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HANDBOOK FOR DISTRICT COLLECTORS ONClimate Resilient - Disaster Risk Reduction

ISBN 978-0-9843616-8-7

Suggested citation Gupta, A. K., Chopde, S., Wajih, S., Kumar, A., Singh. S. (2016). Handbook for District Collectors on Climate Resilient - Disaster Risk Reduction, Published by Gorakhpur Environmental Action Group, India, and Institute for Social and Environmental Transition USA.

Design and print Aspire Design, New Delhi

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What’s in the Handbook?

• Explanationofdriversthatputdistrictsatrisks

• DefinitionofCCA-DRRanditsrelevanceinmaking

disaster resilient districts

• ImportantconsiderationsinintegrationofClimate

ChangeAdaptation(CCA)andDisasterRisk

Reduction(DRR)indevelopmentalactivities

• Overviewofplansandpoliciesthatwillenable

investmentindisasterriskreduction

• CCA-DRRintegrationthroughvariousmitigation

measures

• Self-assessmenttoolforimplementing,

monitoringandupdatingDRRactivities

3

4

WHO SHOULD USE THIS HANDBOOK?•Districtcollectors,Magistrates,Sub-nationallevelofficials,Development/LinedepartmentsandPublicserviceswhoaddressriskfactorswithindevelopmentplanning/activities

•OfficialsofUrbanLocalBodiesandPanchayatiRajInstitutionswhoimplementtheprograms

•Academia,Universities,Researchinstituteswhocanhelpindocumentation,assesspastandpotentialhazardsandrelatedriskscenarios

•Citizengroupsandcivilsocietyasawhole

District Level

Districts

Tehsils/ Talukas (200-600 Villages)

Municipalities & Corporations

Villages

Panchayats

Community Development Blocks(approx 100 villages & 80,000 - 1.2 Lac Pop)

Town Area Commitee (5,000 - 11,000 Population)

Municipal Board(10,000 - 2 Lac Population)

Corporation ( > 2 lac Population)

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WHY CLIMATE RESILIENT DRR?• Indiafacesthechallengeofsustainingitsrapideconomicgrowthwhiledealingwiththeglob¬althreatofclimatechangeandincreasedrateofdisasters

•Someexamplesofrecentclimaterelateddisasters:Chennaifloods(2005,2014,2015,2016),Bengaluruflood(2005and2016),Maharashtra,MP,BiharandAssamin2016,andthemostdevastatingrecentGurugramfloodsof2016,Uttarakhandflashfloodsof2013,Bundelkhanddrought,etc.

• Thus,thereisaneedforanintegratedapproachwithinclusionofpolicymakers,planners,scientificfraternityandcommunitiestoworktogethertodevelopappropriatestrategiestomainstreamClimateChangeAdaptation(CCA)andDisasterRiskReduction(DRR)intodevelopmentplansandprograms

WHY DISTRICT COLLECTORS/MAGISTRATES?• TheDistrictCollectorbeingtheheadofthedistrictcanguidetheallocationofresourcestowardstheprotectionoflifeandassets,restorationofproductivesystemsandlivelihoods,regainingmarketaccess,rebuildingsocialandhumancapitalandphysicalandpsychologicalhealth

•AspertheDisasterManagementAct2005,he/sheistheinstitutionalheadofdisastermanagementanddevelopmentatdistrictlevel

• ThereisatremendouspotentialtoreducevulnerabilityandrisksthroughintegrationofDRRinnationalandstateschemesthroughstructuredframeworksandoperationalmeasureswhichaCollectorcanveryeffectivelyhelpinproperimplementation

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about

60% of the landmass is prone to earthquakes of various intensities

over

40 MILLION hectares is prone to floods

about

8% of the total area is prone to cyclones

68% of the area is susceptible to drought

Source: www.unisdr.org/2005/mdgs-drr/national-reports/India-report.pdf

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This Handbook

has been developed for authorities at the district

level and other local governments for a practical

guide on the “Essentials of Making Districts

Climate Resilient” and to help and implement

risk reduction initiatives at sub national level

that will further help in achieving the goals of

United Nations Sustainable Development Goals,

Sendai Framework for Disaster Risk Reduction

and targets of Paris Climate Agreement to which

India is also a party and committed to Sustainable

Development. Lessons of CDKN supported studies

implemented by GEAG, ISET and lessons drawn

in technical cooperation with NIDM experts have

been utilized in developing the disaster framework

for district and sub-district/local level to assist

the District Collector-cum- District Magistrate to

guide, oversee and ensure the implementation of

disaster risk management at all levels in a district

area.

