Hand Book of Biofertilizers Vermiculture

HAND BOOK OF BIOFERTILIZERS & VERMICULTURE

THE LIVING SOIL

Biological Management of Soil FertilitySustainable agriculture: Needs of the HourEvolution of Sustainable Agriculture Sustainable LivelihoodMaking of Sustainable Farming Systems Management of Organic Inputs Regulation of Nutrient Dynamics by resource Quality Control Environmental Regulation of Organic Matter ManagementOrganic Inorganic InteractionsNitrogenPhosphorusNutrient Mixture Need for Organic InputsLong Term EffectsThe Farming Systems Context

ORGANIC SOURCES AND DYNAMICS

Organic Material UseComposting to Enhance the Usefulness and Acceptability of Organic Materials Special Management Practices for Utilization of Organic Materials on Land Bulky Organic Manures/Animal Manures/Crop Residues/CompostsType of Bulky Organic ManuresFarmyard Manure Composted Manure Urban CompostBulky Organic ManuresFarm Yard Manure (FYM)CompostAerobic methodAnaerobic methodEnrichment of Manure and Compost Enriched farmyard manure Enrichment of compost with microbial Inoculants Super digasted compost sheep and goat manure Poultry manure Sewage and SludgeNight Soil PoudrettesConcentrated Organic Manure Oil cakesMeal group of manuresCrop residuesAgro industrial wastesRice husk

BagasePressmudTea wastesCoir wasteGreen Manuring Green Manuring in SituGreen Leaf Manuring Poultry Manure :An Efficient Organic Manure for Rice Formation Mechanisms of Complex Organic Structures in Soil HabitatsOrganisms Involved in Organic Matter FormationChemohetertrophic anmalsSaprophytic Bacteria, fungi and profozoaOxidoreductive enzymesClasses of Mono phenol monoxygenasesSynthetic Reactions in Soil Degradative ProcessesTypes of Plant Material for DecompositionThe pathway of lignin decompositionMicroorganisms for Lignin biodegradationAcquired stabilitySynthetic Processes for Humus FormationThe Role of Oxidative Coupling in Humus FormationTheories of Humus FormationModern theories of humification

VERMICULTURE

Earthworms as Indicators of Soil FertilitySoil enrichmentEarthworm: The Natural Blosector Interaction of VermicompostEarthworm Mulch-Plantroot (Vemp)Recycling of Wastes Through VermitechEarthworms and Plant GrowthAdvantages of Organic Manure and the Role of Earthworms What is Vermicompost Vermiculture and Pollution HazardAdvantages of Vermicompost Adverse Effects on Crops Economic ViabilityVermiculture ProcessSelection of Suitable SpeciesEplgesEndogesAneciguesBasic Characteristics of Suitable SpeciesFixing Earthworms for IdentificationTransport of Fixed Worms to LaboratoryDescription of Suitable SpeciesFamily: Lumbricidae

Bimastos parvus [=Allolobophora (Bimastos) parvus Eisen]Eisenia foetida (sav)Family: EudrilidaeEudrilus eugeniae (Kinb)Family: MegascolecidaeLampito mauritil (Kinb.)Metaphire anomala Mich.(=Pheretima anomala)Metaphire posthuma (=Pheretima posthuma)Perionyx excavatus E.Perr. Perionyx sansbaricus MichaelsonMaintenance of Base Culture Vermicastings as InoculantVermicomposting MaterialsAnimal during Agricultural wasteForestry wastesCity leaf tilterWaste paper and cotton cloth etc. City refugeBiogas slurryIndustrial wastesPreliminary Treatment of Composting MaterialPre-treatment of leaf litter and agricultural wasteSmall Scale or Indoor Vermicomposting Large scale or Outdoor Vermicomposting Requirements for VermicompostingContainerBedding materialMoisture content TemperatureSuccessful Adoption of Vermiculture Initiation of Vermiculture in India Successful Applications in India Composting of wasteUse in agriculture

APPLICATION OF VERMICULTURE BIOTECHNOLOGY

Vermiculture BiotechnologyEarthworm for Nutrient ManagementEffect on soil fertilityNitrogenPhosphorousPotassiumEarthworms for Water ManagementEarthworm castingsEarthworms Act as BiopumpEarthworms for Effective Waste ManagementComposting of Municipal and Industrial WastesEarthworms for Disease and Pest ManagementEarthworms for Nutritional Crops Earthworms for Sustainable

