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Handbook of International Electrical Safety Practices

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    Handbook of International ElectricalSafety Practices

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    Scrivener Publishing3 Winter Street, Suite 3Salem , MA 01970Scrivener Pub lishing Collections EditorsJam es E. R. Co up erRafiq IslamVitthal KulkarniPeter Mart inA n d r e w Y.C. Ne eJam es G. Speight

    Richard ErdlacPrad ip Kha ladkarNorma n L ie be rma nW. Kent M uhlba uerS. A. Sherif

    Publishers at ScrivenerMartin Scrivener (mart [email protected] )Phil l ip Carmical ([email protected])

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    Handbookof InternationalElectrical SafetyPractices

    Princeton Energy ResourcesInternational

    Scrivener)WILEY

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    Co pyrig ht 2010 by Scrivener P ublishin g LLC. All r ights reserved .Co-publ ished by John Wiley & Sons , Inc . Hoboken, New Jersey, and Scr ivener Publ ishingLLC, Salem, Massachusetts .Publ ished s imul taneously in Canada.No par t of th is publ ica t ion may be reproduced, s tored in a re t r ieval sys tem, or t ransmi t tedin any form or by any means , e lec t ronic , mechanical , photocopying, recording, scanning,or o therw ise , except as perm i t ted un de r Sect ion 107 or 108 of the 1976 Uni te d Sta tes C opy r ight Act , wi thout e i ther the pr ior wr i t ten permiss ion of the Publ isher , or author iza t ionthrough payment of the appropr ia te per-copy fee to the Copyr ight C learance Center , Inc . ,222 R osew ood D r ive , D an ver s , M A 01923,(978) 750-8400, fax (978) 750-4470, or on th e w ebatw w w . c o p y r i g h t . c o m. Requests to the Publ isher for permiss ion should be addressed tothe Permissions Department, John Wiley & Sons, Inc. , I l l River Street , Hoboken, NJ 07030,(201)748-6011,fax (201) 748-6008, or o nli ne a t h t tp : / /w w w .w i l ey . com /go /pe rm is s ion.Limit of Liabil i ty/Disclaimer of Warranty: While the publisher and author have used theirbest efforts in preparing this book, they make no representat ions or warranties with respectto the accuracy or completeness of the contents of this book and specifical ly disclaim anyimpl ied warrant ies of merchantabi l i ty or f i tness for a par t icular purpose . No warranty maybe created or extended by sales representat ives or writ ten sales materials . The advice andstrategies contained herein may not be suitable for your si tuation. You should consult with aprofessional where appropriate. Neither the publisher nor author shall be l iable for any lossof profi t or any other commercial damages, including but not l imited to special , incidental ,consequent ia l , or o ther damages .For general information on our other products and services or for technical support , pleasecontact ou r Custo mer Care De par tm ent w ithin th e United States at (800) 762-2974, outsid e th eUnited States at (317) 572-3993 or fax (317) 572-4002.Wiley also publishe s i ts boo ks in a variety of electronic formats. Some con tent that ap pea rs inprint may not be available in electronic formats. For more information about Wiley products,visit our web site at www.wi ley.com.For mo re informat ion abou t Scr ivener prod ucts p lease vis it w w w .sc r ivene rpub l i sh ing . com.Cover design by Russell Richardson.Library of Congress Cataloging in Publication Data:ISBN 978-0-470-62589-7

    n the United States of Am erica10 9 8 7 6 5 4 3 2 1

    http://www.copyright.com/http://www.copyright.com/http://www.wiley.com/go/permissionhttp://www.wiley.com/go/permissionhttp://www.wiley.com/http://www.wiley.com/http://www.wiley.com/http://www.wiley.com/go/permissionhttp://www.copyright.com/
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    ContentsAcknowledgemen t xxvList of co ntri bu tors xxviiGlossary of abb reviat io ns xxixPreface xxxiiiChapter 1 H o w to Evaluate Safety Programs 11.1 In tro du ctio n 11.2 C re ati ng a C ul tu re of Safety 21.3 G ood H ou se ke ep ing 101.3.1 G en era l Info rm ation 10

    1.3.1.1 Establ ishing a G oodHo usek eep ing P rogram 111.3.1.2 D ust an d Di r t Rem oval 131.3.1.3 E m plo ye e Facil it ies 141.3.1.4 Surfac es 141.3.1.5 Ligh t Fixtur es 151.3.1.6 Aisles an d Stai rw ays 151.3.1.7 Spil l Co ntro l 151.3.1.8 Tools an d Eq uipm ent 151.3.1.9 M aintena nce 161.3.1.10 W aste Disp osal 161.3.1.11 Stora ge 161.4 N e w Em ploy ee O rienta t ion 171.5 W ork er Rig hts 18

    Chapter 2 M eters and M onitor s 232.1 Air Q ua l i ty Test ing an d M oni to ring 232.1.1 Int ro du ctio n 232.1.2 M et ho ds of Sa m plin g an d Testing 242.1.3 Sam plers an d M oni to rs 25

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    i C O N T E N T S

    2.1.42.1.52.1.62.1.72.2 Noise2.2.12.2.2

    2.2.3

    2.2.4

    2.1.3.12.1.3.22.1.3.32.1.3.4

    Diffusive :Sam plers for AirMoni to r ingColor Diffusion TubesAct ive SamplersCont inuous Emissions Moni tors2.1.3.4.12.1.3.4.22.1.3.4.32.1.3.4.42.1.3.4.5

    2.1.3.4.62.1.3.4.72.1.3.4.82.1.3.4.9Batteries

    Photo ioniza t ionMetersInfrared AnalyzersToxic Gas MetersOzone Mete rMercuryAnalyzer-Gold Fi lmAnalyzerDirect -ReadingPart icle Moni torsCombus t ib le GasMetersOxygen MetersBioaerosol Moni tors

    Adverse Cond i t i onsA n n e x - I n s t r u m e n t C h a r tBibl iographyTes ting and M oni tor ingIn t roduct ionNoise Moni tors and Meters2.2.2.12.2.2.2 Sound Level MetersPersonal Dos imetersOccu pa t iona l No i se Exposure S t andard2.2.3.12.2.3.22.2.3.3

    Allowable Levels of ExposureHe ar ing Conservat ion ProgramRecordkeep ing2.2.3.3.12.2.3.3.22.2.3.3.32.2.3.3.42.2.3.3.5Bibl iography

    ExposureM e a s u r e m e n t sAudiometr ic TestsRecord Retent ionAccess to R ecordsTransfer of Records

    2526272930313132

    333435363737383940404042424343434449494949495050

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    CONTENTS vii2.3 Radiation Monitors and Meters 52

    2.3.1 Introduction 522.3.2 Light 532.3.3 Ionizing Radiation 532.3.4 Nonionizing Radiation 532.3.5 Survey Meters for Radiation Detection 54

    2.3.5.1 Ion Chamber Counter 552.3.5.2 Proportional Counter 562.3.5.3 Geiger-Mller (GM) Counter 562.3.5.4 Comparison of Gas Filled

    Detectors 572.3.6 Pocket Dosimeters 582.3.6.1 Direct Read Pocket Dosimeter 582.3.6.2 Digital Electronic Dosimeter 59

    2.3.7 Audible Alarm Rate Meters and DigitalElectronic Dosimeters 60

    2.3.8 Film Badges 602.3.9 Thermoluminescent Dosimeters 622.3.10 Annex - Guide to Meter Selectionand Applications 622.3.11 Bibliography 66

    2.4 Electrical/Electronics Testing Meters 662.4.1 Introduction 662.4.2 Electronic Test Equipment Types 67

    2.4.2.1 Basic Test Equipment 672.4.2.2 Probes 682.4.2.3 Analyzers 682.4.2.4 Signal-generating devices 682.4.2.5 Miscellaneous Devices 69

    2.4.3 General Information on Safe Use 69Chapter 3 General Safety Practices 71

    3.1 Safe Chemical Handling 713.1.1 Introduction 713.1.2 Reference Standards 72

    3.1.2.1 Explanation of Material SafetyData Sheets (MSDS) 723.1.2.1.1 Product Identification 723.1.2.1.2 Component Data 72

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    viii C O N T E N T S3.1.2.1.3 Pr ec au tio ns forSafe Handl ing andStorage 743.1.2.1.4 Ph ysic al D ata 743.1.2.1.5 Pe rso na l Pro tec tiveE q u i p m e n tRequi rements 763.1.2.1.6 Fire a nd Ex plo sionH aza rd Informat ion 763.1.2.1.7 Reactivity

    Informat ion 793.1.2.1.8 Firs t A id 803.1.2.1.9 To xicolog y a n dH ea l th Inform at ion 803.1.2.1.10 TransportationInformat ion 823.1.2.1.11 Spill and LeakProcedures 823.1.2.1.12 W aste D isp os al 823.1 .1.13 Definit ion of Term s 823.1.2.2 O cc up atio na l Safety an dH ea l th A dm inis t ra t ion 1113.1.2.3 N atio na l Ins t i tute forOccupat ional Safety andHealth 1133.1.2.4 A m eric an Co nferenc e ofGovernmen ta l Indus t r i a lHygienis ts 1153.1.2.5 A ge nc y for Toxic Su bsta nc esan d Dise ase Re gistry 1163.1.2.6 W orld H ea lth O rga niz atio n 1173.1.3 Safe Ch em ical Ex po sur e Tables 1173.2 Job H az ar ds An alysis As sessm ent 1183.2.1 Int rod uc tion 1183.2.2 Re spo nsibil i ty an d Tailgate M eetin gs 1183.2.3 H az ar ds A ssessm ent 1193.2.3.1 Pu rp os e of H az ar dsAssessment 119

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    C O N T E N T S i x

    3.3

    3.2.43.2.5

    3.2.3.2

    3.2.3.3

    3.2.3.43.2.3.53.2.3.63.2.3.73.2.3.83.2.3.9

    Ins t ruct ions and Forms forJob Hazard Analys i sAssessment for PPEGeneral Provis ions forPerforming SafetyInspect ionsInspect ion Prepara t ionHazard Class i f icat ionInspec t ion Equ ipmen tInspect ion ProcessCloseout ReviewAbatemen t P l anHazard Assessment andPPE ChecklistsBibl iographyPersonal Pro tec t ive Equipment3.3.13.3.2

    3.3.33.3.43.3.53.3.6

    In t roduct ionGeneral Provis ionsReq ui rem ents of a PPE P rog ramGuidelines for PPE SelectionWorker TrainingEye and Face Protect ion3.3.6.13.3.6.23.3.6.33.3.6.43.3.6.5

    Prescript ion LensesEye Protection for ExposedWorkersTypes of ProtectionWelding Opera t ionsLaser Opera t ions3.3.7 Head Protection