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Allovertheworld,thefrequencyandtheseverityofdisasters,causedbyclimaterelatedeventshavebeenincreasing.Indiatooisvulnerabletoalargenumberofnaturalaswellasman-madedisasters,invaryingdegrees,onaccountofitsuniquegeo-climaticandsocio-economicconditions.Whenadistrictishitbyflood,drought,landslide,earthquake,cyclonesandotherrelatedhazards,districtofficialsandplannersneedrightinformation,resourcesandtoolstocombatthedisastrousconsequences.Suchinformation/toolscanonlybearesultofpreparednessinitiatives.Districtofficialsalsoneedtomainstreamtheseclimateresilientinitiativesintovariousdevelopmentalschemesthatareregularlyimplemented.

Natural HazardKnowledge of Potential Catastrophic and Chronic Physical Events

• Past Recurrence Intervals• Future Probability• Speed of Onset• Magnitude• Duration• Spatial Extent

Vulnerable SystemExposure, Sensitivity and Resilence at:• Population• Economy• Land Use and Development• Infrastructure and Critical Facilities• Cultural Assets• Natural Resources

Ability Resources and/or Willingsness to:• Mitigate• Prepare• Respond• Recover

Risk of

Disaster

8

FIGURE 1: Natural hazard and vulnerability

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HAZARD AND DISASTERS: VULNERABILITYANDMAINSTREAMINGMATTERS

Naturalhazardsbythemselvesdonotcausedisaster.Itisthecombinationofanexposed,vulnerableandillpreparedpopulationorcommunitywithahazardeventthatresultsinadisaster.Climatechangeisknowntoaggravatedisasterrisksintwoways;firstlythroughthelikelyincreaseinweatherandclimatehazardsbyalteringclimaticpatternsextremeevents,andsecondlythroughincreaseinthefactorscontributingtocommunityvulnerabilitytonaturalhazards,particularlybyaffectingecosystemstructureandservices,reductionsinwaterandfoodavailability,lossofinfrastructureandchangestolivelihoods;therebyaffectingtheirsocialandeconomicresilience.

ADDRESSING CLIMATE RISKS: WHY?

Overthepastdecades,ithasbeenobservedthatcertainhazardsoccurinafewregions,whichwasnotthecaseinthepast.Oneofthestrikingfeaturesobservedisthatmanyareaswhichwerenotconventionally“floodprone”arenowfacingdevastatingfloods,someexamplesbeingtheChennaifloods(2005,2014,2015,2016),Mumbaifloods(2005onwards),Bengalurufloods(2005and2016),Kashmirflood(2014)andthemorerecentdevastatingGurugramfloodsof2016.ThaneCyclone,ElNinoevents,UttarakhandCloudBurstandflashfloodof2013,recurrentBiharfloods,excessiverainfallinthemonthofMarchinUttarPradeshin2015,Bundelkhanddrought,Heatwaveof2015-16,Forestfire2016;allthesehaveraisedseriousconcernsonthepreparednessandresponse,aswellastheinabilitytoaddressrootcausesofimpactsatlocallevels.RecentstudiesshowtheconcentrationofextremerainfallinIndia,whichisevidentbythechangedrainfallcentralpatterninmanydistrictsofMadhyaPradeshinrecentyears.Suchdisastrouseventsnowoccuralmostregularly,notonlybringmiserytonumerouspeoplemorefrequently,butalsoresultinanoutbreakofseriousepidemicssuchas,malariaandcholera,besidescausingseriousecologicalandeconomicchallenges.Evenasthecommunityatlargeistryingtocopewiththeserecurrentoccurrences,theeconomicandsocialcostscontinuetomountyearafteryear.Thus,thereisanurgentandstrongneedtohaveanintegratedapproachwithinvolvementofpolicymakers,planners,scientificfraternityandcommunitiesto

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worktogethertodevelopappropriatestrategiestomainstreamClimateChangeAdaptation(CCA)andDisasterRiskReduction(DRR)intodevelopmentplanningprocess.

RECOGNIZING DISASTER-DEVELOPMENT-CLIMATE NEXUS

Inouradministrationsystem,disastermanagementcomesunderRevenueandReliefAdministrationwhereasclimateriskandrelatedsubjectscomesunderthejurisdictionoftheMinistryofEnvironment,ForestandClimateChangeandtheconcernedStateDepartmentofEnvironment.TheDisasterManagementAct,2005andDisasterManagementpolicy2009,envisagesdisasterriskreductioninsteadofconventionalreliefcentricapproach,whichwasfollowedbystatedepartmentsinthepast.Now,itismandatedthateverydepartmentmustprepareadepartmentallevelDMplanandallocateaspecificbudgetforDM(preparednessandriskmitigation,both).CCAandDRRapproachesareintegratedtosomeextentatnationallevel;ThroughIndia’scommitmenttoHyogoFrameworkforAction,2005-15,SendaiFramework2015-2030,theNationalActionPlanonClimateChange(NAPCC,2008),andotherministeriallevelprograms.Furthermore,an

