H13403 - The French Revolution, 1789-1799 Fr Rev Handbook... · H13403 - The French Revolution, 1789-1799 ... The Civil Constitution of the Clergy and the Collapse of the ... 1793-1794

H13403 - The French Revolution, 1789-1799

Léopold Boilly, Le chanteur Chenard porte drapeau à la fête civique de la liberté de la Savoie, en

costume de sans-culotte, Musée Carnavalet, Paris

Course co-ordinator Dr. Joseph Clarke

Contact details: [email protected]

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Course Description: After two centuries of debate, the French Revolution remains one

of the most passionately contested and intellectually creative areas of historical enquiry.

Why did it take place? What was the nature of the new régime that emerged in 1789,

why did it become so much more radical in the years that followed and how did that

process change the lives of ordinary French men and women? Why ultimately did the

Revolution lead to Terror and end in dictatorship? In this course, students will be

encouraged to address these and other questions by examining different interpretations of

the Revolution and through their own research in primary sources. While a selection of

core documents will be supplied in translation, students are also expected to undertake

their own research in the extensive collections of prints, pamphlets and periodicals that

are available in various libraries across Dublin and online.

Duration One year

Assessment Essays, presentations and two 3-hour exams.

Weighting 20 ECTS

Contact Hours Tuesday, 4.00-5.00pm; room 5033

Wednesday, 9.00-11.00am; room 3124

Thursday, 2.00-4.00pm; room 3124

Learning Outcomes: On successful completion of this module students should be able:

• Demonstrate an informed understanding of the main themes and developments in

the history of France during the Revolutionary period.

• To critically engage with the main interpretative trends and theoretical debates

within Revolutionary historiography.

• To construct an individual reading programme among the leading interpretative

accounts of the period.

• To identify and interpret a variety of relevant primary sources from the period.

• To evaluate and interpret these sources in an informed manner.

• To construct an individual synthesis based on a reading of the primary sources

and secondary literature.

• To present such a synthesis in written and oral presentations.

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Contents

Weekly Programme 4

Guide to Research Materials 5

i. Published Primary Sources 5

ii. The Revolutionary Press 6

Seminar Documents List 9

i. Michaelmas Term 9

ii. Hilary Term 12

Recommended Reading 15

i. General Texts and Essay Collections 16

ii. Weekly Reading 18

Course Assessment and Suggested Essay Titles 46

Useful Links 47

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Michaelmas Term

1. Introduction: Writing about the Revolution

2. ‘Do Books make Revolutions’? Reflections on the Cultural Origins of the

Revolution

3. The Collapse of the Old Order

4. ‘Becoming a Revolutionary’

5. Remaking France

6. A New Political Culture: Jacobins, Journalists and Popular Radicalism

7. Reading Week

8. Making Martyrs: The Civil Constitution of the Clergy and the Collapse of the

Revolutionary Consensus

9. The Road from Varennes

10. To Kill a King: Girondins and Montagnards

11. The Revolt of the Provinces: Civil War and Counter-Revolution

12. What is a Sans-Culotte?

Hilary Term

1. Terror is the Order of the Day

2. La République au Village: the Terror in the Countryside

3. ‘Death is an Eternal Sleep’: Dechristianisation

4. A Cultural Revolution?

5. The Terror as a Social Programme: The Revolution and the Poor

6. Women in Revolution

7. Reading Week

8. The Revolution is Frozen: Politics in the Republic of Virtue

9. Thermidor or ‘The End of the Illusion’?

10. Ending the Revolution

11. The Revolution is Over

12. Conclusion

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Guide to Research Materials

1. Printed Primary Sources

2. Newspapers

1. Printed Primary Sources

The following is just a selection of some of the most important published primary sources

from the Revolutionary decade that can be found in Dublin libraries. In addition to the

items listed below, UCD Library holds the Maclure Collection of French Revolutionary

Materials which contains over 25,000 items on microfilm while TCD’s Department of

Early Printed Books and the National Library of Ireland both have extensive holdings of

Revolutionary pamphlets, autobiographies and newspapers. These sources, and many

more, can also be found online via the Bibliothèque Nationale de France’s Gallica

website at http://gallica.bnf.fr/. Students are encouraged to exploit these resources in

both their seminar presentations and essays.

Archives Parlementaires de 1787 a 1860: Recueil Complet des Débats Législatifs et

Politiques du Chambre française, 82 vols. (Paris, 1867- ) (TCD Berkeley)

Aulard, F.- A., ed., La Société des Jacobins: Recueil des documents pour l’histoire du

Club des Jacobins de Paris 1789-94, 6 vols. (Paris, 1889-97) (UCD Microfilm)

___ Recueil des actes de Comité de Salut Public avec la correspondance officielle des

représentants en mission et le registre du Conseil exécutif provisoire, 28 vols.

(Paris, 1889-1951) (UCD Open Access)

___ Paris pendant la Réaction Thermidorienne et sous le Directoire. Recueil de

documents pour l’histoire de l’esprit public à Paris, 5 vols. (Paris, 1898-1902)

(UCD Microfilm)

___ Paris sous le Consulat. Recueil de documents pour l’histoire de l’esprit public à

Paris, 4 vols. (Paris, 1903-09) (UCD Microfilm)

Caron, P., ed. Paris pendant la Terreur: Rapports des Agents Secrets du Ministre de

l’Intérieur, 6 vols. (Paris, 1910-64) (TCD Berkeley)

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___ Rapports des Agents du Ministre de l’Intérieur dans les départements (1793-an II)

2 vols. (Paris. 1913) (UCD Open Access)

Debidour, A., ed. Recueil des actes du Directoire Exécutif: Procès-verbaux, arrêtés,

instructions, lettres et actes divers. 4 vols. (Paris 1910-17) (UCD Open Access)

Godechot, J., ed. Les Constituions de la France depuis 1789 (Paris, 1979) (TCD

Berkeley)

Guillaume, M. J., ed. Procès-verbal du Comité d’Instruction Publique, 7 vols. (Paris,

1889)

Lacroix, S., ed. Actes de la Commune de Paris pendant la Révolution, 16 vols. (Paris,

1894-1914) (BNF Gallica)

J.-P. Marat, Oeuvres politiques, 1789-1793, 10 vols. (Brussels, 1989-95) (TCD

Berkeley)

Markov, W., and Soboul, A., eds. Die Sansculotten von Paris: Dokumente zur Geschichte

der Volksbewegung: 1793-1794 (Berlin, 1957) (TCD Berkeley)

M. Robespierre, Oeuvres de Maximilien Robespierre, 10 vols. (2000) (TCD Berkeley)

2. The Revolutionary Press

Newspapers are one of the most informative and most readily available primary sources

on Revolutionary politics. The following list should give you an idea as to what

Revolutionary newspapers are to hand and where they can be found. The list of papers

available on the BNF Gallica website is impressive, but many of these titles only last a

matter of weeks or months, while some are incomplete runs. If a major paper is available

in either Trinity or UCD, I have listed it there, as it is more likely to offer a complete run.

If you find any other titles, let me know.

In Dublin Libraries

L’Ami du Peuple, in J. P. Marat, Œuvres Politiques, 1789-1793, 10 vols. (Brussels, 1989-

95) (TCD Berkeley)

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Réimpression de l’Ancien Moniteur, depuis la Réunion des États-Généraux jusqu’au

Consulat, mai 1789-novembre 1799. 3 volumes in EPB and a complete run in

UCD

La Bouche de Fer, UCD Open Access

Correspondance Littéraire, Philosophique et Critique, Grimm, Raynal, Diderot, et al, 16

vols., ed. M. Tourneaux (Paris 1877-1882), UCD Open Access

Le Courrier des LXXXIII Départements, UCD Microfilm

Le Défenseur de la Constitution, TCD Berkeley in M. Robespierre, Oeuvres de

Maximilien Robespierre, 10 vols. (2000 ed.)

Journal des Amis de la Constitution, UCD Microfilm

Journal des débats de la société des amis de la constitution, UCD microfilm

Journal de la Montagne, UCD Microfilm

Le Père Duchesne, UCD Open Access

Révolutions de France et de Brabant, UCD Open Access

Révolutions de Paris, EPB and UCD microfilm

Le Vieux Cordelier, UCD Open Access

Some of the most important Revolutionary titles on the BNF Gallica website (with

links)

Les actes des apôtres

L'ami du roi, des François, de l'ordre, et sur-tout de la vérité

Annales de la religion, ou Mémoires pour servir à l'histoire de l'Eglise de France sur la fin

du XVIIIe siècle

Annales patriotiques de Marseille

Annales religieuses, politiques et littéraires

L'avant-garde de l'armée des Pyrénées Orientales

Bulletin de l'armée des côtes de Brest

Bulletin de l'armée du Midi

Chronique de Paris

La chronique du mois, ou Les cahiers patriotiques des Amis de la vérité

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Le courier de l'hymen, journal des dames

Le courrier de l'armée d'Italie, ou Le patriote français à Milan

Courrier de Lyon

Courrier de Marseille

La feuille villageoise

La France vue de l'armée d'Italie

Gazette des tribunaux

Gazette nationale, ou le Moniteur universel

Je suis le véritable père Duchesne, foutre !

Journal de l'armée des Pyrénées-Orientales

Journal de la Montagne

Journal de la Société républicaine des arts

Journal de Lyon et du département de Rhône

Journal de Ville-Affranchie, et des départemens de Rhône et Loire ou Journal de

Commune-Affranchie, annonces et avis divers

Journal militaire

Journal républicain des deux départemens de Rhône et de Loire

Le moniteur patriote

Le patriote françois, ou Journal libre, impartial et national

La Quotidienne, ou Feuille du jour

Le Républicain, Journal des hommes libres de tous les pays

Révolutions de Paris

Révolutions de Versailles et de Paris, dédiées aux dames françoises

Revue algérienne et coloniale

La tribune de la Société populaire de Marseille

Le véritable ami de la reine, ou Journal des dames

Le vieux tribun et sa bouche de fer

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Seminar Document List

Michaelmas Term

Week 1 Writing about the Revolution

See Recommended Reading

Week 2 Do Books Make Revolutions?

