeveloped is not current to the reference year of the survey, making it necessary to adjust the data before publication to reflect current employmentlevels.Thisprocedure isknownasbenchmarking.For the SOII, all estimates of totals are adjusted bybenchmarkfactors(BMF)atthestate,industry,andownership level, andat thenational, industry,and ownership level as well. The benchmarkingprocedure requires a source of accurate employment data which can be converted into annual averageemploymentfiguresattheindustrylevelforwhichseparate estimates are desired. The SOII uses employment data primarily derived from the BLS QuarterlyCensusofEmploymentandWages.

• Reaggregation—Because there are occasional instanceswhenasampleunitmaybeunabletoreportdatafortheunitasitwassampled,adjustmentsaremadetoaccountforthesesituationsbyapplyingareaggregation factor (REAG) to theunit’soriginalsummaryweight. For example, a sample unit thatwasinvolvedinamergermayreportdatacoveringboth theoriginal sampleunitand theunitorunitswithwhichitmerged,requiringanadjustmenttotheweighttoaccountfortheadditionalunitincludedinthe reported data.

Therefore, the final summary weight for a sample unit isdeterminedby theproductof theoriginal summaryweightand these three factors, or

Finalsummaryweight=Originalsummaryweight×NRAF×OAF×BMF×REAG.

Weighting for Case and Demographic EstimatesDays away from work cases. Eachcaseinvolvingdaysawayfromworkisweightedbytherespectivesampleunit’sfinalsummaryweightwithwhichitisassociated.Inaddition,thefinalsummaryweightthatisappliedtoeachcaseisadjustedforseveralfactorstoensurethatthenumberofusablecasesthat have been submitted are equal to the days away fromwork cases used in the tabulation of summary estimates.These factors are used to adjust for case subsampling(see section on theSOII Sample Design for discussion of subsampling)andcasenonresponseforthoseestablishmentsthat did not provide information on all cases involving days awayfromworkwhichoccurredintheirestablishmentinthesurvey year.

• Case Subsampling Factor (CSSF) —CSSF is applied attheestablishmentleveltoadjustforinstancesinwhichthenumberofusabledaysawayfromwork(DAFW)caseformsthataresubmitteddifferfrom

13

thenumberofDAFWcasesthatarereportedonthesummary.Forexample,15caseformsaresubmittedandareusable,but39DAFWcasesarereportedonthe sample unit’s summary. This CSSF is designed to weight the number of DAFW cases for whichusabledatawerereportedtoequalthetotalnumberofDAFWcasesindicatedonthesummary(thatis,thenumberofDAFWcasesthattheestablishmentexperienced).Amaximum threshold is applied tothis factor, beyond which further adjustments areaccomplishedthroughotherfactorsdescribedbelow.TheCSSFistheratioofDAFWcasesreportedonthe summary to the number of DAFW cases forwhichdataweresubmitted,or

�� ses��summ��ses��submitted�. .

• Case Nonresponse Adjustment Factor (CNRAF) The CNRAF is applied at the sampling cell level. This factor is applied after the CSSF in instances wheretheCSSFfailedtoadequatelyadjustreportedsummaryDAFWcasestoequalthesubmittedusableDAFW cases for a sampling cell.TheCNRAF isdesignedtoadjustforcasesthatwerenotreportedasaresultofnonresponsewithinthesamplingcell.A maximum threshold is applied to this factor, beyondwhichfurtheradjustmentsareaccomplishedthroughtheCRAFdiscussedbelow.TheCNRAFiscalculated as

where:

• FSW=Finalsummaryweight

• BMF=Benchmarkfactor

• CSSF=Casesubsamplingfactor.

• Case Ratio Adjustment Factor (CRAF) —The CRAF is applied after both the CSSF and CNRAF factorshavebeenappliedbuthavefailedtoadjustformissingcases. The CRAF is applied at the estimation cell level (targetestimationindustryandsizeclass).TheCRAFiscalculated as

where

• FSW=Finalsummaryweight

• CSSF=Casesubsamplingfactor

• CNRAF=Casenonresponseadjustmentfactor.

Incidence rate calculationIncidence rates are calculated using the total case counts obtainedthroughtheweightingandbenchmarkingproceduresdescribed above. The adjusted estimates for a particularcharacteristic, such as injury and illness cases involving days awayfromwork,areaggregatedtotheappropriatelevelofindustrydetail.Thetotalismultipliedby200,000forinjuriesand illnesses combined and for injuries only (that is, 40hoursperweekmultipliedby50weeks—thebaseofhourscommonlyregardedasworkedby100full-timeemployeesduringacalendaryear).Theproductisthendividedbytheweighted and benchmarked estimate of hours worked asreported in the SOII for the industry segment. The formula for calculating the incidence rate at the lowest level ofindustry detail is

Incidence rates for higher levels of industry detail are produced usingaggregatedweightedandbenchmarkedtotals.Incidenceratesmaybecomputedbyindustry,employmentsize,state,variouscasecircumstances,andselectworkercharacteristics.Incidence rates for illnesses and for case and workercharacteristic categories are published per 10,000 full-timeemployees, using 20,000,000 hours instead of 200,000 hours in the formula shownabove. (The20,000,000hours refersto10,000full-timeemployeesworking40hoursperweek, 50weeksperyear.)Incidenceratesper10,000workerscanbeconvertedtoratesper100workersbymovingthedecimalpoint left twoplacesand rounding the resulting rate to thenearest tenth.

Reliability of SOII EstimatesEstimates from the SOII are based on a scientificallyselected probability sample, rather than a census of theentire population. (See section on SOII Sample Design.)Samplingmethodologymakesitpossibletocollectdatafromasamplefromwhichinferencescanbemaderegardingthecharacteristicsofthepopulationfromwhichthesamplewasselected.Thesesample-basedestimatesmaydifferfromtheresultsobtainedfromacensusofthepopulation.ThesampleusedfortheSOIIwasoneofmanypossiblesamples,eachofwhichcouldhaveproduceddifferentestimates.Thevariationin the sample estimates across all possible samples thatcouldhavebeendrawnismeasuredbytherelativestandarderror(RSE),whichisusedtocalculateaconfidenceintervalaround a sample estimate.The95-percentconfidenceintervalistheintervalcentered

onthesampleestimateandincludesallvaluesthatarewithin1.96 times the estimate’s standard error. If several different sampleswereselectedandusedtoestimateapopulationvalue(such as injury and illness incidence rates), the 95-percentconfidenceintervalwouldincludethetruepopulationvalueapproximately 95 percent of the time.

