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40 years’ change in “work” time Data from time diaries The Multinational Time Use Study » > 50 surveys » > 20 countries » > 500,000 day-cases. Centre for Time Use Research (www.timeuse.org)
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Half way to gender equality in work?-- Evidence from time use data
Jonathan Gershuny & Man Yee KanCentre for Time Use Research
Department of SociologyUniversity of Oxford
Half way to gender equality in work? -- Evidence from time use data
Jonathan Gershuny & Man Yee KanCentre for Time Use Research
Department of SociologyUniversity of Oxford
40 years’ change in “work” time• Data from time diaries• The Multinational Time Use Study
» > 50 surveys» > 20 countries» > 500,000 day-cases.
• Centre for Time Use Research (www.timeuse.org)
The Multinational Time Use Studyhistoric cases only: 12 countries, 44 surveys, 437,374 days
1961-69 1970-75 1976-84 1985-89 1990-94 1995-99 2000-04 CANADA 2138 2659 9618 8936 10726
DENMARK 4017 3220 FRANCE 2893 4634 15318 NET’LANDS 1292 2727 3263 3158 3227 1639 NORWAY 6516 6068 6129 UK 9292 20293 9088 1905 20980 USA 1987 6682 4935 8702 1151 18751 FINLAND 11899 15184 10040 ITALY 37769 51206 AUSTRALIA 1491 3181 13494 14017 SWEDEN 7065 7727 GERMANY 3687 25778 32892
Definitions of workUnpaid Work includes:
– Core domestic: cooking and cleaning– Other domestic: gardening, odd-jobs etc– Shopping and domestic travel– Child- and adult care, voluntary work
Paid work includes:– Work in workplace, at home– Full time education– Work search and other related activity – Travel to work
All work = paid + unpaid +ft. education
women ages 20-59: all unpaid work
200
250
300
350
400
450
1961-69 1970-75 1976-84 1985-89 1990-94 1995-99 2000-04
min
utes
per
day
CANADADENMARKFRANCENETHERLANDSNORWAYUKUSAFINLANDITALYAUSTRALIASWEDENGERMANY
women ages 20-59: all unpaid work
200
220
240
260
280
300
320
340
360
380
400
1961-69 1970-75 1976-84 1985-89 1990-94 1995-99 2000-04
min
utes
per
day
CANADANETHERLANDSUKUSAITALYAUSTRALIA
women ages 20-59: all unpaid work
200
250
300
350
400
450
1961-69 1970-75 1976-84 1985-89 1990-94 1995-99 2000-04m
inut
es p
er d
ay
DENMARK
FRANCE
NORWAY
FINLAND
SWEDEN
GERMANY
men aged 20-59: all unpaid work
60
80
100
120
140
160
180
200
1961-69 1970-75 1976-84 1985-89 1990-94 1995-99 2000-04
min
utes
per
day
CANADANETHERLANDSUKUSAITALYAUSTRALIA
men aged 20-59: all unpaid work
60
80
100
120
140
160
180
1961-69 1970-75 1976-84 1985-89 1990-94 1995-99 2000-04
minutes
per day
DENMARKFRANCENORWAYFINLANDSWEDENGERMANY
women's proportion of unpaid work
0.50
0.55
0.60
0.65
0.70
0.75
0.80
0.85
0.90
1961-69 1970-75 1976-84 1985-89 1990-94 1995-99 2000-04
CANADA
DENMARK
FRANCE
NETHERLANDS
NORWAY
UK
USA
FINLAND
ITALY
AUSTRALIA
SWEDEN
GERMANY
paid work, women aged 20-59
0
50
100
150
200
250
300
1961-69 1970-75 1976-84 1985-89 1990-94 1995-99 2000-04
min
utes
per
day
CANADADENMARKFRANCENETHERLANDSNORWAYUKUSAFINLANDITALYAUSTRALIASWEDENGERMANY
paid work, women aged 20-59
0
50
100
150
200
250
300
1961-69 1970-75 1976-84 1985-89 1990-94 1995-99 2000-04
min
utes
per
day
DENMARKFRANCENORWAYFINLANDSWEDENGERMANY
paid work, women aged 20-59
0
50
100
150
200
250
300
1961-69 1970-75 1976-84 1985-89 1990-94 1995-99 2000-04
min
utes
per
day
CANADANETHERLANDSUKUSAITALYAUSTRALIA
paid work, men aged 20-59
250
270
290
310
330
350
370
390
410
430
450
1961-69 1970-75 1976-84 1985-89 1990-94 1995-99 2000-04
min
utes
per
day
CANADA
DENMARK
FRANCE
NETHERLANDS
NORWAY
UK
USA
FINLAND
ITALY
AUSTRALIA
SWEDEN
GERMANY
paid work, men aged 20-59
250
270
290
310
330
350
370
390
410
430
450
1961-69 1970-75 1976-84 1985-89 1990-94 1995-99 2000-04
min
utes
per
day
DENMARKFRANCENORWAYFINLANDSWEDENGERMANY
paid work, men aged 20-59
250
270
290
310
330
350
370
390
410
430
450
1961-69 1970-75 1976-84 1985-89 1990-94 1995-99 2000-04m
inut
es p
er d
ay
CANADANETHERLANDSUKUSAITALYAUSTRALIA
women's proportion of unpaid work
0.50
0.55
0.60
0.65
0.70
0.75
0.80
0.85
0.90
1961-69 1970-75 1976-84 1985-89 1990-94 1995-99 2000-04
CANADADENMARKFRANCENETHERLANDSNORWAYUKUSAFINLANDITALYAUSTRALIASWEDENGERMANY
women's proportion of all work
0.40
0.42
0.44
0.46
0.48
0.50
0.52
0.54
0.56
0.58
0.60
1961-69 1970-75 1976-84 1985-89 1990-94 1995-99 2000-04
CANADADENMARKFRANCENETHERLANDSNORWAYUKUSAFINLANDITALYAUSTRALIASWEDENGERMANY
About half way to gender equality?