1 E. Burke, Reflections on the Revolution in France (extracts)

2 A. de Tocqueville, The Old Régime and the Revolution (book III, chapter I)

Week 3 Public Opinion in 1789

1 The Cahiers de Doléances: a selection

2 E. Sieyès, What is the Third Estate? (extracts)

Week 4 Becoming a Revolutionary

1 Declaration of the Third Estate, 17 June 1789

2 The Tennis Court Oath, 20 June 1789

3 The Royal Session, 23 June 1789

4 The Fall of the Bastille as seen by Earl Gower, the Marquis de Ferrières and

the Révolutions de Paris

5 The Establishment of the National Guards

Week 5 Remaking France

1 Peasant Unrest and the Great Fear, July-August 1789

2 The Abolition of Feudalism, August 1789

3 The Declaration of the Rights of Man and the Citizen, August 1789

4 The October Days

5 The Re-Organisation of Revolutionary Space: the creation of Municipalities

and Départements, December 1789 and February 1790

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6 The Le Chapelier Law, 14 June 1790

7 The Abolition of Heredity Nobility and Titles, 19 June 1790

Week 6 A New Political Culture

1 Revolutionary Ritual: The Festival of the Federation, 14 July 1790

2 Revolutionary Sociability: Extracts from the Deliberations of the Société des

Amis de la Constitution of Artonne (1790)

3 The Radical Press: The Révolutions de Paris and the Ami du Peuple

(selected extracts)

Week 7 Reading Week

Week 8 Making Martyrs: The Civil Constitution of the Clergy and the Collapse

of the Revolutionary Consensus

1 Decree Confiscating Church Property, 2 November 1789

2 Grant of Religious Liberty to Protestants, 24 December 1789

3 Decree Prohibiting Monastic Vows in France, 13 February 1790

4 The Civil Constitution of The Clergy, 12 July 1790

5 The Clerical Oath, 27 November 1790

6 Papal Bull Charitas, 13 April 1791

7 Anticlerical demonstrations in Paris, Spring 1791, as reported by Célestin

Guittard de Floriban

8 Some contemporary prints on the clerical oath and Charitas

9 A Report by the Jacobins of Besançon on the Refractory Clergy, January

1792

Week 9 The Road from Varennes

1 The King’s Declaration on Leaving Paris, 20 June 1791

2 Reactions to the King’s flight

3 Petition of the Cordeliers Club, 21 June 1791

4 Petition of the Jacobin Club, 16 July 1791

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5 Petitions on the Champ de Mars, 17 July 1791

6 The Massacre on the Champ de Mars as reported in the Révolutions de Paris

7 The Situation in Paris after the Massacre, Mme Roland’s view

Week 10 To Kill a King

1 Address of the Mauconseil Section to all the Citizens of Paris, 4 August

1792, and the Legislative Assembly’s response.

2 The Deportation of Non-juring Priests and the abolition of Feudalism, 26

and 25 August 1792

3 The September Massacres as seen by Restif de la Bretonne and Earl Gower

4 The Indictment of Louis XVI, 11 December 1792

5 Louis’ execution

6 Circular from the Jacobin Club to its affiliates, 3 April 1792

Week 11 The Revolt of the Provinces: Civil War and Counter-Revolution

1. Address of the thirty-two sections of the commune of Marseille to the National

Convention (read to the Convention, 25 May 1793) Buchez and Roux, Histoire

Parlementaire de la Révolution Française, vol. xxvii, pp. 214-9.

2. Address of the citizens of Rennes (read to the Convention, 9 June 1793) Ancien

Moniteur no. 162, 11 June 1793, pp. 600-1.

3. Letter from Merlin and Gillet in Rennes to the Committee of Public Safety, 12

June 1793, Aulard, C. S. P. vol. iv, p. 532.

4. Pétion’s account of the Federalist revolt in Normandy, Mémoires inédites de

Pétion (Paris, 1866) pp. 147-55.

Week 12 What is a Sans-Culotte?

1 An answer to the impertinent question: But what is a Sans-Culotte? (April 1793)

2 Definition of the Moderate, the Feuillant, the Aristocrat, in short of the class of

citizens upon whom the forced loan that is to be raised throughout the Republic

should fall. (May 1793)

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3 Jacques Roux, The Manifesto of the Enragés, Buchez and Roux, Histoire

parlementaire, vol. 28, pp. 216-19.

4 Extract from the Register of Deliberations of the General Council of the

Commune of Paris, 20th day of the first month, year II of the Republic

5 Petition of the William Tell section to the Convention, Brumaire, year II.

Hilary Term Documents

Week 1 Terror is the Order of the Day

1 Proceedings of the National Convention (5 September 1793) Baker, pp. 343-53.

2 The Law of Suspects (17 September 1793)

3 Saint-Just, Report to the Convention on behalf of the Committee of Public

Safety (10 October 1793)

4 The Law of 14 Frimaire

Week 2 La République au Village: the Terror in the Countryside

1 Decree establishing the levée en masse (23 August 1793)

2 Decree of the representatives, Châles and Isoré establishing a Revolutionary

Army in the Nord, 13 brumaire an II (3 November 1793)

3 Dartigoeyte, representative-on-mission in the Gers to the Committee of Public

Safety (nivôse an II), Aulard, C. S. P. vol. x, pp. 212

4 Javogues, representative-on-mission in the Saône-et-Loire to Collot d’Herbois, 16

pluviôse an II. Aulard, C. S. P. vol. x, pp. 697-706.

5 Questionnaire of the Société des Sans-culottes d’Avallon (16 February 1794)

Week 3 ‘Death is an eternal sleep’: Dechristianisation

1 Fouché’s dechristianising decree in Nevers (10 October 1793)

2 A sans-culotte paternoster

3 The ‘furie d’Auxerre’ (November 1793)

4 A circular from the Committee of Public Safety to the sociétés populaires

(November 1793)

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5 Robespierre’s reaction to the dechristianisation campaign in the Jacobin club, 1

frimaire an II (21 November 1793)

6 An account of a Revolutionary festival in Artonne’s Temple of Reason (January

1794)

Week 4 A Cultural Revolution?

1 Decrees concerning the new Revolutionary Calendar (5 October and 24

November 1793)

2 Changing the names of inns in Pierrefonds in the Oise, 24 brumaire an II

3 Account of a festival of Reason in Fontainebleau (frimaire an II)

4 Bouquier law on Public Education, 29 frimaire an II (19 December 1793)

5 New regulations concerning funerals in Honfleur (nivôse an II)

6 Barère, Report on patois, 8 pluviôse an II (27 January 1794)

Week 5 The Terror as a Social Programme: the Revolution and the Poor

1 The ventôse decrees (3 March 1794)

2 Letter from Madame Harlay Ducroquet to her son (4 ventôse an II) Markov and

Soboul, Die Sans-culotten von Paris, pp. 340-2.

3 Collot d’Herbois, Report… on pensions, payments and assistance to be paid to the

families of the defenders of the patrie, 14 prairial an II

4 Welfare reform in practice: the efforts of the representatives on mission

Week 6 Women in Revolution

1 An Address by the Républicaines Révolutionnaires to the Jacobin Club (May 19,

1793)

2 Regulations of the Société des citoyennes Républicaines Révolutionnaires

3 Police Report concerning a riot in Les Halles over the wearing of the

Revolutionary Cockade (7 brumaire an II)

4 The suppression of Women’s societies and popular Clubs (9 brumaire an II)

5 Testimony of two sans-culotte women in custody (prairial an II) Markov and

Soboul, Die Sans-culotten von Paris, pp. 398-404.

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Week 7 Reading Week

Week 8 The Revolution is Frozen: Politics in the Republic of Virtue

1 Extracts from Le Vieux Cordelier, no. 3, 25 frimaire an II (15 December 1793)

2 Police report on the Situation in Paris, 18 nivôse an II (7 January 1794)

3 Robespierre, Report on the Principles of Political Morality (5 February 1794)

4 Saint-Just, Report on the foreign factions, 23 ventôse an II (13 March 1794)

5 The Festival of the Supreme Being (8 June 1794)

6 The Law of 22 Prairial an II (10 June 1794)

7 Extracts from Céléstin Guittard de Floriban’s diary of events in Paris (July 1794)

Week 9 The Thermidorian Moment

1 Jean d’Yzez, letter of the 11th of thermidor an II, in Jean d’Yzez, ‘Lettres

d’un Conventionnel’, Revue de France, vol. vi (1926) pp. 519-21.

2 Police Report, Paris, 19 thermidor an II, A. Aulard, ed. Paris pendant la

réaction thermidorienne, vol. i, pp. 20-1.

3 Speech by Lecointre de Versailles, National Convention, 12 fructidor an II,

Ancien Moniteur, vol. xxi, pp. 620-1.

4 Jean d’Yzez, letter of 13 fructidor, an II, ‘Lettres d’un Conventionnel’, p.

527.

Week 10 Politics in the Year III

1 Thermidorian politics, an account from René Levasseur’s mémoires,

Mémoires de Levasseur de la Sarthe (Paris, 1828) vol. iii, pp. 234-55.

2 The public mood in March 1795 according to Mallet du Pan. Mallet du Pan,

letter 7 March 1795, Correspondance inédite de Mallet du Pan avec la Cour

de Vienne: 1794-1798 (Paris, 1884 ed.)

3 Jean-Baptiste Isabey, Le Petit Coblentz, Musée Carnavalet, inv. No. D. 7945

4 The Spirit of the new Constitution, Boissy d’Anglas, Gazette Nationale, no.

281, 11 messidor, year III.

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Week 11 The Directory and Drift

1 Declaration of Rights and Duties, Constitution of the year III

2 The Manifesto of the Directors.

3 A Police Report from the Provinces, September 1797

4 Jacques-Louis David, The Intervention of the Sabine Women, Musée du

Louvre.

5 Proclamation of the Consuls to the French People, 24 frimaire an VIII (15

December 1799)

Recommended Reading

General Histories

The following is only an outline of some of the most important surveys of the Revolution.

