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HAEMOGLOBIN Hemoglobin or haemoglobin (Hb) is the iron -containing oxygen- transport metalloprotein in the red cells of the blood in mammals and other animals. Hemoglobin in vertebrates transports oxygen from the lungs to the rest of the body, such as to the muscles , where it releases the oxygen load. Hemoglobin also has a variety of other gas- transport and effect-modulation duties, which vary from species to species, and which in invertebrates may be quite diverse. The name hemoglobin is the combination of heme and globin, reflecting the fact that each subunit of hemoglobin is a globular protein with an embedded heme (or haem) group; each heme group contains an iron atom, and this is responsible for the binding of oxygen. The most common types of hemoglobin contains four such subunits, each with one heme group. Types of Haemoglobins in humans In the embryo : Gower 1 (ξ2ε2) Gower 2 (α2ε2) Hemoglobin Portland (ξ2γ2) In the fetus : Hemoglobin F (α2γ2) In adults: Hemoglobin A (α2β2) - The most common type. Hemaglobin A2 (α2δ2) - δ chain synthesis begins late in the third trimester and in adults, it has a normal level of 2.5% Normal Values:

Haemoglobin Practical Handout for 2nd year MBBS

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Page 1: Haemoglobin Practical Handout for 2nd year MBBS

HAEMOGLOBIN

Hemoglobin or haemoglobin (Hb)   is   the iron-containing oxygen-transport metalloprotein in   the red cells of   the blood in mammals and other  animals.  Hemoglobin  in  vertebrates  transports  oxygen from the lungs to the rest of the body, such as to the muscles, where it releases the oxygen load. Hemoglobin also  has  a  variety  of  other  gas-transport  and effect-modulation duties,  which  vary   from species   to species, and which in invertebrates may be quite diverse.

The name hemoglobin is  the combination of heme and globin,  reflecting the fact that each subunit of hemoglobin is a globular protein with an embedded heme (or haem) group; each heme group contains an iron atom, and this is responsible for the binding of oxygen. The most common types of hemoglobin contains four such subunits, each with one heme group.

Types of Haemoglobins in humans

In the embryo:

Gower 1 (ξ2ε2)

Gower 2 (α2ε2) 

Hemoglobin Portland (ξ2γ2)

In the fetus:

Hemoglobin F    (α2γ2) 

In adults:

Hemoglobin A (α2β2) - The most common type.

Hemaglobin A2 (α2δ2) - δ chain synthesis begins late in the third trimester and in adults, it has a normal level of 2.5%

Normal Values:

Normal results vary, but in general are:

Male: 13.8 to 17.2 gm/dL

Female: 12.1 to 15.1 gm/dL

FUNCTIONS OF HAEMOGLOBIN AND RBCs:

Page 2: Haemoglobin Practical Handout for 2nd year MBBS

They help to carry O2 and CO2 from lungs to the tissues and vice versa.

Haemoglobin due to the buffering action helps to maintain the acid base balance of the

body.

RBCs due to selective permeability of their cell membrane help to maintain the ion

balance.

RBCs are responsible for maintaining the viscosity of whole blood.

Various pigments of bile like bilirubin and biliverdin are formed from haemoglobin.

AnemiaDecreased RBC count or decreased hemoglobin level in RBCs below normal, is called anemia.

TYPES OF ANEMIA:

A) Nutritional Anemia:

1) Iron deficiency anemia:

Also called microcytic hypochromic or blood loss anemia.

Causes:

a) Chronic blood loss (hemorrhage), when a person cannot absorb enough iron from GIT to form hemoglobin as rapidly as it is lost, so RBCs are small sized and contain little Hb.

b) Transferrin deficiency; Iron cannot be transported from GIT to erythroblasts to form Hb, so RBCs contain little Hb.

2) Pernicious Anemia:

Also called megaloblastic or macrocytic anemia.

Causes:

a) Lack of Vit. B12

b) Lack of folic acid

c) Lack of intrinsic factor

B) Aplastic Anemia:

Page 3: Haemoglobin Practical Handout for 2nd year MBBS

In this type of anemia RBC count is decreased due to bone marrow aplasia or lack of functioning bone marrow.

Causes:

Bone marrow aplasia or destruction by:

a) Gamma rays

b) X-rays

c) Chemicals

d) Drugs

C) Hemolytic Anemia:

In these types of anemia RBCs rupture with release of Hb.

Types:

1) Hereditary Spherocytosis:

RBCs are small and spherical rather than biconcave discs. RBCs donot have normal, loose, bag like membrane and cannot be compressed, so they rupture on passing through splenic pulp.