Global Process and Local Changes

GHG Emissions Decrease in SinkDecrease in Assimilation

EnvironmentalModifications

Climate Change

Temperature Profiles

WindPattern

RainfallPattern

GlacialRetreat

Cyclones Storms

Saltwater Illusion

Disease/ epidemics

Flodding

Drought

Desertification

Landslide/avalanche

Warning

Climate

Land Instability

StructuralVulnerability

DamagesLoses

Chemical Storage/Process

Accident

Operabilityerror increase

Spatial Temporal

Higher Low

Fires

FIGURE 2: Environment, climate change and disasters-schematic work (Source: Gupta et al., 2014a)

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arrayofsectoraldepartmentssuchasWaterSupply,Health,Agriculture,RuralDevelopmentandUrbanDevelopment,Housing,Forests,Environment,Irrigation/WaterResources,doundertakeactivitiesthatinfluenceclimateanddisasterresilience.However,whentheoverallimplementationofsuchprojectsandschemesisobservedatthestateordistrictlevel,itisseenthatlowhorizontal&verticalcoordinationexistsbetweendepartments,especiallyonintegrationofDRRandCCAconcernsintotheirsectoralprograms.ThesegapsunderminetheabilitytotranslateconceptsandDRRorCCApoliciesintoexecution/actionontheground.Theyear2015wasalandmarkyearfortheUnitedNationsandGlobalDevelopmentAgenda.Theconvergenceofinterestsandglobalconcernsforsustainabledevelopment,disasterriskreductionandclimatechangehasledtotheformationofanewroadmapforasustainableandsafeworldtogether;TheSendaiframeworkfordisasterriskreduction,TheSustainableDevelopmentGoalsandTheParisClimateAgreement.Theseagreementsofglobalsignificanceprovideopportunitiestobuildcoherenceacrossdifferentbutoverlappingpolicyareas.Abriefaboutthegoalsofthesethreesignificantframeworksismentionedbelow:

Environment, disaster and development are inextricably linked and have to be dealt proactively and in an integrated manner to reduce the risk (of disasters or losses) and to harness the maximum benefits of development for society and economy, is the basis of sustainable development. Thus, Disaster Risk Management (DRM) has two major facets – One: The disas-ter reduction which builds on preventive and mitigation actions, largely converges with environmental action and utilizes Climate Change Adaptation as key means, and Two: Proactively planned and tested Disaster Response Coordination Plan. Both the Facets of DRM concern to avoid or minimize environmental compromises, and maximizes resilience of communities and governance to climatic risks.

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TABLE 1: GLOBAL FRAMEWORK AND INDIA’S COMMITMENT

Global framework / Goals/ Agreement

Thrust point India’s Stand

Sendai Framework for Disaster Risk Reduction, 2015-2030

Itisanon-bindingvoluntaryagreementfor15yearswhichrecognizestheresponsibilityofcountriesforDRRandthesharedresponsibilitywiththeirlocalgovernment,privatesectorandotherstakeholders.SFDRRimprovesonHFAbyidentifyingthegaps,goodlessonslearnedandfuturechallenges.

IndiaisasignatorytoSFDRRandisattemptingtocomplywithitonavoluntarybasis.Therecentlyreleased National Disaster Management Plan of India (NDMP),2016,incorporatestheapproacharticulatedinSendaiFrameworktoachievesubstantialreduction in disaster risk and lossesinlives,livelihoods,andhealthandintheeconomic,physical,social,cultural,andenvironmentalassetsofpersons,businesses,communities,andcountries.

Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs)

Itincludes17globalSDGswith169targets.TwentyfivetargetsofthenewSDGFrameworkaredirectlyorindirectlyrelatedtoDRRin10ofthese17SDGs.Theagendaidentifiesandassertstheimmediate need to reduce climate &disasterrisk,andemphasizesresiliencebuildingofcommunitiesandnationstoachievetheSDGs.

ExplicitreferencesforDRR,CCAandresiliencecanbeobservedingoalsandtargetsspeciallyrelatedtopoverty,hunger,healthylives,buildingresilientinfrastructure,education,sustainablemanagementofwater,climatechange,resilientandsmartcities.

Paris Climate Agreement, 2015

ParisAgreementislegallybindingtoallthepartiesunlessspecificallyexcluded.Itcontainsallgreenhousegasemissionsfromallsectorsandhumanactivities,sourcesandsinks.Theagreementwillbringaboutaprocessofmaintainingabalancebetweenmitigationandadaptation.Infutureapproachesofclimateadaptation,thelossanddamagecausedbydisasterswillbebetterincorporatedtoaccomplishthegoalofclimateresilience.ThepreambleofagreementmentionsabouttheadoptionofSendaiFrameworkforDisasterRiskReduction.

Indiaratifiedtheagreementon2nd October,2016.