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For example, in 2006 the total injury and illness case incidencerateforNursingcarefacilities(NAICS6231)was 9.8casesper100full-timeworkers,oranestimatedRSEof2percent.Hence,weare95-percentconfidentthattheintervalbetween9.4and10.2(or9.8±(1.96×9.8×0.02))includesthetruevalueoftheincidenceratefortotalrecordableinjuryand illness cases in Nursing care facilities in 2006.Allestimatesderivedfromasamplesurveyaresubjectto

sampling and nonsampling errors. Sampling errors occur becauseobservationsaremadeonasample,notontheentirepopulation. Percent-relative standard errors, which are ameasure of the sampling error in the estimates, are calculated as part of the SOII estimation process. Both the estimates andthepercent-relativestandarderrorsoftheestimates(orstatistical models for approximating those relating to case circumstances andworker characteristics) are published inappendixAtotheannualBLSbulletinOccupational Injuries and Illnesses:Counts, Rates, and Characteristics.Nonsampling errors in the estimates can be attributed to

many sources. Some examples are the inability to obtaininformation about all cases in the sample, mistakes inrecording or coding the data, or definitional difficulties.Althoughnotmeasured,nonsamplingerrorswillalwaysoccurwhen statistics aregathered.Tominimize thenonsamplingerrors in the estimates, standard procedures are applied to each respondent’s information, the completed survey forms are systematically edited, and apparent inconsistencies are verifiedwiththeemployer.

Publication Guidelines for SOII EstimatesNonfatal occupational injury and illness estimates werepublishedformorethan1,200NAICSindustries(includingaggregates)in2010—includingselectindustrieswithinstateand local government, which were published for the firsttime for the 2008 survey year. Data for the SOII are collected underastrictpledgeofconfidentialitythatthesedatawillbeusedsolelyforstatisticalpurposesandwillnotbedisclosedforotherpurposes.Thenumberofpublishableindustriesmayvaryfromyeartoyear,dependingonthenumberofindustriesthat fail tomeet publication guidelines. Industry estimatesmay not be publishedifoneofthefollowingsituationsexists:

• Publicationmightdiscloseconfidentialinformation.

• The relative standard error of the estimate for days awayfromwork,jobtransfer,orrestrictioncasesfortheindustryexceedsaspecifiedlimit.

• Thebenchmarkfactorfortheindustryfallsoutside anacceptablerange.

Dataforanunpublishedindustryareincludedinthetotalfortheaggregateindustrylevelofwhichitisapart.Also,selectedestimatesaresuppressedwithinpublishableindustriesiftherelative standard error for the estimate exceeds a specifiedlimit.

For case circumstances and worker characteristics,estimates are rounded to the nearest ten and are suppressed if oneofthefollowingsituationsoccurred:

• Thenumberofcasesisfewerthan15.• Thenumberofcasesis15orgreaterandtherelative

standarderror for theestimateexceedsaspecifiedlimit.

Presentation of SOII EstimatesEach year, BLS publishes national estimates for privateindustry, state government, and local government from the SOII in two news releases—a summary of counts and incidenceratesofnonfatalworkplaceinjuriesandillnesses,followed shortly thereafter by a more detailed releasedescribing the injury and illness cases that involved daysaway from work. Tables containing nearly all availableestimatesarepublishedon the Internet inconjunctionwiththese news releases. For some years, a comprehensivereport produced jointly by the SOII and the Census ofFatalOccupational Injuries (CFOI) isproduced later in theyear. This report features charts and text highlighting fatal occupational injury data, nonfatal industry summary data, andnonfatal casecircumstancesandworker characteristicsdata.SOIIestimatescanalsobeaccessedthroughanumberof electronic resources. Among these is the Profileson theWebsystem,whichallowsuserstocreatecustomizedtablesbasedonuser-specifiedcriteria.Profilescanbecreatedbothfor annual summary estimates and for case circumstance andworker characteristic numbers or rates from the SOII.Employers can also use an Incidence rate calculator and comparison tooltocalculatetheirestablishment’sincidencerates,whicharethencompareddirectlytotheincidenceratesfrom the SOII for their respective industry.

SOII estimates also are presented periodically in articles published in two BLS journals—Monthly Labor Review and the online Compensation and Working Conditions. The dataarealsoavailableonCDsandontheInternetathttp://www.bls.gov/iif/oshcont1.htm.Thedataarealsopublishedin private safety and trade journals. In addition, state data through1987areavailableonmicrofichefromtheNationalTechnical Information Service, 5285 Port Royal Road, Springfield,VA22161.Alistofstates(includingtelephonenumbers) that can provide more current state estimates isavailablefromtheBLSOfficeofSafety,Health,andWorkingConditions at (202) 691-6170, or the list can be accessedonline at http://www.bls.gov/iif/oshstate.htm.FlatfilescontainingallSOIIestimatesareavailablethrough

FTP(filetransferprotocol)fromtheBLSFTPwebpage. Each data series on the BLS FTP site includes a two-characterseries designator. Clicking on the series designator expands thedirectorytoprovidealistofthefilesincludedwitheachseries. Includedwith each series (generally the last file ineachseriesdirectory)isatextfilethatprovides:(1)asurveydefinitionanda listingof theFTPfiles listed in thesurveydirectory;(2)timeseries,seriesfile,datafile,andmapping

http://data.bls.gov:8080/GQT/servlet/InitialPage


http://data.bls.gov:8080/IIRC/

http://data.bls.gov:8080/IIRC/

http://www.bls.gov/opub/mlr/mlrhome.htm

http://www.bls.gov/opub/cwc/home.htm

http://www.bls.gov/iif/oshcont1.htm

http://www.bls.gov/iif/oshcont1.htm


ftp://ftp.bls.gov/pub/time.series/

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file definitions and relationships; (3) series, data, andmappingfileformatsanddefinitions;and(4)adataelementdirectory.TheSOII serieshaveexperienced severalbreaksdue to changes in coding systems. Data from these separate seriesmaynotbecomparabletooneanother.Consequently,thefollowingFTPseriesidentifierscoveravailableSOIIdatareflectiveoftheseseriesbreaks:

• SOII-Summarydataseries:• hs—1976–1988(1972SIC)• sh—1989–2001(1987SIC)• si—2002(NewOSHArecordkeeping)• ii—2003forward(2007NAICS)

• SOII-Caseanddemographicsdataseries:• cd—1992–2001(1987SIC)• hc—2002(NewOSHArecordkeeping)• ch—2003forward(2007NAICS)• cs–2011forward(OIICS2.0)

Uses and Limitations of SOII EstimatesNational and state policymakers use SOII estimates as an indicator of the magnitude of and trends in occupational safety and health problems. The Occupational Safety and HealthAdministration (OSHA)uses the statistics to helpmeasurethe effectiveness of its enforcement and outreach programs in reducingwork-related injuries and illnesses. Both laborand management use SOII estimates in evaluating safety programs. Other users include insurance carriers involved in workers’compensation,industrialhygienists,manufacturersofsafetyequipment,researchers,andothersconcernedwithjobsafetyandhealth.Many factors can influence counts and rates of injuries

and illnesses in a given year. These include not only the year’s injury and illness experiences but also employers’understandingofwhichcasesarework-relatedundercurrentOSHA recordkeeping guidelines. The number of injuriesandillnessesreportedinagivenyearalsocanbeaffectedbychangesinthelevelofeconomicactivity,workingconditionsandworkpractices,workerexperienceandtraining,andthenumberofhoursworked.Each year, the SOIImeasures the number of newwork-

relatedillnesscaseswhicharerecognizedandreported.Butsome conditions, such as long-term latent illnesses caused by exposure to carcinogens, often are difficult to associatewith theworkplace and are not adequately recognized andreported,andthereforearebelievedtobeunderstatedintheSOII.Incontrast,theoverwhelmingmajorityofthereportednew illnesses are thosewhich are easier to directly link toworkplace activity (such as contact dermatitis or carpaltunnelsyndrome).Two relatively recent changes have had an impact on

the SOII, and these changes may limit comparability ofdata series. The first change involves recordkeeping. Newrecordkeeping guidelines were introduced by OSHA,effective January 1, 2002. Definitional changes betweencurrent and previous recordkeeping guidelines may limit the

comparabilityofSOIIestimates.Therefore,SOIIestimatesfor2002maynotbecomparabletoestimatesforotheryears.

As discussed in Part I. Common Coding Systems, industry andoccupationclassificationsystemsusedinthestratificationof SOII estimates also changed in 2003. Owing to thesignificantdifferenceswhencomparedwithpriorindustryandoccupationclassificationsystems,cautionshouldbeexercisedwhen attempting to compare estimates from 2003 forwardwithestimates fromprioryears.Similarly the2011changeinOIICS, leads tocautionwhencomparingestimatesfrom2011forwardwithestimatesfromprioryears.ThesectiononTechnical References later in this chapter references articles thatdiscusstheinfluenceofchangesincodingsystemsusedforSOIIestimates.SOIIestimatespublishedbyBLSareinthepublicdomainand,withappropriatecredit,maybeusedwithoutexplicitpermissionfromBLS.

Survey FormsVariousformsfortheSOIIcanbedownloadedfromhttp://www.bls.gov/respondents/iif/forms.htm. Included on this pagearelinkstothefollowing:

• NotificationoftheRequirementtoParticipateintheSOII

• OSHArecordkeepingforms:• Form 300 (Log of work-related injuries and

illnesses)• Form300A(Summaryofwork-relatedinjuries

andillnesses)• Form301(Injuryandillnessincidentreport)

• Instructions for responding electronically to the SOII using BLS Internet Data Collection Facility (IDCF)—BLS-9300-IDCF

• SOIIforms:• An automated fillable SOII form—BLS-

9300-N06• A nonfillable SOII form—BLS-9300-N06

(similartomail-inform)• A Spanish-language SOII form—

Encuesta Sobre Lesiones y EnfermedadesOccupacionales(FormBLS-9300N06)

• A FAX response form —BLS-9300 FAX• An electronic options brochure, explaining the

different electronic methods that respondents can use to satisfy their requirement to respond to SOII.

Additional instructions for responding to the SOII are available online at http://www.bls.gov/respondents/iif/instructions.htm.

Part III. Census of Fatal Occupational Injuries

Since 1992, the Census of Fatal Occupational Injuries (CFOI) has collected and published a comprehensivecountofwork-related fatal injuriesanddescriptivedataontheir circumstances. CFOI counts are especially accurate

http://www.bls.gov/respondents/iif/forms.htm

http://www.bls.gov/respondents/iif/forms.htm

http://www.bls.gov/respondents/iif/instructions.htm

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becausethecensususesmultipledatasources(suchasdeathcertificates, state workers’ compensation records, newsmedia,OSHAreports)toidentifywork-relatedfatalinjuries.Complete and reliable counts of fatal work injuries andhowtheyoccurredenablethesafetyandhealthcommunityto identify and track specific life-threateninghazards, suchaswork-related homicides in retail stores and constructionworkers struck and fatally injured by highway vehiclesand equipment. In 1994 and 1995, several groups of safety experts, including the National Safety Council and the National Center for Health Statistics, endorsed the CFOI as theofficialcountofwork-relatedfatalities,inpreferencetoother, less comprehensive measures.