2) Sickle Cell Anemia:

RBCs contain abnormal HB S, which precipitates into long crystals in low oxygen tension, which give sickle shape to RBCs. Hb precipitate damages cell membrane and makes it fragile, so the RBCs rupture on passing through small capillaries.

3) G6PD Deficiency Anemia:

Glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase (G-6-PD) deficiency is a hereditary condition in which red blood cells break down when the body is exposed to certain drugs or the stress of infection.

4) Thalassemia:

It is an inherited autosomal recessive disorder, in which RBCs are unable to synthesize alpha or beta polypeptide globin chains that form hemoglobin. Reduced synthesis of one of the globin chains causes the formation of abnormal hemoglobin molecules and this in turn causes the anemia.

Symptoms of Anemia:

Fatigue

Headaches

Page 4: Haemoglobin Practical Handout for 2nd year MBBS

Faintness

Breathlessness

Angina

Intermittent claudication

Palpitations.

Signs of Anemia:

Pallor

Tachycardia

Systolic flow murmur

Cardiac Failure

HAEMOGLOBIN ESTIMATION

PRINCIPLE:

Page 5: Haemoglobin Practical Handout for 2nd year MBBS

Haemoglobin (Hb) in the sample, in the presence of ferricyanide, is oxidized to methaemoglobin (Hi), which,   then   reacts   with   cyanide   at   pH   7.2,   producing   haemoglobin   cyanide   (HiCN   or cyanmethaemoglobin).

All  hemochromogens,  except for sulfhaemoglobin,  completely react  in 3 minutes and the reading is performed at 540 nm.

PROVIDED REAGENTS:

Surfactant/ CNX: Breakable ampoules containing stabilized solution of surfactant/CNX.

Buffer/ ferricyanide: Stabilized tablets of potassium ferricyanide and phosphate buffer.

Final concentrations:

Potassium ferricyanide____________600 µmol/l Cyanide________________________768 µmol/l Phosphates______________________ 1   µmol/l Non-ionic surfactant_______________0.5 µmol/l pH_____________________________ 7.2 + 0.1

STANDARD:

Wiener lab’s haemogloWiener standard 

INSTRUCTIONS FOR USE:

Pour contents of one surfactant/ CNX ampoule into one liter cylinder, avoiding any loss or spilling. Add 700-800  ml   of   distilled  water   and   one   buffer/ferricyanide   tablet.  Mix   by   swirling   until   complete dissolution and bring to volume with distilled water. Transfer to amber glass bottle, label and date.

WARNINGS:

Surfactant/   CNX   contain  cyanide (poison).  Take  necessary   care   for   handling,   following   the sample procedure with cyanide containing waste avoiding any contact with acids  in sinks or pipelines.

Reagents are for in vitro diagnostic use. Never pipette out by mouth, always use pipette sucker.

STABILITY AND STORAGE INSTRUCTIONS:

Provided reagents: Stable at room temperature until expiration date. HaemogloWiener reagent: Stable 6 months since preparation date, at room temperature and 

thoroughly protected from light. Do not freeze or refrigerate.

Page 6: Haemoglobin Practical Handout for 2nd year MBBS

SAMPLE:

Collection: Collect anticoagulated blood. Additives: Use concentrated EDTA anticoagulants or dried balance anticoagulants. Stability and storage instructions:  blood haemoglobin contents are stable up to one week in 

refrigerator (2-10 0C). Do not freeze.

REQUIRED MATERIALS

Spectrophotometer. Micropipettes and pipettes for measuring the stated volumes. Spectrophotometer cuvettes or Photo colorimeter tubes. Watch or timer. Graduated flask. Amber glass bottle.

ASSAY CONDITIONS:

Wave-length: 540nm in spectrophotometer, 520-550nm for photo colorimeter with green filter. Reaction temperature: Room temperature. Reaction time: 3 min. Sample volume: 20 µl. Reagent volume: 5 ml. Final reaction volume: 5.02 ml

PROCEDURE:

B S U

Standard - 20 µl -

Sample - - 20 µl

Reagent 5ml 5ml 5ml

STABILITY OF FINAL REACTION:

Final  reaction color  is  stable for at   least  24 hours,   thus readings may be performed within this period.

Page 7: Haemoglobin Practical Handout for 2nd year MBBS

OBSERVATIONS AND CALCULATIONS :

O.D. of sample: ____________

O.D. of standard: ___________

Concentration of standard: ___ 15.6g/dl______

Hemoglobin (g/dl) = O.D of sample × Conc. Of Standard  

                                         ------------------

O.D. of Standard

Haemoglobin   = _____________g/dl.