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PARADIGM SHIFT IN DISASTER MANAGEMENT: NEEDANDMAINSTREAMING

InIndia,theDMframeworkattheimplementationlevelstillfocusesprimarilyondisasterpreparednessandresponse.Aspectsofclimatechangemitigation/adaptationaspartofdisastermanagementframeworkarenotrecognizedintheDMAct,althoughtheDMActdefines‘damageorlosstoenvironment’as‘disaster’,layskeyemphasisonprevention-mitigationandcapacitybuilding,andrefersto‘sustainability’,‘land-use’and‘environment’incontextofplanningDMmeasures.However,thereisnospecificprovisionforassessingenvironmentaldamage/restorationofenvironmentafterdisasters,despitethefactthattheenvironmentisalwaysatstakeduringrelief,recoveryandreconstructionprocess.Thisactuallyleadstorebuildingriskandresultsinaggravatedornewdisasterrisksforthefuture.MoEF&CCisthenodalMinistrydesignatedforchemicaldisastersand(nowalsofor)forestfires.TheEnvironmentalProtectionAct1986(EPA)coversissuesandaspectsrelatedtovariousclimaterelatedhazardsandfactorsofenvironmentalvulnerabilityinindirectways,althoughavisibleemphasisintermsofDRRinclimatechangecontextislacking.Disastersandresultantenvironmentaldamagesareaddressedinadequatelyandremainunclearevenintherecentenvironmentallawsinthecountry.However,WetlandsRules,2010andCoastalRegulationZone(CRZ)notificationshavespecificprovisionsforhazardmapping

• Climaterelatedhazards only

• Longtermview• Forwardlooking

perspective• Originsinscience• Highpolitical

interest

• Encompassesallgeophysical risks

• Buildsuponpastexperience and knowledge

• Focusesonextremesonly

• Originsinhumanitarianassistance

• Lowtomoderatepolitical interest

Focus on reducing

vulnerabilities and enhancing

resilience

CCA DRR

FIGURE 3: Diagram showing interaction of CCA and DRR (Source: Gupta et al., 2014b)

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andriskassessment.TheForestPolicyhaseffectivelytouchedupontheissuesrelatedtovarioushydro-climaticdisasters,whereastheNationalEnvironmentalPolicy2006(NEP)clearlyrelateswithotherpoliciesrelatedtonaturalresources,viz.water,agriculture,urbansanitation,forests,etc.andoffersaframeworkformainstreamingDRRandCCAtogetherintovariousactionsofdevelopment,welfareandinfrastructuredevelopment.Managementofclimaterelatedrisks,includingimprovedunderstandingandalleviationofthevulnerabilitiestoextremeevents,isimperativetominimizetheadverseimpactsonhumanhealth,societyandtheenvironmentunderthecurrentandfutureclimates.Itisalsoanareawhereclimatechangeadaptation(CCA)anddisasterriskreduction(DRR)overlap.TheconceptualandpracticalsimilaritiesanddifferencesofDRRandCCAhavebeenthesubjectofseveralstudies.Thesehavefoundthatwhilsttherearesomepoliticalandphysicaldistinctionsbetweenthescopesofeachfield,thereisakeyareaofsimilarity–afocusonvulnerabilityreductionandtheenhancementofresilience.

ROLE OF DISTRICT COLLECTOR IN DISASTER ‘RISK’ MANAGEMENT

AsperSection31oftheDisasterManagementAct2005,itismandatorytohaveaDistrictDisasterManagementPlanwhichshallincludeHazardVulnerabilityCapacityandRiskAssessment(HRVCA)thatincludesprevention,mitigation,preparednessmeasures,responseplansandothermeasuresproposed.Atthedistrictlevel,theDistrictDisasterManagementAuthorityistheapexbodytodealwithallkindsofdisasters,whereastheDistrictCollector(DC)isnominatedastheResponseOfficer(RO).ThefollowingrolesareassignedtotheDCfordisastermanagement:• Ensureprevention,mitigationandpreparednessactivitiesarecarriedoutin

accordancewithappropriateguidelines• ProvideinputstoStateDisasterManagementAuthorityrelatingtovarious

aspectsofdisastermanagementthatincludeearlywarnings,statusofpreparednessetc.

• Ensurethatrelevantofficialsinthedistrictpossesstheknowledgetodealwithdisastermanagementissues

• Developanappropriatereliefimplementationstrategyforthedistrict,takingintoaccounttheuniquecircumstancesofthedistrictandprevailinggapsinitsinstitutionalcapacityandresources

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• Facilitateandcoordinatewiththelocalgovt.bodiestoensurepredisastermanagementactivitiesinthedistrictarecarriedoutoptimally

• Facilitatecommunitytraining,awarenessprogramsandtheinstallationofemergencyfacilitieswiththesupportoflocaladministration,NGOsandtheprivatesector

• Establishadequateinterdepartmentalcoordination on issues related to disastermanagement

• Involvecommunityintheplanninganddevelopmentprocess

• Ensurethatlocalauthoritiesincludingmunicipalcorporation,grampanchayatsetc.inthedistrictareinvolvedindevelopingtheirownmitigationstrategies

