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ORIGINAL NAMES WITH ABBREVIATED OR ALTERNATIVE NAMES
Acharya Rajneesh:Osho
Adam Smith: Father of Economics
Adolf Hitler: Fuhrer (also fuehrer)
Alfred Hitchcock: Master of Suspense
Andrei D. Sakharov: Father of the (Soviet) Hydrogen Bomb
Bal Gangadhar Tilak: Lokmanya; Father of Indian Unrest
Bhagat Singh: Shahid - e - Azam
C. Rajagopalachari: C.R. Rajaji
C.F. Andrews: Deenabandhu
C.N. Annadurai: Anna
Chittaranjan Das: Deshbandhu
Dadabhai Naoroji: Grand Old Man of India; Father of Indian Politics and Economics.
Dadasaheb Phalke: Father of Indian Cinema.
Duke of Wellington: Iron Duke.
Dwight David Eisenhower: lke
Edmund Spencer: Poets' Poet
Eivis Presley; Elvis the Pelvis
Ernest Rutherford: Father of Nuclear Physics.
Erwin Rammel: Desert Fax.
Florence Nightingale: Lady with the Lamp.
Geoffrey Chaucer: Father of English Poetry.
George Bernard Show: 'G.B.S'
Giovanni Baccaccio: Father of the Novel
Gurcharan Singh: Ground Old Man of Indian Pottery, Daddyji.
Henrik J. Ibsen: Father of Modern Drama
Herodotus: Father of History
Hippocrates: Father of Medicine
Homi J. Bhabha: Father of Indian Nuclear Science
Indira Gandhi: Iron Lady of India
J.R.D. Tata: Father of Civil Aviation in India.
Jamshedji Tata: Father of Indian Industry
Jawaharlal Nehru: Chacha; Panditji
Jayaprakash Narayan: 'J.P'; Loknayak
Joan of Arc: Maid of Orleans
Joseph Priestley: Father of Soda Pop; Father of Modern Chemistry
K.M. Cariappa: Kipper, Grand Old Man of Indian Army.
K.V. Puttappa: Kuvempu
Kalidas: Indian Shakespeare, Shakespeare of India
Kato Ichire: Dr. Robot.
Khan Abdul Ghaffar Khan: Badshah Khan; Frantier Gandhi; Fakhre-e Afghan,
Lala Lajpat Rai: Punjab Kesari (Lion of the Punjab or Sher-e-Punjab)
M.F. Robespierre: The Incorruptible
M.K. Gandhi: Bapu; Mahatma; Father of the Nation.
M.S. Golwalkar: Guruji
Madan Mohan Malaviya: Mahamana
Nandlal Base: Father of Modern Painting in India.
Napoleon Bonaparte: Little Corporol; Man of Density.
Otto Von Bismarck: Man of Blood and Iron; Iron Chancellor
Queen Elizabeth I; Maiden Queen
Rabindranath Tagore: Gurudev
Rajinder Singh: Sparrow
Raja Rammohan Roy: Father of Indian Renaissance.
Richard Cobden: Apostle of Free Trade
Samudragupta: Indian Napoleon.
S. Sathyamurthi: Firebrand of South India
Salim Ali: The Birdman of India
Sarojini Naidu: Nightingale of India
Shakti Chattapadhyaya: Robert Frost of West Bengal.
Sheikh Mohammad Abdullah: Lion of Kashmir (Sher-e-Kashmir)
Sheikh Mujibur Rahman: Bangabandhu
St. Nicholas: Santa Claus
Subhash Chandra Bose: Netaji
Susruta: Father of Modern Plastic Surgery
T.T. Krishnamachari: T.T.K.'
Tanguturi Prakasam: Andhra Kesari
Tenzing Norgay: Tiger of Snows
Thomas Cook: Father of Modern Tourism
Thomas Edward Lawrence: Lawrence of Arabia
Tushar Kanti Ghosh; Grand Old Man of Indian Journalism
Vallabhbhai Patel: Iron Man of India, Bismarck of India.
Vinoba Bhave: Acharya
V.M. Basheer: Sultan of Beypore
Walter Scott: Wizard of the North
William Ewart Gladstone: Grand Old Man of British Politics.
William Pitt: The Younger Pitt, Grand Commoner
William Shakespeare: Bard of Avon.