Agriculture and Waste Land DevelopmentEarthworms As vectors of Beneficial MicroorganismsSuccessful ApplicationsHamessing Vermiculture Bio-TechnologySelection of proper species Use of vermicastings for inoculationEarthworms and land use practicesEffect of organic manure and NPK fertilizers on earthworm activityCultivationMulchingIrrigationBiocidesProcedure to Prepare VermicompostCulturing techniqueCulture bedFeed compositionFeed applicationWormcast production and collectionApplication of VermicompostConclusionFuture Research Needs

COMPOSTING OF AGRICULTURAL AND INDUSTRIAL WASTES

DefinitionPrinciples of CompostingAgricultural WastesMethods for composting of Agricultural wastesIndore MethodActivated compostBanglore methodNadep CompostCoimbatore methodSynthetic CompostWindrow composting (leaf compost) Accelerated composting and enrichmentVermi composting Animal waste compostingOil palm waste composting Phospho compostRe inforced compost from sugarcane trash and pressmudEnriched FYM (EFYM)Weed compostingComposting of partheniumHints for composting agricultural wastesIndustrial WastesComposting of coir pith Composting of Pressumud Using distillery effluent Using microbial inoculumUsing pressmud and Distillery effluentConclusion

Future Needs

BIOLOGICAL FERTILIZERS

Soil Biota in Sustainable Agriculture Bio Diversity of Soil BiotaPossible Management StrategiesImportance of Biological sources of Nutrients Overcoming Soil Deficiencies Nature's WayBio-Fertilizers for Sustainable Agriculture History of Bio-Fertilizer ResearchEconomical and Environmental Benefits Development of Bio-Fertilizer IndustryGroups of Bio-FertilizersConclusion

MICROBAL INOCULANTS FOR NITROGEN FIXATION

Nitrogen Fixing Organisms and Plant Associations AzotobacterBeijerincklaAzospirillumOther BacteriaAsymbiotic Blue Green AlgaeFrankiaRhizobiumGeneral Taxonomic Characteristics of LegumesCharacteristics of the family Plants, shrubs, woody vines, and annual and perennial herbsCharacteristics of the sub-families Mimosodeae:Plants, shrubs, woody, vines, a few perennial herbs Caesalpinoldeae:Plants, shrubs, rarely.Scandent, rarely herbsPapilionoldeae:Plants, shrubs, annual or perennial herbsTechniques to Enumerate RhizobiaPlate Count TechniqueFlourescent Antibody Technique (FAT)Enzyme linked Immunosorbant Assay (ELISA)Plant Infection TechniqueGrowth system for MPN methods Suitable test host for MPN technique Distribution of Rhizobial PopulationRhizobium culture Genetic modifications in Rhizobium strainsRhizobium in NoduleAgrobacterium (A. radiobacter, A. tumefacions)Structure and Function of NoduleFormation of Nodule in Leguminous Plants LeghaemoglobinSite of Nitrogen Fixation in NodulesLeguminous Plants/Rhizoblaceae SymbiosisIsolation and IdentificationMass ProductionCarriers for Rhizobiuminoculants

Method of InoculationCrop ResponseFactor Affecting Crop ResponseConfirming NodulationField Methods for Identification of Plant Actually Fixing NitrogenThe Need to InoculateSelecting and Handling InoculoantsInoculationMethods of applicationBio-Fertilizers and Their Usage in Field Crops Seed treatmentSeedling root dipSoil ApplicationOptimizing Nitrogen Fixation in NFSEffective and Ineffective StrainsEstablishment of Inoculated RhizobiumProduction of Rhizobium BiofertilizerSelection of strains Carrier materials and their sterilization Suitable nutrient brothSuitable packing materialSuitable adhesive materialFermentationRotary shaker method Bioreactor Frankiacease SymbiosisAzospirillum BiofertilizerMajor SpeciesIsolationMass MultiplicationMethod of InoculationConditions Needed for Successful InoculationCrop Response Azotobacter BiofertiuzerIsolationMass ProductionMethod of ApplicationCrop ResponseMethods of Application of Azospirillum and AzotobacterBlue Green Algae Inoculant DistributionIsolationMass ProductionMethods of Field ApplicationCrop Response Blue Green Algae (BGA) and Azolla Mass Production and Applications Crop ResponseFactors Affecting ResponseBGA Production TechnologyTrough methodPit method