• Revisitorreassesscontingencyplansrelatedtodisastermanagement• Ensurethatpropercommunicationsystemsareinplaceandcontingencyplans

maximizetheinvolvementoflocalagencies

Prime Minister’s Agenda 10 on Disaster Risk Management• Alldevelopmentsectorsmust

imbibetheprinciplesofdisasterriskmanagement

• Worktowardsriskcoverageforall• Encouragegreaterparticipationand

leadershipofwomenindisasterriskmanagement

• Investinriskmappingglobally• Leveragetechnologytoenhancethe

efficiencyofdisasterriskmanagementefforts

• DevelopanetworkofUniversitiestoworkondisasterissues

• Utilizetheopportunitiesprovidedbysocialmediaandmobiletechnologies

• Builtlocalcapacitiesandinitiatives• Ensuretheopportunitytolearnfroma

disasterisnotwasted• Bringaboutgreatercohesionin

internationaldisasterresponse

FIGURE 4: Disaster Resilience based planning framework in a district and at sub-district / local level

City DM Plan

Village DMPlan District

Planning

DDMP

Departmental• DM Plan• DRR Strategy

Sectpral Plans

Block/Tehsil/TalukaDM Plan

• District Environment Action Plan• Climate Change Adaptation

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PATHWAYS AND APPROACHES: LESSONSFROMPIONEERDISTRICTSOFINDIA

ThereareseveraltoolsandmethodsthroughwhichDRRandCCAmeasurescanbeintegratedtoreducetheriskofnaturaldisasters.Thesearelegalandpolicyframework,developmentalplansandschemes,environmentalandnaturalresourceslaws,policyplanninginstrumentslikeStrategicEnvironmentAssessment,EnvironmentImpactAssessment,LifeCycleAssessment,EnvironmentalAuditingetc.Gorakhpur(UttarPradesh),Puri(Odisha)andAlmora(Uttarakhand)areamongthefewdistrictsinIndiathathaveinitiatedtheprocessofIntegratingCCAintoDRRthroughvariousdevelopmentschemesandplans;andhavedevelopedtheirClimateResilientDistrictDisasterManagementPlan.

TABLE 2: Approach for Integration of DRR and CCA issue in Development Planning at Sub-National level: A Comparative analysis

State Uttar Pradesh Odisha Uttarakhand

District Gorakhpur Puri(Coastal) Almora(Hills)

Hazards Riverineflood Multi-hazards:Deltaicfloods,drought,cyclones,stormsurges

Multi-hazard:Flashfloods,landslides,waterscarcity,hailstorm,forestfiresetc

LeadAgency DDMA-Gorakhpur OSDMA-Odisha DDMA-Almora

NodalOfficer ADM-FR Collector and District Magistrate

DistrictMagistrate

ResearchInstitutes/agencies

GEAG-ISET-NIDM GoI-UNDP,GEAG-ISET-NIDM

GEAG-ISET-NIDM

Institutionalanalysisprocess

Sharedlearningdialogues(SLD),workshops,policyroundtables,interactivelearningsessions,mappingofkeysystems(departments/themes)

Sharedlearningdialogues(SLD),CommunityConsultation,workshops,policyroundtables,interactivelearningsessions

Sharedlearningdialogues(SLD),workshops,policyroundtables,interactivelearningsessions

Climate changecomponent

Trendanalysis,Futureclimatescenario,HazardsAnalysisofmajorpasthazards

Historicalanalysisofrainfallandcyclones

Trendanalysis,Futureclimatescenario,HazardsAnalysisofmajorpasthazards

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State Uttar Pradesh Odisha Uttarakhand

DRR componentasperSendaiFramework

Includedthefourprioritiesofactions:Understandingrisks,strengtheninggovernance,investingandenhancingdisasterpreparedness

Includedthefourprioritiesofactions:Understandingrisks,strengtheninggovernance,investingandenhancingdisasterpreparedness

Pointofintegration

Schemes for DRR and CCA:• Schemesfrom

central and state governmentwithDRRlinkagesarementioned

• Possibleactionsundereachschemeare mentioned

Risk Reduction Plan of DDMP-Climate change action plan: • Climate induced

disasters are listed withdepartmentspecificimpactsandexistingcopingmechanisms

Schemes for DRR and CCA: • SchemesfromcentralandstategovernmentwithDRRlinkagesarementioned

• Possibleactionsundereachschemeare mentioned

Schemes for DRR and CCA:• Schemesfrom

central and state governmentwithDRRlinkagesarementioned

• Possibleactionsundereachschemearementioned

FIGURE 5: Essential steps for Integration of CCA and DRR issue into developmental plans and schemes at sub-national level

Identify the Focal Point for the Exercise

Creation of Institutional Setup

Sensitize the Representatives of the other Departments

Department-wise Specific Dialogues (Shared learning Dialogues) and Information Collection

Integration of Department-Wise Plans into State Level DM Planning

Mainstreaming of DRR and CCA issues into Development Planning

Finalization of the documents

Final Outcomes

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DDMP AS A TOOL FOR NAPCC AND SAPCC IMPLEMENTATION

AccordingtotheNAPCCguidelines,Statesshouldhavedisasterspecificvulnerabilityassessmentandsectoralassessmentatstate&districtlevelforpreparingcontingencyplans.TheHRVAofaDDMPisthemostusefulsectioninthiscontext.Thissectionbasedontheanalysisof“situation”inadistricthelpstoprioritizehazards&risksanddefinesthetraining,equipment&exerciserequirements.Itdetermineswhathazardscanoccurinadistrict,howvulnerableisthedistricttoeachhazardandallotheressentialinformationatdistrictlevel.Theriskanalysisquantifiestheriskandenablesadistricttofocusonthosehazardsthatposeahigherthreattolife,propertyandenvironment.