    3.3.8

    3.3.9

    3.3.7.13.3.7.2

    Types of Hard HatsSize and CareFoot and Leg Protect ion3.3.8.13.3.8.2

    Special Purpose ShoesProtect ive Footwear CareHand and Arm P ro t ec t i on3.3.9.13.3.9.2

    Protect ive Gloves TypesFabr ic an d Co atedFabric Gloves

    121

    126128128129129130131131140140140141141144144145145145146146147148149149149150150150150150

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    x C O N T E N T S

    3.4

    3.5

    3.3.9.3 Ch em ical- an dLiquid-Resis tant Gloves3.3.9.4 Prote ctive G love s C are3.3.10 Protective Equipment for the Body3.3.11 Hearing Protection3.3.12 Respiratory Protection3.3.12.1 Definitions3.3.12.2 Esta blishin g a Re spira toryProtec t ion Program3.3.12.3 Le vels of Pr ote ctio n3.3.12.4 Ru les for B rea thin gAir Qual i ty and Use3.3.13 BibliographyFirst Aid an d Resu sci tat ion3.4.1 Introduction3.4.2 First A id A sse ssm en ts3.4.3 Ele m en ts of a First Aid Tra iningP r o g r a m

    3.4.4 Periodic Pro gra m U pd ate s3.4.5 First A id er s3.4.6 First A id Tr ain ing a n d Certification3.4.7 First A id for Electric Sho ck3.4.8 Skills U p d a te3.4.9 First A id Su pp lie s3.4.10 BibliographyFire Protect ion, Ev acua t ion,F i rs t Responder and Emergency P lanning3.5.1 Flam m abi l i ty Pro pert ies3.5.1.1 G en era l Info rm ation3.5.1.2 Flam m abil i ty D esig na tion3.5.2 Igni t ion Te m per ature3.5.3 Fla m m ab il i ty Lim its3.5.4 Va por D en sity3.5.5 Specific G ra vi ty3.5.6 W ater Solu bility3.5.7 Re sp on din g to Fires3.5.8 Fire Fig htin g A ge nt s3.5.8.1 Water3.5.8.2 Foam

    151156156157157158161169173174175175177177181182182183185185186186186186191194196198200200201205205208

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    C O N T E N T S x i

    3.6

    3.5.93.5.10

    3.5.11

    3.5.8.3 Alco hol-R esistant Fo am s3.5.8.4 H igh Ex pan sion Foa m s3.5.8.5 O the r Ex ting uish ingAgen t s3.5.8.6 Ca rb on D ioxid eElectrical Fire PreventionI Firef ight ing Guidance3.5.10.1 Types3.5.10.2 Firefig hting A ge nt sand Ext inguishers3.5.10.3 Vehicles3.5.10.4 Firefigh ting G ea rSpecial ized Rescue Procedures3.5.12 First Responder to ElectricalFire Incidents3.5.13 Evacuat ion Planning3.5.13.1 D esig na ted Roles an dResponsibil i t ies3.5.13.2 Pre par at ion & Pla nn ingfor Emergencies3.5.13.3 Ev acua t ion Pro ce du re3.5.13.4 General3.5.13.5 Te m plate for Em erg en cyEvacuat ion P lan3.5.14 BibliographyExcavat ions and Trenching

    3.6.13.6.23.6.33.6.4In t roduct ionRecommended P rac t i cesSafety Guidel inesExcavat ion and TrenchingSafety Program3.6.4.1 Int ro du cto ry N ote s3.6.4.2 Safety C oo rd ina tor3.6.4.3 Tr ain ing an d D uti es ofProgram Par t i c ipants3.6.4.4 Train ing an d D utie s ofWorkers3.6.4.5 Tra ining an d D uti es ofthe Project Manager

    210210211211211214214214218218221222225225226226227228231231231232234235235236236237237

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    C O N T E N T S3.6.4.6 Con t rac tor Aw areness ,D utie s an d Re spon sibil i t ies 2383.6.4.7 Specific Ex ca va tionRequi rements 2383.6.4.8 Pro tection of the Pub lic 2393.6.4.9 Prote ction of W orke rs inExcavations 2393.6.4.10 Person al Protective Eq uipm ent 2423.6.4.11 W alkway s an d Gu ardra i l s 2433.6.4.12 Protec t ion f rom Hazards

    Associated wi th WaterAccumula t ion 2433.6.4.13 Stability of AdjacentStructures 2443.6.4.14 Protect ion of Employees fromFall ing Objects and LooseRo cks or Soil 2453.6.4.15 Inspection by the project

    manager 2453.6.4.16 Pre -n try Che cklist 2463.6.5 Re qu ire m en ts for Pro tective Sy stem s 2503.6.5.1 Protect ion of Em ploy ees inExcavations 2503.6.5.2 M ater ia ls and Eq uipm ent 2513.6.5.3 Instal lat ion an d Rem ovalof Su pp ort 2513.6.5.4 Ad di t ional Req ui reme nts forSupport Systems for TrenchExcavat ions 2523.6.5.5 Sloping an d Bench ing System s 2523.6.5.6 Shield Sys tem s 2523.6.6 D efinition s 2533.6.7 Bib liogra ph y 2563.7 Co nfined Spac es 2563.7.1 Identifyin g Co nfined Space s 2563.7.2 Iden tifying Con fined Space H az ar ds 2583.7.2.1 Oxygen-DeficientAtmospheres 2593.7.2.2 Flam ma ble Atm osph eres 259

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    C O N T E N T S xin3.7.2.33.7.2.4

    Toxic A tmo sph eresM echanica l an d Phys ica lH a z a r d s7.3 M ode l Confined Space En try Pro gra m3.7.3.13.7.3.23.7.3.33.7.3.43.7.3.53.7.3.63.7.3.73.7.3.83.7.3.9

    Identifying All ConfinedSpacesP reven t ing Unau thor i zedEntryThe Perm i t Sys temPlanning the Ent ryConduct ing Pre-Ent ryTrainingPrepar ing the Conf inedSpace for EntryUti l izing Safety EquipmentAtmospher ic Tes t ingProceduresConfined Space CleaningProcedures3.7.3.10 Rescue Procedures7.4 Pe rso nn el Re spo nsibil i t iesand Training

    3.7.4.1

    3.7.4.2

    3.7.4.3

    3.7.4.4

    3.7.4.5

    Responsibil i t ies of theDirector of EnvironmentalHealth & SafetyResponsibi l i t ies and TrainingRequi rements of Superv i sorsor Their DesignatedRepresenta t ivesResponsibi l i t ies andTrain ing Requi rementsof Entry SupervisorsResponsibi l i t ies and TrainingRequi rements of Author izedEnt ran tsResponsibi l i t ies and TrainingRequi rements of At tendants7.5 Definitions7.6 Bibliography

    260260261261261261262264266267268268268269

    269

    270

    270

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    x i v C O N T E N T SChapter 4 Safe U se of Equip m ent4.1 H an d Tools and W orksho p M achines4.1.14.1.24.1.3

    4.1.44.1.54.1.64.1.74.1.84.1.9

    In t roduct ionW hat are the Ha za rds of H an d Tools?What are the Dangersof Power Tools?G u a r d sOpera t ing Cont ro l s and Swi tchesElectric Too lsPortable Abrasive Wheel ToolsPneumat ic ToolsLiquid Fuel Tools4.1.10 Powder-Actuated Tools4.1.11 Hydraul ic Power Tools4.1.12 General Requirements of Safety

    4.1.13 in Workshops Pol icyMachinery Instal lat ion4.1.14 Machine Controls4 .1 .15 Machine Guards4.1.16 Service Installations4.1.174.1.18 Grinding and Pol i sh ing MachinesMi l l ing Machines4.1.19 Metal -Cut t ing Gui l lot ines4.1.20 General Considerat ions4.1.214.1.22 Solvent Degreas ingBibl iography

    4.2 L ad de r Safety4.2.14.2.2

    4.2.34.2.44.2.5

    In t roduct ionGenera l Requ i remen t s4.2.2.1 Ru les for All L ad de r Types4.2.2.2 R ule s for Specific Ty pe sof LadderLad der Ha zar ds /P re ven t ion T ipsLadder Select ionLadder Main t enance4.2.5.1 U sing Extension La dd ers4.2.5.2 Sett ing U p an Ex tensionLadder4.2.5.3 Cl im bing a Fixed La dd er

    277277278279280280281282283284285286287288288289289290291291292292293293293293294296301302302303304304

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    C O N T E N T S xv4.2.64.2.7 Ladder Inspect ionsBibl iographyForklift Safety4.3.14.3.24.3.34.3.44.3.54.3.64.3.74.3.84.3.94.3.104.3.114.3.12

    In t roduct ionPre-Qualifications forForkl i f t OperatorsSafe Opera t ing ProceduresChang ing and Charg ingStorage BatteriesOpera t i onsTravel ingLoad ingFuel ingMain t enanceTrainingRefresher Training and Evaluat ionBibl iographyCrane Opera t ion Safe ty

    4.4.114.4.24.4.34.4.4

    4.4.54.4.6

    Lifting PrinciplesOpe ra t i ona l Co ns ide ra t ionsCons t ruct ion Requi rementsInspect ion Guidel ines4.4.4.1 Preinspect ion4.4.4.2 Cran e Se tup4.4.4.3 Electr ical H az ar ds4.4.4.4 Load Ch ar t s4.4.4.5 Safe O pera t ing Precaut ions4.4.4.6 Inspe ct ion Types4.4.4.7 Start ing the Inspec t ion4.4.4.8 Specific Insp ectio n Item sand ReferencesDefinit ionsBibl iographyScaffolds and Other Work Plat forms4.5.14.5.2 In t roduct ionScaffold Safety4.5.2.1 G ene ral Safety G uide l ines4.5.2.2 Safe U sag e of N on -m ob i leWelded Frame Scaffolding

    305306306306306307308308309310311311312313314314314316317318319319320320320321325326336339339339340340341

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    C O N T E N T S

    4.6

    4.7

    4.8

    4.5.3

    4.5.2.3 M ax im um W eight4.5.2.4 O th er Spe cs4.5.2.5 D o n 't s for Safe Scaffold U se4.5.2.6 Scaffold G ua rd ra ils4.5.2.7 Scaffold Safety C he ck list4.5.2.8 Fall Pro tec tion4.5.2.9 A dd i t ion al Gu idel ine sBibl iographyCompressed Gas Cyl inder Safe ty4.6.14.6.24.6.34.6.44.6.5

    In t roduct ionIdentificationHand l ing & UseTransportat ion of Cyl indersBibl iographyDrum Handl ing Safe ty4.7.14.7.2