BackgroundSince 1992, CFOI data have supplanted the limited informationonfatalitiesthathadbeenavailablesince1972from the SOII. The CFOI covers not only private, state government,andlocalgovernmentwageandsalaryworkerscovered in the SOII, but alsoworkers on small farms, theself-employed, family workers, and federal governmentworkers not covered by the survey.UnlikeCFOI data, theSOII’sfatalityestimatescoveronlyestablishmentswithmorethan10employeesand,forpurposesofstatisticalreliability,were combined into a 2-year average before a distributionof fatalities by the associated event or exposure could bepublished.TheseedsfortheCFOIweresownbytheNationalAcademy

ofSciencesandothersafetyandhealthorganizationsinthelate1980s,whentheyrecommendedobtainingcompleteandtimelycountsanddetailedcircumstancesoffatalworkplaceinjuries so that policymakers could develop and more effectively implement safety initiatives. Some of those expert recommendations mentioned using multiple data sources suchasdeathcertificatesandworkers’compensationreportstoidentifyandprofilefatalworkinjuriesforallworkers.Morespecifically, the Keystone Dialogue Group recommendedthedevelopmentofaconsensusmethodforcountingwork-related fatalities,6statingthatthe“developmentofanacceptedcountofworkplacedeathsshouldmutecontroversyonthisissue stemming from the variety of estimates coming from differentsources.”Inthisregard,fatalityestimatesmadeby

differentorganizationsatthattimevariedgreatlyfrom3,000to 11,000 deaths nationally per year.7

TheCFOIapproachtocompilingdataonfatalworkinjurieswas initially tested in a BLS cooperative effort with theTexasDepartmentofHealthduring1988.Thatstudy,whichcollected fatality data retrospectively for 1986, highlighted the needformultipledatasourcesandthefeasibilityofmatchingfatalities and their circumstances across those sources.8 This approachwas testedagain inTexas andColorado in1990,withresultsconfirmingthatthesamekindofdatacouldbeobtainedfrommultipledatasourcesonacurrentbasis.9 The CFOI programwas initially implemented in 32 states andNewYorkCityin1991andexpandedtocoverall50statesandtheDistrictofColumbiain1992.Asof2011, theU.S.territories Puerto Rico, Virgin Islands, Guam, and America Samoa are also included.

CFOI DefinitionsFor a fatality to be included in CFOI, the decedent musthavebeenself-employed,working forpay,orvolunteeringatthetimeoftheevent,engagedinalegalworkactivity,andpresentatthesiteoftheincidentasajobrequirement.10 These criteriaaregenerallybroaderthanthoseusedbyfederalandstate agencies administering specific laws and regulations.Fatalities that occur during a person’s normal commute to or fromworkareexcludedfromCFOIcounts.Anoccupationalinjuryisdefinedasanywoundordamage

tothebodyresultingfromacuteexposuretoenergy,suchasheat, electricity, or impact from a crash or fall, or from the absence of such essentials as heat or oxygen, caused by aspecificeventor incidentwithina singleworkdayor shift.Includedareopenwounds,intracranialandinternalinjuries,heatstroke, hypothermia, asphyxiation, acute poisonings resultingfromshort-termexposureslimitedtotheworker’sshift, suicides and homicides, and work injuries listed asunderlyingorcontributorycausesofdeath.

Because of the latency period of many occupational illnessesandtheresultingdifficultyassociatedwithlinkingillnessestowork,itisdifficulttocompileacompletecountof all fatal illnesses in a given year. Thus, information on illness-relateddeathsisexcludedfromthebasicCFOIcount.Over30dataelementsarecollected,coded,andtabulated

intheCFOI,includinginformationabouttheworkerandthecircumstances surrounding the fatal incident. Some of the elementscollectedincludethefollowing:• Case circumstances

• Nature of injury• Partofbodyaffectedbyinjury• Source of injury• Event or exposure• Secondary source of injury

6See the Keystone Center’s final report, “Keystone National PolicyDialogueonWork-Related Illnessand InjuryRecordkeeping,” (Keystone,CO,January1989).Foranaccountofvariousattemptstocountfatalitiesatwork,seeDinoDrudi,“TheevolutionofoccupationalfatalitystatisticsintheUnitedStates,”Compensation and Working Conditions,July1995,pp.1–5.

7SeeBLSSurveyofOccupational Injuriesand Illnesses (1972–91); theNational Safety Council Accidents Facts; and the National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health’s National Traumatic Occupational Fatality Study A Decade of Surveillance,1980–1989.

8SeeJaniceWindauandDonnaGoodrich,“Testingacensusapproachtocompilingdataonfatalwork injuries,”Monthly Labor Review,December1990, pp. 47–49. The study also found that, for verification purposes,timeliness is important inmaximizing respondents’ recalland in reducingthenumberofthosefailingtorespondbecausetheyhaverelocated.

9See Guy Toscano and Janice Windau, “Further testing of a censusapproachtocompilingdataonfatalworkinjuries,”Monthly Labor Review, October1991,pp.33–36

10See http://www.bls.gov/iif/oshcfdef.htm formoreinformationonworkrelationship criteria.

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• Dateofbirth• Date of death• Date of incident• Workercharacteristics

• Occupation• Age• Race or ethnic origin• Countryofforeignbirth(ifapplicable)• Gender• Lengthofservicewithemployer

• Employeestatus(wageandsalary,self-employed,familybusiness)

• Establishmentemploymentsize• Industry of employer• Locationtype(farm,street,warehouse,etc.)• Medicalcomplication(ifany)• Narrativeofhowincidentoccurred• Ownership (private sector or state, local, or federalgovernment)

• Stateofinjury/death• Timeofincident(month,dayofweek,timeofday)• Timeworkdaybegan• Workeractivity(drivingavehicle,tendingastore,etc.)

CFOI Collection MethodsThe Census of Fatal Occupational Injuries (CFOI) is acooperativeventureinwhichtheoperatingcostsaresharedequally between the state and federal governments. Eachyear, states are responsible for data collection, follow-up,and coding on a timely basis. Preliminary CFOI data aregenerally released approximately 8 months after the close of the reference year. Revised and final CFOI data aregenerally released approximately 16 months after the close of the reference year. Data elements are coded according to standard CFOI instructions.States obtain information on fatal work injuries from

a number of different sources. Among these are deathcertificates marked injury at work, workers’ compensationreports, and other reports provided by state administrativeagencies. Additional information provided to states originates fromfederalagencies,suchastheU.S.DepartmentofLabor’sOccupational Safety and Health Administration (OSHA),Office ofWorkers’ Compensation Programs (OCWP), andMine Safety andHealthAdministration (MSHA). Overall,state agencies collect more than 20,000 individual source documentseachyearoraboutanaverageoffourdocumentsfrom different sources for each fatal injury. To avoid duplication in the counts, source documents are matched using the decedent’s name and other information.