Mass Multiplication of BGA in the Field Dual Cropping of Azolla with Rice Azolla Anabaena SymbiosisMultiplication of AzollaPropagationCement CistemsMass multiplication in nursery plotsEnhanced Crop Production

MECHANISM AND ESTIMATION OF NITROGEN FIXATION

Diazotrophic MicroorganismsBiological Nitrogen FixationAsymbiotic Nitrogen FixationMicroorganismsMechanism of Asymbiotic Nitrogen FixationRequirements of Nitrogen FixationSymbiotic Nitrogen FixationMechanism of Nitrogen Fixation in LegumesTheory of VirtanenTheory of Burn's and WilsonNitrogen Converters in the SoilCyanobacteria and Nitrogen FixationNitrogen Fixing FungiBio-chemical Aspects of DiazotrophyNitrogenase Producing E.ColicellsGenetics of Free living and Symbiotic DiazotrophsOrganization of Nitrogen fixation GenesNod Genes for NodulationRegulation of Nitrogen fixation GenesGenetics of Symbiotic DiazotrophaTransfer of NIF Genes to MicroorganismsTransfer of NIF-Genes and Development of new Nitrogen-Fixing PlantsEstimates of Nitrogen FixationN-Based MethodsNitrogen Balance StudiesAcetylene Reduction AssayQuantifying Nitrogen Fixation in NFSSQuantities of Nitrogen FixedFactors Influencing Biological Nitrogen FixationBiological FactorsOxygenWater stressTemperatureAgepH and soil nutrientsCombined soil NSalinityLack of suitable bacteriaRecovering form StressNitrogen Fixation Research in India

BIOLOGICAL MOBILIZATION OF PHOSPHORUS

Forms of P Available in Soil P Availability Issue Mode of Action of PSMsOrganic Acids and P Solubilization Enzymes and P-solubilizationEffect of PSMs on Growth and P economyDuel Inoculation of P-Solubilizers and Nitrogen FixesIsolationCrop responseVesicular Arbuscular Mycorrhizae (VAM) Roots as Sinks and Sources of Nutrients and Carbon in Agricultural Systems Importance of MycorrhizaBenefits to PlantsOther Roles in EcosystemsValues of PeopleMycorrhizal Interaction with Plants and Soil Organisms in Sustainable AgrocecosystemSymbiosisRoot System form Soil and site Factors influencing MycorrhizasMycorrhizal InoculumSoil DisturbanceSoil FertilityAdverse Soil ConditionsCharacteristics of Fungal IsolatesManipulating Mycorrhizal FungiType of AssociationsTypes of MycorrhizaEctomycorrhizaEctendomycorrhizaEndomycorrhiza/Arbuscular Mycorrhizal Fungi (AMF)Arbutold mycorrhizaMonotropoid mycorrhizaEricold mycorrhizaOrchidoid mycorrhizaHost PlantsPlace of Availability of Mycorrhizal Plants Mycorrhizal FungiArbuscular Mycorrhizal Fungi (AMF)Establishment of SymbiosisClassification of AMFEctomycorrhizae (ECM)Vesicular Arbuscular Mycorrhiza (VAM)How mycorrhizas WorkNutrient Depletion ZonesHyphal ActivityMycorrhizal DependencyObligatorly Mycorrhizal PlantsFacultatively Mycorrhizal Plants Non mycorrhizal plantsMycorrhizal Fungi and Pathogen Interaction

Nitrogen Transfer in Mycorrhizal PlantsNitrogen Nutrition in Mycorrhizal PlantsForms of Nitrogen used by Mycorrhizal Associations Mycorrhizal Effects on Nodulation and Nitrogen FixationP Response CurvesInoculation MethodsA. Trasplanted crops B. Plant directly sown in the field Mycorrhizal pellets Fluid drilling Inoculation in furrowsPre-croppingAppropriate VA mycorrhizal TechnologyA. Transplanted cropsB. Field sown crops