Aircraft ID Mark
Afghanistan YA
Algeria 7T
Argentina LQ, LV
Australia OE
Bangladesh S2
Belgium OO
Bolivia CP
Brazil PP, PT
Cameroon TJ
Canada C, CF
Chile CC
China B
Colombia HK
Cuba CU
Denmark OY
Egypt SU
Ethiopia ET
Finland OH
France F
Germany D
Greece SX
India VT
Indonesia PK
Iran EP
Iraq YI
Israel 4X
Italy I
Japan JA
Kuwait 9K
Malaysia 9M
Netherlands PH
Pakistan AP
Saudi Arabia HZ
Singapore 9V
South Africa ZS, ZT, ZU
Spain EC
Sri Lanka 4R
UK G
USA N
Venezuela YV
Vietnam VN
Yugoslavia YU
Zaire 9Q, 9T
Zimbabwe Z
Arabic & Roman
Arabic numerals and their corresponding Roman numerals.
1 I
2 II
3 III
4 IV
5 V
6 VI
7 VII
8 VIII
9 IX
10 X
11 XI
12 XII
13 XIII
14 XIV
15 XV
16 XVI
17 XVII
18 XVIII
19 XIX
20 XX
30 XXX
40 XL
42 XLII
50 L
60 LX
90 XC
100 C
200 CC
400 CD
500 D
600 DC
900 CM
1000 M
E-Mail - Short Cuts
AFK Away From KeyBoard
ASAP As Soon As Possible
BBL Be Back Later
BBN Bye Bye Now
BBS Be Back Soon
BEG Big Evil Grin
BF Boy Friend
BRB Be Right Back
BTW By The Way
BWL Bursting With Laughter
C & G Chuckle and Grin
CID Crying In Disgrace
CSG Chuckle Snicker Grin
CYA See You Again
CYALLR See You All Later
DLTBBB Don't Let The Bed Bugs Bite
EG Evil Grin
F2F Face to face, a personal meeting
FCOL For Crying Out Loud
FWIW For What It's Worth
FYI For Your Information
GF Girl Friend
GFN Gone For Now
GMTA Great MInds Think Alike
GOK God Only Knows
GTSY Great To See You
H&K Hugs and Kiss
HHIS Hanging Head In Shame
HHOK Ha, Ha-Only Kidding
HHOS Ha, Ha-Only Serious
IC I See
IMHO In My Humble Opioion
IMO In My Opinion
IWALU I Will Always Love You
JMO Just My Opinion
JTLYK Just To Let You Know
KIT Keep in Touch
L8R Later
LHU Lord Help Us
LMHO Laughing My Head Off
LOL Laughing out Loud
LTS Laughing to Self
LTNC Long Time to See
LUWAMH Love You With All My Heart
LY Love You
OIC Oh! I See
OTOH On the Other Hand
PDS Please Dont Shout
RTSM Read the Stupid Manual
SETE Smiling Ear to Ear
SYS See You Soon
TAFN That's All For Now
TOY Thinking Of You
TTYL Talk to You Later
TTYT Talk to You Tomorrow
WB Welcome Back
WTG Way to Go
Nobel Prize Winners Physics
Year Name Nations
1901 Wilhelm C.Roentgen Germany
1902 Hendrik A.Lorentz & Pieter Zeeman Dutch
1903 Antoine Henri Becquerel, Pierre Curie and Marie Curie France
1904 John W. Strutt, Lord Rayleigh Britain
1905 Philipp E.A.Von Lenard Germany
1906 Sir. Joseph J.Thomson Britain
1907 Albert A.Michelson U.S
1908 Gabriel Lippmann Franch
1909 Carl F. Braun Guglielmo Marconi
GermanyItaly
1910 Johannes D. Van der Waals Dutch
1911 Wilhelm Wien Germany
1912 Nils G. Dalen Sweden
1913 Heike kamerlingh Onnes Dutch
1914 Max von Laue Germany
1915 Sir William H. Bragg, Sir William H. Bragg Britain
1917 Charles G. Barkla Britain
1918 Max K.E.L. Planck Germany
1919 Johnnes Stark Germany
1920 Charles E.Guillaume France
1921 Albert Einstein Germany - U.S.
1922 Niels Bohr Danish
1923 Robert A. Millikan U.S
1924 Karl M.G. Siegbahn Sweden
1925 James Franck, Gustav Hertz Germany