Theories of lagged adaptation:• Gender ideologies from childhood socialisation• Realities in gender relations in adulthood• More egalitarian ideology in the next generation
Speculation: • 2-3 generations to achieve equality• 2009 perhaps half way to equality
A less optimistic view
Barriers to gender equality in work• Gender segregation in domestic labour• Doing gender – housework and gender
identities• Gender segregation in working hours and
schedules
Figure 1. Women's time use (minutes per day) over the lifecourse
Paid work
Routine housework
Care for family members and other domestic work
Sleep and rest
Consumption and leisure
0
200
400
600
800
1000
1200
1400
Single (n=1102) Acquire partner, no child(n=1102)
Stay partnered, no child(n=1928)
Stay partnered, acquirechild (n=227)
Stay partnered, keepchild (n=1644)
Stay partnered, childleaves/has grown up
(n=41)
Consumption and leisure
Sleep and rest
Care for family members and other domestic work
Routine housework
Paid work
Figure 2. Men's time use (minutes per day) over the lifecourse
Paid work
Routine housework
Care for family members and other domestic work
Sleep and rest
Consumption and leisure
0
200
400
600
800
1000
1200
1400
Single (n=967) Acquire partner, no child(n=967)
Stay partnered, no child(n=1790)
Stay partnered, acquirechild (n=192)
Stay partnered, keepchild (n=1102)
Stay partnered, childleaves/has grown up
(n=34)
Consumption and leisure
Sleep and rest
Care for family members and other domestic work
Routine housework
Paid work
Association between domestic work time and relative potential earnings - women
Routine housework
Care and non-routine housework
Total domestic
work
Routine housework
Care and non-routine housework
Total domestic
work
Age 2.355*** -1.519*** 0.835*** 3.074*** -0.001 3.073***Log (Hhold income) -16.91*** -27.08*** -43.98*** -7.957*** -10.06*** -18.02***Number of adults 4.587** 2.606 7.192* 2.840* 1.621 4.461Number of children 21.16*** 66.24*** 87.40*** 18.55*** 70.87*** 89.42***Rel potential earnings -37.09*** -49.47*** -86.56*** -16.32* -21.15 -37.47**Rel potential earning-sq 36.46** 90.10** 126.56*** 34.97* 30.00 64.97
Constant 112.3*** 344.0*** 456.31*** 27.65** 167.6*** 195.2***
R-sq 0.568 0.601 0.623 0.589 0.581 0.602
British Household Panel Survey, 1994-2005. OLS models for women, N =3,655Fixed effect models for women, N =3,655 (Number of groups=1,043).
FE modelsOLS models
Association between domestic work time and relative potential earnings - men
OLS modelsRoutine
houseworkCare and
non-routine housework
Total domestic
work
Routine housework
Care and non-routine housework
Total domestic
work
Age 0.524*** 1.019*** 1.543*** 0.405* 1.195** 1.600***Log (Hhold income) -4.095*** -17.77*** -21.87*** -3.702*** -8.554*** -12.26***Number of adults -0.701 0.473 -0.228 -0.421 -0.317 -0.738Number of children 4.710*** 35.30*** 40.01*** 5.951*** 38.84*** 44.79***Rel potential earnings -15.77*** -10.21 -25.98** -17.90*** -12.25 -30.15**Rel potential earning-sq 4.315 -14.95 -10.64 -6.038 22.14 16.1
Constant 41.08*** 165.9*** 207.0*** 41.48*** 86.16*** 127.6***
R-sq 0.144 0.400 0.416 0.157 0.440 0.473
Brit ish Household Panel Survey, 1994-2005. OLS models for men, N =3,509Fixed effect models for men, N =3,509 (Number of groups=958).
FE models
Association between working week schedules and workers’
characteristics - UK 2000
Types of workweeks - UK 2000
Type of workweek Size (% )1 Standard 26.12 Standard Monday off work 4.53 Long 20.04 Shift 12.15 Part-time (f week, pt days) 9.16 Part-time (p week, standard days) 7.07 Alternate 5.88 Part-time (short week) 15.3
Conclusion
• Trends in working time indicate that 2009 is about the half way to gender equality in work
• But – gender segregation in domestic work and in paid work time
• Further research into effects of public policy regimes on the gender division of labour