    4.7.34.7.4

    4.7.5

    In t roduct ionTypes of D ru m s4.7.2.1 D ete rm ine D ru m Type4.7.2.2 Iden tifying D ru mConten t sDrum Inspec t ion , Hand l ing ,and Staging Inspect ionLeaking , Open, and Deter iora tedD r u m s4.7.4.1 Bu ng w ren ch4.7.4.2 Staging4.7.4.3 H az ar ds Assoc iatedw i t h H a n d l i n g D r u m sPrevent ing Back InjuriesSafe Welding Practices4.8.14.8.24.8.3Identifying Safe Welding PracticesDefinit ionsGenera l P rovis ions4.8.3.1 Training4.8.3.2 Ty pes of W eld ing4.8.3.3 W elding H az ar ds4.8.3.4 Safe W ork Pra ctice4.8.3.5 Electrical H az ar ds

    342343343344344351352352352352353354357358358358359360361361363363364364365366366366367367367368368369

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    C O N T E N T S xvi i

    4.8.44.8.5

    4.8.3.6 Fire an d Ex plosion s4.8.3.7 Toxic gas es an d Fu m es4.8.3.8 H ot W ork Pe rm itsInspect ionsVenti lat ion Guidelines forWelding Opera t ionsChapter 5 Electrical Safety5.1 Electr ic Shock an d Lo ck ou t /T ag ou t5.1.15.1.2

    5.1.35.1.45.1.55.1.65.1.75.1.85.1.95.1.105.1.115.1.125.1.13

    In t roduct ionFusesGFCIsElectrical ShockFeedback Elect r ical EnergyUniversa l P recaut ionsTrain ing ProgramsProtec t ive Equipment andWork Pract icesDetection of Low VoltageL o c k o u t / T a g o u tLockout DevicesSpecific Proceduresfo r Logou t /Tagou tBibl iography5.2 Lin em en G en era l Safety Practices5.2.15.2.25.2.35.2.45.2.55.2.6

    5.2.75.2.85.2.9

    In t roduct ionScopeShock Hazard Analys i sRegula tory IssuesS tandard Requ i remen t sTes t Equipment Indus t ryRecognized Good Pract icesF lash Hazard Analys i sBlast Hazard AnalysisSelection of Electrical ProtectiveE q u i p m e n t

    5.2.10 Exterior Safety Rules5.2.10.1 Rope5.2.10.2 Body Belts and Safety Straps

    369370370370371373373373374374375377378378378379380382382385386386386387388388388389390391392392392

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    xviii C O N T E N T S5.2.10.3 Rubber ProtectiveEqu ipmen t 3935.2.10.4 Gaffs 3955.2.10.5 C lim be rs 3955.2.10.6 H ot- L ine Tools 3965.2.10.7 Ve hicles 397

    5.2.11 Exterior W ork ing Practices 3975.2.11.1 Ex ca va tion 3975.2.11.2 M an ho le s 3985.2.11.3 P o th e ad s 3985.2.11.4 Pol es 3985.2.11.5 C lim bi ng 399

    5.2.12 Elec trical Safety R ule s 4005.2.12.1 Vo ltage L ow 4005.2.12.1.1 In ter m ed iate 4005.2.12.1.2 Ch eck ing En erg izedConductors 4005.2.12.1.3 In su lat ion 4015.2.12.1.4 H ig h Vo ltage 4035.2.12.3 C irc ui ts 4045.2.12.3.1 D e-e ne rgi ze d 4045.2.12.3.2 H O T 4055.2.12.3.3 Pro tec tion 4055.2.12.3.4 O ve rlo ad 4055.2.12.3.5 B yp ass ed 406

    5.2.13 Transform ers an d Circui t Breakers 4065.2.14 W ire M arke rs 4085.2.15 Adequacy and Effect iveness ofthe Training Pr og ram 4085.2.16 Bibl iograp hy 4085.3 Electrical Safe W ork Pra ctice s Pl an 4095.3.1 In tro du ctio n 4095.3.2 Tr ain ing 4095.3.3 Qu alified Pe rso n 4105.3.4 Safe W ork Pra ctice s 410

    5.3.4.1 Lock-ou t /Tag-ou t andSafety Re lated W ork Practices 4105.3.4.2 Por tab le Eq uipm ent 4115.3.4.3 Personal Protective Eq uipm ent 412

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    C O N T E N T S xix5.3.4.4 Co ndu ct ive M ater ia lsand Equ ipmen t5.3.4.5 De -energized Parts5.3.4.6 Ene rgized Parts5.3.4.7 I l luminat ion5.3.4.8 Por tab le La dde rs5.3.4.9 Rec losing Circ uits5.3.4.10 Vehicular and MechanicalEqu ipmen t Near OverheadPower Lines5.3.4.11 ElectricalE q u i p m e n t / M a c h i n e r y5.3.4.12 GFCI Protection5.3.4.13 WiringElectr ical Equipment5.4.15.4.25.4.3

    5.4.45.4.55.4.6

    In t roduct ionElectrical Safety FactsVehicular and MechanicalE q u i p m e n tUse of EquipmentTes t EquipmentBibl iographySafe W ork Pract ices N ea r Pow er Lines5.5.15.5.25.5.3

    5.5.4

    In t roduct ionPlan AheadSafe Work Practices5.5.3.1 Genera l5.5.3.2 Safe O pe rat io ns of C ran es5.5.3.3 Proc edure s to Fol lowIf Co ntact Oc curs5.5.3.4 Re com m end ed Prac tices5.5.3.5 Tree Spr ayin g5.5.3.6 Electrical Em erge ncie s5.5.3.7 Training W orkersBibl iographyFunctional Safety for ElectricPower Transmiss ion5.6.15.6.2 In t roduct ionStructu re of Electr ic Pow er System s

    412413413413414414

    414414415415415415416418419421421422422422423423423426426429429430430431431432

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    x x C O N T E N T S5.6.3

    5.6.45.6.5

    H az ar ds in Elec tr ic Pow er Sys tems5.6.3.1 H az ard s In Subs ta t ions5.6.3.2 SecurityAssuring Funct ional SafetyRecommended References

    Chapter 6 Worker Safety Rules6.1

    6.26.3

    6.46.5

    6.6

    Crit ical Incident Stress6.1.16.1.26.1.3Responding to Emergency EventsCri t ical Incident Stress ManagementCrit ical Incident Stress Debriefing

    Toxic Ind ustr ia l C hem icalsElectrical Protective Devices6.3.16.3.26.3.36.3.46.3.5

    Des ign Requi rementsManufac tu re and Mark ingsElectr ical RequirementsWorkmansh ip and F in i shIn-Service Ca re an d UseHand Pro tec t ionHazard Assessment and Personal Pro tec t iveEquipment Selec t ion6.5.16.5.26.5.36.5.46.5.5

    Genera l Gu idanceHead Pro tec t ionFoot Protect ionHand Pro tec t ionClean ing and M ain t enanceSani tat ion6.6.16.6.26.6.36.6.4

    6.6.56.6.66.6.76.6.86.6.9

    Definit ionsH o u s e k e e p i n gWaste DisposalWater Supply6.6.4.1 Potab le W ater6.6.4.2 No n-po table W aterToilet FacilitiesCo nstru ct ion of Toilet Ro om sWashing Facil i t iesShowersC h a n g e R o o m s

    6.6.10 Clothes Drying Faci l i t ies

    433434435437437439439440440441446446446447448449453454454459460460461462462462463463463464464465465466466466

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    C O N T E N T S xxi6.6.11 Consumpt ion of Food and Beverages6.6.12 Waste Disposal Conta iners6.6.13 Sani tary Storage6.6.14 Food Hand l ingSafety Color Code for MarkingPhys ica l HazardsSpecifications for Accident PreventionSigns6.8.16.8.26.8.3

    6.8.46.8.5

    and TagsGenera lClassification of SignsSign Design6.8.3.1 D ang er S igns6.8.3.2 C au t ion Signs6.8.3.3 Sign W ordingsBiological Hazard SignsAccident Prevent ion TagsPermits for Confined Spaces6.9.1

    6.9.26.9.3

    6.9.4

    Definit ionsGenera l Comments and Requi rementsOxy gen Con ten t , F l amm able Gasesan d Va pors , an d P otent ial ToxicAi r Con taminan t sPermi t Space Program6.9.4.1 Ge nera l Detai ls6.9.4.2 At t endan t6.9.4.3 The Perm it System6.9.4.4 Ent ry Perm i t6.9.4.5 Training6.9.4.6 Du ties of A utho rized Entrants6.9.4.7 Du t ies of A t tend ants6.9.4.8 D uties of En try Sup erviso rs6.9.4.9 Rescue and Em ergencyServices6.9.4.10 Employee Par t i c ipa t ion6.9.4.11 Procedures for Atmospher icTesting

    6.9.4.11.1 P u r p o s e6.9.4.11.2 Duration of Testing

    466467467467467468468468469469469469470470472472476477480480482483484485486486488488491491491491

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    xxii C O N T E N T S6.9.4.11.3 Testing StratifiedAtmospheres 4926.9.4.11.4 O rd e r of Te sting 4926.10 Control of Hazardous Energy(Lockout /Tagout ) 4926.10.1 G en era l Info rm ation 4926.10.2 D efin ition s 4936.10.3 Elem ents of Lo ck ou t /T ag ou t 4956.10.4 Full E m plo ye e Prote ction 4956.10.5 En ergy Co ntrol Pro ced ure 496

    6.10.6 Protect ive M aterials an d H ar dw ar e 4966.10.7 In sp ec tio n 4976.10.8 Training an d C om m un ica t ion 4986.10.9 En er gy Iso latio n 4996.10.10 G ro u p Lo cko ut or Tag out 5016.11 M ed ica l Service s an d First A id 5026.12 Fire Pro tec tion 5036.12.1 Fire Br iga de s 5036.12.2 Fire Fig hting E qu ip m en t 5066.13 H an dl i ng M aterials 5106.14 Sl ing s 5116.15 Bib liogra phy 517

    Chapter 7 R ecor dke eping , Training and Inspec tions,Ac cident Inv estiga tion and Re porting 5197.1 In tro du ctio n 5197.2 Safety Re co rdk ee pin g Practicesan d Protocols 5207.2.1 Illn es ses 5207.2.2 Inju ries 5217.2.3 D ea th s 5227.2.4 W ha t ' s N ot Rec ordab le 5227.2.5 H o w to A naly ze Injury an dIl lness Re cord s 522

    7.2.6 En sur ing Ac curac y in Re cord keep ing 5237.3 Safety Training an d Re cord kee ping 5247.3.1 Typ e of Tr ainin g 5247.3.2 Re co rdk ee pin g 529

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    C O N T E N T S xxiii7.4 OH SA S 18001 (O ccup at ion H eal th an dSafety A sse ssm en t Series) 5297.5. Bibl iogra phy 532

