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    MADE by

    Avinash Kumar SinghSameer Kr Gautam

    Tarun Kumar

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    ABOUT HAL Type State-ownedenterpriseIndustry

    Aerospaceand

    defence

    Founded1940 (in 1964,company took oncurrent name)

    HeadquartersBangalore,Karnataka, India

    Chairman Ashok Nayar

    Products

    AerospaceequipmentMilitary aircraftCommunication &NavigationequipmentSpace systems

    RevenueUS$2.35 billion (FY2007)

    Employees 30,000

    http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Types_of_business_entityhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Government-owned_corporationhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Government-owned_corporationhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Industryhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aerospacehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bangalorehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Karnatakahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Indiahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Revenuehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/US$http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fiscal_yearhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Employmenthttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Employmenthttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fiscal_yearhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/US$http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Revenuehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Indiahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Karnatakahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bangalorehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aerospacehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Industryhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Government-owned_corporationhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Government-owned_corporationhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Government-owned_corporationhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Government-owned_corporationhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Types_of_business_entity
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    HISTORY OF HAL> Hindustan Aeronautics Limited (HAL)came

    into existence on 1st October 1964. TheCompany was formed by the merger ofHindustan Aircraft Limited with AeronauticsIndia Limited and Aircraft Manufacturing Depot,

    Kanpur Late Mr. Seth Walchand Hirachand set up

    Hindustan Aircraft Limited at Bangalore inassociation with the erstwhile princely Stateof Mysore in December 1940

    The Government of India became ashareholder in March 1941 and took over the

    Management in 1942.10/30/2014 3

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    HAL- PRESENT SCENARIO

    MISSION OF HAL To become a global player in the aerospace

    industry

    > Hindustan Aeronautics Limitedis the largestPSU under the Department of Defense Productionand is a Navaratana Company.

    > Presently ranked 34thamong the global defense companies>HAL is one of the largest aerospace companies in Asia with

    its annual turnover to be running above US$2 billion.> It has several facilities throughout India including

    Nasik, Korwa, Kanpur, Koraput, Lucknow, Bangaloreand Hyderabad.

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    http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/US$http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nasikhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Korwahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kanpurhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Koraputhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lucknowhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bangalorehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hyderabad,_Indiahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hyderabad,_Indiahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bangalorehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lucknowhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lucknowhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Koraputhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kanpurhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Korwahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nasikhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/US$
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    SERVICES OF HAL

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    ACCESSORIES DIVISIONHAL LUCKNOW

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    HAL LUCKNOW

    Established in 1970 with the primary objective ofmanufacturing systems and accessories for variousaircraft and engines and attain self sufficiency in thisarea

    Presently turning out over 1100 different types ofaccessories

    Started with manufacturing various Systems andAccessories-Hydraulics, Engine Fuel System, Air-

    conditioning and Pressurization, Gyro & BarometricInstruments, Electrical System items,Undercarriages, Electronic items all under one roof tomeet the requirements of the aircraft, helicopters andengines being produced by HAL

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    The Four Forces of Flight

    The four forces act on the airplane in flight and alsowork against each other.

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    THE FOUR FOURCES

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    WHAT IS WEIGHT ???

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    Newtons 1st

    Law Applies

    WHAT IS DRAG ???

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    WHAT IS LIFT ???

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    HOW LIFT IS GENERATED??? Newtons Laws of Motion and Bernoullis

    Principle are used to explain lift.

    BernoulliBernoullis Principle statesthat, as air speeds up, its pressure goes

    down.

    He focused his studies on the curvature of

    the wing, and the differing air pressureover the top and bottom of the wing.

    NewtonNewtons Third Law statesthat for every action there is an equal

    and opposite reaction.

    He focused his studies on the deflection ofair or fluid on an object and its reaction.(Newtons 3rdLaw)

    To explain the lift phenomena we have to

    understand the meaning of Aerofoilstructure10/30/2014 17

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    AEROFOIL

    An Aerofoil is a device that gets a

    reaction from air moving over its

    surface. When itis moved through theair it produces lift. Wings, horizontal

    and vertical tail surfaces and propellers

    are all examples of aerofoil10/30/2014 18

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    EQUATION INVOLVED IN FLIGHTTHEORY

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    WHAT IS THRUST ???

