Haemophilus influenzaeHaemophilus influenzaeThe genus haemophilusorganisms are small The genus haemophilusorganisms are small gram negative cocco-bacilli (because rounded gram negative cocco-bacilli (because rounded at ends).at ends).Long filamentous forms also seen. Long filamentous forms also seen. Some strains are capsulated. Some strains are capsulated. The commonest is Haemophilus influenzae.The commonest is Haemophilus influenzae.The other species of the genus haemophilus The other species of the genus haemophilus are.are.1. H. ducreyi1. H. ducreyi. H. parainfleunziae !. H. aegyptius. H. parainfleunziae !. H. aegyptiusPropertiesProperties::"t is a gram negative rod ( coccobacillus)."t is a gram negative rod ( coccobacillus).# facultative anaerobe $hich gro$s best in # facultative anaerobe $hich gro$s best in media enriched $ith comedia enriched $ith co ..Temperature re%uirements !-!& degree celciusTemperature re%uirements !-!& degree celciusHas got a polysaccharide capsule.Has got a polysaccharide capsule.'on capsulated forms also e(ist.'on capsulated forms also e(ist.)n the basis of type of capsule there are si( )n the basis of type of capsule there are si( serotypes numbered as a*b*c*d*e and f.serotypes numbered as a*b*c*d*e and f.Serotype b is most virulent typeSerotype b is most virulent type)rganism found only in humans.)rganism found only in humans.+athogenecity+athogenecity,,-nters the body through respiratory tract-nters the body through respiratory tractT$o types of behaviours.T$o types of behaviours.11. . #symptomatic colonization#symptomatic colonization. "nfections such as sinusitis* otitis media . "nfections such as sinusitis* otitis media

or pneumonia.or pneumonia. )rganism produces "g# protease $hich)rganism produces "g# protease $hich

neutralizes respiratory mucosal "g#.neutralizes respiratory mucosal "g#. This helps in its attachment to This helps in its attachment to

respiratory mucosa.respiratory mucosa.#fter attachment to respiratory mucosa it #fter attachment to respiratory mucosa it can enter blood stream and cause.can enter blood stream and cause..acteremia and meningitis..acteremia and meningitis./01 of encapsulated forms/01 of encapsulated forms(type b) responsible for these diseases.(type b) responsible for these diseases.'on capsulated forms are responsible for 'on capsulated forms are responsible for otitis media* sinusitis and pneumonia.otitis media* sinusitis and pneumonia."n children the age group 2 months -2 "n children the age group 2 months -2 years is most prone to infection by the years is most prone to infection by the organism.organism.+ea3 incidence is from 2 months- 1 year.+ea3 incidence is from 2 months- 1 year.4irulence factors are polysaccharide 4irulence factors are polysaccharide capsule and endoto(in.capsule and endoto(in.5linical features5linical features,,1.6eningitisis same in features to that 1.6eningitisis same in features to that caused by meningococcus and caused by meningococcus and pneumococcus e(cept that the onset ofpneumococcus e(cept that the onset ofother symptoms along $ith dro$siness other symptoms along $ith dro$siness is rapid.is rapid..)titis media and sinusitis cause pain in .)titis media and sinusitis cause pain in affected areas and redness and bulging affected areas and redness and bulging of tympanic membrane.of tympanic membrane.!.Septic arthritis* cellulitis and sepsis!.Septic arthritis* cellulitis and sepsis

(specially in splenectomized patients).(specially in splenectomized patients).7.8arely epiglotitis in young children.7.8arely epiglotitis in young children.0.+neumonia in elderly specially those $ith 0.+neumonia in elderly specially those $ith chronic respiratory disease.chronic respiratory disease.

LAB DIAGNOSISLAB DIAGNOSIS,,9ram staining9ram staining)rganism is gro$n on chocolate agar.)rganism is gro$n on chocolate agar.5hocolate agar is enriched $ith t$o factors.5hocolate agar is enriched $ith t$o factors.1. :actor ; (haematin)1. :actor ; (haematin). :actor 4 ('#