To ensure an accurate count of fatal occupational injuries, theCFOIrequiresthat,foreachcase,theworkrelationship

(that is,whetherafatality iswork-related)besubstantiatedby twoormore independentsourcedocumentsorasourcedocument and a follow-up questionnaire. Follow-upquestionnaires are sent either to the employer or to another contact that has knowledge of the incident. The follow-up questionnaire is also used to collect information that maybemissing fromthesourcedocuments. In thecaseofnonresponse to the questionnaire or inconsistent data results, further follow-up by telephone is required.At the end ofthe collection period, fatal injuries forwhich the state hasonlyone sourcedocument are reviewedbyBLS.ThecaseisincludedinthenationaldatabaseonlyifthestateandBLSagreethat there issufficient informationonthesolesourcedocumenttodeterminethatitisindeedwork-related.

CFOI MeasuresThe CFOI provides annual fatal injury counts by casecircumstances and worker characteristics highlighting thenumberofworkerfatalitiesforthefollowing:

• Industrybyselectedeventorexposure

• Industrybytransportationincidentandhomicide

• Industrybyworkerstatus

• Primary and secondary source by major privateindustry division

• Occupationbyeventorexposure

• Occupationbytransportationincidentandhomicide

• Workercharacteristics (workerstatus,gender,age,raceorethnicorigin)byeventorexposure

• Eventorexposurebyage

• EventorexposurebymajorprivateindustrysectorIn addition to counts, percent distributions of workers

who were fatally injured are available by selected casecircumstance and characteristics of the deceased, including thefollowing:

• Event or exposure

• Industry and selected event or exposure

• Occupation and selected event or exposure

• Selectedworker characteristics and selected eventor exposure

• State and selected event or exposure

Fatal Injury RatesFatal injury rates depict the risk of incurring a fatal occupational injury faced by allworkers or a subgroup ofworkersandareusedtocompareriskovertimeorwithotherworker groups. Workers can be grouped for comparisonby a number of variables, including industry, worker age,

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orgender.Since employmentdata arenot collectedby theCFOI, fatal injury rates are calculated using estimates of hoursworkedfromtheCurrentPopulationSurvey(CPS).In 2008 the CFOI adopted hours-based employment as

the denominator of fatal injury rates to measure fatal injury risk.Thismethodology is generally considered to bemoreaccurate thanemployment-based ratesper the standardizedlengthofexposuretoriskofoccupationalinjury.Itisdefinedas the average number of workers at work over the yearmultipliedbytheaveragehourseachemployeeworksoverthe year. More information on the change from employment tohours-basedfatalinjuryratesisavailableonlineathttp://www.bls.gov/iif/oshnotice10.htm.

National RatesToaccuratelydescribefatal injuryriskforaworkergroup,the numerator (fatal injuries) and denominator (total hoursworked)oftheratemustrefertothesamegroupofworkers.The hours-worked data from the CPS used in the ratecalculations do not include workers under the age of 16,volunteers,andmembersoftheresidentmilitary.Therefore,fatal injuries occurring to theseworkers are also excludedfrom the numerator.

National fatal injury rates use data from the CPS. As opposed to the employment number, data on persons “atwork” exclude personswhowere temporarily absent fromajob(classifiedinthezero-hours-workedcategory,“withajobbutnotatwork”).Thosenotatworkwereabsentfromtheirjobsfortheentireweekforsuchreasonsasbadweather,vacation, illness, or involvement in a labor dispute. Twoestimates,“atwork”and“averagehours,”arecombined tocreatethedenominator,annualtotalhoursworked,

EH = AW × Hwhere:

• EH=totalhoursworkedbyallemployeesin a group during the calendar year

• AW = at work (number of employeesworkinginagroup)

• H=averagehours (averageannualhoursworkedbyanemployeeinthatgroup).

Thehours-basedrate(expressedper100,000workers)is

(N/EH) X 200,000,000

where:• N=numberoffatalinjuriesinagroup• EH =totalhoursworkedbyallemployees

in a group during the calendar year• 200,000,000=basefor100,000equivalent

full-time workers (working 40 hours perweek,50weeksperyear).

State RatesUnlikeatthenationallevel,“atwork”and“averagehours”dataarenotavailableatthestatelevel.Stateratesbyindustrycanbeimputedbyusingnational-level“averagehours”and“atwork”informationtocalculatethetotalannualnumberofhoursforeachworkergroup.The rate represents the number of fatal occupational

injuries per 100,000 full-time equivalent workers and wascalculated as

(�� ⁄ ) Χ 200,000,000

where:

• NS=thenumberoffatalworkinjuriesinthestate

• EHS=totalimputedhoursworkedbyallem-ployees in the state

• 200,000,000 = base for 100,000 equivalentfull-time workers (working 40 hours perweek,50weeksperyear).

The imputation to calculate EHS (total hours worked byall employees during the calendar year) for the state wascalculated as

where:• ES=employmentinthestate• HWN=averageannualnumberofhoursfor

each employee in a group nationally.• TheN subscript denotes a national num-

ber;anSsubscriptdenotesastatenumber.

ExamplesForthenationalrates,computeN/EH×200,000,000.TogetEH,thetotalhours,multiply“atwork”and“averagehours.”This first step involves the shaded area in table 1 on page19 (columnsB, C, andD in table). So to get the nationaldenominator:

AWN×HN=(139,824,000×1,945)=271,957,680,000=EHN (totalhoursfortheyear).

Then take the totalnumberof fatal injuries in2008,5,084(5,214minus the number ofworkers under the age of 16,volunteers,andmembersoftheresidentmilitary),anddividebyEHNandmultiplyby200,000,000:

(5,084/271,957,680,000)×200,000,000=3.7.

