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Half day excursion to the Landscape Lab in Koppl
Field Trip Organiser
Assoc Prof Dr Hermann Klug
Paris-Lodron University Salzburg
Interfaculty Department of Geoinformatics – Z_GIS
Schillerstr. 30, Building 13, 3rd Floor, Room 311, Austria
+43 662 8044 7561
www.uni-salzburg.at/zgis/klug
October 6, 2019 10:00 – 15:30
Meeting Point "Gasthaus am Riedl", 10:00 am
» As a young man, my fondest dream was to become a Geographer.
However, while working in the Patent Office, I thought deeply about
the matter and concluded that it was far too difficult a subject.
With some reluctance, I then returned to Physics as a substitute. «
Albert Einstein (1879 - 1955)
3 Preface
PREFACE
The Mondsee catchment with its 248 km2 is located ten kilometres east to the city Salzburg, Austria and registered as LTER-AT1 research area (MIRTL et al. 2015). It is endowed in a hilly landscape surrounded by grasslands and forests and positioned at the pre-alpine/alpine border. Lake Mondsee itself is an oligotrophic lake and frequently changing its status from an oligotrophic to a mesotrophic status due to too high phosphorus loads. The good ecological status of the oligotrophic Lake Mondsee could not constantly be secured in the years before 2011 due to nutrient overloads and other increasing parameters like temperature, bio-volumes and Brettum-Index (MILDNER et al. 2011). However, the Lake conditions got better until the year 2014 (SCHAFFERER & PFISTER 2015). First results indicate that eighty percent of the annual loads can be explained from snow melting and heavy rainfall events (STRAUSS &
STAUDINGER 2007). A complex spatially distributed phosphorus emission modelling approach with many hydrological, climatic and pedological datasets identified hot spots of emissions, but still the processes of phosphorus movements could not be explained satisfactory (KLUG &
ZEIL 2008). Further studies also did not provide any indication to event-based consequences (KERSCHBAUMER 2014; KLUG & HUBER 2015; SAMHABER 2016). Thus, we advanced the study with a wireless sensor network (WSN) in 2013, measuring environmental phenomena like rainfall, soil moisture, groundwater level, wind direction and wind speed in a six square kilometre sub-catchment in Koppl (KLUG et al. 2015). Measurements are captured in 10 minutes intervals and distributed in near real-time (KLUG & KMOCH 2014). Datasets are publicly available in a standardised format on a Sensor Observation Service (SOS) and enable new innovative and multifunctional applications where man and machine can interact with sensors. Heavy rainfall events and snow melting periods are immediately recognised and enable the triggering of the phosphorus sensor to measure phosphorus loads within stream where the discharge is known as well. Since all components are energy autarchic and connected to the internet, measurements are available in near real-time and provide the opportunity for spatial interpolation. As an extension, we designed a 72-hour weather forecast system including rainfall as one parameter and validate uncertainty based on in situ measurements (KLUG &
OANA 2015). Connected to a web processing service this would enable an early warning system (EWS) on floods and phosphorus emissions with alert messages send to responsible persons via SMS, Email, or Android App notification. With this EWS, farmers can be informed about upcoming weather conditions and thus are able to plan their fertilisation times to avoid loss of nutrients. At the same time, blue light organisations (e.g. fire brigade) can be informed about likely flooding in downstream areas. The setup of the landscape lab facilitates the capturing of phosphorous loads during the indicated two main events responsible for the mayor nutrient loads to surface waterbodies. In consequence, spatio-temporal modelling approaches should consider in situ measurements to ensure experimentally quantified loads during extreme events as well and not only interpolate phosphorous loads from discharge data.