It is by no means exhaustive, and you should always keep an eye out for other material in

the library and for references in bibliographies, footnotes and journals. Three useful and

very up-to-date bibliographical essays can be found in D. Andress, French Society in

Revolution, 1789-1799, W. Doyle, The Oxford History of the French Revolution (2nd ed.)

and H. Gough, The Terror and The French Revolution. As regards journals, Annales

historiques de la Révolution Française, French Historical Studies and French History are

the best places to look for interesting new work on the Revolution, but use the JSTOR

internet search facility to browse other journals as well. Where translations of French

works are available, I have listed these. If you are interested in areas not covered by the

booklist in any detail or want to go deeper into those that are dealt with here, let me know

and I can give you some suggestions.

D. Andress, French Society in Revolution (1999)

___ The French Revolution and the People (2004)

___ The Terror: Civil War in the French Revolution (2005)

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N. Aston, The French Revolution 1789-1804: Authority, Liberty and the search for

Stability (2004)

W. Doyle, The Oxford History of the French Revolution (Oxford, 1989 and 2002)

A. Forrest, The French Revolution (1995)

F. Furet, The French Revolution, 1770-1814 (1988)

F. Furet & D. Richet, The French Revolution (1970)

N. Hampson, The Social History of the French Revolution (f.p. 1970)

L. Hunt, Politics, Culture and Class in the French Revolution (1986)

G. Lefebvre, The French Revolution, 2 vols. (1962)

P. McPhee, Living The French Revolution (2006)

A. Soboul, The French Revolution (1973)

S. Schama, Citizens: A Chronicle of the French Revolution (1989)

D. M. G. Sutherland, France 1789-1815: Revolution and Counter-Revolution (1985)

M. Vovelle, the Fall of the French Monarchy, 1787-1792 (1978)

I. Woloch, The New Régime: Transformations in the French Civic Order: 1789-1820s

(1995)

Reference Works

F. Furet and M. Ozouf, eds. A Critical Dictionary of the French Revolution (1989)

E. Lemay, ed. Dictionnaire des Constituants, 1789-1791, 2 vols. (1991)

C. Jones, ed. The Longman Companion to the French Revolution (1988)

___ The French Revolution: Voices from a Momentous Epoch (1989)

S. Scott and B. Rothaus, eds. Historical Dictionary of the French Revolution, 2 vols.

(1984)

Essay Collections

K. Baker, C. Lucas, F. Furet and M. Ozouf, eds. The French Revolution and the Creation

of Modern Political Culture, 4 vols. (1987-94)

T. C. W. Blanning, ed. The Rise and Fall of the French Revolution (1996)

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P. M. Jones, ed. The French Revolution in Social and Political Perspective (1996)

G. Kates, ed. The French Revolution: Recent Debates and New Controversies (1998)

R. Schecter, ed. The French Revolution (2001)

Documentary Collections

K. M. Baker, ed. The Ancien Régime and the French Revolution (1987)

P. Beik, ed. The French Revolution (1970)

R. Bienvenu, The Ninth of Thermidor: The Fall of Robespierre (1968) A wide-ranging

collection of documents dealing with the background to, and aftermath of,

Robespierre’s fall from power.

P. Dwyer and P. McPhee, eds. The French Revolution and Napoleon: a Sourcebook

(2002)

J. Hardman, ed. French Revolution Documents, 2 vols. (1973)

___ The French Revolution Sourcebook (1987)

W. Markov and A. Soboul, eds. Die Sansculotten von Paris: Dokumente zur Geschichte

der Volksbewegung: 1793-1794 (Berlin, 1957). Don’t let the title put you off.

This collection contains an immense amount of archival and pamphlet material in

French about the popular movement during the Terror.

J. H. Stewart, ed. A Documentary Survey of the French Revolution (1951)

Abbreviations

AHRF Annales Historiques de la Révolution française

A H R American Historical Review

Annales ESC Annales, Économies, Sociétés, Civilisations

EHR English Historical Review

ES Eighteenth-Century Studies

DHS Dix-huitième Siècle

FH French History

FHS French Historical Studies

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HJ Historical Journal

JHI Journal of the History of Ideas

JMH Journal of Modern History

P&P Past and Present

RHMC Revue d’histoire moderne et contemporaine

Weekly Reading

Michaelmas Term

1 and 2 Writing about the Revolution and the Cultural Origins of the Revolution

The classic Marxist interpretation of the French Revolution

G. Lefebvre, The Coming of the French Revolution (f.p. 1939)

A. Soboul, The French Revolution (1974 and 1989) esp. chapter 1.

G. Lewis, The French Revolution: Rethinking the Debate (1993)

The Revisionist Critique

A. Cobban, ‘The Myth of the French Revolution,’ in A. Cobban, Aspects of the French

Revolution (1968)

W. Doyle, ‘A Consensus and its Collapse’ in W. Doyle, Origins of the French Revolution

(1987)

W. Doyle, M. Vovelle et al. ‘The origins of the French Revolution: a debate’, F.H. S., 16

(1990)

E. L. Eisenstein, ‘Who intervened in 1788? A Commentary on The Coming of the French

Revolution’, A. H. R., 71 (1965), pp. 77-103.

F. Furet, Interpreting the French Revolution (1978)

C. Langlois, ‘François Furet’s interpretation of the French Revolution’, F. H. S., 16

(1990)

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C. Lucas, ‘Nobles, Bourgeois and the Origins of the French Revolution’, P&P, 60

(1973), pp. 84-126.

G. V. Taylor, ‘Non-capitalist Wealth and the French Revolution’, American Historical

Review, 71 (1967), 469-496.

___ ‘Revolutionary and non-Revolutionary Content in the Cahiers of 1789: An

Interim Report’, French Historical Studies (1972), pp. 479-502.

The Current State of the Debate

K. Baker (ed.) The Political Culture of the Old Régime (1987)

T. Blanning, The French Revolution: Aristocrats versus Bourgeois (1987) reprinted as

the French Revolution: Class war or Culture Clash? (1997)

J. Censer, ‘Social Twists and Linguistic Turns: Revolutionary Historiography a decade

after the Bicentennial’, F H S, vol. 22 (1999) pp. 139-67.

R. Chartier, The Cultural Origins of the French Revolution (1991)

S. Desan, ‘What’s after Political Culture’, Recent French Revolutionary Historiography’,

F. H. S. vol. 23 (2000) pp. 163-96.

F. Feher, ed. The French Revolution and the Birth of modernity (1990)

C. Jones, ‘Bourgeois Revolution Revivified: 1789 and Social Change’, in C. Lucas, ed.

Rewriting the French Revolution: the Andrew Browning Lectures 1989 (Oxford,

1991) pp. 69-118. Reprinted in P. Jones, ed. The French Revolution in Social

and Political Perspective (1996)

___ ‘The Great Chain of Buying: Medical Advertisement, the Bourgeois Public

Sphere and the Origins of the French Revolution’, A. H. R., 100 (1996)

C. Jones and R. Sprang, ‘Sans-culottes, sans café, sans tabac: shifting realms of necessity

and luxury in eighteenth-century France’, in M. Berg ed. Consumers and

luxury: consumer culture in Europe 1650-1850 (1999) pp. 37-62.

R. Sprang, ‘Paradigms and Paranoia: How Modern is the French Revolution?’ A H R, 108

(Feb. 2003) pp. 119-47.

S. Maza, ‘Politics, Culture and the Origins of the French Revolution’, J M H, 61 (1989)

pp. 703-23.

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___ ‘Luxury, Morality and social change: why was there no middle-class

consciousness in pre-revolutionary France’, J M H, 69 (1997), pp. 199-229.

J. Popkin, ‘Not Over After All: the French Revolution’s Third Century’, Journal of

Modern History, 74 (2002) pp. 801-21.

T. Tackett, Becoming a Revolutionary: the deputies of the French National Assembly and

the Emergence of a Revolutionary Political Culture (1789-1790) (1996)

I. Woloch, ‘On the Latent Illiberalism of the French Revolution’, A. M. R. 95 (1990)

2 Do Books make Revolutions?

K. Baker (ed.) The Political Culture of the Old Régime (1987)

K. Baker, Inventing the French Revolution (1990)

____ ‘French Political thought at the End of the Old Régime’, J M H, 50 (1978)

___ ‘Enlightenment and Revolution in France’, JMH, 52 (1981)

R. Chartier, The Cultural Origins of the French Revolution (1991)

H. Chisick, ‘The ambivalence of the idea of equality in the French Enlightenment’,

History of European Ideas, 13 (1991)

R. Darnton, The Business of Enlightenment: A Publishing History of the Encyclopédie,

1775-1800 (1979)

___ The Literary Underground of the Old Régime (1982)

___ ‘The High Enlightenment and the low life of literature in prerevolutionary

France’, P&P, no 51 (1971)

___ ‘The Brissot Dossier’, F H S, 17 (1991), pp. 191-205 and F. da Luna’s

accompanying: ‘The Dean Street Style of Revolution: J.-P. Brissot, Jeune

philosophe’, pp. 159-199

___ The Forbidden Best-Sellers of Pre-Revolutionary France (1995)

H. Mason, ed. The Darnton Debate: Books and Revolution in the Eighteenth Century

(1999)

D. Echeverria, ‘The pre-Revolutionary influence of Rousseau’s Social Contract, JHI, 33

(1972)

D. Mornet, Les Origines Intellectuelles de la Révolution française (1934)

21

D. Goodman, The Republic of Letters: A Cultural History of the French Enlightenment

(1994)

D. Outram, The Enlightenment (1993)

R. Porter, The Enlightenment (1988)

N. Hampson, The Enlightenment (1968)

Furet & Ozouf, Critical Dictionary, esp. contributions on the Ancien Regime,

Enlightenment, Montesquieu, Rousseau, and Sovereignty.