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For thestate rates, theshaded information isnotavailable,so to impute the state average hours, divide the national total hours(columnD)bythenationalemployment(columnA)togettheaverageannualnumberofhoursperemployee(HWN, columnE,istheimputednumber).Then multiply this by the state employment to get the

denominator.Sothestateratecalculationisasfollows:

StateEmployment

(in thousands) ES

Fatalities NS

California Total 17,045 448California Construction 1,294 67

Then multiply this by the state employment to get thedenominator.Sothestateratecalculationisasfollows:

448/(17,045,000×1,871)×200,000,000=2.8

CFOI Rates Prior To 2008All the CFOI fatal injury rates published by BLS for theyears1992through2007wereemployment-basedratesandmeasured the risk of fatal injury for those employed during a given period of time, regardless of hours worked. Thefollowingis theformulaforcalculatingafatalityratefrom1992through2007:

� �� ⁄

where:

• N =thenumberoffatallyinjuredworkers,16 years and older

• W=thenumberofemployedworkers,16years and older.

Forexample,incomputingthe2005nationalfatalityrate:

N=5,734-23workersunderage16=5,711(from2005CFOI)

W = 142,894,000 (from CPS, 2005 annual aver-

ages, plus resident military figures derived from theU.S.DepartmentofDefense).

Fatalityrate=(5,711/142,894,000)x100,000=4.0fatali-tiesper100,000workers.

Comparison of National and State Rates CaveatState industry rates arenotdirectlycomparable tonationalindustryrates.Becausestateratesincludegovernmentwork-ersintheirrespectiveindustrysectorandarenotbrokenoutseparately,boththenumeratoranddenominatorincludeadif-ferentgroupofworkersthanthatofthenationalrates.

If a user decides to add up all the states in one industry and average out their rates to compare it to the national average, theywill not get the national average due to thisdatadifference,withtheall-ownership/stateratesmostlikelybeingslightlyhigherbecauseoftheaddedfatalinjuriesanddifferent employment data.

CPS Data LimitationsThereareanumberoflimitationstothesefatalinjuryrates:

• The CPS data used to calculate rates are estimates based on a sample rather than a complete count.Therefore, the CPS estimates and fatality rates have sampling errors. The rates calculated using the CPS maydifferfromthosethatwouldhavebeenobtainedfrom a census of employed persons. See Explanatory Notes and Estimates of Error in the February 2004Employment and Earnings for an explanation of CPS sampling and estimation methodology, and standard error computations. The relative standard errors of the CPSestimatescanbeusedtoapproximateconfidenceranges for the fatality rates.

• TheCPScategorizesworkersaccordingtotheirprimaryjob,whichmaydiffer fromthe job thedeceasedwasworking in when fatally injured, as reported in theCFOI.

• The annual average of hours worked represent totalhours at work for CPS respondents, including those

NS /(ES × HWN ) × 200,000,000

Source Data 2008: National, all ownerships

Table 1.A B C D E

Industry

Employment (in

thousands) EN

At work (Employment in

thousands) AWN

Avg. Annual Hours

(Weekly Hours x 50)

HN

Total Hours (Annual, in thousands)

EHN=AWN*HN

Adjustment (Annual Total Hours,

per employee) HWN = EHN / EN

Total 145,362 139,824 1,945 271,957,680 1,871Construction 10,974 10,558 1,980 20,904,840 1,904

http://www.bls.gov/cps/eetech_intro.pdf

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thatworkmore thanone job.Totalhoursworkedforrespondentswithmultiplejobswillberecordedintheoccupationandindustryoftheprimaryjob.

• Ratesarecalculatedatthelevelofdetailavailablefromthe CPS data. Additionally, rates are only calculated for thoseoccupationsandindustrieswhichmetminimumthresholds of having at least 15 fatal injuries and 20,000 employed.

Presentation of CFOI DataSummary information including the key fatal injury circumstances (event/exposure, occupation, and industry)andthedemographicsofworkersfatallyinjuredonthejob,alongwith overall counts, are included in a national newsreleaseissuedabout8monthsaftertheendofthereferenceperiod. Supplementary tables containing fatal injuryrates and special profiles of specific fatal events (such ashighway incidents and homicides) also are available withthe news release. Besides national data, state-specific dataonworkplacefatalitiesareavailablefromparticipatingstateagencies.AlistofstateagenciesalongwiththeirtelephonenumbersisavailablefromBLSat(202)691-6170oronlineat http://www.bls.gov/iif/oshstate.htm.AswithestimatesfromtheSOII,theProfiles on the Web

systemallowsuserstocreatecustomizedtablesofthenumberofwork-relatedfatalinjuriesbasedonuser-specifiedcriteria.TheCFOIalsoproducesa joint reportwithSOII featuringcharts and text highlighting fatal injury data, nonfatal industry summarydata,andnonfatalcasecircumstancesandworkercharacteristic data. Articles and detailed tables containing both national

and state data are published regularly in the BLS online

publication, Compensation and Working Conditions, and occasionally in the Monthly Labor Review or other publications. A research microdata file that is useful forsafety researchers and others involved in promoting safety in theworkplacecanbeobtainedthroughaletterofagreementwithBLStoprotecttheconfidentialityofdata.11

Flat files of estimates from the entire CFOI database orpartsofthedatabaseareavailablethroughFTP(filetransferprotocol)fromtheBLSFTPWebpage.EachdatasetontheBLS FTP site includes a two-character series designator.Clicking on the series designator opens a list of the filesincludedwitheachseries.Includedwitheach(generallythelastfileineachlist)willbeatextfilethatexplainswhateachdata set covers, the variables included in each set, namingconventions, variable field lengths in the flat file, etc.TheCFOI series experienced a break in 2003 due to changesin industry (SIC toNAICS) and occupation (SOC) codingsystems. The CFOI series experienced another break in2011 due to changes in the Occupational Injury and Illness classification system (OIICS) to OIICS 2.0. Data fromthesedifferentseriesmaynotbecomparabletooneanother.Consequently, the following FTP series identifiers coveravailableCFOIdatareflectiveoftheseseriesbreaks:

• CFOIdataseries:• cf—1992–2002(1987SIC)• fi—2003–2010(2002NAICS)• fw—2011forward(OIICS2.0)