FIGURE 6: Planning and Review Intervention Units for Climate Resilience and Disaster Risk Management under an Administrative District and linkage with State Level Planning Process and National Policies

Direct Linkage:-TheobjectiveofDDMP-“Tomitigateimpactofnatural,human-inducedandman-madedisastersthrougheffectiveandplannedcoordinationofprevention,riskmitigation,preparednessanddealingwithdisastersituationsatDistrict,Block,Panchayat,VillageandUrbanLocalBodies”isdirectlyrelatedtothemitigationmeasuresinSAPCC.WehaveobservedthattheSAPCCsgenerallymaintainabalancebetweenproposedadaptation(toimpactofclimatechange)

Govenment of India

Administrative structure of India

State Government(s)

Division(s)

District(s)(Zill-Parishad)

Municipal Corporation(s)(Mahanagar- Palika)

Municipality(s)(Nagar- Palika)

City Council(s)(Nagar Panchayat)

Wards

Block(s)(Tehsils)

Village(s)Gram Panchayat

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andmitigation(i.e.,reductioninGHGemissionandenhancingGHGsinkpotential)measures.IfalltheloweradministrativelevelsofastatehaveplanslikethePuriDDMP,withanobjectivetomitigatedisasters,man-made,naturalorclimate–induced,thenitwilldirectlycatertotheimplementationofvarioussectoralneedspertainingtomitigationofclimatechange&relateddisasters.

Indirect Linkage:-Thepost-disasterstrategy“Assessment&EnumerationofDamageorLosses”willindirectlycatertoenvisagingvariousadaptationmeasureswhichareproposedinSAPCC.Duringtheprocessofdamage-lossassessmentfollowingadisaster,notonlyisthestructuraldamageanalyzed,butthegapsinpreparednessarealsoassessed.Alotofinformationisgeneratedleadingtoknowledgeonvulnerabilityattributesandweaknesses.Thisensuresthatpeoplewillbepreparedforfurtherfuturesituationsandlikelyincidencesbytakingproperadaptationmeasures.

FIGURE 7: Diagram showing process for inclusion of DRR in SAPCC

Knowhowdevelopmentis

affectedbyclimateinduced disasters

KnowhowtolinkDRR-CCAwithdevelopmentprogrammes

SchemesfromCentral&StateGovernmentwithDRRlinkages&

possibleactionsarementioned

ClimateInducedDisasters are listed withdepartmentspecificimpacts&existingcoping

practices

Risk Reduction Plan

“Climate Change Action

Plan”

Risk Reduction Plan

“Schemes for DRR & CCA

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MODEL FOR INTEGRATION

MainstreamingDisasterRiskReductionconcernsindevelopmentplanningcanguideallocationofresourcestowardstheprotectionoflifeandassets,restorationofproductivesystemsandlivelihoods,regainingmarketaccess,rebuildingsocialandhumancapitalandphysicalandpsychologicalhealth.Developmentplansthereforetakeonacriticalroleindisasterriskmanagement.TheprocessofmainstreamingDRRintodevelopmentplanningneedstohaveappropriatetoolsandmethodologiesalongwithpoliticalcommitment,publicunderstanding,scientificknowledgeandexpertise.Nationalandstateleveldevelopmentschemesplayacrucialroleforthesocio-economicdevelopmentofthecommunity.Theseschemestargethugepopulationeveryyearwithlargeamountoffundsfortheirimplementation.Thus,thereisatremendouspotentialforreducingvulnerability&risksthroughintegrationofDRRinnationalandstateschemesthroughstructuredframeworkandoperationalmeasures.Somekeymeasuresatpolicylevelanddeliverymechanismthatcanbeincorporatedinthesenationalandstateschemesaretabulatedbelow:

TABLE 3: Sector wise National and State Schemes (Indicative List, not exhaustive)

Sector National/ state schemes Point of integration

Housing IndiraAwaasYojna

RajivAwasYojna

• Safetyauditofexistinghousingstock• EstablishTechnologyDemonstrationUnitsfor

publiceducationandawareness• Certificationofmasonsandcreatingdatabaseof

master trainers• Strengthencomplianceandenforcement

proceduresoflocalbuildinglawsinhazardproneareas

• Addconstructionelementsforspecialneedsgroupsindesignandplanningofallpublicbuildingsandmasshousingprojects

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Sector National/ state schemes Point of integration

Agriculture NationalMissionforSustainableAgriculture

NationalWaterMission

MGNREGA

NationalRuralLivelihoodProject

SpecialPackageforDroughtMitigationStrategies

NationalWatershedDevelopmentProjectforRain-fedAreas

PradhanMantriFasalBimaSinchaiYojna

SoilHealthCardScheme

RashtriyaKrishiVikasYojna

TraditionalFarmingImprovementScheme

• Constructionofirrigationchannels,minorandmajorirrigationsystems

• Improveefficiencyofirrigationsystembyintroducingsprinkleranddripirrigationsystems.

