7/29/2019 Hallucinogens Notes

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Animism

belief that every part of nature has a spirit and if eaten, the spirit then passes on to people

Names for hallucinogens

Phantastica, Psychadelics, Psychotomimetic, Entheogens, Entactogens

Phantastica

creates a fantasy world

Psychadelic

has a visionary effect

Psychotomimetic

mimics psychosis; hallucinations and and altered sense of relality

Entheogens

create a religious/spiritual experience

Entactogens

enhance feelings of empahty

Hallucinogen

drugs that produce profound alterations in perception (visual, auditory, perception of body/time/emotions)

True or false: To be an hallucinogen, the effects have to occur at low doses.

True

Are hallucinogens toxic?

No; also no dependance

How are hallucinogens classified?

by the amount of loss of awareness, chemical structure, and pharmacological structure

Categories of hallucinogens

Classical Phantastica, Deliriant, Indole Hallucinogens, Catechol Hallucinogens

Classical phantastica

alter perceptions but are able to still communicate with the present world; can be indole or catechol structure (Ex. Mescaline, ecstasy)

Deliriant

causes mental confusion, loss of touch with reality, and unconsciousness (Ex. PCP, Salvia, Ketamine)

Indole hallucinogen

have indole structure found in serotonin (Ex. LSD)

Catechol Hallucinogens

Have a catechol structure found in norepinephrine and dopamine (Ex. Ecstasy, PCP, Mescaline)

LSD

a synthetic made from alkaloids extracted from the ergot fungus; takes a very class dose to feel effects 

Ergotism

disease that comes from eating the ergot plant that constricts flow of blood vessels

What was the name of the doctor that took the worlds first trip?

Hofmann

True or false: LSD was first used in psychotherapy.

True; used in order to bring up repressed memories, treat alcohol dependance, and allow cancer patients to explore feelings about death

League of Spiritual Discovery

Timothy Leary and Richard Halpert; "Turn on, tune in, drop out"; gave students LSD for research and turned LSD use into a sacrament

LSD pharmacology

odorless, colorless, tasteless; one of the most potent hallucinogens; very low toxicity; absorbed in small intestine, metabolized in liver; creates mild sympathomimic effect (ie automatic bodyfunctions)

LSD dependance

rapid tolerance and rapid recovery; cross tolerance with mesculine and psilocyban; no physical dependance

Because of LSDs indole structure, it acts at ___ receptors and stimulates ____ __.

serotonin; serotonin 2A

Synesthesia

mixing of the senses (ie. You can see sounds as images and images change the rhythm of music); happens when taking LSD

What are some hallucinatory effects of taking LSD?

seeing shapes and intense colors; synesthesia; enhanced emotion

How long does LSD usually last?

6-9 hours

What are some adverse reactions of taking LSD?

flashbacks and anxiety

Psilocybin

shrooms; Mexico; indole structure

How much psilocybin is in dried mushrooms?

0.2--0.5%

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Effects of Psilocybin

similar to LSD and Mescaline; low dose = relaxation and some body sensations, higher doses = perceptual/body image changes; sympathetic system arousal

Morning glories (oloiuqui)

seeds of the morning glory plant Rivea corymbosa; Mexico; religious use; contains d-lysergic acid amide

Hawaiian Baby Woodrose

contains higher levels of d-lysergic acid amide than Morning Glories; coating of seeds contains toxic cyanogenic glycosides --> sickness

DMT

naturally occurring hallucinogen found in many plants; active agent in Cohoba snuff; ineffective when taken orally; brief effects with no tolerance

Ayahuasca

"vine of the soul"; brew made from the vine Banisteriopsis that contains DMT

How can oral fixes of DMT be made effective?

by adding harmaline to inhibit MAO

Peyote

small, spineless, carrot shaped cactus; mostly underground; Mexico; used in religious ceremonies, as an amulet against harm, and curing illness; contains mescaline

Mescaline

comes from peyote cactus; known for bad experiences

Mescaline Pharmacology

rapid absorption; low dose = euphoria, high dose = full hallucinogenic effects; sympathetic system arousal; tolerance develops slowly; cross tolerance with LSD

Designer Drugs

amphetamine derivatives; less of a stimulant effect and more like mescaline (Ex. DOM, MDA, Ecstasy)

DOM

similar effects to mescaline and LSD; "serenity, tranquility, peace"; 100 times as potent as mescaline but 1/30 potent as LSD

MDMA (Ecstasy)

heightened sense of closeness with others; increased heart rate/blood pressure; increased openness/sociability

True or false: There is no research to suggest Ecstasy can cause brain damage.

False; selective destruction of serotonin neurons

True or false: Ecstasy was first used in therapy

True; thought to promote empathy

PCP

initially used as an anesthetic; binds to NMDA and Sigma receptors resulting in pain relief and altered perception; angel dust, killer joints, sherms

Effects of PCP

unpredictable; changes in body perception, hallucinations, and prolonged confusion; makes a person angry, uncooperative, and unmanageably manic; diminished pain/touch/position sense;

nystagmus (rapid eye movement)

What disorder does PCP use resemble?

schizophrenia

Ketamine

an anesthetic/dissociative medication similar to PCP

Anticholinergic Hallucinogens

naturally occurring found in tomatos/potatoes; effects come from atrophine, scopolamine, and l-hysocyamine

Effects of anticholinergic hallucinogens

block production of mucus/prevents salivation; fever; increased heart rate; dilated pupils; high doses = toxic psychosis

Belladonna (Deadly nightshade)

active ingredient = Atropine; deadly poison; gives the sensation of flying; once used as a beauty aid bc of the dilated pupi ls

Mandrake

contains all 3 anticholinergic alkaloids; has a close association with love/sex; thought to be endowed with magical and medical properties

Henbane

contains scopolamine and l-hyoscyamine; used as a poison

Datura

contains all 3 anticholinergic alkaloids; used for religious/recreational (love potions, loco weed) and medical (colds and nervous disorders) use

Amanita Muscaria

most common poisonous mushroom; causes severe intoxication (twitching, agitation, vivid hallucinations, hours of partial paralysis); contains muscarine, bufotenin, ibotenic acid, and muscimol

Salvia

first used in Mexico as part of religious ceremonies; active ingredient = salvinorin A; binds selectively to kappa opioid receptor

Scopolamine

found in Datura;