N. Hampson, Will and Circumstance. Montesquieu. Rousseau and the French Revolution

(1983)

E. Eisenstein, Grub Street Abroad: Louis XIV to French Revolution (1992)

D. Roche, Les Républicains des lettres: gens de culture et lumières au XVIIIe siècle

(1988)

D. Bell, Lawyers and Citizens: the Making of a Political Elite in Old Regime France

(1994)

D. Van Kley, The Damiens Affair and the Unravelling of the Ancien Régime (1984)

D. Gordon, Citizens and Sovereignty: Equality and Sociability in French Thought (1995)

S. Maza, Private Lives and Public Affairs: the Causes célèbres of PreRevolutionary

France (1993)

The Problem of the Public Sphere

J. Habermas, The Structural Transformation of the Public Sphere (1989)

B. Nathan, ‘Habermas’ Public Sphere in the era of the Enlightenment’, FHS, 16 (1989)

D. Goodman, ‘Public sphere and private life: towards a synthesis of recent

historiographical approaches to the Old Regime’, History & Theory, 31 (1992)

K. Baker, ‘Defining the public sphere in 18th-century France: variations on a theme by

Habermas’, in C. Calhoun (ed.), Habermas and the Public Sphere (1992)

T. Kaiser, ‘This strange offspring of Philosophy’: Recent historiographical problems in

relating the Enlightenment to the French Revolution’, FHS, 15 (1988)

S. Maza, ‘Women, the bourgeoisie, and the public sphere: response to Daniel Gordon and

David Bell’ (and their contributions) 6, FHS, 17 (1991-2)

J. Van Horn Melton, The rise of the public in enlightenment Europe (2001)

22

3 The Collapse of the Old Order

Background Reading

P. Campbell, The Ancien Régime (1988)

W. Doyle, ed. Old Regime France, 1648-1788 (2001)

P. Goubert, The Ancien Régime: French society, 1600-1750 (1973)

C. Jones, The Great Nation: France from Louis XV to Napoleon (2002)

An Aristocratic Reaction?

B. Stone, ‘Robe Against Sword: The Parlement of Paris and the French Aristocracy’, F

H S, IX (1975)

___ The Parlement of Paris, 1774-1789 (1981)

___ The Genesis of the French Revolution (1994)

D. Bien, ‘La réaction aristocratique avant 1789. L'exemple de l'armée’, Annales E.S.C.,

XXIX (1974)

____ ‘Manufacturing Nobles: the Chancelleries in France to 1789’, J M. H., 61

(1989), pp. 445-486.

Guy Chaussinand-Nogaret (trans. W. Doyle), The French Nobility in the Eighteenth

Century (1985)

W. Doyle, ‘Was there an Aristocratic Reaction in Pre-Revolutionary France’, P&P

(1972)

___ ‘The Parlements of France and the Breakdown of the Old Régime’, FHS, ix

(1984)

___ The Parlement of Bordeaux and the End of the Old Regime, 1771-1790 (1974)

___ The Origins of the French Revolution (f. p. 1980)

D. Echeverria, The Maupeou Revolution: A Study in the History of Libertarianism (1985)

J. Egret, Louis XV et l’opposition parlementaire (1715-1774) (1970)

___ The French Pre-Revolution (1977)

Michael Fitzsimmons, ‘New light on the aristocratic reaction in France’, French History

(1996)

23

A. Goodwin, ‘Calonne, the French Assembly of Notables and the Origins of the Révolte

nobilitaire’, Eng. Hist. Review (1946)

V. Gruder, ‘Paths to political consciousness in the Assembly of Notables of 1787’, FHS,

13 (1979)

___ ‘The society of orders at its demise: vision of the elite at the end of the Ancien

Regime’, FH, 1 (1987)

___ ‘A mutation in elite political culture: the French Notables and the defense of

property and participation in 1787’, JMH 56 (1984)

J. .H. Shennan, The Parlement of Paris (1998).

J. Shovlin, ‘Toward a reinterpretation of revolutionary antinoblilism: the political

economy of honour in the old regime’, J. M. H., 72 (2000), pp. 35-66.

J. M. Smith, The Culture of Merit: Nobility, Royal Service, and the Making of Absolute

Monarchy in France, 1600-1789 (1996).

___ ‘Social categories, the language of patriotism, and the Origins of the French

Revolution: the debate over noblesse commercante’, J. M H., 72 (2000), pp.

339-374.

J. Swann, Politics and the Parlement of Paris under Louis XV, 1754-1774 (1995).

D. Van Kley, ‘Church State, and the Ideological Origins of the French Revolution: The

Debate over the General Assembly of the Clergy in 1765’, J M H, 51 (1979),

pp. 629-666.

___ The Religious Origins of the French Revolution: From Calvin to the Civil

Constitution (1996)

D.L. Wick, A Conspiracy of Well-intentioned Men: The Society of Thirty and the French

Revolution (1987)

4 Becoming a Revolutionary

The Events of 1789 – Paris and Versailles

W. Doyle, The Origins of the French Revolution (f. p. 1980)

J. Godechot, The Taking of the Bastille, 14 July 1789 (1970)

B. Hyslop, A Guide to the General Cahiers of 1789 (1936)

24

P.M. Jones, Reform and Revolution in France: The Politics of Transition, 1774-91 (1995)

G. Lefebvre, The Coming of the French Revolution (1947)

H. J. Lusebrink, ‘La Bastille dans l’imaginaire social de la France à la fin du XVIIIe

siècle’, R H. M C. (1983)

H. J. Lüsebrink and R. Reichardt, ‘La “Bastille” dans l’imaginaire social de la France à la

fin du XVIIIe siècle (1774-1799), R. H. M. C. (1983) pp. 196-234.

___ The Bastille, A History of a Symbol of Despotism and Freedom (1997)

R. Reichardt, ‘Prints: Images of the Bastille’, in D. Roche & R. Darnton (eds), Revolution

in Print: The Press in France, 1775-1800 (1989)

G. Rudé, The Crowd in the French Revolution (1959).

W. Sewell, ‘Historical Events as Transformations of Structures: Inventing Revolution at

the Bastille,’ Theory and Society, 25: 841-881.

G. Shapiro and J. Markoff, Revolutionary Demands: A Content Analysis of the Cahiers

de Doléances of 1789 (1998)

T. Tackett, Becoming a Revolutionary: The Deputies of the French National Assembly

and the Emergence of A Revolutionary Culture (1789-1790) (1996)

G. Taylor, ‘Revolutionary and non-Revolutionary Content in the Cahiers of 1789’, F. H.

S. vii (1972) pp. 479-502.

The Events of 1789 – Rural France

P.M. Jones, The Peasantry and the French Revolution (1988)

R. Price, An Economic History of Rural France, 1730-1914 (1981)

P. Goubert, The Ancien Régime, 1600-1750 (1969)

O. Hufton, The Poor of Eighteenth-Century France, 1750-89 (1974)

H. Root, Peasant and King in Burgundy: Agrarian Foundations of French Absolutism

(1987)

J. Mackrell, The Attack on "Feudalism" in Eighteenth- Century France (1973)

G. Lemarchand, ‘Le féodalisme dans la France rurale’, AHRF 41 (1969)

R. Forster, ‘Obstacles to agricultural growth in eighteenth-century France’, AHR., 75

(1970)

25

O. Hufton, ‘The seigneur and the rural community in eighteenth-century France: the

seigneurial reaction, a re-appraisal’, Transactions of the Royal Historical

Society, 39 (1979)

L. Boutron, ‘Gendered behaviour in subsistence riots in the French Flour War of 1775’, J.

Soc. H., 23 (1990)

A. Davies, ‘The origins of the French Peasant Revolution of 1789’ History, 49 (1964)

A. Soboul, Problèmes paysans de la Révolution. 1789- 1848 (1976)

G. Lefebvre, The Great Fear of 1789 (1973)

C. Ramsay, The Ideology of the Great Fear: The Soissonais in 1789 (1992)

P. Jones, ‘G. Lefebvre and the Peasant Revolution: Fifty Years On’, FHS, 16 (1989)

H. Johnson, The Midi in Revolution: A Study in Regional Contrasts, 1789-93 (1986)

P. Jones, ‘The Agrarian Law and schemes for land redistribution during the French

Revolution’, P&P, 133 (1991)

T. Le Goff, ‘The Revolution and the rural community in eighteenth century Brittany’,

P&P, 62 (1974)

R. Necheles, ‘The Curés in the Estates General of 1789’ J M H, xlvi (1974)

H. Root, ‘The rural community and the French Revolution’, in K. Baker (ed.) The

Political Culture of the Old Regime.

F. Gauthier, ‘Sur les problèmes paysans de la Révolution francaise’ AHRF, 50 (1978)

T. Le Goff, ‘The Revolution and the rural community in eighteenth-century Brittany’,

P&P, 62 (1974)

D. Hunt, ‘Peasant politics in the French Revolution’, Social History, 9 (1984)

R. Hanlevi, ‘The Monarchy and the elections of 1789’, J M H, 60 (1988)

J. Markoff, ‘Contexts and forms of rural revolt: France in 1789’, Journal of Conflict

Resolution (1986)

___ ‘Peasant grievances and peasant insurrection in France in 1789’, JMH, 62

(1990)

___ ‘Violence, emancipation and democracy: the countryside and the French

Revolution’, AHR, 100 (1995)

___ The abolition of feudalism: peasants, lords, and legislators in the French

Revolution (1996)

26

5 Remaking France, 1789-91

H.B. Applewhite, ‘Political Legitimacy in Revolutionary France, 1788-91’, Journal of

Interdisciplinary History, 9 (1978)

___ Political Alignment in the French National Assembly, 1789-91 (1993)

J. Censer, Prelude to Power. The Parisian Radical Press, 1789-91 (1976)

A. Forrest & P. Jones (eds) Reshaping France: Town, Country and Region during the

French Revolution (1991)

M. Fitzsimmons, The Remaking of France: the National Assembly and the Constitution of

1791 (1994)

___ ‘Privilege and the Polity in France, 1789-91’ AHR, 92 (1987)

___ ‘The Committee of the Constitution and the Remaking of France’, FH, 4

(1990)