THE CYCLIC SYSTEM OF NUTRIENT MANAGEMENT

Geographical Nutrient Transfer Natural transfers (nutrient flows in landscapes)Nutrient transfer into cities Export into other countriesThe ConcernFuture nutrient shortagesFrom Nutrient Flows to CyclesOrganic Farming and Waste RecyclingThe Cyclic System For Nutrient ManagementMinimizing Nutrient LossesChanges in soil slope Soil coverHamessing Untapped Nutrient SourcesExploring Internal Nutrient SourcesBetter use of Nutrient SourcesSoil nutrient and soil fertility aspectsOptimum soil reactionSoil organic matter Organic MaterialsCrop residues and farm manuresCommercial and Industrial waste productsOther organic fertilizers better Nutrient Management for Crops and Crop Rotations Adaptation of crops and crop rotations to nutrient supply Nutrient Management for Quality Products and Stress Resistance Higher quality of food and fodder products Nutrient management of grass land for fodder qualityHigher stress resistance of crops due to better nutritionNutrient Management in Farming SystemsEfficient Nutrient Recycling with AgroforestryRecycling paths: short term and longer termAgroforestry SystemsRole of AgroforestryAgroforestry for soil enrichmentEcological balance

Organic matter and nutrient addition to soil Biological Nitrogen fixationNutrient cyclingConclusionExploitation Cropping vs Sustinable Agriculture True at Different Yield Levels Exploitation croppingSustainable agriculture at low to medium yield level Extensive sustainable farming Bio or ecofarming (deliberate extensive farming)Sustainable agriculture at high yield level Nutrient Management on Arid LandsSaline soils Nutrient Management in Humid TropicsRice cropping on paddy soils AgroforestryIntergrated Nutrient ManagementIntegration of fertilizers with bulky organicsGreen manuring with inorganic fertilizersBio fertilizers with inorganicsIntegrated Approach in Bio fertilizer UseLow cost Technology for Enrichment of CompostSugarcane trash compostBiogas slurryVermicompostIndustrial wastesMunicipal and sewage wastesManagement of Major Nutrients (N.P.K.) with Organic SourcesNitrogenSynchronizationGeneral Properties of Nitrogen from organic SourcesCover Crops and Ridge Tillage in Sustainable FarmingPhosphorusMycorrhizaPotassiumBiological Approach for Secondary and Micronutrients AcquisitionVamPlant Growth Promoting Rhizobacteria (PGPR)OrganicsOrganic Farming vs Biodynamic FarmingPrinciples of Biodynamic FarmingRules for using Biodynamic AgricultureFew Biodynamic PreparationsConclusion

PERSPECTIVES

Constraints in Bio-Fertilizer use Production ConstraintsUnavallability of appropriate and efficient strainsUnavailability of a suitable carrier Mutation during fermentationLack of standards in packaging

Market Level ConstraintsLack of awareness of farmerInadequate and inexperienced staffLack of quality assuranceSeassonal and unassured demandLimited scope for marketingResource ConstraintsLimited resources generation for BF productionLimited risk taing capacity of farmersField level constraintsSoil and climatic factorsNative microbial populationFaulty inoculation techniquesCrop managementQuality controlResearch and Development NeedsWidening Research base Screening new Efficient StrainsImprovement in Production TechnologyPreparation of Bio-fertilizer MapQuality AssuranceImproving Distribution SystemImproving Technical Support System Institutional Support for Research and Development Quality ControlPromotional StrategiesFuture Thrusts

LIST OF BIO FERTILIZERS UNITS IN INDIA AND ABROAD

List of Bio Fertilizer Units in India

PLANT ECONOMICS OF AGROFERTILIZER FROM LEAVES

Plant & MachineryFixed CapitalRaw Materials Total Working Capital/MonthTotal Capital InvestmentTurn Over/Annum

PLANT ECONOMICS OF BIOFERTILIZERS FROM CHICKEN REFUGES, OIL CAKES, BONE MILLS


PLANT ECONOMICS OF BIOFERTILIZERS FROM COWDUNG & OTHER WASTAGE


PLANT ECONOMICS OF BIOFERTILIZERS (ORGANIC FERTILIZERS) FROM GARBAGE (MSW)


PLANT ECONOMICS OF ORGANIC MANURE


PLANT ECONOMICS OF SEA WEED LIQUID FERTILIZER


PLANT ECONOMICS OF VERMI COMPOSTING


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Hand Book of Biofertilizers Vermiculture