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    SIMPLIFIED AIRCRAFT MOTIONBALANCED FORCES

    In order for an airplane tofly straight and level, the

    following relationships mustbe true:

    Thrust = Drag

    Lift = WeightThis is called

    Straight and

    Level Flight10/30/2014 21

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    SIMPLIFIED AIRCRAFT MOTIONUNBALANCED FORCES

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    EXPLANATION OF ALL AXES

    The Longitudinal Axis-

    This is an imaginary line running length wisethrough the micro-light from bow to stern.Movement around this axis is called rolling.

    The Vertical Axis- This is a line through the centre of gravity going

    downwards and at right angles to the longitudinalaxis. Movement around this axis is called yawing

    The Lateral Axis- This is sometimes called the pitch axis. This is

    the line through the centre of gravity and runningspan wise from wing tip to wingtip and at rightangles to the longitudinal axis. Movement around

    this axis is called pitching10/30/2014 24

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    VARIOUS MOTIONS AROUND THEAXES

    Yawing along vertical axis

    side to side motion

    Pitching along lateral axisup and down motion

    (nose up and nose down)

    Rolling along longitudinal

    axis rolling motion

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    Roll Around Longitudinal Axis

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    Yaw Around the vertical Axis

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    AIRFRAME UNITS

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    WINGS

    The part of the planethat creates lift andcontrols roll.

    Has a rounded

    leading edge andtapered trailing edgewhich helps create

    lift.The wing design

    uses Bernoullis

    Principle.10/30/2014 33

    http://buffalo.facebook.com/photo.php?pid=33589066&id=15725600
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    PROPELLER

    Uses the principle of awing to create thrust tomove the airplaneforward.

    Can have differentnumber of blades on

    propeller.

    Design is similar to anairfoil

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    POWERPLANT (JET ENGINE)

    Turns thepropeller at highRPMs to

    increase thrust

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    ENGINE COWLING

    Cover to protect theengine and makethe planeaerodynamic

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    COCKPIT

    Place where thepilot controls theairplane.

    The airplanecontrol, gauges,and indicators

    are held here.

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    MAIN LANDING GEAR

    A frame withwheels that allowthe plane to take-

    off and land.

    Some airplaneshave retractable

    landing gear.

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    NOSE LANDING GEAR

    The front landinggear when theplane has three

    wheels to land.

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    HORIZONTAL STABILIZER

    Horizontal withthe fuselage.

    Helps airplanemaintain levelflight

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    AILERONS AILERON- The ailerons form

    a part of the wing and arelocated in the trailing edge ofthe wing towards the tips.The control stick is

    connected by means of wiresor hydraulics to the wings

    ailerons. By turning the stick,the pilot can change the

    positions of the ailerons Located at the top of the

    trailing edge of the wings.

    Controls rolling.

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    ELEVATORS

    Elevators are themovable control surfaceshinged to the trailing edgeof the horizontalstabilizer. The controlstick is connected bymeans of wires orhydraulics to the tail

    sections elevators. In line with and behind the

    horizontal stabilizer.

    Controls pitching.10/30/2014 44

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    The rudder is a moveablecontrol surface attached to thetrailing edge of the verticalstabilizer. The foot pedals are

    connected by means of wires orhydraulics to the rudder of thetail section. The rudder can alsobe used in controlling a bank or

    turn in flight. Provides side to side control of

    airplane.

    Controls yawing.

    RUDDER

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    Located near at thetrailing edge of the wingnear the fuselage.

    Change the shape of wing

    Increase Lift and Drag

    Used on takeoff andlanding

    The Flaps increase lift

    FLAPS

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    HAL ACCESSORIES DIVISION

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    HAL ACCESSORIES DIVISION

    LUCKNOWINSTRUMENT FACTORY

    CLEAN ROOMS

    ASSEMBLY AND TEST SHOP 2 & 3

    ELECTRO -ROTATING MACHINE

    SHOP

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    CLEAN ROOMIn Clean room thosesubunits are assembledand tested that aresensitive to dust,temperature and humidity.

    All these parametersare kept undercontrol because thesecan have an adverse effecton their functional

    efficiency.The requiredspecification for theinstruments assembledand tested are different

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    ASSEMBLY AND TEST SHOP 2 AND 3

    The major products of H.A.L. are fighter aircrafts.An aircraft comprises of many smaller units oraccessories, which play significant role in theirsuccessful flight .

    Any fault, may lead to a catastrophic end. Herecomes the role of assembly and test unit .itforms an integral part of any manufacturing unit.

    The main instruments are KCN-2compass system, flight data recorder, gyro-magnetic compass, fuel gauging system,radio magnetic indicator, DNDU (day and nightdimmer unit), GPPU (ground power protectionunit).