G. Kates, The Cercle Social, the Girondins and the French Revolution (1985)

N. Hampson, Prelude to Terror: the French Constituent Assembly (1988)

L. Hunt, Revolution and Urban Politics in Provincial France: Troyes and Reims, 1786-

90 (1978)

___ ‘Committees and communes: local politics and national revolution in 1789’,

Comparative Studies in Society and History, 18 (1976)

P. Higonnet, Class, Ideology and the Rights of the Nobility in the French Revolution

(1981)

D. Garrioch, ‘The Revolution in local politics in Paris’, Renaissance and Modern Studies

(1989)

___ The formation of the Parisian bourgeoisie, 1690-1830 (1996)

J. Godechot, Les Institutions de la France sous la Révolution et l’Empire (1968)

P.M. Jones, Remaking France: The Politics of Transition, 1774-91 (1995)

M. Kennedy, The Jacobin Clubs in the French Revolution: The Early Years (1982)

T. Margadant, Urban Rivalries in the French Revolution (1992)

J. Markoff, The abolition of feudalism: peasants, lords, and legislators in the French

Revolution (1996)

27

R.B. Rose, The Making of the Sans-Culottes (1982)

G. Rudé, The Crowd in the French Revolution (1959)

S.F. Scott, ‘Problems of law and order during 1790, the ‘peaceful’ year of the French

Revolution’, A H R, 80 (1975)

B.M. Shapiro, Revolutionary Justice in Paris, 1789-90 (1993)

T. Tackett, ‘Nobles and the Third Estate in the Revolutionary Dynamic of the National

Assembly’, AHR, 94 (1989)

___ Becoming A Revolutionary: The French National Assembly and the

Emergence of a Revolutionary Culture 1789-1790 (1996)

I. Woloch, The New Régime: Transformations of the French Civic Order, 1789-1820s

(1994)

M. Vovelle, The Fall of the Monarchy, 1787-92 (1984)

6 A New Political Culture: Jacobins, Journalists and Popular Radicalism

Elections and Festivals

M. Crook, Elections in the French Revolution: apprenticeship in democracy, 1789-1799

(1996)

J. Ehrard and P. Villaneix eds. Les Fêtes de la Révolution: Colloque de Clermont-

Ferrand (juin 1974) (1977)

P. Gueniffey, Le nombre et la raison: la Révolution française et les élections (1993)

L. Hunt, Politics, Class and Culture in the French Revolution (1984)

E. Kennedy, A Cultural History of the French Revolution (1989)

M. Ozouf, Festivals and the French Revolution (1988)

The Clubs and Popular Radicalism

D. Andress, Massacre on the Champ de Mars: popular dissent and political culture in

the French Revolution (2000)

J. Boutier and P. Boutry, ‘Les Sociétés Politiques en France de 1789 à l’an III: “Une

Machine”?’, R. H. M. C. vol. 36 (1989), pp. 29-67.

___ Atlas de la Révolution Française, vol. 6, Les Sociétés Politiques.

28

F. Furet, Interpreting the French Revolution, esp. the chapter on Cochin.

P. Higonnet, Goodness Beyond Virtue: Jacobins during the French Revolution (1998)


M. L. Kennedy, The Jacobin Club of Marseilles, 1790-1794 (1973)

___ The Jacobin Clubs in the French Revolution, 3 vols. (1982, 1986, 2000)

Mathiez, A., Le Club des Cordeliers pendant la crise de Varennes et le massacre de

Champs de Mars (1910)

C. Mazauric, ‘Political Clubs and Sociability in Revolutionary France: 1790-1794’, in D.

Dickson, ed. The United Irishmen, Republicanism, Radicalism and Rebellion

(1993) pp. 16-32.

M. Olsen, ‘A failure of Enlightened Politics in the French Revolution: the Société de

1789’, French History, vol. 6 (1992) pp. 302-334.

R. B. Rose, The Making of the Sans-Culottes: Democratic Ideas and Institutions in Paris,

1789-1792 (1984)

___ ‘The Paris Districts and Direct Democracy’, Bulletin of the John Rylands

Library, vol. 61 (1979) pp. 422-43.

The Press

J. Censer, Prelude to Power: the Parisian Radical Press: 1789-1791 (1976)

J. Censer & J. Popkin (eds) Press and Politics in Pre-Revolutionary France (1987)

H. Chisick (ed.) ‘The Press in the French Revolution’, in Studies on Voltaire and the

Eighteenth-Century, vol. 287 (1991)

___ The production, distribution and readership of a conservative journal of the

early French Revolution: the Ami du roi of the abbé Royou (1992)

R. Darnton & D. Roche (eds) Revolution in Print: The Press in France, 1775-1800

(1989)

H. Gough, The Newspaper Press in the French Revolution (1988)

___ ‘Les Jacobins et la Presse: Le Journal de la Montagne (juin 1793-brumaire an

II)’, A. Soboul ed., Actes du Colloque Girondins et Montagnards: (Sorbonne,

14 décembre 1975) (1980), pp. 269-96.

29

___ ‘The French Revolutionary Press’ in H. Barker and S. Burrows, eds. Press,

Politics and the Public Sphere in Europe and North America, 1760-1820

(2002) pp. 182-201.

C. Hesse, Publishing and Cultural Politics in Revolutionary Paris 1789- 1810 (1991)

M. L. Kennedy, ‘“L’Oracle des Jacobins des départements”: Jean-Louis Carra et ses

Annales Patriotiques’, in A. Soboul, ed. Girondins et Montagnards (1977) pp.

247-68.

___ ‘The Jacobin clubs and the Press – Phase Two’, F H S, 13 (1984) 474-99.

J. Popkin, The Right-Wing Press in France, 1792-1800 (1980)

___ Revolutionary News: The Press in France 1789-1800 (1990)

W.J. Murray, The Right-Wing Press in the French Revolution (1986)

P. Rétat (ed.) La Révolution du journal, 1788-94 (1989)

See also the articles on ‘The rôle of the Press in the French Revolution’ in a special

edition of History of European Ideas, vol. x., no. 4 (1989)

7 Reading Week

8 Making Martyrs: the Civil Constitution of the Clergy and the Collapse of

the Revolutionary Consensus

Reform of the Church and the Civil Constitution of the Clergy

N. Aston, Religion and Revolution in France 1780-1804 (2000)

___ The End of an Elite: the French Bishops and the Coming of the Revolution¸

(1992)

___ Christianity and Revolutionary Europe, 1750-1830 (2003)

A. F. Aulard, Christianity and the French Revolution (1927)

F. Furet, ‘Civil Constitution’, in Furet and Ozouf, Critical Dictionary

R. Gibson, A Social History of French Catholicism (1989) chapter 1.

R. Graham, ‘The Revolutionary bishops and the philosophes’, 18th Century Studies

(1982-3)

30

O. Hufton, ‘The French Church’ in Callahan, W. and Higgs, D., eds. Church and Society

in Catholic Europe of the Eighteenth Century (1979) pp. 13-33.

C. Langlois, T. Tackett, and M. Vovelle, eds., Atlas Historique de la Révolution

française, vol. 9, Religion (1989)

F. Lebrun, ed. Histoire des Catholiques en France (1980)

J. McManners, The French Revolution and the Church (1969)

___ French Ecclesiastical Society under the Ancien Régime: A Study of Angers in the

Eighteenth Century (1960)

___ Church and Society in Eighteenth-Century France, 2 vols. (1999)

A. Mathiez, Les Origines des Cultes Révolutionnaires: 1789-1792 (1977 ed.)

R. F. Necheles, ‘The Curés in the Estates General of 1789’ J. M. H. (1984)

E. Rapley, ‘Pieuses contre-révolutionnaires’: the experience of the Ursulines of northern

France, 1789-1792’, F. H. vol. ii (1988)

T. Tackett, Priest and Parish in Eighteenth Century France: a social and Political Study

of the Curés on a Diocese of Dauphiné 1750-1791 (1977)

___ Religion, Revolution and Regional Culture in Eighteenth Century France: the

Ecclesiastical Oath of 1791 (1986)

___ ‘Women and men in counterrevolution: the Sommières riot of 179l’, J.M.H.

(1987)

T. Tackett and C. Langlois, ‘Ecclesiastical Structures and Clerical Geography on the eve

of the French Revolution’, F. H. S. xi (1980) pp. 352-70.

D. Van Kley, The Religious Origins of the French Revolution (1996) esp. chapter 6.

9 The Road from Varennes

See also the section on Popular Radicalism

J. Censer, Prelude to Power. The Parisian Radical Press, 1789-91 (1976)


M. L. Kennedy, ‘The Best and Worst of Times: the Jacobin Club Network from October

1791 to June 2 1793’, J M H, lvi (1984) pp. 635-666.

31

C .J. Mitchell, ‘Political division within the Legislative Assembly of 1791’, FHS, xiii

(1984)

___ The French Legislative Assembly of 1791 (1988)

R. B. Rose, The Making of the Sans-Culottes (1983)

T. Tackett, When the King took Flight (2003)

The Counter-Revolution

P. Beik, ‘the Comte d’Antraigues and the failure of French Conservatism in 1789’, A H

R, 67 (1951)

J. Godechot, The Counter-Revolution: Doctrine and Action (1969)

D. Greer, The Incidence of the Emigration during the French Revolution (1931)

W. J. Murray, The Right Wing Press in the French Revolution (1986)

The Army and the Drift to War

J.P. Bertaud, The Army of the French Revolution (1988)

T.C.W. Blanning, The Origins of the French Revolutionary Wars (1986)

___ The French Revolutionary Wars, 1787-1802 (1996)

A. Forrest, Soldiers of the French Revolution (1990)

___ Napoleon’s men: the soldiers of the revolution and empire (2002)

J.A. Lynn, The Bayonets of the Republic (1984)

S.F. Scott, The Response of the Royal Army to the French Revolution, the rôle and

development of the Line Army during 1789-93 (1978)

10 To Kill a King: Girondins and Montagnards

The Fall of the Monarchy and the King’s Trial

P. Caron, Les Massacres de Septembre (Paris, 1935)

A. Freeman, The Compromising of Louis XVI: The Armoire de Fer and the French

Revolution (1989)

D.P. Jordan, The King’s Trial: The French Revolution versus Louis XVI (1979)

32

M. Price, The Fall of the French Monarchy: Louis XVI, Marie Antoinette and the Baron

De Breteuil (2003)

M. Reinhard, La Chute de la monarchie (1969)

M. Slavin, The Making of an Insurrection: Parisian Sections and the Gironde (1987)

___ ‘The Section Roi-de-Sicile and the fall of the monarchy’, in Slavin ed., Bourgeois,

Sans-Culottes and Other Frenchmen (1981)

A. Soboul, Le Procès de Louis XVI (1966)

T. Tackett, When the King took flight (2003)

M. Walzer, Regicide and Revolution (1974)

Girondins and Montagnards

T. di Padova ‘The Girondins and the question of Revolutionary Government’, FHS, 9

(1976)

P. Higonnet, ‘The social and cultural antecedents of Revolutionary discontinuity:

Montagnards and Girondins’, Eng. Hist. Review (1985) pp. 513-44.