    Chapter 8 Risk and Vulnerab i l ity A sses sm ent s 5538.1 Risk M an ag em en t 5338.1.1 G en er al 5338.1.2 Steps to Risk A sse ssm en t 5348.1.2.1 Step 1: Identify the H az ard s 5358.1.2.2 Step 2: Decide W ho M ight BeHa rmed and H ow 5358.1.2.3 Step 3: Evalua te the Risks an dDecide on Precautions 5368.1.2.4 Ste p 4: Record Your Find ingsand Implem ent Them 5378.1.2.5 Step 5: Re view Your RiskAssessment andU pd ate If Ne cessary 5388.1.2.6 Sen sible RiskM ana ge m ent Tips 5398.1.3 Safety Risk M an ag em en t Co m m it tees 5428.2 Cris is M an ag em en t 5438.3 Vu lnerabi l ity A sses sm ents 5468.3.1 N etw or k Arc hi tecture 549Threat Env i ronm ent 550Pe netra t ion Test ing 550Phy sical Secu ri ty 551Physical Asset A nalysis 553O pe rat io ns Securi ty 554Pol icies an d Pro ced ure s 554Im pac t An alysis 555Infras t ruc ture In terdep ende ncies 556

    8.3.10 Risk Ch arac ter izat ion 5568.3.11 Pos t -Assessm ent 557

    8.3.28.3.38.3.48.3.58.3.68.3.78.3.88.3.9

    A pp end ix A Chem ical Exposure TablesAp pend ix B FormsIndex

    559709715

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    AcknowledgementsA large number of organiza t ions and ind iv iduals have cont r ibu tedt ime and informat ion that went into the creat ion of the s tandards .The fol lowing organizat ions are express ly thanked for thei r contr i but ion of materials , reviews, cr i t iques and guidance:The U.S. Trade an d D eve lopm ent Ag encyThe W orld Bank Org aniza t ionThe U.S. Department of EnergyThe U.S. D ep artm en t of DefenseThe U.S. De par tm ent of H om ela nd Secur ityThe World He al th Org aniza t ionThe U.S. Occupat ional Safety and Heal th Organizat ionThe Nat ional Ins t i tute of Occupat ional Safety and Heal thThe Am erican Conference of G ove rnm enta l Indu s t r ia l H ygienis t sSciTech Techn ical Service sTennessee Valley A uth ori tyT heU.S. De pa rtm en t of A gricu l ture, Rural Ut i li t ies Service

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    List of ContributorsDavid PhillippiAdolfo MenndezAndrea DuffyJos MenndezNicholasP.Cheremisinoff,Ph.D.Daniel AnconaStacy H errickViola New

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    AbbreviationsA CACGIHAEDAFFFAFSAIHIANSIA S T D RA S T MATBA UCCaFCDCCERCLACGACGICISDCmC N CCOco 2CPRCSACSHOdB

    A lterna t ing C urre nt (electr ici ty; physics)American Conference of Governmenta l Indus t r ia lHygienis t sAutomated Eternal Defibri l la torAq ueo us F ilm Forming FoamAmerican Foundry Socie tyAmerican Indus t r ia l Hygiene Associa t ionAmerican Nat ional S tandards Ins t i tu teAg ency for Toxic Substan ces an d D isease Re gis t ryA m erica n Society for Test ing and M aterialsAnti-Two-BlockAbsorp t ion Uni t sCelsiusCalc ium Fluor ideCenter for Disease ControlComprehensive Environmental ResponseCompensat ion and Liabi l i ty ActCompressed Gas Associa t ionCombus t ib le Gas Indica torsCrit ical Incident Stress DebriefingCent imetersCondensa t i on Nuc leus Coun te rCarbon monox ideCarbon DioxideCard iopu lmonary Resusc i t a t i onConstruct ion Safety Associat ionCompliance Safety and Heal th OfficerDecibels

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    xxx ABBREVIATIONSD CDUTsEAREHSSEHVEMSEPAEPSESCBAESLIFIDFMISGFCIGHzG MH2SH A S P sHAZWOPERHEPAH gHRHRTHSCHSOH VH zIDLHKgkHzkPaLELLFLLiFLMImM e VM H z

    Direct Current (electrici ty)Devices Under TestExpired Air Resusci tat ionEnvironmental Heal th and Safety ServicesExtremely High Vol tageEmergency Medical ServicesEnvi ronmenta l P ro tec t ion AgencyElectr ic Power SystemsEscape Sel f-Conta ined Breath ing Ap pa ra t usEnd of Service Life IndicatorFlame Ionizat ion DetectorFaci l i t ies Management Informat ion SystemGround Faul t C i rcu i t In ter rupterGigaher tz ( thousands of MHz)Geiger-MullerHydrogen Sul f ideHeal th and Safety PlansHazardous Was t e Opera t i ons and EmergencyResponse S t andardHigh Efficiency Part iculate AirMercuryH u m a n R e s o u r c eHeal th Response TeamHeal th and Safe ty CoordinatorHealth and Safety OfficerHigh Vol tageHer t zImmedia te ly Dangerous to Li fe and Heal thKi logramsKilohertz (1000 Hertz)Kilo PascalLower Explosive LimitLower F lammable Limi tLi th ium Fluor ideLoad moment Ind i ca to r sMetersMega Electron VoltMegaher tz (mi l l ion Her tz)

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    AB B R EVI ATI ONS xxximR/hr M il li roentgen Per H ou rMRLS M inim al Risk LevelsM S D S M ater ial Safety D ata Shee tsM U C M axim um Use Concen t ra ti onM W M olecular W eightNFPA N at io na l Fire Protect ion A gen cyNAELC N or th A m erica n Electr ic Liabi li ty Co rpo rat io nN H C A Na t ional H ear ing Co nserva t ion Associa tionN I O S H N at io na l Ins t i tute of O ccu pat io nal Safety an d Hea l thN O N itr ic oxideNRR N oise Redu ct ion Rat ingNRTL N at ion al ly Reco gnized Test ing Lab oratoriesNTOF N at ion al Trau ma t ic Oc cup at ion al Faci li ties0 3 O z o n eO H & S Oc cupat iona l He al th and Safe tyO S H A Office of Safety an d H eal th A dm inis t ra t ionPa PascalPAPR Po w ere d Air Puri fying Res piratorPEL Perm iss ible Ex pos ure LimitsPID Ph oto Ionizat ion De tectorsPM Part iculate M at terPPE Personal Pro tec t ive Eq uipm entp pm Pa rts Per M ill ionPVC poly viny l chlor ideQLFT Q ua li tat iv e Fit TestQNFT Q ua nti tat i ve Fit TestRCRA Resource Co nserv at ion an d Recovery ActsREL Reco mm ended Exposure L imi tsRF Radia ted Frequen cyRFC Reference Co nce ntrat io nRFD Reference Do seR/hr Roen tgens pe r H ou rRH Rela ti ve H um id i tySA Spec t rum Ana lyze rSAR Supp l ied Ai r Respi ra torSARA Super fund A m en dm en t s and Reau thor i za ti on Ac tSCBA Sel f-Conta ined Breath ing A pp ar a tu sSHELS Significant H u m a n Ex pos ure Levels

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    xxxii AB B R EVI ATI ONSSLTCso2SPLSTELSVOCsTDTICsTLDTLVTWAUELU.K.U.S.UVVOCsVOMVSAWHO

    Salt Lake Technical Cente rSulfur dioxideSound Pressure LevelShort-term Exposure LimitsSemi-Volatile Organic CompoundsThermal DesorptionToxicity Identified CompoundsThermoluminescent dosimetersThreshold Limit ValueTime Weighted A verageUpper Explosive LimitsUnited KingdomUnited StatesUltravioletVolatile Organic CompoundColt-Ohm-MilliameterVector Signal AnalyzerWorld Hea lth O rganization

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    PrefaceThe Handbook of International Electrical Safety Practices is intendedfor the electricity genera ting, power transm ission and distribution sectors. Electricity is an essential ingredient of our lives andhas vast social implications to all nations. It is perhaps among thegreatest and most important developments of the 20th century thatcontinues to touch our lives daily. The economic an d social deve lopments of nations have been intrinsically coupled to electricity use.The lack of electricity, or insufficient electricity, is a concern of v irtu ally all gov ernments . Electricity is in fact one of the prim e measuresof a na tion 's wealth and it defines the quality of life. Electricity generation does come with a cost to the environm ent and there are longterm impacts to the health and well-being of communities. Thesehowever, are topics for exam ining in other publications.This volume has been prepared by the staff of Princeton EnergyResources Inte rnational (PERI). PERI has a long histo ry of work ingin the power sector with staff and principals' experiences stretching back decad es. PERI has assem bled its own decad es of know ledge and surveyed the international literature to assemble thisreference for practitioners in the electricity sector. The handbookis an assemblage of best international management practices forthe safe handling operations of personnel working in generation, transmission and dealing with power distribution issues.It is intended as a practical desk reference to which technicians,engineers, supervisors, line personnel and business managerswith worker safety responsibility can refer. The handbook covers a broad spectrum of subjects related to physical, chemical,thermal, energizing, and other hazards that may be encounteredwhile wo rking with e nergizing sources and transmission systems.The hand boo k m ay also serve as a basis for developing site specific

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    xxxiv PREFACEhealth and safety programs, industrial hygiene programs, workersafety training and recertification programs, in establishing safetyand worker training recordkeeping and monitoring programs, andmuch more.There are eight chapters to the handbook. C hapter one addressesprocedures and provides guidance on how companies can effectively evaluate their safety pro gram s. Good safety records can onlybe achieved when there is a cultural basis for working safely andapplying best managem ent practices within the corporate environment. This chapter covers the topics of creation of a safety culturewithin the organization, adoption of good housekeeping practicesand em ployee orientation.Chapter two covers instrumentation, specifically, meters andvarious types of monitors and sensors that are relied upon by indu stry for air qua lity testing, noise level testing, electronics testing,and others.Ch apte r three covers genera l best safety practices in the areas ofchemicals, performing job hazard s assessm ents, the types and useof personal protective equipment, first aid and resuscitation, fireprevention and protection, and safely working in excavations andother confined spaces and other areas.Chapter four addresses the safe use of various field equipment,including hand tools and workshop tools and machinery, ladderand scaffolding safety, forklift safety, crane operation, work platforms, safely working with compressed gas cylinders, drum handling safety, and safe welding practices.Chapter five covers electrical safety. This chap ter includes detaileddiscussions and best practices for electrical shock and lockout and ta-gout procedures along with sam ple forms to use in the field, linemangeneral safe work practices, electrical safe work practices planning,safe use of electrical equ ipm ent, working near power lines, and functional safety practices for electrical pow er transmission.Chapter six covers the subject of worker safetyrules.Topics coveredinclude critical incident stress, working with toxic chemicals, workingwith electrical protective devices, hand protection, performing hazardassessments and additional guidance on personal protective equipm entselection, sanitation and industrial hygiene. This section covers additional guidance and topical discussions on marking and labelingphysical hazards, the use of accident prevention signs and poste rs,fire protection and other topics.