1 https://data.lter-europe.net/deims/site/LTER_EU_AT_039-0,
https://data.lter-europe.net/deims/site/89cf2c05-a05b-4033-b7ac-1b24190dd88c
4 Table of Contents
TABLE OF CONTENTS
Preface ..................................................................................................................... 3
Table of Contents ...................................................................................................... 4
1 Preparation ......................................................................................................... 5
2 Locations of the day ............................................................................................. 6
2.1.1 At Gasthaus am Riedl (10:00 – 10:15) ...................................................... 6
2.1.2 Towards 'Meindlbauer' (10:15 – 10:30) ..................................................... 6
2.1.3 Slope between Riedlwirt and Meindlbauer (10:30 – 11:00) ........................... 7
2.1.4 Main station 'Meindlbauer' (11:00 – 12:30) ................................................ 9
2.1.5 Lunch at 'Meindlbauer' ........................................................................... 12
2.1.6 Towards station Schusterbauer at Plainfelderbach (13:15 – 13:45) ............ 12
2.1.7 Station Plainfelderbach ('Schusterbauer')(13:45 – 14:45) .......................... 14
2.1.8 Landslide at Plainfelderbach (16:30 – 17:00) ............................................ 16
2.1.9 Evening event (starting 18:00 hrs) ................ Error! Bookmark not defined.
Appendix ................................................................................................................ 18
References ............................................................................................................. 19
5 Preparation
1 PREPARATION
Participants ensure having appropriate equipment to walk in difficult terrain during this half-day trip. This includes hiking shoes to ensure having enough grip on slippery and steep slopes and walking through forests and maybe wet grasslands. The weather in October can be sunny and warm, but it could also be cold and wet. Thus, respective cloth for walking between 750 and 650 m asl should be brought (Figure 1). This includes rain protection, gloves, and a hat, something to drink and maybe a bit of food would be good. Hiking sticks ease walking up-/downhill. Wanderstöcker erleichtern den Auf- und Abstieg.
Figure 1: Basic equipment for the hike
6 Locations of the day
2 LOCATIONS OF THE DAY
The Landscape Lab at the Interfaculty Department of Geoinformatics – Z_GIS of the Paris-Lodron University of Salzburg (PLUS) encompasses two main station and eight smaller ones.
The disciplines physical geography and landscape ecology both deal with the understanding of relationships across different environmental processes, functions, and structures. Related phenomena are based on changing environmental conditions in space and time. In the landscape lab, we are measuring, analysing, interpreting, and processing these phenomena with the help of Geoinformatics methods. Based on stakeholders or organisations in need of information about landscape conditions, we provide tailor made findings to those who need them. While a farmer requires information on optimal conditions and times for fertilisation, others like the fire brigade demand information on upcoming heavy rainfall events. This presentation roughly highlights the connections, interrelations between scientific disciplines meteorology, hydrology, pedology, geology and geoinformatics, and - based on examples – demonstrates why, and how the measurements are taken to provide pro-active action in landscapes.
2.1.1 AT GASTHAUS AM RIEDL (10:00 – 10:15)
We start with an introduction to the closer environment and question the name of the hotel we are standing in front of. We determine the catchment border and analyse the genesis of this border with the finding from the glaciers having shaped the landscapes about 10.000 years ago. We will go into tourism related subjects and sports areas in the municipality of Koppl. All those subjects lead over to the name of the street we are heading along – the former iron street (Eisenstraße).
2.1.2 TOWARDS 'MEINDLBAUER' (10:15 – 10:30)
From our meeting point at 'Gasthof am Riedl' (green spot in Figure 2) we will walk about 10 minutes or 800m to the east of Eisenstaße towards the farmer 'Meindlbauer' (southern yellow spot). Before reaching the farmers house, we will pass by an interesting geological slope with two main springs. The schema of the slope will be presented based on geoelectric research results of a study laid out by KRAXBERGER et al. (2017).
7 Locations of the day
Figure 2: The locations of the first day
green: Gasthaus am Riedl; red: Geologically interesting slope with springs; yellow: Meindlbauer; blue: station Plainfelderbach; orange: landslide
Figure 3: Höhenprofil des zweiten Exkursionstages
green: Gasthaus am Riedl; red: Geologically interesting slope with springs; yellow: Meindlbauer; blue: station Plainfelderbach; orange: landslide
2.1.3 SLOPE BETWEEN RIEDLWIRT AND MEINDLBAUER (10:30 – 11:00)
200 meters after having left our starting point we will reach the slope with the springs (red spot in Figure 2 und Figure 3). We will discuss, which emphasis this slope becomes during heavy rainfall events. Surface water runoff will be presented based on pictures takes. We analyse, in how far this slope contributes to nutrient emissions (Figure 5) and water runoff (Figure 4). Meanwhile, the left part of the meadow I sonly extensively used and we will discuss vegetation changes from extensive to intensive farming.