M. Kennedy, The Jacobin Clubs in the French Revolution: the Middle Years (1988)

A. Patrick, The Men of the First French Republic: Political Alignments in the National

Convention of 1792 (1972)

___ ‘Political divisions in the French National Convention, 1791-3’, JMH (1969)

A. Soboul ed., Actes du Colloque Girondins et Montagnards (1980)

M. J. Sydenham, The Girondins (1961)

___ The First French Republic, 1792-1804 (1974)

L. Whaley, ‘Political factions and the Second Revolution: the Insurrection of 10 August

1792’, French History, 7 (1993)

11 The Revolt of the Provinces: Civil-War and Counter-Revolution

The Vendée

P. Bois, Les Paysans de l’Ouest (1961)

33

M. Hutt, Chouannerie and Counterrevolution: Puisaye. the Princes and the British

Government in the 1790s,(1983)

T. Le Goff, Vannes et sa région: ville et campagne dans la France du XVIIIe siècle

(1981)

T. Le Goff and D. Sutherland, ‘The Revolution and Rural Community in 18th century

Brittany’, P&P, 62 (1974) pp. 96-116.

H. Gough, ‘Genocide and the Bicentenary: The French Revolution and the Revenge of

the Vendée’, Historical Journal, 30 (1987)

J.-C. Martin, La Vendée et la France (1987)

H. Mitchell ‘Resistance to the Revolution in Western France’, P&P, 63 (1974)

C. Petitfrère, ‘The Origins of the Civil War in the Vendée’, FH, 2 (1988)

D. Sutherland, ‘The Social Origins of Counter-Revolution in Western France’, P&P, 99,

___ “Chouannerie and Popular Royalism: the Survival of the Counter-Revolutionary

tradition in upper Brittany’, Social History, ix (1984)

___ The Chouans: Social Origins of Popular Counterrevolution in Upper Brittany,

1770-1796 (1982)

___ Murder in Aubagne: Lynching, Law and Justice during the Revolution (2009)

T. Tackett, ‘The West in France in 1789: the religious origins of the counter-revolution’,

JMH (1982) pp. 715-45.

C. Tilly, The Vendée (1964)

Federalism

B. Edmonds, ‘Federalism and Urban Revolt in France in 1793’ J. M. H. lv (1983) pp. 44-

53.

___ ‘A Study in Popular Anti-Jacobinism: the career of Denis Monnet’, f. H. S. 13

(1983) pp. 215-31.

___ ‘A Jacobin Debacle: the Losing of Lyon in spring 1793’, History, lxix (1984)

___ Jacobinism and the Revolt of Lyons, 1789-1793 (1993)

M. H. Crook, ‘Federalism and the French Revolution: the Revolt of Toulon in 1793’,

History (1980) pp. 380-97.

34

___ Toulon in War and Revolution: From the Ancien Régime to the restoration,

1750-1820 (1991)

A. Forrest, Society and Politics in Revolutionary Bordeaux (Oxford, 1975)

___ The Revolution in Provincial France: Aquitaine, 1789-1799 (Oxford, 1996)

___ ‘Federalism’, in C. Lucas, ed. The French Revolution and the Creation of

Modern Political Culture, vol. ii, pp. 309-27.

___ ‘The local politics of repression’, in K. Baker, ed. The French Revolution and

the creation of modern political culture, vol. iv, The Terror, pp. 81-99.

A. Goodwin, ‘The Federalist Revolt in Caen during the French Revolution’, Bulletin of

the John Rylands Library, xliii (1960)

H. Gough, ‘Politics and Power: the Triumph of the Jacobins in Strasbourg, 1791-3’,

Historical Journal (1980)

P. Hanson, Provincial Politics in the French Revolution: Caen and Limoges, 1789-1794

(1989)

___ The Jacobin Republic under Fire: the Federalist Revolt in the French

Revolution (2003)

O. Hufton, Bayeux in the Late Eighteenth Century: a Social Study (1967)

M. Kennedy, The Jacobin Clubs in the French Revolution: The Middle Years (1988)

D. Longfellow, ‘Silk weaver and the social struggle in Lyon during the French

Revolution’, F. H. S. 12 (1981)

C. Lucas, The Structure of the Terror: the example of Javogues and the Loire (1973)

M. Lyons, Revolution in Toulouse: an Essay on Provincial Terrorism (1978)

W. Scott, Terror and Repression in Revolutionary Marseille (1973)

M. J. Sydenham, ‘The Republican Revolt of 1793: a plea for less localised local studies’,

F. H. S. vol. ii (1981) pp. 120-38.

12 What is a Sans-Culotte?

R. Andrews ‘Social structures, political elites and ideology in revolutionary Paris, 1792-

94: a criticism of Soboul’s sans-culottes’, Jrn of Soc. History (1985)

35

R. Cobb, The People’s Armies: The Armées Révolutionnaires: instrument of the Terror in

the departments, April 1793 to Floréal year II (1987)

___ ‘Quelques Aspects de la Mentalité Révolutionnaire, avril 1793- Thermidor an

II’, in Cobb, Terreur et Subsistances 1793-95, pp. 3-53, translated as ‘The

Revolutionary Mentality in France, 1793-4’, History (1957)

___ The Police and the People, 1789-1820 (1974)

F. Furet, C. Mazauric, L. Bergeron, ‘Les sans-culottes et la Révolution française’,

Annales, E.S.C., XVIII (1963), pp. 1098-1127.

C. Jones, and R. Spang, ‘Sans-culottes, sans café, sans tabac: Shifting Realms of

Necessity and Luxury in Eighteenth-Century France’ in M. Berg, ed.,

Consumers and Luxury: consumer culture in Europe 1650-1850 (1999).

G. Lewis, The French Revolution: Rethinking the Debate (1993)


___ ‘The Crowd and Politics between Ancien Régime and Revolution in France’,

Journal of Modern History, vol. 60 (Sept. 1988), pp. 421-457.

___ ‘Revolutionary Violence, the People and the Terror’ in Baker, ed. The French

Revolution and the Creation of Modern Political Culture, vol. 4, The Terror

(1994) pp. 57-81.

R.B. Rose, The Making of the Sans-culottes (1983)

M. Slavin, The Making of an Insurrection: Parisian Sections and the Fall of the Gironde

(1986)

___ The Hébertistes to the Guillotine (1994)

R. B. Rose, The Enragés, Socialists of the French Revolution? (1965)

___ ‘18th-century price riots, the French Revolution and the Jacobin Maximum’,

International Review of Social History, 4 (1959), pp. 432-445.

G. Rudé, The Crowd in the French Revolution, chapters 8-9.

W. Sewell, ‘The Sans-Culotte Rhetoric of Subsistence’ in Baker ed. The French

Revolution and the Creation of Modern Political Culture, vol. 4, The Terror.

A. Soboul, Les Sans-culottes parisiens de l’an II (1958) translated and abridged as The

Parisian Sans-culottes and the French Revolution (1972)

36

___ ‘Problèmes du travail en l'an II", Annales Historiques de la Révolution

Française (1956), pp. 236-259 [translated in Jeffrey Kaplow (ed.), New

Perspectives on the French Revolution (1965), pp. 211-225.

M. Sonenscher, Work and wages: natural law, politics and the eighteenth-century French

trades (1986)

___ `The sans-culottes of Year II: rethinking the language of labour in

Revolutionary France’, Social History (1984)

___ `The sans-culottes of Year II: rethinking the language of labour in

Revolutionary France’, Social History (1984)

G. Williams, Artisans and Sans-culottes (1968)

Hilary Term

1 and 2 Terror is the Order of the Day and La République au Village

See also the sections on Federalism and Dechristianisation.

The Men and the Machinery of the Terror

D. Andress, The Terror: Civil War in the French Revolution (2005)

K. Baker, ed. The French Revolution and the Creation of Modern Political Culture, vol.

4, The Terror (1994)

M. Biard, Missionnaires de la République: Les représentants du peuple en mission

(1793-1795) (2003)

M. Bouloiseau, Le Comité de Salut Public (1968)

___ The Jacobin Republic 1792-1794 (1987)

R. Cobb, The People’s Armies (1987)

___ Terreur et Subsistances 1793-95 (1965)

___ The Police and the People: French Popular Protest, 1789-1820 (1970)

___ Reactions to the French Revolution (1972)

37

M. Darrow, ‘Economic terror in the city: the General Maximum in Montauban’, FHS, 17

(1992)

M. Eude, ‘Le Comité de Sûreté Générale en 1793-94’, A H R F, 261 (1985)

A. Forrest, ‘La Patrie en danger: The French Revolution and the First Levée en masse’

in D. Moran, ed. The People in Arms: Military Myth and National

Mobilisation since the French Revolution (2003)

Furet and Ozouf, assorted entries in the Critical Dictionary

L. Gershoy, Betrand Barère: Reluctant Terrorist (1962)

H. Gough, The Terror in the French Revolution (1998)

D. Greer, The Incidence of the Terror in the French Revolution (1935)

J. P. Gross, Fair shares for all: Jacobin egalitarianism in practice (1996)

J. Guilhaumou, La Mort de Marat (1989)

N. Hampson, The Terror in the French Revolution (1978)

___ The Life and Opinions of Maximilien Robespierre (1974)

___ `François Chabot and his plot’, Transactions of the Royal Historical Society,

26 (1976)

___ Danton (1978)

___ Saint-Just (1991)

D. Jordan, The Revolutionary Career of Maximilien Robespierre (1985)

G. Lefebvre, ‘Sur la loi du 22 prairial an II’, in id., Etudes sur la Révolution (1963)


M. Lyons, ‘Vadier, the formation of the Jacobin mentality’, FHS, 10 (1977)

P. Mansfield, ‘Collot d’Herbois at the Committee of Public Safety: a revaluation’,

English Historical Review (1988) ppp. 565-87.

