Halgin6e Ppt Ch04-Theoretical Perspectives

8/12/2019 Halgin6e Ppt Ch04-Theoretical Perspectives

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Richard P. Halgin

Susan Krauss Whitbourne

University of Massachusetts at Amherst

slides by Travis Langley

Henderson State University

Abnormal

PsychologyClinical Perspectives on Psychological Disorders 5e

Copyright The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Permission required for reproduction or display.


TheoreticalPerspectives


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Copyright The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Permission required for reproduction or display.Copyright The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Permission required for reproduction or display.

an orientation to understanding the

causes of human behavior and the

treatment of abnormality.

The Purpose of Theoretical Perspectives in

Abnormal Psychology

Theoretical perspectives influence the ways inwhich clinicians and researchers interpret and

organize their observations about behavior.


Psychodynamic Perspective

FreudianPsychoanalytic

Theory

Sigmund Freud (1856-1939)


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Personality Structure

Id


In Freudian theory, the ID is the instinctive,

inborn part of personality.


Id Ego


In Freudian theory, The EGO is the center of

conscious awareness.


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Superego


Id Ego


In Freudian theory, the SUPEREGO controls

the egos pursuit of the ids desires.

Freud

Defense Mechanisms

Various tactics people use to keepunacceptable thoughts, instincts, and

feelings out of conscious awareness.



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Defense Mechanisms

High Adaptive Defenses:

Healthy responses to stressful

situations.

Humor

Self-assertion

Suppression


Defense Mechanisms

Tactics people use to protect themselves

from anxiety by keeping unacceptable

thoughts, instincts, and feelings out of

conscious awareness. Examples:

High defense mechanisms (e.g., humor)

Mental inhibitions (e.g., displacement)

Disavowal (e.g., denial)

Image distortions (e.g., splitting)



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Psychodynamic Perspective

Oral

Anal

Phallic

Latency

Genital

Psychosexual Stages


Post-Freudians and Criticism

Carl Jung (1875-1961)

Alfred Adler (1870-1937)

Karen Horney (1885-1952)

Erik Erikson (1902-1994)


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Post-Freudians and Criticism

Secure

Ambivalent (preoccupied)

Avoidant (includes fearful and dismissive)

Infant Attachment Style

(Ainsworth)


Humanistic Perspective

Person-Centered Theory

(Rogers)


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(Rogers)

Self-Actualization Theory

(Maslow)




(Rogers)

Self-Actualization Theory

(Maslow) Client-Centered Therapy


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Sociocultural Perspective

Theorists within the sociocultural

perspective emphasize the ways that

individuals are influenced by people,

social institutions, and social forces.


Family Perspective

Intergenerational approach

Structural approach

Strategic approach

Experiential approach

4 major

approaches:

Proponents of the family perspective see

abnormality as caused by disturbances in

family interactions and relationships.


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Social discrimination

Social influences & historical events

Treatment:

Family therapy

Group therapy

Multicultural approach

Milieu therapy

Sociocultural Perspective


Behavioral Perspective

Classical Conditioning (Pavlov)

Stimulus

Generalization

Stimulus

Discrimination Aversive

Conditioning


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Operant Conditioning (Skinner)

Primary reinforcers

Secondary reinforcers

Positive vs. negative reinforcement

Punishment

Extinction (occurs with classical or operant)

Shaping



Classical

Conditioning

Operant

Conditioning (Skinner) Social Learning

and Cognition


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Classical Conditioning

Operant Conditioning (Skinner)

Social Learning & Cognition

Treatment

Counterconditioning

Systematic Desensitization

Contingency Management

Token Economy


Cognitively Based

Theory

Treatment focuses on

Automatic thoughts Dysfunctional attitudes


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Biological Perspective

Within the biological perspective,

disturbances in emotions, behavior, and

cognitive processes are viewed as being

caused by abnormalities in the functioning

of the body.


Neurotransmitter

Examples:

acetylcholine

GABA serotonin

dopamine

norepinephrine

enkephalins

a chemical substance released from atransmitting neuron (nerve cell) across asynapse to be absorbed by a receivingneuron


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Genetic Influences

Deoxyribonucleic acid

(DNA):

23 sets of paired strands

spiral into double helix

contain information cells need to

manufacture protein

organized into chromosomes


Treatment:

Somatic Therapies

Psychosurgery

Electroconvulsive Therapy (ECT) Medication

Biofeedback


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Biopsychosocial Perspectives:

An Integrative Approach

Ways in which clinicians integrate various

models include

technical eclecticism

theoretical integration

common factors approach



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Halgin6e Ppt Ch04-Theoretical Perspectives