    ELECTRO-MAGNETIC ROTATING SHOP

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    ELECTRO MAGNETIC ROTATING SHOP

    In the E.R.M department of the instrumentfactory the assembly and testing is done ofthe dc Starter Generators, AC Generatorsystem, constant speed alternator, regulators,inverter of the Russian and French origin.

    These products are basically those productswhich take the principle of theelectromagnetic rotating which can

    be elaborated as follows i.e., electrical energyis converted into mechanical energy or viceversa. These products are of mig-21 & mig-27aircrafts which are of Russian origin and

    jaguar aircraft of France origin.

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    INSTRUMENT SYSTEMS OF ANAIRCRAFT

    Instrument Systems:-

    Just as in a car, there are instruments that monitor theengine, and instruments that monitor the drive. So inaircraft too there are certain instruments that monitor the

    flight. The groups of instrument systems are mainly-

    FUEL SENSING/ GUAGING PROBES SYSTEM

    FLIGHT INSTRUMENTS

    PITOT-STATIC INSTRUMENTS

    GYROSCOPIC INSTRUMENTS

    AIRCRAFT ELECTRICAL SYSTEMS

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    FUEL CONTENT GUAGING SYSTEM

    The function of F.C.G is based upon theprinciple that the capacitance of twoconcentric tubes (cylindrical in shape) isdifferent when there is air in between andwhen there is aviation fuel present inbetween them, it acts as a dielectric in

    between the gap. The capacitance increase or decrease as

    the level of fuel changes in the gap. Thischange in capacitance is measured bymeter.

    This system is also known as Fuel low

    level warning sensors system as it givesemergency signal on lowering of fuellevel within the tank

    FLIGHT INSTRUMENTS

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    FLIGHT INSTRUMENTSThese instruments basically help in controlling andmonitoring the flight parameters.

    PITOT-STATIC INSTRUMENTS-Pitot-static instruments are those that basically work on theprinciple of Pitot and static pressure.

    STATIC PRESSURE-Static pressure is the pressure that is

    simply the aircrafts surrounding pressure.PITOT PRESSURE- Pitot pressure is the pressure thatcomes into scenario when aircraft flies and goes forward. Itis generally the front pressure that acts against the body of

    the aircraft.The three basic Pitot-Static instruments mainly assembled inthe instrument panel of a cockpit are-

    Airspeed Indicator, Altimeter and Vertical Speed Indicator

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    PITOT-STATIC SYSTEM

    Airspeed Indicator (ASI)

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    Airspeed Indicator (ASI)

    ASI

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    Static and Pitot pressure principle based source

    Also known as Mach meter

    Measure the difference between static pressure and staticpressure (impact pressure)

    Shows speed through air (not over ground)

    Shows Indicated Airspeed (IAS) in Knots or Miles Per Hour

    (MPH, older system)

    Aneroid capsule connected to pitot pressure. Caseconnected to static pressure. Aneroid capsule inflates withmore airspeed, moving dial clockwise. Static pressure in

    case corrects for altitude.Pitot pressure pushes against a diaphragm inside theairspeed indicator, which will then be able to expand orcontract accordingly. This linear movement of the diaphragm

    is then translated into needle movement.

    ASI

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    ASI WORKING

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    Altimeter

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    ALTIMETER

    Shows height in feet

    Measures pressure of outside air (drops withaltitude)

    Aneroid capsules (like balloons) inside areset to standard pressure. As altitudechanges, capsules expand and contract,

    moving needle on dial.Static pressure is taken as only input

    Manufacturer seals the aneroid wafer(s) at aspecific pressure. As the static pressure fillsin the area around these sealed wafers, they

    will be able to contract or expandaccordingly.

    As the aircraft moves into lower pressure aclimb is indicated

    As the aircraft moves into higher pressure a

    descent is indicated

    http://www.airliners.net/open.file?id=0658531&size=L&width=1024&height=789&sok=JURER%20%20(ZNGPU%20(nvepensg,nveyvar,cynpr,cubgb_qngr,pbhagel,erznex,cubgbtencure,rznvy,lrne,ert,nvepensg_trarevp,pa,pbqr)%20NTNVAFG%20(%27+%22Jneevbe%22%20+%22Cnary%22%27%20VA%20OBBYRNA%20ZBQR))%20%20BEQRE%20OL%20cubgb_vq%20QRFP&photo_nr=9
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    Altimeter OperationAir moves out