___ ‘The Repression of Lyon, 1793-4: Origins, Responsibility and Significance’

French History, 2 (1988)

___ ‘The Management of Terror in revolutionary Lyon, Year II’, European

History Quarterly, 4 (1990) pp. 465-96.

M. Ozouf, ‘War and Terror in French Revolutionary Discourse’, J M H. 56 (1984)

R. R. Palmer, Twelve who Ruled: the Year of the Terror in the French Revolution (1941)

M. Reinhard, Le Grand Carnot (1950)

38

G. Rudé, Robespierre (1975)

J. B. Sirich, The Revolutionary committees in the Departments of France, 1793-4 (1943)

3 ‘Death is an Eternal Sleep’: Dechristianisation and the Radicalisation of

Revolutionary Culture

Special edition of Annales Historiques de la Révolution Française (1978)

S. Bianchi, ‘La Déchristianisation de l’an II: Essai d’interprétation’, A. H. R. F., 50

(1978), pp. 340-371.

___ ‘Manifestations et Formes de la Déchristianisation dans le district de Corbeil’,

R. H. M. C., no. 26 (1979) pp. 256- 85.

R. Cobb, The People’s Armies, esp. pp. 442-480.

___ ‘Les débuts de la déchristianisation à Dieppe: Note sur les origines du mouvement

déchristianisateur en province’, A. H. R. F. (1956) pp. 191-209.

A. Corbin, Village bells: sound and meaning in the nineteenth-century French

countryside (London, 1999)

J. Deprun, A la Fête de l’Être Suprême: Les Noms Divins dans deux Discours de

Robespierre,’ A. H. R. F., no. 208 (1972) pp. 161-180.

S. Desan, Reclaiming the Sacred: Lay Religion and Popular Politics in Revolutionary

France (Cornell, 1990)

___ ‘Redefining Revolutionary Liberty: the rhetoric of religious revival during the

French Revolution’, J. M. H. vol. 60 (1988) pp. 1-27.

Furet and Ozouf, ‘Dechristianisation’, ‘Revolutionary Religion’, and ‘Revolutionary

Calendar’ in Furet and Ozouf, Critical Dictionary

O. Hufton, Women and the Limits of Citizenship in the French Revolution.

___ ‘The Reconstruction of a Church: 1796-1801’, in G. Lewis and C. Lewis eds.

Beyond the Terror (, 1983), pp. 21-52.

A. Mathiez, La Théophilanthropie et le Culte Décadaire: Essai sur l’Histoire Religieuse

de la Révolution (1975 reprint.)

P. Mansfield, ‘Collot d’Herbois and the Dechristianisers’ Journal of Religious History,

14 (1986-7)

39

A. Soboul, Les Sans-Culottes Parisiens…,

___ ‘Sentiments Religieuses et Cultes Populaires pendant la Révolution: Saintes

Patriotes et Martyrs de la Liberté’, A. H. R. F. (1957) pp. 193-213. This

important essay is also available in English as ‘Religious sentiments and

popular cults during the Revolution’, in J. Kaplow, New Perspectives on the

French Revolution.

J. R. Surrateau, ‘Le Directoire: Avait-il une Politique Religieuse?’, A. H. R. F. vol. 63

(1991) pp. 79-92.

F. Tallett, ‘Dechristianizing France: the year II and the Revolutionary Experience’, in F.

Tallett and N. Atkin, eds. Religion, Society and Politics in France since 1789

(London, 1991) pp. 1-28.

M. Vovelle, The Revolution against the Church. From Reason to the Supreme Being

(Oxford, 1991)

___ Religion et révolution: la déchristianisation de l'an II (Paris, 1976)

___ ‘The Adventures of Reason, or From Reason to the Supreme Being’, in C.

Lucas, ed. Rewriting the French Revolution (Oxford, 1991) pp. 132-50.

4 A Cultural Revolution?

M. Agulhon, Marianne into Battle: Republican Imagery in France 1789-1880 (1981)

A. de Baecque, Le Corps de l’histoire: métaphore et politique, 1770-1800 (1993)

translated as The Body Politic: Corporeal Metaphor in Revolutionary France

(1997)

S. Bianchi, La Révolution culturelle en l’An II: Elites et peuples. 1789-1799 (1982)

___ ‘Le Théâtre de l’an II: Culture et Société sous la Révolution,’ A. H. R. F. 61

(1989) pp. 417-32.

M. Biver, ed. Fêtes Révolutionnaires à Paris (1979)

___ Le Panthéon à l’époque révolutionnaire (1982)

C. Blum, Rousseau and the Republic of Virtue: the Language of Politics in the French

Revolution (1986)

J. C. Bonnet, Naissance du Panthéon (1998)

40

J. C. Bonnet, ed. La Mort de Marat (Paris, 1986)

___ La Carmagnole des Muses: l’Homme des Lettres et l’Artiste dans la Révolution

(Paris, 1988)

P. Bordes, Le Serment du Jeu de Paume de Jacques-Louis David: le peintre, son milieu et

son temps de 1789 à 1792 (1983)

P. Bordes and R. Michel, eds., Aux Armes et aux Arts (1988)

J. Clarke, Commemorating the Dead in Revolutionary France: Revolution and

Remembrance (2007)

F. Hemmings, Culture and Society in France, 1789-1848 (1987)

Huet, M.- H., Mourning Glory: the Will of the French Revolution (1997)

L. Hunt, Politics, Culture and Class in the French Revolution (1986)

___ The Family Romance of the French Revolution (1994)

A. Jourdan, ‘Robespierre and Revolutionary heroism’, in C. Haydon and W. Doyle, eds.

Robespierre (1999) pp. 54-74.

E. Kennedy, ‘French Revolutionary Catechisms: Ruptures and Continuities with

Classical, Christian and Enlightenment Moralities’, S. V. E. C., no. 199 (1981)

___ The Cultural History of the French Revolution (1989)

D. Outram, The Body and the French Revolution (1989)

M. Ozouf, Festivals of the French Revolution (1988)

N. Parker, Portrayals of Revolution: Images, Debates and Patterns of Thought on the

French Revolution (1990)

H. Parker, The Cult of Antiquity and the French Revolutionaries (1938)

J. Renwick, Language and Rhetoric in the French Revolution (1990)

J. Starobinski, 1789: The Emblems of Reason (1982)

M. Vovelle, Ideologies and Mentalities (1990)

___ La Mentalité Révolutionnaire: Société et Mentalités sous la Révolution

française (1985)

Art, Architecture, and the Theatre

A. Brookner, David (1980)

41

J. Chatelus, ‘Thèmes pictoraux dans les appartements de marchands et artisans parisiens

au XVllle siècle’, D. H. S., 6 (1974)

T. J. Clark, ‘Painting in the Year Two’, Representations, no. 47 (1994) pp. 13-63. (Jstor)

T. Crow, Painters and Public Life in Eighteenth-Century Paris (1985)

___ Emulation: Making Artists for Revolutionary France (1995)

J. Cuno, French Caricature and the French Revolution, 1789-99 (1988)

D. Dowd, Pageant-Master of the Republic Jacques- Louis David and the French

Revolution (1969)

___ ‘Jacques-Louis David: Artist member of the Committee of General Security’,

A. H. R., vol. 57 (1952) pp. 871-92.

R. Herbert, David, Voltaire, Brutus and the French Revolution: an Essay in Art and

Politics (1967)

L. Hunt, ‘Engraving the Republic: print and propaganda in the French Revolution’,

History Today, no.30 (Oct.1980)

B. Hyslop, ‘The theatre during a crisis: the Parisian theatre during the Reign of Terror’,

JMH, vol. xvii (1945)

D. Johnson, Jacques-Louis David: Art in Metamorphosis (1993)

A. Jourdan, Les Monuments de la Révolution 1770-1804: Une Histoire de la

Représentation (Paris, 1997)

E. Lajer-Burcharth, Necklines: the Art of Jacques-Louis David after the Terror (1999)

Langlois, C., La Caricature Contre-Révolutionnaire (Paris, 1989)

Lavin, S., Quatremère de Quincy and the Invention of Modern Architecture (1992)

J. Leith, The idea of art as propaganda in France 1750-1799: a study in the history of

ideas (1965)

___ Space and Revolution: Projects for Monuments, Squares and Public Buildings

in France, 1789-99 (1991)

A. Ribeiro, Fashion in the French Revolution (1990)

W. Roberts, Jacques-Louis David and Jean-Louis Prieur, revolutionary artists: the

public, the populace, and images of the French Revolution (2000)

R. Wrigley, The Politics of Appearances: Representations of Dress in Revolutionary

France (2000)

42

M. Vovelle ed., Les Images de la Révolution (1988)

Language and Linguistic Policy

D. A. Bell, ‘Lingua populi, lingua dei: Language, religion, and the origins of French

revolutionary nationalism’, A. H. R., 100:5 (1995), pp. 1403-1437.

M. de Certeau et al, Une politique de la langue: La Révolution française et les patois

(1975)

P. Flaherty, ‘Langue nationale/Langue naturelle: The Politics of Linguistic Uniformity

during the French Revolution,’ Historical Reflections, 14 (1987) pp. 311-28.