• Renovatetraditionalwatermanagementsystems• Promoterainwaterharvestingstructure• Strengthen/constructembankments,floodwalls

andfloodlevees• Drainageimprovement/managementinorderto

avoidcongestion.• Cropimprovement• Microirrigationtechnology• Croprisktransferthroughinsurancebased

measures• Applicationoffertilizerbasedonsoiltestvalues,

thusincreasingfertilizeruseefficiencyanddecreasingsoilandgroundwaterpollution

• Encouragetraditionalpracticesandlocalknowledgeforriskmitigation.

Urban Development

SwatchBharatMission(Urban)

AtalMissionforRejuvenationofUrbanTransformation

Urbanandregionaldevelopmentplansformulation and implementationguidelines

NationalMissiononSustainableHabitat

SmartCitiesMission

• Cleanstreets,roadsandotherinfrastructureofcitiesandtowns

• Improvethebasicservicestothehouseholdincludingwatersupply

• Rainwaterharvesting,conservationofurbanwaterbodies,greenandopenspaces,watersupplysystem,wastewatermanagementsystem

• Improveenergyefficiency,strategicplanfornewandrenewableenergy,alternatesourcesofenergytomeetthecitydemand

• Smartgridtocheckelectricitylossesandothersustainabilityissues

• Improveabilityofhabitatstoadapttoclimatechangebyimprovingresilienceofinfrastructure,communitybaseddisastermanagementandmeasuresforimprovingadvancewarningsystemsforextremeweatherevents

• Maintainperi-urbanspacesandrelatedecosystems.

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Sector National/ state schemes Point of integration

Waterandsanitation

NationalRuralDrinkingWaterProgram

• Floodmitigation-retainingwall,strengtheningembankmentsetc.

• Groundwatermanagement,raisinghandpumps,waterback-upsetc.

TotalSanitationcampaign

• RainwaterHarvesting• Waterrechargeandconservation• Safedrinkingwater• Drainagesystem• Construction of toilets

Employment PradhanMantriGramodayaYojna

• Prioritizingandtakingupworksforfloodcontrol&droughtproofing

MahatmaGandhiNational Rural EmploymentGuaranteeScheme

• Landdevelopmentincludingplantation• Renovationofwaterbodies

Natural Resources Management

IntegratedwatershedManagementProgram

• Revivaloftraditionalwaterharvestingstructuresincludingtreatmentofcatchmentareas

Health NationalRuralHealthMission

• Developemergencyplansandconductmockdrillinhospitals

NationalFoodSecurityMission

• Developprojectsoncommunitymonitoringandreportinginmajorhealthandfoodsecurityschemes

Education SarvaShikshaAbhiyan • UpgradationofinfrastructureforDRR• Specialneedsofvulnerablegroupsincluding

disabledchildrenindesignofschoolbuilding,amenitiesandlearningprocesses

• Developmentanddisseminationoflearningmaterialonriskawareness,preparednessandpreventivemeasuresinschool

• CurriculaandintegrationofDRRmodulesintheregulartrainingcourseofthe“TeachersTrainingInstitutes”

• Traininginlifesavingskillssuchasfirstaid,searchandrescue,swimmingtoschoolchildren,teachersandeducationadministrators

• PreparedisasterpreparednessplansandconductsmockdrillsthroughSchoolManagementCommittees(SMC)

Mid-daymealScheme • Providefoodatthetimeofdisaster

Energy NationalSolarMission

PromotionofCFL

Wastetoenergyprogram

• Promoterenewableenergyprograminthedistrict

• Promotionofsolarlights&otherrenewablebasedenergyproducts

• Encourageuseofsolarpumps,solarheaters,smart-gridmeteringsystem

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FIGURE 8: District level disaster risk management capacity building institutional framework suggested by the National HR Plan 2012.

