Haematology and The Lymphatic System

Functions of Blood

Transport oxygen, nutrients, hormones and enzymes to body cells

Carry waste away from body cells

Protect body against fluid loss through clotting mechanism

Protect against infection

What is blood made up of?

1.Plasma

Is a straw coloured liquid

Consists of water, proteins, and the following types of blood cells

Types of blood cells

Erythrocytes

Are Red Blood Cells (RBC)

Contain hemoglobin – pigment that contains iron and carries oxygen

Transports oxygen and carbon dioxide i

Types of blood cells cont’d

Leucocytes

Are white blood cells (WBC)

Fight against infection and inflammation

Neutrophils, Eosiniphils, Basophils lymphocytes, Monocytes are types of leucocytes

Neutrophils swallow and destroy bacteria This is known as phagocytosis

Types of blood cells cont’d

Thrombocytes

Are also called platelets

Are responsible for blood clotting

Blood clotting

Process of blood thickening and forming a gel

Is called coagulation

Gel is called a clot

Clotting prevents blood loss when a blood vessel is ruptured

Haemrrohage

Occurs when blood doesn’t clot quickly enough

Some drugs are used to prevent and treat clotting or thrombosis by blocking the clotting mechanism

These drugs are called antocoagulants e.g. Heparin

Thrombosis

Is a clot in an unbroken blood vessel

Is due to blood clotting too easily

Haemopoiesis –(poiesis means formation)

Process by which blood cells are formed & occurs in

Bone marrow (myeloid tissue) –Erythrocytes (RBC), some leucocytes (WBC), & platelets

Lymphoid tissue – produces some leucocytes

Production occurs in spleen, tonsils, &lymph nodes

Word Components

Root Combining form

Meaning

haem haem/o blood

erythr erythr/o red blood cell

reticul reticul/o young erythrocyte

leuc leuc/o, leuk/o white blood cell

myel myel/o bone marrow Act 1,2

Blood grouping

Erythrocytes contain special proteins (agglutinations) that determines our blood group

ABO group

Rh group

ABO grouping

Type A = 41% of population

Type B = 10% of population

Type AB = 4% of population

Type O = 45% of population

Rh grouping

Rh +

Rh –

In blood transfusions both recipient &donor must match in ABO grouping

And also Rh grouping

Words and word Components

-aemia/aem condition of blood

-blast immature germ cell

blast/o early, growth, germ

cyt, cyt/o cell

ferr/o iron

fer/o to carry

haem/o blood

hist/o tissue

leuc/o white

megal/o large

Words and word Components

myel/o bone marrow

-osis abnormal condition, disease, or increase

paenia decrease, deficiency

phage (phagia) to eat

-plasm substance to form

poikil/o varies, irregular

-poiesis formation

-poly morph many forms or shapes

ser/o serum

sider/o iron

Disorders & TermsAnaemia decrease in the numbers of

erythrocytes or haemoglobin together with erythrocytes unable to carry oxygen efficiently

Haemaphilia congenital disease, lack of clotting factors (Factor8)

haemorrhage bleeding

Hodgkin’s disease malignant disease of lymph nodes

hypersplenism enlarged spleen

leucocytosis increase in leucocytes in blood & blood marrow

Disordersleukaemia increase in white blood cells.Cancer of

the blood

multiple myeloma malignant disease of bone marrow

pernicious anaemia reduction of vitamin B12 in red blood cells of bone marrow

polycythaemia abnormal increase in red blood cells.can lead to thrombosis and haemorrhaging

septicaemia blood poisoning

splenomegaly enlarged spleen

splenorrhexis rupture of the spleen

thalassaemia hereditary blood disease, adnormality in the production of haemoglobin

Procedures

autologous transfusion

transfusion from self

biopsy of lymph node

removal o fpart of plmph node for examination

bone marrow transplant

implantation of bone marrow from person to person

splenectomy removal of the spleen

Abbreviations

ALL Acute lymphocytic leukaemia

AML Acute Myeloid Leukaemia

ESR Erythrocyte sedimentation rate

FBC Full Blood Count

Hb haemoglobin

Hct haematocrit

LFT liver function tests

Na sodium

Abbreviations

RBC red blood cell

TFT thyroid function tests

WBC white blood cell

Haematology Terms

haemodialysis removal of wastes from blood

haemoglobin oxygen carrying pigment of blood

haemopoiesis production of blood cells

myelopoiesis production of bone marrow

plasma fluid component o fblood

platelet thrombocyte

serum, fluid that separates from blood

dyscrasia abnormal state of body or body part

Haematology Terms

lymphocytopaenia decrease of white blood cells

leucocytosis increase of leucocytes

leucopaenia decrease in WBC

lymphocytosis increase in lymphocytes

macrocytosis abnormally large red blood cells

poikilocytosis abnormally shaped erythrocytes

pyrexia fever

thrombocytopaenia reduction in platelets

Lymphatic SystemConsists of

Capillaries Vessels Ducts Nodes

Responsible forTransporting lymph that is formed from tissue

fluid

Functions of Lymphatic System

Protection from infection - nodes filter microorganisms (bacteria) in the lymph fluid

Transportation of lymphocytes which help body fight infection support immune response

Transportation of lipids

Transportation of excess tissue fluid back into the bloodstream Act 1

Lymphatic Organs

Spleen – destroys old RBC, stores blood, filters blood, plays a part in immune response

Adenoids & tonsils – thought to play part in formation of lymphocytes & antibodies

Thymus – controls development of immune system

Lymph nodes, Lymphocytes and macrophages

Lymph nodes contain lymphocytes and macrophages

These cells destroy bacteria by ingesting (swallowing) it

During infection lymphocytes& macrophages multiply rapidly causing lymph nodes to swell & be painful

Word parts

Word root Combining form

Meaning

Lymphaden lymphaden/o lymph node or gland

Lymphangi lymphangi/o lymph duct or vessel

Splen splen/o Spleen. Act 2

Immunity – Disease protection

Antigen – foreign body substance that causes formation of an antibody to fight against it

Antibody - substance that can destroy antigens that have entered the body

Word parts

Word root Combining form

Meaning

Ser ser/o serum. the clear portion of and liquid formed when blood clots. used for antibodies

Py py/o pus

serum investigations can lead a patient to being negative or positive for the presence of a particular antibody

Pus

Liquid made up of proteins, tissue fluids containing bacteria, & leucocytes

Formed in response to infection

Immune response

Identification & destruction of anything that is foreign i.e antigens

Includes transplanted organs or body cells that have changed their form e.g. malignant cells

Immune response to infection

Lymph gland swell

FBC (Full Blood Count) will show increase in WBC ( white blood cells)

Lymph glands and FBC returns to normal when bacteria or microorganisms are destroyed

Immune response to infection

Lymphocytes become memory cells and respond rapidly if exposed to the same organism again

This is the basis of immunity

Conditions of Lymphatic System

Tonsillitis inflammation of the tonsils due to bacterial or viral infection

Glandular fever infectious disease caused by a virus affecting lymph nodes of neck, armpits & groin

lymphangitis inflammation of lymph vessels

lymphoedema ghross enlargement o fskin & underlying tissues caused by obstrucution of the lymph vessels.This prevents drainage of the ly ph from surrounding tissues

Abbreviations

AIDS Acquired immunodeficiency syndrome

ALL Acute Lymphocytic Leukaemia

CLL Chronic Lymphocytic Leukaemia

Ig immunoglobulin

T & A tonsills and adenoids

TLD thoracic lymph duct