Water movements also play a role in house and sewage planning. We will look to a green roof, which delays rainfall runoff to the sewage channel and thus will be discussed as adaptation to the establishment of downslope high water waves. We will look to the actual
8 Locations of the day
groundwater level in a fountain and cross correlate these findings with the soccer place retention basin. We compare the retention basin with another artificial retention basin below a carport.
When heading along the slope, we follow the Schurnbach. This is a small river collecting the water along the slope and compare the reality with a map from this area. Zu späterem Zeitpunkt greifen wir die Dimension des Baches zu Vergleichen wieder auf. After lunch, we will return to the river and follow it downslope to identify the dynamics of the river on a very short track.
Figure 4: Replacement of nutrients on an intensively used meadow
Figure 5: Surface runoff south westerly from the old fire brigade
A geoelectrical analysis and related GPS measurements are demonstrated in Figure 6. This study enable a three dimensional model from the underground, explaining the nature of the springs and the (sub-)surface water flows and the springs as described and discussed in KRAXBERGER et al. (2017).
9 Locations of the day
Figure 6: Geoelectric an GPS measurement
2.1.4 MAIN STATION 'MEINDLBAUER' (11:00 – 12:30)
Station 'Meindlbauer' (Figure 11, Figure 12) is close to the main street Wolfgangsee-Bundesstraße on top of a Kame and measures diverse meteorological, hydrological, and pedological parameters for environmental monitoring. During the excursion you will get to know the Snow Pack Analyser, soil moisture and other sensors. You will get an insight to the whole study concept of the station. This includes the energy autarchic setup, the wireless transmission of measurements to a field computer and to the internet. The 180 cm deep soil profile will be investigated according to German pedological procedures (Kartieranleitung KA4), which is according to AD-HOC-AG-BODEN (2005)(Figure 13). We will outline the geological situation at this unique place at the pre-Alpine/Alpine border. Glacial processes and geomorphological features will be shown, e.g. the ground moraine of the last ice age below the soil profile. Since water flows and nutrient emissions are a study subject in the landscape lab, we will investigate hydrological flow regimes and the challenges coupled to this in the catchment.
10 Locations of the day
Figure 7: At 'Meindlbauer'
Die Station befindet sich hinterrücks des kleinen rechten Stalls.
Figure 8: Snow Pack Analyser presented at the Koppl autumn festival in 2013
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Figure 9: The soil profile until the ground moraine of the last ice age
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Abschließend wird an diesem Standort der vollautomatisierte Kuhstall besucht und ein Einblick in die landwirtschaftliche Praxis gegeben (Figure 10). Dies geht einher mit einer kleinen Verköstigungsjause, hergestellt aus Hof-Erzeugnissen von Elfi Teufel (13:00 – 13:30).
Figure 10: The fully automated cowshed
2.1.5 LUNCH AT 'MEINDLBAUER'
The farmwoman provides homemade dishes and food from the local environment. For altogether 6 EUR per person we will get served enough to eat and to drink (Figure 11). Please have 6 EUR with you to pay on the day.
Figure 11: Farmer's lunch at station Meindlbauer
2.1.6 TOWARDS STATION SCHUSTERBAUER AT PLAINFELDERBACH (13:15 – 13:45)
We will hike approximately 800 m along Schurnbach towards station 'Plainfelderbach'. Another weather station provides information on the local environmental conditions. Alongside the 'Park and Ride' parking place Koppl Sperrbrücke we will pass another artificial
13 Locations of the day
retential area (Figure 12). We further follow the gravel road downslope to the Salzburgring. After approximately 15 minutes our track leads us through a steep forested slope (Figure 13), passing a few artificial constructions of the wild river and avalanche protection agency (Figure 14), finally leading us through the valley (Figure 15) to the station (Figure 16).