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    PREFACE XXXVChapter seven covers recommended protocols and practices forrecordkeeping, worker training, performing safety inspections andaccident investigation and reporting.Chapter eight covers risk and vulnerability assessments. Vulnerability assessment practices have become much more critical sincethe days of 9/11 and should be an integral part of any safety program in order to ensure the protection of workers, communitiesand assets.This volume has been the labor of the entire Princeton EnergyResources team under the overall guidance of its principal, AdolfoMenndez. His years of experience have contributed greatly to the

    technical content of this work and his dedication of resources andstaff time in the preparation of this industry reference is a testament to the company's commitment to safe work practices. Specialthanks and appreciation is extended to Scrivener Publishing fortheir tireless efforts in the publication of this work.Staff of Princeton Energy Resources International, LLCRockville, MD

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    1How to Evaluate SafetyPrograms1.1 IntroductionThis chapter provides a road m ap for both employers and employeesto creating a safe working environment. While the standards inchapters 2 throug h 6 are organized and presented in a highly prescriptive format, this first par t provides workers within the in dus tryan overall orientation to the philosophy, tools and corporate culturethat the international comm unity has ado pted as a part of best management practices.At the sametime,this chapter of the standard s explicitly defines therights of workers to be kept informed of the hazards associated withtheir job assignments, to be provided with knowledge, engineeringand m anag em ent controls that eliminate unsafe wo rking conditions,along with the actions that w orkers m ay take in order to ensure thatthey are never placed in situations that pose either immediate orlong-term risks to their health and well-being.Em ployees generally have little or no control over their workingenvironment and m ust accept whatever environm ent employers offer.Employers and their designated corporate representatives haveboth a moral and legal obligation to ensure that both workers and

    1

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    2 HA ND BO OK OF INTERNATIONAL ELECTRICAL SAFETY PRACT ICESthe publ ic at large are kept insulated from the hazards associatedwith the industry sector .1.2 Creating a Culture of SafetyThe design of a safe plant layout is beyond the responsibil i ty ofindividual employees , but i t nevertheless is essent ial for goodpower product ion prac t ices and safe working condi t ions . Narrowaisles, bl ind intersections, insufficient overhead space and l imitedaccess for equipment repair and maintenance al l are det r imental toa safe opera t ing envi ro nm ent .The Nat ional Safety Counci l in the Uni ted States has es t imatedthat w ork-re lated accide nts in the priv ate sector in 1988 cost indu stry an average of $15,100 per disabling injury. Based on this figureand the U.S. Bureau of Labor Stat is t ics - which reported that in1988 private U.S. Industry, employing 90 mil l ion workers , had6.2 mill ion job-related accidents and injuries was in excess of$93 billion. Approximately, half of this total ($46 billion) was forsuch v i s ib le cos t s as damaged equipment and mater ia l s , p roduct ion delays , t ime losses of other workers not involved in the accidents and acc ident repor t ing .Similar s tatis tics ha ve been rep orte d in the U ni ted K ing do m (UK)and in the Eu rope an C om mu ni ty . The s ta t is t ics su pp or t the prem isethat i t i s the respo nsibi l i ty of every e m plo ye r to take a s t rong, pr oact ive s tance to en sur e thei r em plo ye es ' safety.Des igning for safe w ork en vi ron m ents a l so m ean s pro per schedul ing of w or k act ivit ies . I t sho uld not be the op erato r ' s or w ork er ' sresponsibi l i ty to determine the proper rout ing of work in process .To make this type of decis ion a workers responsibi l i ty unfai r lyshif ts to what i s t ruly management 's responsibi l i ty di rect ly to theworker . It i s m an ag em en t ' s respons ib i l ity to ensure tha t t igh t w orkstandards are not only defined for each operating facil i ty, but toensure tha t procedures and pol ic ies are adopted and enforced .Es tab l i sh ing fa i r work s tandards through work measurement orsome s imilar technique is , wi thout quest ion, a prerogat ive and ar ight of management . Establ ishing and enforcing t ight work s tandards has resul ted and wil l cont inue to resul t in operators takingda ng ero us sho rt cuts w hi le com plet ing tasks . The se short cuts of tenresul t in industr ial accidents and injuries . By the same token, manage rs should u se s tan da rd s to en sur e a fair da y 's pa y for a fai r d ay 's

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    H ow TO EVALUATE SAFETY PRO GRA MS 3wo rk, bu t they should n ot use them as a w hi p to achieve m ax im umproduct iv i ty through coerc ion .Pressure p laced on em ploye es to me et t igh t prod uct ion schedu lesresu l ts in the sam e type of problem s as w i th t igh t wo rk s tand ard s .Reasonable schedules base d on reasonable capaci ty de term inat ionsand w ork s tan da rds e l iminate the press ure an d work-re la ted s t ressp laced on emp loyee s to ov erp rod uce b ecause of unsafe shor t cu t s .Having a corpora te cu l ture tha t p romotes and makes safe ty andenv ironm ent a pr ior i ty should b e the goal of the industry. Crea t ing acultu re of safety first requ ires site-specific w o rk prac tices an d w ork ing en vir on m en ts to be carefully a ssessed w ith a focus on identifyinghigh-r isk areas , and then developing concrete plans for improvedoccupat ional and process safe ty per formance . Management mus tfocus on using employee ins ights to prevent cost ly and potent ial lydeadly accidents before they occur, creating a safer workplace bytak ing in to account bo th the envi ronm ent in wh ich employ ees w orkand the cul ture that dr ives thei r dai ly wo rk experience.As an employer , i t i s your responsibi l i ty to provide a safe workenvironment for al l employees , f ree from any hazards , and comply ing wi th l egal and recommended bes t p rac t ices def ined in thes tandards . Heal th and safe ty in the workplace i s about prevent ingwork-re la ted in jury and d i sease , and des igning an envi ronmenttha t prom otes wel l -be ing for eve ryon e a t work .K now ledg e is the key ingredien t in providin g a safe w ork environm ent . If ev ery on e kn ow s the correct pro ce du res , accide nts an d injur ies wi l l be kept to a minimum.Both employers and employees should :

    En sure tha t the w ay w or k is do ne is safe an d doe s notaffect employees ' health. Ensu re tha t too ls , eq uip m en t and m achine ry are safeand are kept safe. Ensu re tha t w ay s of s tor ing , t rans por t in g or wo rkin gwi th dangerous subs tances i s safe and does not damage employees ' hea l th .Employers mus t :

    P rov ide em ploye es w i th the informat ion , ins t ruc t ionan d t rain ing they nee d to do thei r job safely an d w ithout damaging the i r hea l th .

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    4 HA ND BO OK OF INTERNATIONAL ELECTRICAL SAFETY PRACT ICES Co nsu l t w i th em ploy ees ab ou t hea l th an d safety in theworkp lace . M oni tor the w or k place regu lar ly an d keep a record ofwhat i s found during these checks .

    Policies shou ld be develo ped in consul ta t ion wi th em ployee s , bo thwith and without disabi l i ty . I t may be necessary to organize support persons or interpreters so that al l employees may part icipatein the consu l tat ion.Occupat ional Heal th and Safe ty (OH&S) procedures mus t beimplemented wherever the work i s be ing conducted , be tha t in anoffice, factory, construction si te, substat ion, along transmission l inew or k or hom e. As an em ploye r , it i s yo ur re sponsibi l i ty to ens ure al lemployees have access to informat ion about safety procedures , andfor any reasonable ad jus tm ents to be m ad e.I t i s crucial that n e w em ploy ee s be:

    Briefed of al l n e w staff on O H & S policy at indu ctio n. Be pr ov ide d t raining on al l safety pro ced ure s , including evacuat ion and o ther emergency procedures . Provided access to informat ion about safety procedures , in ap pro pr ia te formats .

    I t i s crucial the ex is t ing em ploy ees: H av e access to inform at ion in ap pr op ria te formats . Be pro vide d wi th regular in format ion upd ate s andre-t raining sess ions . Be provided access to informat ion about safetyprocedures . Co ndu ct re levant t ra in ing on any ne w equ ipm ent ormachinery.

    Th e following are som e anec dota l facts that can serv e to raise a culture of safe ty among workers and management :Fac to r s Tha t Make New Workers More Acc iden t P rone :

    Lack of safety train ing ; D on ' t ask qu est ion s; U na w are of haz ard s ;

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    H ow TO EVALUATE SAFETY PROG RAM S 5 A ssu m e em plo ye r is respo nsible for safety; Do n ' t un der s t an d r igh t s / r e spons ib i li t ie s ; " It can ' t ha pp en to m e" a t t i tude; and Fatigue.

    Major Causes of Injury: Slips, trip s an d falls; Im pro per use of equ ipm ent ; Faul ty us e of eq uip m en t ; Im pro pe r l ight ing; Not tu rn ing of f power whi le repai r ing equipment( lock ou t pr oce dur es) ; En ter ing unsafe confined spaces that do not norm al lyaccommoda te peop le ; and Im pro per use or s torage of chemicals an d other haz ardous materials .

    The Employer's Re spon sibi l i t ies: Pro vid e a safe w ork plac e. Ensu re ad eq ua te t ra in ing of wo rkers . Keep wr i t t en records of t ra in ing: w ho , w he n and w ha ttype. Es tab li sh and main ta in a com preh ens ive oc cupat ionalsafety program, including a wri t ten safety pol icy andan accident inves t iga t ion prog ram . Sup por t supe rv i sors , safe ty coord ina tors , and w ork ersin their safety activities. Take act ion imm ediately w he n the wo rker or supervisortel ls you about a potent ial ly hazardous s i tuat ion. Ini t iate an im m ed iate invest iga t ion into accidents . Re port ser ious accide nts to the H SO (Heal th an d SafetyOfficer) or to the Corporate Prevention Division. Pr ov ide ad eq u at e first aid facil it ies an d services. Provide personal protect ive equ ipm ent w here required. Make avai lable to al l workers copies of Industr ialHygiene Policy. Post Heal th and Safety Regulat ions and al l otherregulat ions .

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    6 HA ND BO OK OF INTERNATIONAL ELECTRICAL SAFETY PRACT ICESThe Supervisor's R espo nsibi l i t ies:

    Ins t ruc t ne w w orke rs on safe w or k procedu res . Train w ork ers for al l tasks ass igne d to the m and checktheir progress . Ensure tha t on ly au thor ized , adequate ly t ra inedworker s opera t e t oo l s & equ ipmen t and use haza rd ous chemicals . Ensure tha t equipment and mater ia l s a re proper lyhandled , s tored and main ta ined . Enforce safety reg ula tion s. Co rrect un safe acts. Ident i fy workers wi th problems such as drugs oralcohol that could affect their performance, and followup with interviews and referrals where necessary. Fo rm ula te safety rules an d inspect for ha za rds in yo urown area .