Uses and Limitations of CFOI DataCFOI data help safety and health experts to monitor the numberandtypesofdeadlyworkinjuriesovertimeandtofocusonworksettingsthathaveparticularlyhighrisks,suchas robbery-related homicides in retail stores, construction-related fatalities, and drownings in the commercial fishingindustry.12 Fatal injury profiles can be generated from theCFOIdatabaseforspecificworkergroups(suchastheself-employedorfemaleworkers),forcertaintypesofmachinery(suchasfarmequipment),andforspecificfatalcircumstances(such as work activities at the time of fatal contact withelectric current). Such profiles help identify existing workstandards that may require revision and highlight safety problemswhereinterventionstrategiesneedtobedeveloped.Although states are using about two dozen independent

data sources to identify and substantiate work-relatedfatalities,therearesomefatalinjuriesatworkthataremissedby theCFOI.Someunidentifiedwork-related fatal injuriesundoubtedly occur on farms, at sea, and on highways, tocite three examples. BLS and its participating state partners continue to seek newways of verifyingwork-related fatal

11 BLSmayapproveaccesstoanoffsiteCFOImicrodataresearchfile.TheCFOIresearchfilecontainsdatafromvarioussources.Someofthesedataarecollectedunderapledgeofconfidentialityand thereforeareprotectedundertheConfidentialInformationProtectionandStatisticalEfficiencyActof2002(CIPSEA).TheCFOIresearchfileisavailableonlytoresearcherswhoagreetoprotecttheconfidentialityofthedataandhavethesafeguardsinplacetodoso.Inaddition,proposedprojectsmusthaveawell-definedresearch question of scientificmerit that is of a purely statistical nature.Ultimately,finalapprovalforaccesstothisfilerestswiththeCommissionerof BLS. Upon approval, BLS will prepare a Letter ofAgreement whichmust be signed by the Commissioner of the Bureau of Labor Statisticsand an official of the recipient’s organization, such as a President, VicePresident, Provost, Director of Sponsored Research, Director of Contract andGrantAdministration,orsimilarofficial,prior to releaseof theCFOIresearch file. By signing the Letter ofAgreement, the researcher and theresearcher’sorganizationagree toadhere toBLSconfidentialitypolicyasapplicable to theCFOI researchfile. In addition, all individualswhowillhaveaccesstotheCFOIdatamustsignanAgentAgreementacknowledgingtheir understanding of BLS confidentiality policy prior to accessing theCFOI data.Applications can be submitted at any time but are processedtwice a year. Deadlines for processing areMarch 15 and September 15.Applications receivedafterthesedateswillnotbeprocesseduntilthenextapplication deadline.The application review process takes approximately8 to 10weeks.The application can be downloaded online at ftp.bls.gov/pub/special.requests/ocwc/osh/cfoi_app.zip.(ForinformationonviewingZIP files, see http://www.bls.gov/bls/blszip.htm.) Before submitting anapplication, please contact us at [email protected] or call us at 202-691-6170todiscussyourproject.Proceduresforobtainingaccesstotheresearchfilecanbefoundhere:http://www.bls.gov/iif/cfoi_offsite.htm.

12See, for example, Guy Toscano andWilliamWeber, “Violence in theworkplace,”andScottRichardsonandReneReyes,“Fatalworkinjuriesinconstruction inTexas, 1991–93,”Compensation and Working Conditions, April1995,pp.1–18;andLetitiaK.Davis,etal,“Datasourcesforfatalitysurveillanceincommercialfishing:Massachusetts,1987–91,”Compensation and Working Conditions,July1994,pp.7–13



http://www.bls.gov/opub/cwc/home.htm

http://www.bls.gov/opub/mlr/mlrhome.htm

ftp://ftp.bls.gov/pub/time.series/

ftp://ftp.bls.gov/pub/special.requests/ocwc/osh/cfoi_app.zip

ftp://ftp.bls.gov/pub/special.requests/ocwc/osh/cfoi_app.zip

http://www.bls.gov/bls/blszip.htm

mailto:[email protected]

http://www.bls.gov/iif/cfoi_offsite.htm

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with other governmental agencies, various “special topic”surveys regarding occupational safety and health-related topics. These special surveys have included the followingtopics:

• Survey of Respirator Use and Practices

• SurveyofWorkplaceViolencePrevention

The Survey ofRespiratorUse and Practiceswas a specialsurvey of U.S. employers regarding the use of respiratory protective devices conducted by BLS for the NationalInstitute for Occupational Safety and Health (NIOSH),Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. This voluntary surveyprovidedestimatesof thenumberofestablishmentsand employees who used respirators during a 12-monthperiod by type of respirator and type of use. The surveyalso collected data on the characteristics of the respirator programattheestablishment;assessmentofmedicalfitnessto wear respirators; characteristics of respirator training attheestablishment;usefulnessofNIOSHapprovallabelsandrespiratormanufacturers’ instructions; substances protectedagainstbytheuseofrespirators,andfittestingmethodsusedforrespirators.Resultsfromthissurveyareavailableonlineat http://www.bls.gov/iif/oshwc/osh/os/osnr0014.pdf.TheSurveyofWorkplaceViolencePreventionwasanother

special survey conductedbyBLS forNIOSH.This surveystudiedthemaintenanceofasafeworkenvironment,includingthe prevalence of security features, risks facing employees, employer policies and training, and related topics. Data from this survey are available for private industry and state andlocal government by industry and size of establishment,wheresizeismeasuredbythenumberofworkersemployed.Resultsfromthissurveyareavailableonlineathttp://www.bls.gov/iif/osh_wpvs.htm.

injuries to make CFOI counts as complete as possible. Inthat regard, states have up to 8 months to update their initial published counts with cases that were verified as work-related after preliminary data collection has ended for a given census. From 1992 to 2002, the updates have averaged less than 1 percent of each year’s total that was initiallypublished.However,updateshavebeengrowing,andsince2003average2percentofeachyear’stotalthatwasinitiallypublished. CFOI facilitates the exchange of informationbystateson the fatal injuries that result fromsimilarworkhazards, suchas construction fallsorworkersbeing struckby vehicles or equipment on or near roadways. Individualstates, moreover, can use CFOI data to provide information to employers and their workers to promote safety in theworkplace. Users need to exercise caution in state-to-statecomparisons,however.Forexample, comparing rates for astatewitha largeagriculturaleconomywith thatofa statewithalargeindustrialeconomywouldbeill-advisedbecauseagriculture has one of the highest fatal injury rates whilemanufacturinghasoneofthelowest.Inaddition,thenumberof fatalities and their circumstances can vary markedly within a state from one year to the next, in part reflectingsingle incidents involving multiple deaths, such as airplane crashes and natural disasters.InaccordancewithBLSpolicies,individuallyidentifiable

data collected byCFOI are used exclusively for statisticalpurposesand,underapledgeofconfidentiality,aretreatedinamannerthatensuresnodatapublishedbyCFOIidentifyaparticular decedent, fatal incident, or company.