Figure 12:Retention basin at the Park & Ride parking place Sperrbrücke
Figure 13: Forest slope towards the river Plainfelder Bach
14 Locations of the day
Figure 14: Constructions alongside river Schurrnbach
2.1.7 STATION PLAINFELDERBACH ('SCHUSTERBAUER')(13:45 – 14:45)
Climatic extreme events impact terrestrial and aquatic landscape ecosystems. These impacts are expected to increase (HOFSTÄTTER et al. 2010). As visualised in Figure 15, even smaller events lead to flooding in the valley bottoms. During the extreme event in June 2013, the water level exceed the one from the picture by four meters!
Figure 15: Flooded valley of river Plainfelder Baches in January 2013
15 Locations of the day
In our research, snow melting and heavy rainfall events are in our focus. Both events explain about 80% of the annual phosphorous loads to the surface waterbodies. This requires a spatio-temporal determination of water and nutrient flows, which can only be realised with a wireless sensor network (WSN). For the event triggered measuring and analysis cycles, humans have to interact with machines and machines with machines as well. In this excursion, we will answer the question, whether an event triggered automation of discharge and phosphorous measurements using an energy autarchic, low cost WSN is possible and whether or not phosphorous measurements can be triggered by other sensors or from the laptop on the office desk. We will go through the research setup from Figure 16 and will analyse Orthophosphate (PO43-) after ten minutes of analysis time, soluble (plant available) phosphorous in (Porg) in 20 minutes and total phosphorous (TP) in 45 minutes. The concept itself is outlined in KLUG et al. (2014), (KLUG & KMOCH 2015) and (KLUG et al. 2015).
Figure 16: Station at river Plainfelder Bach ('Schusterbauer')
The whole concept contains eight additional weather stations in a 6 km2 sizing catchment (Figure 17). A ZigBEE net topology transmits data to station Meindlbauer, Plainfelderbach or Nockstein summit and from there via mobile internet connection to the cloud.
16 Locations of the day
Figure 17: Distribution of side stations in the Koppl catchment
2.1.8 LANDSLIDE AT PLAINFELDERBACH (16:30 – 17:00)
At almost the end of the excursion, we follow the course of the river for about 500 m and reach the street 'Müllnerfeld'. In January 2013 a landslide was occurring (Figure 18)2. Since then, natural plant succession continues without human impact.
Figure 18: The landslide at Plainfelderbach
2 https://www.sn.at/wiki/Mure; https://salzburg.orf.at/news/stories/2566131/
17 Locations of the day
Form the landslide we follow an old street uphill, back to the bus station. On our way, we will reach the catchment boarder discussed in the morning, where water flows from the Traun catchment is separated from the Salzach catchment.
18 Appendix
APPENDIX
Additional material for personal preparation:
Bus time schedule (Bus150.pdf) Landscape Lab Website Short movie Information from publications LTER Webseite
o Mondsee Catchment o Landscape Lab Koppl o Institut für Limnologie Mondsee
Story map Webcam Meindlbauer Webcam Nockstein (presently out of order)
19 References
REFERENCES AD-HOC-AG-BODEN (2005), Bodenkundliche Kartieranleitung, KA5. Schweizerbart'Sche
Verlagsbuchhandlung, Hannover. HOFSTÄTTER, M., C. MATULLA, J. WANG & S. WAGNER (2010), PRISK-CHANGE - Veränderung des
Risikos extremer Niederschlagsereignisse als Folge des Klimawandels. Projektbericht, , Zentralanstalt für Meteorologie und Geodynamik (ZAMG), p. 51.
KERSCHBAUMER, M. (2014), Phosphorus surface runoff modeling after heavy rainfall events in the Mondsee catchment. Thesis. Interfaculty Department of Geoinformatics - Z_GIS. Salzburg, University of Salzburg, p. 99.
KLUG, H. & P. ZEIL (2008), Spatially Explicit Modelling of Phosphorus Emissions. Geoinformatics Nr. 8(11), p. 32-35.
KLUG, H. & A. KMOCH (2014), A SMART Groundwater Portal: An OGC web services framework for hydrology to improve data access and visualisation in New Zealand. Computers and Geosciences Nr. 69, p. 78-86, http://doi.org/10.1016/j.cageo.2014.04.016.