J. Guilhaumou, La langue politique et la Révolution française: De l'événement à la

raison linguistique (Paris, 1989).

P. Higonnet, ‘The Politics of Linguistic Terrorism and Grammatical Hegemony during

the French Revolution,’ Social History, 5 (1980): 41-69.

M. Lyons, ‘Regionalism and linguistic conformity in the French Revolution’, in A.

Forrest & P. Jones (eds.), Reshaping France: Town, Country and Region

during the French Revolution (1991).

5 The Terror as a Social Programme: the Revolution and the Poor

C. Fairchilds, Poverty and Charity in Aix-en-Provence (1976)

A. Forrest, The French Revolution and the Poor (1981)

J. Gross, Fair Shares for all, Jacobin egalitarianism in practice (1997)

O. Hufton, The Poor in Eighteenth Century France (1974)

C. Jones, Charity and bienfaisance: the Treatment of the Poor in Montpellier. 1740-1815

(1983)

___ `Picking up the pieces: the politics and the personnel of social welfare from

the Convention to the Consulate’, in G. Lewis & C. Lucas (eds), Beyond the

Terror (1983)

K. Norberg, Rich and Poor in Grenoble, 1600-1814 (1985)

M. Ramsey, Professional and Popular Medicine in France, 1770-1830 (1988)

D. Weiner, The Citizen-Patient in Revolutionary and Imperial Paris (1994)

43

I. Woloch, The French Veteran from the Revolution to the Restoration (1979)

___ The New Régime, chapters 8 and 9.

___ ‘War-widows pensions: social policy in revolutionary and Napoleonic

France’, Societas, vol. 6 (1976) pp. 235-54.

6 Women in Revolution

J. Arbray, ‘Feminism in the French Revolution’, A. H. R., 80 (1975)

H.B. Applewhite & D. Levy (eds) Women and politics in the Age of Democratic

Revolution (1990)

S. Desan, ‘The Role of Women in Religious Riots during the French Revolution’, 18th

century Studies, vol. 22 (1988-9) pp. 451-68.

L. Devance, ‘Le Féminisme pendant la Révolution française’, A.H R F, (1977)

O. Hufton, ‘Women in Revolution’, 1789-1796’, P & P, vol. 53 (1971)

___ Women and the Limits of Citizenship in the French Revolution (1992)

See also the articles by Hufton on the Church and Dechristianisation

D. Goodman, ‘Filial rebellion in the Salons; Mme. Geoffrin and her daughter’, FHS, 16

(1989)

D. Godineau, The women of Paris and their French Revolution (1998)

L. Hunt, ed. Eroticism and the Body Politic (Baltimore, 1991) esp. pp. 108-30.

___ The Family Romance of the French Revolution (1993)

J. Landes, Women and the Public Sphere in the Age of the French Revolution (1989)

D. Levy et al. (eds) Women in Revolutionary Paris, 1789-94 (1979)

S. Melzer (ed.) Rebel Daughters: Women and the French Revolution (1992)

D. Outram, The Body and the French Revolution,

S. Spencerm (ed.) French Women in the Age of Enlightenment (1984)

S. Reynolds, ed. Women, State and Revolution (1986)

B. Rose, ‘Feminism, woman and the French Revolution’, reprinted in Jones, ed. The

French Revolution in Social and Political Perspective.

See also the articles on Women and the French Revolution in a special issue of History of

European Ideas, vol. x, no. 3 (1989)

44

7 Reading Week

8 The Revolution is Frozen: Politics in the Republic of Virtue

See also the Entries on the Terror and Thermidor

C. Blum, Rousseau and the Republic of Virtue: the Language of Politics in the French

Revolution (1986)

M. Eude, ‘La Loi de Prairial’, AHRF (1983)

R. Monnier `La dissolution des sociétés populaires parisiennes au printemps de l’an II’,

AHRF (1987)

M. Slavin, The Hébertistes to the Guillotine: Anatomy of a ‘Conspiracy’ in Revolutionary

France (1994)

A. Soboul, Les Sans-Culottes Parisiens.

9 and 10 Thermidor or the ‘End of the Illusion’ and the Year III

B. Baczco, Ending the Terror: The French Revolution after Robespierre (1994)

R. Bienvenu, The Ninth of Thermidor: The Fall of Robespierre (1968)

H. Brown, Ending the French Revolution: Violence, Justice and Repression from the

Terror to Napoleon (2006)

F. Brunel, Thermidor: la chute de Robespierre (1989)

___ Sur l’histoire de la réaction thermidorienne: pour une analyse politique de l’échec

de la voie jacobine’, AHRF (1979)

S. Clay, ‘Vengeance, justice and the reactions in the Revolutionary Midi’ French History,

vol. 23 (2009) pp. 22-46.

R. Cobb, The Police and the People (1973)

___ ‘The French Revolution and Private Life’, in T. D. Williams, ed. Historical

Studies VII (1971) pp. 3-30.

45

___ ‘Thermidor or the Retreat from Fantasy’ in H. Lloyd Jones, ed. History and

Imagination: Essays in honour of Trevor Roper (1981) pp. 272-95.

R. Cobb and G. Rudé, ‘Le Dernier Mouvement Populaire de la Révolution à Paris; les

Journées de Germinal et Prairial an III’, Revue d’Histoire, 214 (1955), pp.

250-81.

F. Gendron, La Jeunesse Dorée: Épisodes de la Révolution française (1979)

L. Hunt et al, ‘The Failure of the Liberal Experiment in France’, JMH, 51 (1979)

G. Lefebvre, The Thermidorians (1965)

G. Lewis, and C. Lucas, eds. Beyond the Terror: Essays in French Regional and Social

History, 1794-1815 (1983)

J. Livesey, Making Democracy in the French Revolution (2001)

M. Lyons, ‘The 9 Thermidor: Motives and Effects’, Euro Studies Review, 5 (1975)

___ France under the Directory (1975)

M. Reinhard, Le département de la Sarthe sous le régime Directorial (1936)

G. Rudé, and A. Soboul `Le Maximum des salarires parisiens et le 9 thermidor’, AHRF

(1954)

J. Suratteau, ‘Le Directoire: avait-il une politique religieuse?’, AHRF (1991)

K. Tønnesson, La Défaite des Sans-Culottes: Mouvement Populaire et Réaction

Bourgeoise en l’an III (Oslo, 1959)

I. Woloch, Jacobin Legacy: the Democratic Movement under the Directory (1970)

D. Woronoff, The Thermidorean Regime and the Directory, 1794-1799 (1984

11 Ending the Revolution

L. Bergeron, France Under Napoleon (1981)

M. Broers, Europe under Napoleon, 1799-1815 (1996)

H. Brown, Ending the French Revolution: Violence, Justice and Repression from the

Terror to Napoleon (2006)

G. Ellis, Napoleon (1997)

S. Englund, Napoleon: a Political life (2004)

G. Lefebvre, Napoleon (1969)

M. Lyons, Napoleon Bonaparte and the Legacy of the French Revolution, (1994)

46

D. M. G. Sutherland, France, Revolution and Counter-Revolution: 1789-1815 (1985)

J. Tulard, Napoleon: the Myth of the Saviour (1985)

I. Woloch, Napoleon and his collaborators: the making of a dictatorship (2001)

47

Course Assessment and Suggested Essay Titles This course is assessed through a combination of essays, seminar papers and 2 three-hour

exams at the end of the year. The dates for submission of essays are included in the

department yearbook. The following is a list of suggested titles only. Students are free to

choose another topic for analysis in consultation with the course co-ordinator.

Essay Titles

1 Was the French monarchy desacralised over the course of the eighteenth

century?

2 Why did Louis XVI prove powerless to implement meaningful reform?

3 What do the cahiers de doléances tell us about the state of public opinion on

the eve of the Revolution?

4 Why did the National Assembly abolish feudalism in August 1789 and why

did it take four years for that abolition to become effective?

5 ‘The ideological choices that emerged most dominant in the course of the

Revolution developed, above all, as a function of specific political

contingencies and social interactions within the Assembly and the population

as a whole.’ (Tackett) Discuss.

6 Were Parisian radicals right to claim that a ‘bourgeois aristocracy’ had come

to power in 1789?

7 ‘Ideology certainly mattered to the Jacobins… but they… were also men of

action, whose tactics and at times principles fluctuated as political necessity

required.’ (Higonnet) Is this a valid description of the Jacobin club network?

8 Why did the Civil Constitution of the Clergy prove so divisive?

9 Why did the so many parts of the West turn against the Revolution?

10 Were the Girondins a figment of the Montagnards’ imagination?

11 ‘Federalism was less a coherent ideology than a polemical device.’ (Forrest)

Discuss.

12 Did the sans-culotterie constitute an ‘autonomous popular movement’ or an

oligarchy?

48

13 ‘Terrorism, and more particularly militant terrorism, was not so much a

phenomenon of class as a phenomenon of the individual.’ (Lucas) Discuss.

14 Was dechristianisation a political or a religious phenomenon?

15 Either a. Why did language become a political problem in 1793?

or

b. Assess the Revolution’s impact upon family life in France from 1789 to

1799.

16 Either a. Why did the Convention decide that ‘a woman should not leave her

family to meddle in the affairs of government’ in brumaire an II?

or

b. Why did Madame Defarge put down her needles and reach for her rosary in

1795?

17 Why did the Convention turn on Robespierre in Thermidor and why did so

few Parisians come to his support?

18 Was 1795 ‘the year of the loss of illusions’?

19 Why did the Directory prove unable to rally the French around its vision of

the Republic?

20 ‘In some depressingly unavoidable sense, violence was the Revolution itself.’

(Schama) Discuss.

Useful Links

Bibliothèque Nationale de France http://gallica.bnf.fr/

Gallica collection of online documents

Fondation Napoléon http://www.napoleonica.org/

Institut d’histoire de la Révolution Française http://ihrf.univ-paris1.fr/

Université de Paris I

Liberty, Equality, Fraternity: http://chnm.gmu.edu/revolution/

Exploring the French Revolution

George Mason University