Part IV: Special Topic SurveysIn addition to the SOII and CFOI products normally produced in any reference year, BLS has conducted, in conjunction

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http://www.bls.gov/iif/osh_wpvs.htm

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Abraham, Katharine G.,William L.Weber, andMartin E.Personick,“Improvements in theBLSSafetyandHealthStatisticalProgram,” Monthly Labor Review, April 1996, pp. 3–12.Available online at http://www.bls.gov/opub/mlr/1996/04/art1full.pdf.

Brown,Jeff.“Nonfatalinjuriesandillnessesinstateandlocalgovernmentworkplacesin2008,”Monthly Labor Review, February2011,pp.33–40.Availableonlineathttp://www.bls.gov/opub/mlr/2011/02/art3full.pdf.

Compensation and Working Conditions (CWC) Online, articles on safety and health topics, available online athttp://www.bls.gov/opub/cwc/osh.htm.

Drudi, Dino, “A Century-long Quest for Meaningful andAccurate Occupational Injury and Illness Statistics,”Compensation and Working Conditions,Winter1997,pp.19–27.Availableonlineathttp://www.bls.gov/opub/cwc/archive/winter1997art3.pdf.

Monthly Labor Review Online, articles on safety and health topics,availableonlineathttp://www.bls.gov/opub/mlr/indexa.htm.

NorthAmericanIndustryClassificationSystem Manual, 2002 edition.Availableonlineathttp://www.census.gov/epcd/naics02/index.html.

North American Industry Classification System Manual, 2007edition.Availableonlineathttp://www.census.gov/epcd/naics07/index.html.

Occupational Injury and Illness Classification System(OIICS) Manual, version 2.0, September 2010. DetailedBLScodingstructuresusedtoclassifyworkplaceinjuriesresulting in death and for nonfatal injuries and illness resulting in days away from work. Available online,alongwithexplanatoryarticle,athttp://www.bls.gov/iif/oshoiics.htm.

Occupational Injuries and Illnesses: Counts, Rates, and Characteristics.Bulletinsissuedannually.(Priorto1992,OccupationalInjuriesandIllnessesintheUnitedStatesbyIndustry.)

Standard Industrial Classification Manual, 1987 edition. Available online at http://www.osha.gov/pls/imis/sic_manual.html.

StandardOccupationalClassificationManual, 2000 edition. Available online at http://www.bls.gov/soc/2000/soc_majo.htm.

StandardOccupationalClassificationManual, 2010 edition. Availableonlineathttp://www.bls.gov/soc/home.htm.

Toscano, Guy A. and Janice Windau, “The ChangingCharacterofFatalWorkInjuries,”Monthly Labor Review, October 1994, pp. 17–28. Available on the Internet athttp://www.bls.gov/opub/mlr/1994/10/art2full.pdf.

Toscano,GuyA. and JaniceWindau, “FatalWork Injuriesfromthe1992NationalCensus,”Monthly Labor Review, October1993,pp.39–48.Availableonlineathttp://www.bls.gov/opub/mlr/1993/10/art3full.pdf.

Toscano,GuyA., JaniceWindau, andDinoDrudi, “Usingthe BLS Occupational Injury and Illness ClassificationSystem as a Safety Management Tool,” Compensation and Working Conditions,June1996,pp.19–28.Availableonline at http://www.bls.gov/iif/oshwc/cfar0014.pdf.

U.S.DepartmentofLabor,Report on the American Workforce, chapter3,“SafetyandHealthintheWorkplace,”1994.

U.S. Department of Labor, OSHA Injury and Illness Recordkeeping.Availableonlineathttp://www.osha.gov/recordkeeping/index.html.

UsingSurveydatatoevaluateyourfirm’sinjuryandillnessexperience. Guidelines to assist employers in comparing their injury and illness experience to otherswith similarsizeworkforces in thesame industry.Availableonlineathttp://www.bls.gov/iif/osheval.htm.

William J. Wiatrowski. “Occupational safety and healthstatistics: new data for a new century,” Monthly Labor Review,October2005,pp.3–10.Availableonlineathttp://www.bls.gov/opub/mlr/2005/10/art1full.pdf.

“Workplace injuries and illnesses,” “Nonfatal occupationalinjuries and illnesses requiring days away from work,”and“Nationalcensusoffataloccupationalinjuries.”Newsreleasesissuedannually.Availablefor1994forwardonlineat http:/www.bls.gov/iif.

Technical References

http://www.bls.gov/opub/mlr/1996/04/art1full.pdf




http://www.bls.gov/opub/cwc/osh.htm

http://www.bls.gov/opub/cwc/archive/winter1997art3.pdf

http://www.bls.gov/opub/cwc/archive/winter1997art3.pdf

http://www.bls.gov/opub/mlr/indexa.htm

http://www.bls.gov/opub/mlr/indexa.htm

http://www.census.gov/epcd/naics02/index.html






http://www.osha.gov/pls/imis/sic_manual.html

http://www.osha.gov/pls/imis/sic_manual.html

http://www.bls.gov/soc/2000/soc_majo.htm

http://www.bls.gov/soc/2000/soc_majo.htm





http://www.bls.gov/iif/oshwc/cfar0014.pdf



http://www.bls.gov/iif/osheval.htm



http://www.bls.gov/iif/

Documents

Handbook of Methods: Chapter 9. Occupational Safety and ... · from work, and a separate Census of Fatal Occupational Injuries (CFOI) was established to capture counts and profiles