KLUG, H., A. KMOCH & C. JUHASZ (2014), Drahtlose Echtzeitanalysen von Phosphorausträgen bei klimatischen Extremereignissen. In: STROBL, J., BLASCHKE, T., GRIESEBNER, G. & ZAGEL, B. (Hrsg.). Angewandte Geoinformatik 2014, Beiträge zum 26. AGIT-Symposium in Salzburg. Salzburg, Wichmann. 26, p. 548-557.
KLUG, H. & M. HUBER (2015), GIS- und Fernerkundungs-basiertes Model zur Erfassung und Dimensionierung von Gewässerrandstreifen im Mondseeeinzugsgebiet. In: STROBL, J., BLASCHKE, T., GRIESEBNER, G. & ZAGEL, B. (Hrsg.). Angewandte Geoinformatik 2015, Beiträge zum 27. AGIT-Symposium in Salzburg. Salzburg, Wichmann. 27, p. 78-87.
KLUG, H. & A. KMOCH (2015), Operationalizing environmental indicators for real time multi-purpose decision making and action support. Ecological Modelling Nr. 295, p. 66-74, http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.ecolmodel.2014.04.009.
KLUG, H., A. KMOCH & S. REICHEL (2015), Adjusting the frequency of automated phosphorus measurements to environmental conditions. Journal for Applied Geoinformatics. GI_Forum 2015/1, p. 592-601, http://dx.doi.org/10.1553/giscience2015s592.
KLUG, H. & L. OANA (2015), A multi-purpose weather forecast model for the Mondsee Catchment. Journal for Applied Geoinformatics. GI_Forum 2015/1, p. 602-611, http://dx.doi.org/10.1553/giscience2015s602.
KRAXBERGER, S., D. TAFERNER & H. KLUG (2017), 3D Electrical Resistivity Tomography in the Mondsee catchment. Journal for Applied Geoinformatics. GI_Forum 2017/1, p. 69-78, http://dx.doi.org/10.1553/giscience2017_01_s69
MILDNER, J., M. FRIEDL & M. REICHMANN (2011), Ergebnisbericht Qualitätselement Phytoplankton GZÜV 2011 Oberösterreich. GMBH, K. K. I. F. S. Linz, p. 120.
MIRTL, M., M. BAHN, T. BATTIN, A. BORSDORF, T. DIRNBÖCK, M. ENGLISCH, B. ERSCHBAMER, J. FUCHSBERGER, V. GAUBE, G. GRABHERR, G. GRATZER, H. HABERL, H. KLUG, D. KREINER, R. MAYER, J. PETERSEIL, A. REICHTER, S. SCHINDLER, A. STOCKER-KISS, U. TAPPEINER, T. WEISSE, V. WINIWARTER, G. WOHLFAHRT & R. ZINK (2015), Forschung für die Zukunft - LTER-Austria White Paper 2015 zur Lage und Ausrichtung von prozessorientierter Ökosystemforschung, Biodiversitäts- und Naturschutzforschung sowie sozio-ökologischer Forschung in Österreich. Österreichische Gesellschaft für Ökologische Langzeitforschung c/o Institut für Soziale Ökologie, Schottenfledgasse 29, 1070 Wien, Österreich, Wien.
SAMHABER, M. (2016), Phosphorbefrachtung des Mondsees über die Fuschler Ache. Möglichkeiten und Grenzen der modellgestützten Quantifizierung und Lokalisierung von Phosphorquellen im Einzugsgebiet. Thesis. Institut für Hydraulik und landeskulturelle Wasserwirtschaft. Wien, Universität für Bodenkultur Wien, p. 74.
SCHAFFERER, E. & P. PFISTER (2015), Ergebnisbericht Qualitätselement Phytoplankton Oberösterreich 2014 GZÜV-Untersuchungen (Attersee, Hallstätter See, Irrsee, Mondsee, Traunsee). Bewertung des ökologischen Zustandes gemäß EU-Wasserrahmenrichtlinie. ARGE LIMNOLOGIE GESMBH, I. Innsbruck.
STRAUSS, P. & B. STAUDINGER (2007), Berechnung der Phosphor und Schwebstofffrachten zweier Hauptzubringer (Zellerache, Fuschlerache) des Mondsees. Schriftenreihe Bundesamt für Wasserwirtschaft (BAW) Nr. 26, p. 18-33.
