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Haematology
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Blood is a specialised connective tissue Living cells
RBC WBC Platelets
Non living matrix Plasma
Water Proteins Electrolytes Gases Others
Functions (Revision)
Transport
Gases
Nutrients
Hormones
Drugs
Protection
Immunity
Regulation
Temperature
pH
Blood pressure
Definitions
Haematology
Biochemistry
Immunology
Phlebotomy
Venipuncture: intravenous access
Anaemia
Polycythemia
Erythrocytosis
Leukocytosis
Leukpenia
Thrombocytosis / thrombocythemia)
Thrombocytopenia
Blood Disorders
Diseases of the living cells: Erythrocytes
Increased production Erythrocytosis Polycythaemia
Decreased production/destruction/loss Anaemia
Leukocytes Increased production
Leukocytosis Leukaemia
Decreased production leukopenia
Thrombocytes Increased production
Throbocytosis Thrombophlebitis Thrombosis
Decreased production Bleeding disorders
Disorders of the components of the plasma: Water deficit (dehydration) Hypoproteinaemia Electrolyte imbalances Acid-Base imbalance
Manifestations of Blood Disorders
Skin, nails and mucous membrane: Pallor Plethora/plethoric face Jaundice/yellow discoloration of skin and mucous membrane Bleeding : pupura and petechiae and ecchymosis Koilonychia
Tiredness Dizziness Bleeding tendencies
Internal External
Thromboembolic disorders Organomegally:
Splenomegally Hepatomegally Lymphadenopathy
Blood Tests
Complete Blood Count (C.B.C.) Haemoglobin – grams of Hb per 100mL of bloodPacked cell volume (PCV) – number of blood cells in
whole blood, similar to haematocritMean cell volume (MCV) – size of erythrocytesMean cell haemoglobin (MCH) – amount of Hb in each
cellWhite blood cell (WBC)
Neutrophil segments (Neut seg) Lymphocyte Monocyte Eosinophil Basophil Platelet count
Blood Tests
Erythrocyte sedimentation rate (ESR)Haematocrit (HCT)Iron Studies
Iron Transferrin Iron saturation Ferritin
Biochemistry
Liver Function Tests Used to assess:
injury to liver cells, the livers ability to synthesise proteins and the excretory functions of the liver
Elevated liver enzymes usually indicate liver injury earlier than other measures of liver function
The key enzymes are: Alanine transferase (ALT) Asparate aminotransferease (AST)
The liver’s synthetic ability is reflected in serum protein levels Liver excretory function is indicated by:
serum bilirubin, γ-glutamyltransferase (GGT) and alkaline phosphatase (ALP)