    Worker's Responsibil ities: You ha ve an obl igat ion to m ak e yo ur w ork pla ce safe. K no w an d follow safety an d he alth reg ula tion s affecting yo ur job. If yo u do n ' t kno w how , ask for t rainin g before yo ubegin work . W ork safely, an d enco ura ge yo ur co-w orke rs to do thesame. Correct or im m ed iately rep ort any unsafe co ndi t ion s

    to your supervisor . Rep ort an y injury im m ed iately to a First Aid a t ten da ntor supervisor. Take the ini t iat ive; m ak e sug ges t ions for im pro ve dsafety condit ions.Site Orientation:

    Al l ne w em plo yee s sho uld hav e a s i te or ienta t ion fromtheir supervisor and be given a brief on safety procedures including: the layout of the sect ion, a safetyorientat ion, f i re exi t locat ions and procedures , emergency equipment and location of first aid facil i t ies orservices.

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    H ow TO EVALUATE SAFETY PRO GRA MS 7 Alw ays be aw are of yo ur sur ro un din gs ; Lo ok up ' for falling objec ts; Be m indfu l of u p / d o w n t raffic; Be cau t ious of s t ruc tural inade qu acies ; D o not race u p or d o w n flights of stairs; In a noisy envir on m en t, us e visua l cues to look forpotent ial hazards; On ly use design ated w alkw ays , they are there for areason; and Often som e s i tes requ ire w or ke rs to w or k in pai rs orteams in case of an accident.

    Hazards: H az ar ds in a w or k place can nev er be el imin ated, butthey can be cont ro l led wi th proper equipment , t ra ining and supervis ion. H az ar ds are div ide d into tw o gen eral categories :- Phys ica l hazards - those tha t can cause immedia te

    damage to the body. Examples : Moving equipment ,mac hinery, confined space; he at , cold, chem icals ,electrical, visibility.- Delayed Injury hazards - those due to repeatedexposure or , a delayed react ion of the human bodycau sing injury. Exam ples: N oise, ergo nom ics , repet i t ive strain injury, back injury, inhalat ion, radiat ion.Computer Workstations:

    Pro blem s w ith l ight ing can caus e eyest rain an d m ayalso con tr ibute to m usc le soreness and fat igue. Avoid g lare , pos i t ion yo ur com pute r w orks ta t ion sothat when you face the moni tor , you are s i t t ing besideor paral lel to the window. If yo u face the w in do w , l ight from the ou tsid e shine sdirectly into yo ur ey es an d m ak es i t difficult for you tofocus on the screen. If yo u si t w i th yo ur back to a w ind ow , yo u ma y ha vepr ob lem s wi th reflections, or hig h l ight levels. In ei thers i tuat ion, adjust the bl inds to reduce the amount ofl ight on your screen.

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    8 HA ND BO OK OF INTERNATIONAL ELECTRICAL SAFETY PRACT ICESOverhead l ights can shine di rect ly in your eyes orref lect images onto your computer screen, making i tdifficult to view your screen. To avoid this adjust theangle of your screen so that i t 's at right angles to thework surface.The top l ine of text on your screen should be at eyelevel . Most of the screen will be sl ightly below eyelevel.The d i s tance betwe en yo ur eyes an d the screen shou ldbe about arm 's l ength .Your chai r should provide good lumbar suppor t .

    Light ing: Pro blem s w ith l ight ing can cause eyest rain. Poo r l ight ing can also con tr ibute to m uscle soren essand fat igue.

    Back In jur ies : A pp rox im ately 1/3 of w or ke rs wi l l suffer back pro blems during their working l ife. Back injuries are themost common work related injury. Th e low bac k is subject to gre ater me cha nica l stresstha n an y other p art of the bo dy an d, becau se of this , i scommonly in jured . A majori ty of low-b ack pro ble m s are caus ed by s im plest rains that can heal wi thin s ix to eight weeks wi th

    appropr i a t e t r ea tmen t . Fea r and mi sunders t and ingare the tw o m ain factors that can delay recovery. For engineers an d com pute r sc ient is t s, com pute r usecan cause lower back pain and repet i t ive s t rain injuries over t ime.Everyone in a work force should wisely take a careful look at theirw ork envi ronm ent and the i r w ork habi ts . Both wo rkers and m anag ement need to note whether their workplace is really safe. Both needto consider whether the job requires working with any toxic subs tances; and i f so, are people adequately protected? Both managersand workers need to ask themselves whether they are constant lyunder s t ress . Does your environment accept work schedules that

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    H ow TO EVALUATE SAFETY PRO GRA MS 9breac h legally established l imits or ho urs? An sw ers to que stions suc has these m ight reveal m uc h abo ut ho w safe people are at wo rk.Creat ing a corporate cul ture of safety means being consciousof the dangers a t work . Try ing to main ta in an unreasonable workschedule can be dangerous. Indeed, t i red workers are less eff icientand make more mis takes . Companies tha t fos ter excess ive workand act ively seek out and reward workahol ics resul t into consequences tha t a re poten t ia l ly devas ta t ing . Poor work habi t s , whichmay include lack of t idiness and cleanl iness , pose another hazard.Le av ing tools th ro w n on the floor or l ive electric w ires expo sed oftenlead to accidents, even fatal i t ies. The same can be said of ignoringsafe ty preca ut ions w he n us ing pow er too ls and m achinery . Ano thercause of injury and death is fai l ing to clean up spil led fluids, especial ly toxic ones . Many injuries have occurred when workers haveslipped on oily or wet floors. So it might be said that the first law ofgoo d w or k is to be clean an d orderly .Yet , many are tempted to ignore safety procedures . Work pressure may lead to percept ions that short cuts are necessary to meetdemands . Therefore , some may reason regard ing a safe ty regulat ion, Tt has never caused any problem when I ignored i t / One ofthe wor st thin gs that yo u can d o at w or k is igno re safety pro ce du resand ge t aw ay wi thit W hy? Because this fos ters overconfidence an dcarelessness , leading to more accidents .The explosion of the Chernobyl plant in Ukraine in 1986 is oftendescr ibed as " the w or ld ' s wo rs t nuclear acc ident / ' W hat wen t w rong?A repo rt on the disas ter spea ks of a "catalog ue of reckless ope rat ingprocedures" and " the repeated f lout ing of safety precaut ions ."Both employ er and em ploye e can coope ra te in foresee ing poten t ial safety hazards . Yes, the wise one observes what could prove tobe a dangerous s i tuat ion and looks for ways to protect himself andothers .W he n em ploy ers do this , they benefit , and so do thei r em ploye es .For example, a company that redesigned thei r off ice to avoid "s ickbui ld ing syndrome" found tha t before long , product iv i ty was upand staff sat isfaction levels had improved dramatically. It was alsofound that fewer people were out on s ick leave. Such considerat ionfor the heal th of others not only makes for a more pleasant atmosph ere for em plo ye r an d em plo ye e bu t , as seen in this case, can alsomake good sense economical lyThe proper approach to creat ing the safety cul ture is to makesure every employee appl ies a common-sense approach to safe ty .

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    10 HA ND BO OK OF INTERNATIONAL ELECTRICAL SAFETY PRACT ICESThis includes being dil igent in following local safety regulations.Do ing th is can go a long w ay to w ard s m akin g the workplac e safer.

    1.3 Good H ou sek eep ing1.3.1 General Inform ationHousekeeping can reduce and eventual ly e l iminate acc identcauses . The Nat ional Safety Counci l in the Uni ted States reportsthat fal ls due to improper housekeeping resul t in between 200,000and 300,000 disabl ing industr ial accidents each year . Managementmust take the ini t iat ive to properly t rain employees in the essent ials of good housekeeping and in the necess i ty of maintaining ahazard-f ree workplace .Good housekeeping is one of the sures t ways to ident i fy a safew ork plac e. You can tel l ho w w orke rs 7 feel about safety just by looking a t the i r housekeeping prac t ices . Good housekeeping i sn ' t theresult of cleaning up once a week or even once a day. It 's the resultof keeping cleaned-up al l the t ime. It 's an essential factor in a goodsafe ty pr og ram , prom ot ing safety , hea l th , p rod uct ion , an d mo rale .Whose respons ib i l i ty i s housekeeping? I t ' s everyone ' s . C leanwork areas and a i s les he lp e l iminate t r ipp ing hazards . Respect ing"wet f loor" s igns and immediately cleaning up spi l l s prevents s l ippin g injuries . Ke eping s torag e areas unclu t tered red uce s the chan cesof disease and fire as well as sl ips, t rips, and fal ls . Accumulateddebris can cause fires, and clutter slows moveifient of personneland equipment during f i res .Other housekeeping prac t ices inc lude keeping too ls and equipment clean and in good shape or keeping hoses and cables or wiresbu nd led w he n not in use . Broken g lass sho uld be p icked up im m edia te ly w i th a bro om a nd d us tpa n , never wi th bare ha nd s . Be aw areof open cabinet dra w ers , e lec tr ic wi res , sha rp corners or pro t rud ingnails .Either correct the unsafe co nd it ion if yo u are able and i t is safeto do so, or not i fy the person responsible for overal l maintenancethat someth ing should be done.

    How a workplace looks makes an impress ion on employees andvisi tors al ike. A visi tor 's first impression of a business is importantbecause that image affects the amount of business i t does . Goodhousekeeping goes hand- in-hand wi th good publ ic re la t ions . I tprojects order, care, and pride.

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    H ow TO EVALUATE SAFETY PROGRAM S 11Besides preventing accidents and injuries, good housekeepingsaves space, time, and m aterials. W henaworkplaceisclean, orderly,and free of obstruction; work can get done safely and properly.Workers feel better, think better, do better work, and increase thequantity and quality of their work.

    13.1.1 Establishing aGoodHousekeeping ProgramEffective housekeeping can eliminate some workplace hazards andhelp get a job done safely and properly. Poor housekeeping can frequently contribute to accidents by hiding hazards that cause injuries.If the sight of paper, debris, used and spen t pa rts, fuses, clutterand spills is accepted as normal, then other more serious health andsafety hazards may be taken for granted.Housekeeping is not just cleanliness. It includes keeping workareas neat and o rderly; main taining halls and floors free of slip andtrip hazards; and removing of waste materials (e.g., paper, cardboard) and other fire hazards from wo rkareas.It also requires paying attention to important details such as the layout of the wholeworkplace, aisle marking, the adequacy of storage facilities, andmaintenance. Good housekeeping is so a basic part of accidentand fire prevention.Effective housekeeping is an ongoing operation: it is not a hit-and-miss cleanup done occasionally. Periodic "panic" cleanups arecostly and ineffective in reducing accidents.Poor ho usekeep ing can be a cause of accidents, such as:

    tripping over loose objects on floors, stairs andplatforms; being hit by falling objects; slipping on greasy, we t or dirty surfaces; striking against projecting, poorly stacked items ormisplaced material; and cutting, punc turin g, or tearing the skin of hands orother parts of the body on projecting nails, wire orsteel strapping.To avoid these hazards, a workplace must "maintain" orderthro ugh ou t a workday. Althou gh this effort requires a great deal ofmanagem ent and plannin g, the benefits are many.