    Air moves in

    Wafers expand

    0 1

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    Wafers contract

    0 12

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    5

    98

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    0 1

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    876

    Air moves out

    Air moves in

    Wafers expand

    0 1

    2

    345

    9

    8

    76

    Wafers contract

    0 12

    34

    5

    98

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    0 1

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    876

    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    GYROSCOPIC INSTRUMENTS

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    GYROSCOPIC INSTRUMENTS

    GYROSCOPE-

    A Gyroscope is anaccurately balancedflywheel having a mass andfreedom of in one or moreaxis which crossed on apoint at right angle to eachother and having theproperty of RIGIDITY &PRESSION

    RIGIDITY- It is the ability of a gyroscope

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    to resist any freedom with tends tochange the direction of spin axis

    Rigidity depends upon-Speed of gyro(in RPM)Mass of the gyro(rotor)The radius of gyro

    rotor/motor.PRECESSION-It is the angular changein the direction of plane of the spin of the

    rotor resulting from the application ofexternal torque. The ratio of precessiondepends upon-

    The magnitude of applying

    torque.

    Rotor speed which is directlyproportional to the applied

    torqueand inversely proportional

    to the rotor speed.

    C O

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    ALTITUDE INDICATOR

    Only instrument that gives

    immediate and directindication of the airplanes

    pitch and bank attitude.

    Gives the rolling andpitching information.

    Also known as the Artificial

    horizon/ Vertical gyro/ Gyrohorizon.

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    TURN CO ORDINATOR (RATE GYRO)

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    TURN CO-ORDINATOR (RATE GYRO)

    Rate and Rollinginformation is achievedby this.

    Slip and Skidparameters aredetermined

    INSTRUMENT PANEL

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    INSTRUMENT PANEL

    ALTERNATOR CONTROL AND

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    PROTECTION UNIT (A.C.P.U)

    Alternator Control & Protection Unit regulates the

    alternator O/P voltage within specified limit undervarious rated load & speed conditions.

    The unit is having built in protections againstover/under voltage, over/under frequency, over load

    & feeder fault conditions.

    Under these faulty conditions, the unit disconnectsthe alternator from AC electrical system by deenergizing the contractor & field.

    A.C MASTER BOX

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    A.C MASTER BOXExcluding the two alternators and protection unit and static inverter,primary AC distribution systemconsists of following boxes:

    AC Master Box1

    AC Master Box2

    115 V AC Emergency Bus Relay

    26 V AC Emergency Bus Relay

    During normal operation (both alternator running), complete system1

    is powered from alternator1.In case of fault on alternator1, all the buses of system1 are

    connected to alternator2, with

    alternator1 in failed condition, in the event of short circuits. On amain bus1, it goes disconnected

    from alternator2. In case of both alternator fails to supply power toAC main buses, emergency

    buses of system1 are powered from static inverter.

    In the Aircrafts, 2 AC MASTER BOX are present, if one of them gets failthen other works.

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    FILTER TRANSFORMER UNIT

    The Filter Transformer Unit (FTU - 01) is for Jaguaraircraft which gives single phase 26 V, 400 Hz lowdistortion O/P, synchronized with phase AB of the threephase 200 VCC O/P, 400 Hz aircraft power source.The unit is being operated from three phase 200 VCC,400 Hz aircraft power source. There are two no. ofFTUs in one A/C. in case of failure of one unit (FTU),

    the entire A/C load will be automatically transferred to

    another healthy unit (FTU).

    CONCLUSION

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    CONCLUSIONThe joy of flying has fascinated the human race for centuries. Defenseavionics major & Navratana PSU Hindustan Aeronautics Limited (HAL) is inthe business of building a whole range of aircraft helicopters and jet

    trainers. Besides, the company manufactures aircraft components,overhauls fighter planes and trains future pilots .its success in the design

    and development of light combat aircraft Tejas and advanced lighthelicopter Dhruv has won admiration. HAL is the backbone of Indias air

    defense and continues to occupy the strategic importance reflecting a new

    pace of growth.

    Today the faster growing sector is the aviation sector & is likely to be aboon for the entire job market. It deals with the manufacture, design &development of aircrafts.

    The project is based on the instruments that are used in the manufacture ofthe various aircrafts. A deep knowledge of these instruments is crucial inthe perfect design & manufacture of the aircrafts. The project will benefitthose who have interest in the instrument & will provide the reader with thedeeper knowledge of the topic.

    FLY SAFE.!!!!!

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    THANK YOU

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