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H2S CHEMISTRYCHEMICAL, APPLICATION & EQUIPMENT STRATEGIES
LISA HOLDING EAGLE
February 20, 2019
SENIOR TECHNICAL LEAD
1
Treating for Safetyand the
Swiss Cheese Model
Safety Moment
2
Overview
• Sources/Root Causes
• Treating Principles
• Chemistries
• Applications
3
Bacteria
▪ Introduced
▪ Activated
Reservoir
▪ Intrusion
Mineralogy
▪ Pyrite
▪ Anhydrite
SPE 141434 (2011)
Bakken H2S Source(s)?
4
Root Cause
▪ Casing Leak?
▪ Bacteria Treatment?
Mass Balance
▪𝑀𝑀𝐶𝐹 × 𝑝𝑝𝑚 × 𝐹 = 𝐺𝑃𝐷
Mixing
▪ Flow Regime (mist ideal)
▪ Speed (15-25 ft/sec ideal)
▪ Water/Oil/Gas Cut
Time
▪ Injection to LACT (20-30+ sec)
Side Effects
▪ Scale/Solids
▪ Phase Separation
Monitoring
Other Costs
▪ Waste Management
▪ Manpower
Treatment Principles
5
Triazine-
MEA
Triazine-
MMA Glyoxal
Non-
Triazines
Metal
Carboxylate Metal Solids Oxidizers
Cost/unit Low Low Low Med Med Low Varies
Equipment
Inject, Batch,
Towers
Inject, Batch,
Towers Inject, Batch Inject, Batch Inject, Batch
Solid Bed
Tower Inject, Batch
Side Effects Scale, Solids Scale, Solids Corrosion -
Solids,
Toxicity,
Emulsions -
Solids,
Corrosion,
Material
Incompatibility
Best For Gas Oil NR Multiphase NR Downstream
Secondary
Benefit
H2S Treatment Chemistries
6
Treating Equipment—Continuous Injection
Treating Equipment-Manufactured Solutions
8
Inline Injection
Enhanced
Injection Solid Bed Tower "Bubble" Tower UltraFab
Capex Low Low Med Med High
Opex Med-High Med-High High Med Low
Chemistries Triazines Triazines Metal Solids Triazines (MEA) Triazines (MEA)
Benefits Cost/Set-up Cost/Set-up Contained, Bolt-on Contained, Bolt-on
Inline Monitoring,
Controls
No Downtime
Drawbacks
Efficiency Depends
on System
Efficiency Depends
on System
Waste
Management,
Downtime, Change
Costs
Monitoring,
Waste
Management,
Downtime Set-up
Gas Treating Applications
9
Downhole
Injection
Inline (Surface)
Injection
Enhanced
Injection Batching UltraFab
Capex Low Low Low N/A High
Operating ExpenseMed-High Med-High Med-High High Low
Chemistries Non-Triazines Triazines Triazines
Triazine, Non-
Triazine, Oxidizer Triazines
Benefits
Added
Mixing/Time, Iron
sulfide reduction Cost/Set-up Cost/Set-up
No setup, Can
remediate tanked
fluids, Downhole
fluid column
Inline Monitoring,
Controls
No Downtime
Drawbacks
Requires flush,
<15ft/s annular gas
speed
Efficiency Depends
on System, Best
with Injection for
each phase
Efficiency Depends
on System, Best
with Injection for
each phase
Low Efficiency,
Manpower
Set-up,
oil/condensate or
non-scaling brines.
Fluid & Mixed Phase Applications
10
Non-Chemical Strategies
• Sour Service Metallurgy
• Marketing Contracts
• Flaring
• Blending
• Stripping
11
12