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    12 HA ND BO OK OF INTERNATIONAL ELECTRICAL SAFETY PRACTICESEffective housekeeping results in:

    red uce d han dl in g to ease the flow of ma terials ; fewer t r ip pin g an d s l ipping accidents in clutter-freeand spil l-free work areas; decre ased fire ha za rds ; lower w orke r expo sures to ha za rdo us subs tances ; be tter con trol of tools an d ma teria ls; m ore eff icient eq uip m en t clea nu p an d m ainte nan ce; bet ter hygienic con di t ions leadin g to im pro ved heal th; m or e effective us e of sp ac e; r educed p roper ty damage by improv ing p reven t ivemain t enance ; less janitorial w or k; an d imp rov ed mo rale .

    A good ho useke eping pro gra m plans and m anag es the orderly s torageand movement of materials from point of entry to exit. It includes am aterial flow pla n to ens ure min im al hand ling. The plan also ensure sthat wo rk areas are not used as s torage areas by ha ving wo rkers m ovematerials to and from work areas as needed. Part of the plan couldinclude investing in extra bins an d m ore frequent disposal .The costs of this investment could be offset by the el iminationof repeated handl ing of the same material and more effect ive useof the workers ' t ime. Often, ineffective or insufficient storage plann ing resu l t s in mater ia l s be ing handled and s tored in hazardousways . Knowing the p lan t l ayout and the movement of mater ia l sthroughout the workplace can help p lan work procedures .Worker t raining is an essent ial part of any good housekeepingprog ram . W orkers need to kn ow ho w to w ork safe ly wi th the pro duct s they use . They a l so need to kn ow ho w to pro tec t o ther w orke rssuc h as by po stin g signs (e.g. , "Wet - Slipp ery Floor") an d re po rt in gany unusual condi t ions .Housekeeping order i s "main ta ined" not "achieved ." This meansremoving the inevi table messes that occur from t ime to t ime andnot wai t ing unt i l the end of the shif t to reorganize and clean up.

    Integrat ing housekeeping into jobs can help ensure this i s done.A good housekeeping program ident i f i es and ass igns respons ib i l i ties for the following: clean u p d u ri n g the shift; day- to-d ay c leanu p;

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    How TO EVALUATE SAFETY PROG RAM S 13 was te disposal; removal of unu sed materials; and inspection to ensure clean up is complete.

    Do not forget out-of-the-way places such as shelves, basements,sheds,and boiler rooms that would otherwise be overlooked. Theorderly arrangement of operations, tools, equipment and suppliesis an impo rtant part of a good housekeeping program .The final addition to any housekeeping program is inspection.It is the only way to check for deficiencies in the program so thatchanges can be made. The documents on workplace inspectionchecklists provide a general guide and examples of checklists forinspecting offices and manufacturing facilities.The following elements constitute the basis for establishing agood housekeeping program.1.3.1.2 Dust and Dirt RemovalIn some jobs, enclosures and exhaust ventilation systems mayfail to collect dust, dirt and chips adequately. Vacuum cleanersare suitable for removing light dust and dirt. Industrial modelshave special fittings for cleaning walls, ceilings, ledges, machinery, and other hard-to-reach places where dust and dirt mayaccumulate.Dampening floors or using sweeping compounds before sweeping reduces the amount of airborne dust. The dust and grime thatcollect in places like shelves, piping, conduits, light fixtures, reflectors, windows, cupboards and lockers may require manual cleaning. Special-purpose vacuums are useful for removing hazardoussubstances. For example, vacuum cleaners fitted with HEPA (HighEfficiency Particulate Air) filters may be used to capture fine particles of asbestos or fiberglass.Compressed air should not be used for removing dust, dirt orchips from equipment or work surfaces. First, compressed air isextremely forceful. Depending on its pressure, compressed air candislodge particles. These particles are a dang er since they can entera worker's eyes or abrade skin. The possible dam age w ould dep endon the size, we ight, shape, composition, and speed of the particles.There have also been repo rts of hearing d am age caused by the pressure of compressed air and by its sound .Second, compressed air itself is also a serious hazard. On rareoccasions, some of the compressed air can enter the blood stream

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    14 HA ND BO OK OF INTERNATIONAL ELECTRICAL SAFETY PRACT ICESth rough a break in the sk in or th rough a body opening . An a i rbubble in the b lood s t ream i s known medica l ly as an embol i sm, adangerous medical condi t ion in which a blood vessel i s blocked,in this case, by an ai r bubble. An embol ism of an ar tery can causecoma, para lys i s or death depending upon i t s s ize , dura t ion andlocat ion. W hile ai r em bol ism s are usu al ly associated w i th incorrectd iv ing procedures , they are poss ib le wi th compressed a i r due tohigh pressures . While this seems improbable, the consequences ofeven a smal l quant i ty of ai r or other gas in the blood can quicklybe fatal.Horseplay has also been a cause of some serious workplace acciden ts caused by ind iv id uals no t aw are of the haza rds of co mp ressedair , o r pro per w ork proc edu res .1.3.13 Employee FacilitiesEm ploy ee facil it ies need to be ad eq ua te, c lean an d wel l m ainta ined .Lockers are necessary for s tor ing employees ' personal belongings .Washroom facil i t ies require cleaning once or more each shift . Theyalso nee d to ha ve a goo d su pp ly of soa p, tow els , plu s dis infectants ,i f needed.I f worker s a re us ing haza rdous mate r i a l s , employee fac i l i t i e ss h o u l d p r o v i d e s p e c i a l p r e c a u t i o n s s u c h a s s h o w e r s , w a s h i n gfac i l i t i es and changing rooms. Some fac i l i t i es may requi re twolocker rooms wi th showers be tween . Us ing such doub le l ockerr o o m s a l l o w s w o r k e r s t o s h o w e r o f f w o r k p l a c e c o n t a m i n a n t sand p reven t s t hem f rom con tamina t ing t he i r " s t r ee t c lo thes" bykeep ing t he i r work c lo thes s epara t ed f rom the c lo th ing t ha t t heyw e a r h o m e .Smoking , ea t i ng o r d r ink ing i n t he work a rea shou ld be p ro h ib i t ed wh ere t ox ic m a te r i a l s a re ha nd led . The ea t i ng a rea s hou ldbe separa t e f rom the work a rea and shou ld be c l eaned p roper lyeach shift.13.1.4 SurfacesFloors : Poor f loor condi t ions are a leading cause of accidents socleaning up spi l led oi l and other l iquids at once is important .Al lowing ch ips , shavings and dus t to accumula te can a l so causeaccidents . Trapping chips , shavings and dust before they reach thefloor or cleaning the m u p regular ly can preve nt thei r accu mu lat ion.

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    H ow TO EVALUATE SAFETY PRO GR AM S 15Area s tha t cann ot be c leaned con t inuous ly , such as en t ranc e w ays ,should have anti-sl ip flooring. Keeping floors in good order alsom ean s rep lac ing any w or n , r ipp ed , or da m ag ed flooring tha t posesa t r ipp ing hazard .Walls: Light-colored walls reflect l ight while dirty or dark-colored wal ls absorb l ight . Contras t ing colors warn of physicalhazards and mark obst ruct ions such as pi l lars . Paint can highl ightra i l ings , guards and o ther safe ty equipment , bu t should never beused as a subs t i tu te for guard ing . The program should out l ine theregulat ions and s tandards for colors .13.1.5 Light FixturesD irty l ight fixtures red uc e essential l ight levels. Cle an l ight fixturescan im pr ov e l ightin g efficiency significantly.13.1.6 Aisles and StairwaysAis les should be wide enough to accommodate people and vehi cles comfortably and safely Ais le space al lows for the movementof people , p roducts and mater ia l s . Warning s igns and mir rors canimprove s ight- l ines in bl ind corners . Arranging ais les properlyencourages people to use them so tha t they do not t ake shor tcu t sth rough haza rdous a reas .Keeping ais les and s tai rways clear i s important . They shouldnot be used for temporary "overf low" or "bot t leneck" s torage.Stai rways and ais les also require adequate l ight ing.13.1.7 Spill ControlThe best way to control spi l l s i s to s top them before they happen.Regular ly c leaning and main ta in ing machines and equipment i sone way. Another i s to use dr ip pans and guards where poss ib lespil ls might occur. When spil ls do occur, i t is important to cleanthem up immediately. Absorbent materials are useful for wipingup greasy, oi ly or other l iquid spi l l s . Used absorbents must be disposed of properly and safely.13.1.8 Tools and E quipmentTool hou seke epin g i s very im por tan t , w he the r in the too l room , onthe rack, in th e ya rd , or on the ben ch . Tools req uire suita ble fixtures

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    16 HAN DBOOK OF INTERNATIONAL ELECTRICAL SAFETY PRACTICESwith m arked locations to provide orderly a rrangem ent, both in thetool room and near the work bench. Returning them prom ptly afteruse reduces the chance of the tools being m isplaced orlost.W orkersshould regularly inspect, clean and repair all tools and take anydam aged or worn tools out of service.2.3.2.9 MaintenanceThe maintenance of buildings and equipment may be one of themost important elements of good housekeeping. Maintenanceinvolves keeping build ings, equ ipm ent and machinery in safe, efficient working order and in good repair. This includes maintainingsanitary facilities and regularly pain ting and cleaning walls. Brokenwindows, damaged doors, defective plumbing and broken floorsurfaces can make a workplace look neglected; these conditionscan cause accidents and affect work practices. So, it is importantto replace or fix broken or damaged items as quickly as possible.A good maintenance program provides for the inspection, maintenance, upkeep and repair of tools, equipment, machines andprocesses.2.3.2.20 Waste DisposalThe regular collection, grading and sorting ofscrapcontributetogoodhousekeeping practices. It also makes it possible to separate materialsthat can be recycled from those going to waste disposal facilities.Allowing materialtobuild u p on the floor wastes time and energysince additional tim eisrequired for cleaning itup.Placing scrap containers near where the waste is produced encourages orderly w astedisposal and makes collection easier. All waste receptacles shouldbe clearly labeled (e.g., recyclable glass, plastic, scrap metal, etc.).2.3.2.22 StorageGood organization of stored materials is essential for overcomingmaterial storage problems whether on a temporary or permanentbasis. There will also be fewer strain injuries if the amount of handling is reduced, especially if less manual materials handling isrequired. The location of the stockpiles should not interfere withwork but they should still be readily available when required.Stored materials should allow at least one meter (or about threefeet) of clear space und er sprinkler heads .