1926 Jean B. Perrin France
1927 Arthur H.ComptonCharles T.R Wilson
U.SBritain
1928 Owen W. Richardson Britain
1929 Prince Louis-victor de Broglie France
1930 Sir Chandrasekhara V. Raman India
1932 Werner Heisenberg Germany
1933 Paul A.M. DiracErwin Schrodinger
BritainAustralia
1935 Sir James Chadwick Britain
1936 Carl D. AndersonVictor F. Hess
U.SAustralia
1937 Cliton J. DavissonSir Geroge P. Thomson
U.S.Britain
1938 Enrico Fermi ItalyU.S
1939 Ernest O. Lawrence U.S.
1943 Otto Stern U.S
1944 Isidor Issac Rabi U.S.
1945 Wolfgang Pauli U.S
1946 Percy Williams Bridgman U.S.
1947 Sir Edward V. Appleton Britain
1948 Patrick M.S.Blackett Britain
1949 Hideki Yukawa Japan
1950 Cecil f. Powell Britain
1951 Sir John D. CockroftErnest T.S.Walton
BritainIran
1952 Felix BlochEdward M. Purcell U.S
1953 Frits Zernike Dutch
1954 Max BornWalter Bothe
BritainGermany
1955 Polykarp Kusch, Willis E.Lamb U.S
1956John BardeenWalter H. BrattainWilliam Shockley
U.S
1957 Tsung-dao-Lee U.S
Chenning Yang
1958Pavel CherenkovIlya Frank,Igor Y. Tamm
USSR
1959 Owen ChamberlainEmilio G.Segre U.S
1960 Donald A. Glaser U.S
1961 Robert HofstadterRudolf L. Mossbauer
U.SGermany
1962 Lev. D. Landau USSR
1963 Maria Goeppert-Mayer, Eugene P. WignerJ. Hans D. Jensen
U.S
Germany
1964 Nikolai G. Basov, aleksander M. ProchorovCharles H. Townes
USSRU.S
1965 Richard P. Feynman Julian S. SchwingerShinichiro Tomonaga
U.SJapan
1966 Alfred Kastler Franch
1967 Hans A. Bethe U.S
1968 Luis W. Alvarez U.S
1969 Murray Gell-Mann U.S
1970 Louis Neel,br>Hammes Alfven FranceSwitzerland
1971 Dennis Gabor Britain
1972John Bardeen Leon N. CooperJohn R. Schrieffer
U.S
1973Ivar GiaeverLeo EsakiVrian D. Josephson
U.SJapanBritain
1974 Martin Ryle, Antony Hewish Britain
1975James RainwaterBen MottelsonAage Bohr
U.SU.S-DanishDanish
1976 Burton RichterSamuel C.C Ting U.S
1977 John H.Van Vleck,Philip W. Anderson Nevill F. Mott
U.SBritain
1978 Pyotr KapitsaArno Penzias, Robert Wilson
USSRU.S
1979 steven Weinberg, Sheldon L. GlashowAbdus Salam
U.SPakistan
1980 James W. CroninVal L. fitch U.S
1981 Nicolass Bloembergen, Arthur SchaalowKai M.Siegbahn
U.SSweden
1982 Kenneth G. Wilson U.S
1983 Subrahmanyan Chandrasekhar Indian U.S Citizen
William a. Fowler U.S
1984 Carlo RubbiaSimonvan der Meer
ItalyDutch
1985 Klaus von Klitzing West Germany
1986 Ernest Ruska,br>Gerd BinnigHeinrich Rohrer
GermanyWest GermanySwiss
1987 K.Alex MullerJ. Georg Bednorz
SwitzerlandWest Germany
1988 Leon M. Lederman, Melvin Jack Steinberger U.S
1989Norman F. RamseyHans G. DehmeltWo9lfgang Paul
U.S.Grmany-U.S.Germany
1990 Richard E. TaylorJerome I. Griedman, Hendry W.Kendall
CanadaU.S
1991 Pierre - Giles de Gennes France
1992 Georges Charpak Poland - France
1993 Joseph H. Taylor, Russell A. Hulse U.S.
1994 Bertram N. Brockhouse Clifford G. Shull
Canada U.S
1995 Martin L. Perl of Standfrod University and Frederick Reins of the University of California
SwitzerlandU.S.