IMPLEMENTATION, MONITORING AND UPDATING OF DRR ACTIVITIES

TheDistrictCommissionermustensuretheplanning,coordination,monitoringandimplementationofDRRactivities.Itcanbedoneintheformofachecklistprovidedbelow:

TABLE 4: Checklist for planning, implementation and coordination

SFDRR priorities

Activities Details Y/N Remarks

Under-standing the disas-ter risks

Planning (Mitigation and pre-paredness)

Plan and prepare in close consultation with various line departments at district level

Maintain coordination and prepare depart-ment wise plan

Establish regular communication and share information between research team and district level departments

Define roles and responsibilities of line de-partments during various facets of disasters as per Incident Response System

01

0208

0307

04

05

06

DM & RR Committee

NGO NGC

Paryavaran

Vahini

University/ College

KVK

Industry Association

ULB DRDA

DDMA

District DRMO

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SFDRR priorities

Activities Details Y/N Remarks

Strength-ening disaster risk gover-nance

Implemen-tation

Identify & implement schemes of Central/State Government based on the parameters of mitigation, relief and rehabilitation

All departmental heads at the district level identify the suitable and relevant schemes which can be used in disaster risk

Investing in disaster risk re-duction for resilience

Monitoring Monitor the functioning and adequacy of the resources present in the district, every six months

Monitor the training of officers of the frontline departments as per their requirements; For example training on Ecosystem based disas-ter risk reduction

Audit reports of various departments such as Environment, Irrigation (regarding canals) and Labor (Industrial Safety & Health) De-partments

Enhancing disaster prepared-ness for effective response

Review and update

Valuable inputs from actual disasters

Lessons learnt from trainings

Changes in disaster profile of district Increase in intensities, types and patterns of disasters

Changes in regulatory requirements

Updation of databases using GIS

Technological developments/ innovations in identifying potential hazards or mitigating them

Understanding the bottlenecks for addressing the impacts/damages/losses

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ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS:

ThishandbookforDistrictCollectors–cum-DistrictMagistratesisbasedonlessonsdrawnfromCDKNsupportedstudiesundertakenbytheGorakhpurEnvironmentalActionGroup(GEAG)andInstituteforSocialandEnvironmentalTransition(ISET)atStateandDistrictLevel(UttarPradesh–Gorakhpur,Odisha–Puri,andUttarakhand–Almora,coveringfloodspecific,multi-hazardmountainenvironment,andmulti-hazardcoastalenvironments,respectively).ThelessonsofthesestudiesweredrawnintechnicalcooperationwiththeNationalInstituteofDisasterManagementexpertstoenhancecapacitybuildingresourcesandsupportthepolicyenvironment,forwhichatrainingmanualhasalsobeendevelopedtoguidetheprocessofclimatesmartdisastermanagementplanningalongwiththeDelhiDeclarationRisktoResilience2014.

ContributionsofMs.NiveditaMani(GEAGDelhiOffice),DilipSingh(ISET),Ms.AditiPaul,Mr.MihirBhatt(CDKN)andProf.VKSehgal(PrincipalScientist,IARI,NewDelhi)havebeensignificantandaregratefullyacknowledged.

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Authors:

Dr.AnilKGupta,Head,DivisionofPolicyPlanning,NIDMNewDelhi.

ShashikantChopde,Sr.ResearchAssociate,InstituteforSocialandEnvironmentTransition,USA(IndiaOffice).

Dr.ShirazA.Wajih,President,GorakhpurEnvironmentalActionGroup,Gorakhpur,UP,India.

AmitKumar,ProjectOfficer,GorakhpurEnvironmentalActionGroup,LucknowOffice,India.

SwatiSingh(ResearchConsultant),TERIUniversity,NewDelhi.

References:

Chopde,S.,Singh,D.,Gupta,A.K.,Kumar,A.andWajih,S.(2016).UnpackingMainstreamingDRR-CCAinthesub-nationallevelDevelopmentPlanning:InsightsfromthreestatesinIndia.GEAG,Gorakhpur(UP,India)andISET,Colorado(US).

Gupta,A.K.,Chopde,S.,Katyal,S.,Wajih,S.,Kumar,A.,Singh,D.(2016).DistrictDisasterManagementPlanasaneffectivetoolforimplementationofStateActionPlanonClimateChangeinIndia.GEAG,Gorakhpur(UP,India)andISET,Colorado(US).

Gupta,A.K.,Nair,S.S.,Wajih,S.A.,Chopde,S.,Gupta,G.andAggrawal,G.(2014a).MainstreamingClimateChangeAdaptationandDisasterRiskReductionintoDistrictLevelDevelopmentPlans.NIDMNewDelhi(India),GEAGGorakhpur(UP,India)andISET,Colorado(US),P114.

Gupta,A.K.,Nair,S.S.,Singh,S.,Chaturvedi,A.,Arora,R.,Saluja,S.,Mundra,N.,andMewes,H.(2014b).StrengtheningClimateResiliencethroughDisasterRiskReduction:ApproachinAndhraPradeshandTamilNaduinIndia–ExperienceandLessons.SpecialTechnicalPaper,GIZ-IGEPandNIDM,NewDelhi,P36.

Gorakhpur Environmental Action Group (GEAG)No.224,Purdilpur,MGCollegeRoad, Gorakhpur-273001(U.P)Phone:+915512230004; Fax:+915512230005Email:geagindia@gmail.com,geag@geagindia.org