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    H ow TO EVALUATE SAFETY PROGRAM S 17Stacking cartons and drums on a firm foundation and crosstying them , where necessary, reduce the chance of their m ovem ent.Stored materials sh ould not obstruct aisles, stairs, exits, fire equ ipment, emergency eyewash fountains, emergency showers, or firstaid stations. All storage areas should be clearly m arked.Flammable, combustible, toxic and other hazardous materialsshould be stored in approved containers in designated areas thatare approp riate for the different hazards that they pose. Storage ofmaterials should meet all requirements specified in the fire codesand the regulations of environmental a nd occupational health andsafety agencies in your jurisdiction.

    1.4 N ew Em ployee OrientationFor employers with a safety manager, the manager can conductthe classroom part of orientation/training, prepare all the trainingmaterials (hando uts, forms, checklists, lessonplan,etc.),conduct theemployee evaluation, and maintain all documentation. The facilitysupervisor(s) can conduct the on-the-job training and observation,and determ ine w hen the employee is ady for the evaluation.For employers or departments without a safety manager, thecompany safety committee can share responsibilities for conducting the job hazard analyses and the training program. The safetycomm ittee can put together the orientation /training materials, conduct the "classroom" training, and keep records. The departmentwhere employees will work can conduct the hands-on training.During the orientation period, introduce new workers to all thebasic safety information that applies to their work areas, such as:

    General haza rds in the wo rk area; Specific hazards involved in each task the employeeperforms; Hazard s associated with other areas of the facility; Co mpan y safety policies and work rules; Proper safety practices and procedures to preventaccidents; The location of emergency equipm ent suchasfireextinguishers, eyew ash stations, first-aid supplies, etc.; Smoking regulations and designated smok ing areas; Emergency evacuation procedures and routes;

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    18 HA ND BO OK OF INTERNATIONAL ELECTRICAL SAFETY PRACT ICES W ho to talk to abo ut safety que st ions , pro blem s, etc. ; W ha t to d o if the re is an accid ent or injury; H o w to repo rt em ergenc ies, accidents, an d nea r misses; H o w to select , use , an d care for per son al p rotect iveequ ipmen t ; Safe ho use ke ep ing rules ; Faci li ty securi ty pro ce du res an d system s; H o w to us e tools an d eq uip m en t safely; Safe l if ting tech niqu es an d m ateria ls-ha nd l ing procedures ; and Safe m eth od s for ha nd l ing , us in g , or s tor ing ha zar d

    ous mater ia l s and the locat ion of mater ia l safe tydata sheet s .Or ien ta t ion programs can be updated and ref ined by rev iewingaccident near-miss reports . Near-miss reports offered early warning s igns of new or recurren t hazards in the workplace tha t mus tbe correc ted before someone get s hur t o r equipment i s damaged.An evaluation of i l lness and injury reports are also a catalyst forchang es in safe ty or ien ta t ion and t ra in ing p rog ram s .O rientat ion can involv e several ley els of new em ploy ee involve ment , f rom awareness informat ion to formal t ra in ing programs .Aw arenes s o r i en t a t i on / t r a in in g i n fo rms em ployees abou t a po t en t ial hazard in the workplace and thei r role in responding to thehazard, even though they are not di rect ly exposed to the hazard.For exam ple, "affected" e m ploy ees can be told abo ut locks an d tagsfor elect r ical systems without being t rained how to implement thel o c k o u t / t a g o u t p r o g r a m .

    It is useful to rely on a checklist to ensure that appropriate safetyorientation is prov ided to ne w w orke rs . Exam ples of a ne w em ploye esafety orientat ion checklist can be found in Appendix B. Thesechecklists should be modified to fi t the needs of the organizationor site.1.5 Worker RightsThe fol lowing w ork er r ights are ad op ted from theU.S. Occupat ionalSafety and Health Act of 1970.You have the r ight to a safe workplace. Employers are requiredto pro vid e a w ork plac e that is f ree of ser iou s recognized ha za rds .

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    H ow TO EVALUATE SAFETY PRO GRA MS 19Specifically, you have the right to:

    1. Get t raining from your employer .a . Get t raining from your employer on chemicals youare exposed to dur ing your work and informat ionon how to protect yoursel f f rom harm. Employersmus t es tab l i sh a comprehens ive , wr i t t en hazardcommunica t i on p rogram (chemica l haza rd communicat ion) . Your employer mus t l abel chemicalcontainers , make material safety data sheets wi thdeta i l ed hazard informat ion avai lab le to employees , and train you about the health effects of thechemical s yo u wo rk wi th and w ha t the em ploye r isdo ing an d w ha t yo u can do to protect yoursel f f romthese hazards .b . T h e p r o g r a m m u s t l i s t t h e h a z a r d o u s c h e m i c a l sin each work a rea , how the employer wi l l i n fo rmemployees o f t he haza rds o f non- rou t ine t a sks( for example , the c leaning of reac tor vesse l s ) ,and haza rds a s soc i a t ed wi th chemica l s i n un l a -be l ed p ipes and how the employer wi l l i n fo rmo t h e r e m p l o y e r s a t a m u l t i - e m p l o y e r w o r k s i t eo f t he haza rds t o wh ich t he i r employees may bee x p o s e d .c. Get t raining from your employer on a variety ofo ther heal th and safe ty hazards and s tandards tha tyour employer must fol low. These include elect r i cal safety, lockout- tagout , blood-borne pathogens,confined spaces , const ruct ion hazards and a vari ety of other subjects.2. Reques t in format ion f rom your employer about s tandards , worker injuries and i l lnesses , job hazards andworkers ' r igh t s .a . Request informat ion from your employer on safetyand heal th hazards in your workplace , chemical sused in your workplace , t es t s your employer hasdo ne to m eas ure chem ical, no i se and rad ia t ion levels, precaut ions you should take and procedures tobe followed if yo u or othe r em plo yee s are invo lvedin an inc ident or a re exposed to hazardous chemicals or other toxic substances.

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    20 HA ND BO OK OF INTERNATIONAL ELECTRICAL SAFETY PRACT ICESb . Reques t copies of appropr ia te s tandards , ru les ,regula t ions and requi rements tha t your employershou ld h ave avai lab le a t the w orkplace .c . Review th e log an d su m m ar y of oc cup at ionalinjuries and i l lnesses at a reasonable t ime and ina reasonable manner or have an au thor ized representat ive do so for you.d. Access relevant exposure and medical records .e . Employers must inform you of the exis tence, locat ion an d avai labi l ity of yo ur me dical an d exp osu rerecords when you f i r s t begin employment and a t

    leas t annual ly thereafter . Employers also must provide these records to you or your designated representat ives wi thin 15 working days of your request .W hen an em ployer p lan s to s top doin g bus iness a ndthere is no successor em ploy er to receive an d m aintain these records , the employer must not i fy youof your right of access to records at least 3 monthsbefore the employer ceases to do business .f. Ob serve an y m on itoring or m eas urin g of toxic m aterials or chemicals, as well ?s harmful physical a gen ts,such as noise, an d see the resu lt ingreco rds. If the exp osure levels are abo ve the l imit , the em ploy er m us t tellyou w ha t wi ll be do ne to reduc e the exposure - theright to observe monitoring exists only where monitor ing is performed pu rsu an t to a s tand ard tha t provides employees with the right to observe.3. Request act ion from your employer to correct hazardsor violat ions.a . You may ask your employer to correct hazardsev en if the y are no t viola t ions of specific s ta nd ar ds .Be sure to keep copies of any requests you make toyour employer to correc t hazards .b. File a co m plain t if yo u believe tha t the re are eitherviola tions of s tand ard s or ser ious workp lace haz ards .c . File a com plain t and req uest an inspect ion take place

    if you bel ieve ser ious workplace hazards or violat ions of s tan da rd s exist in yo ur w ork plac e. You canfi le a complaint onl ine, in wri t ing, by telephone orfax. I f you want an inspector to come inspect yourwo rkplace , pu t yo ur comp la in t in wr i t ing and sendit to the pro pe r autho ri t ies .

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    H ow TO EVALUATE SAFETY PROG RAM S 21d. Request in your written complaint to keep yournam e confidential if you d o not wan t your emp loyerto know w ho filed the com plaint.4. Be involved in the inspection of your w orkplace.a. Have an authorized employee representative (suchas a union representative) accompany the compliancesafety and health officer du ring the inspection tour.b. The authorized employee representative has a rightto accompanyacompliance safety and hea lth officerdur ing an inspection. Un der n o circumstances maythe employer choose the w orke rs' representative.c. Where there is no union or employee representative, the inspector must talk confidentially with areasonable nu m ber of worke rs du ring the course ofthe investigation.d. Respond to questions from the compliance officerand tell the compliance officer about workplacehazards, particularly if there is no authorizedemployee representative accompanying the com

    pliance officer on the inspection "w alka roun d."e. Youand your co-workers havearightotalk privatelyand confidentially to the compliance officer whetheror not a workers' representative has been chosen.f. You may point out hazards, describe injuries orillnesses or near misses that resulted from thosehazards and describe past complaints about hazards. Inform the inspector if working conditionsare not normal during the inspection. Make surethat the inspector is aware if equipment has beenshut down, windows opened or other conditionschanged from normal.5. Find out results of inspections.a. Find out the results of inspections and request areview if a citation is not issued.b. If health hazards are present in your workplace, aspecial health inspection may be conducted by anindustrial hygienist. This inspector may take samples to m easu re levels of chemicals or other hazardous materials.c. The inspecting agency will let the employee representative know whether your employer is incompliance. The inspector also will gather detailed

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    22 HA ND BO OK OF INTERNATIONAL ELECTRICAL SAFETY PRACT ICESinformat ion about your employees efforts to cont rol heal th hazards , including resul ts of tes ts youremployer may have conduc t ed .6. Get involved in any meet ings or hearings to discussany object ions your employer has wi th ci tat ions orchanges in abatement deadl ines .a. File a formal appeal of deadlines for correction ofhaza rds .b . File an appeal of the deadlines that is set for youremployer to correct any violat ion in the ci tat ionissued to the employer .

    7 . Fi le a discr iminat ion complaint .a. File a discrimination complaint within 30 days ifyou are punished or discr iminated against for exercising your safety and health rights or for refusingto work when faced wi th an imminent danger ofde ath o r serio us injury a nd ther e is insufficient t im efor an inspection.8. Request a research invest igat ion on possible workp lace heal th ha zard s .a. Contact local government safety office to request aheal th haza rd eva luat ion if yo u are concern ed abo uttoxic effects of a substance in the workplace.

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    2Meters and Monitors

    2.1 Air Q uality Testing and M onito ring2.1.1 IntroductionIndoor air quality testing may be necessary to ensure employeesafety. Testing and monitoring may be applied to those conditionswhe re employees m ay be exposed to:

    nitrogen dioxide and sulfur d