1996 David M.Lee, Douglas D. Osheroff, Robert C.Richardson U.S
1997 Steven Chu, William D. PhillipsClaude Cohen Tannoudji
U.S. France
1998 Prof. Robert B. Laughlin, Prof Horst L. Stormer, Prof. Daniel C. Tsui U.S
1999 Gerardus T. Hooft, Martinus J.D. Veltman Netherland
2000Mr.Zhores I.AlferovHerbert KroemerJack Kilby
RussiaGerman
2001Eric A. CornellWolfgang KetterleCarl E. Wieman
USAGermanUSA
2002Raymond Davis Jr.Riccardo GiacconiMasatoshi Koshiba
USAUSAJapan
Nobel Prize Winners - Chemistry
Year Name Country
1901 Jacobus H. Vant's Hoff Dutch
1902 Emil fischer Germany
1903 Svante A. Arrhenius Sweden
1904 Sir William Ramsay Britain
1905 Adolf von Beayer Germany
1906 Henri Moissan France
1907 Eduard Buchner Germany
1908 Ernest Rutherford Britain
1909 Wilhelm Ostwald Germany
1910 Otto Wallach Germany
1911 Marie Curie Poland Franch
1912 Victor Grignard, Paul Sabatier Franch
1913 Alfred Werner Switzerland
1914 Theodore W. Richards U.S
1915 Richard M. Willstatter Germany
1918 Fritz Haber Germany
1920 Walther H. Nernst Germany
1921 Frederick Soddy Britain
1922 Francis W. Aston Britain
1923 Fritz Pregl Australia
1925 Richard A. Zsigmondy Germany
1926 theodor Svedberg sweden
1927 Heinrich O. Wieland Germany
1928 Adolf O. R. Windaus Germany
1929 Sir Arthur HardenHan von Euler-Chelpin
BritainSweden
1930 Hans Fischer Germany
1931 Friedrich Berguis, Karl Bosch Germany
1932 Irving Langmuir U.S
1934 Harold C. Urey U.S
1935 Frederic Joliot-Curie, Irene Joliot Curie Franch
1936 Peter J.W. Debyr Dutch
1937 Walter N. HaworthPaul Karrer
BritainSwistzerland
1938 Richard Kuhn Germany
1939 Adolf F.J. ButenandtLeopold Ruzicka
Britainswitzerland
1943 Georg de Hevesy Hungary
1944 Otto Hahn Germany
1945 Artturi I, Virtanen Finnish
1946 James B. Summer, John H.Northrop, Wendell M. Stanley U.S
1947 Sir Robert Robinson Britain
1948 Arne W.K. Tiselius Sweden
1949 William F. Giauque Switzerland
1950 Kurt Alder, Otto P.H. Diels Germany
1951 Edwin M. McMillan, Glenn T. Seaborg U.S
1952 Archer J.P. Martin, Richard L.M. Synjge U.S
1953 Hermann Staudinger Germany
1954 Linus C. Pauling U.S
1955 Vincent du Vigneaud U.S
1956 Sir Cyril N. Hinshelwood,Nikolai N. Semenov
BritainUSSR
1957 Sir Alexander R. Todd Britain
1958 Frederick Sanger Britain
1959 Jarpslav Heyr9vsky Czech
1960 Willard F. Libby U.S
1961 Melvini calvin U.S
1962 John C. Kendrew, Max F. Perutz Britain
1963 Giulio NattaKal Ziegler
ItalyGermany
1964 Dorothy C. Hodgkin Britain
1965 Robert B. Woodward U.S.
1966 Robert S.Mulliken U.S
1967 Manfred EigenRonald G. W.Norrish, George Porter
GermanyBritain
1968 Lars Onsager U.S
1969 Derek H.R. Barton Odd Hassel
BritainNorway
1970 Luis F. Leloir
1971 Gerhard Herzberg Canada
1972 Chriistian B. Aninsen, Stanford Moore, William H.Stein U.S
1973 Ernst Otto FischerGeoffrey Wilkinson
West GermanyBritain
1974 Paul J. Flory U.S
1975 John Cornforth, AustralVladimir Prelog, Yugo
BritainSwitzerland
1976 William N. Lipscomb U.S
1977 Ilya Prigogine Belgium
1978 Peter Mitchell Britain
1979 Herbert C. Brown Geroge Wittig
BritainU.S. Germany
1980 Paul Berg, Walter GilbertFrederick Sanger
U.SU.K
1981 Kenichi FukuiRoald Hoffmann
JapanU.S.
1982 Aaron Klug South Africa
1983 Henry Tabue Canada
1984 Bruce Merrifield U.S
1985 Herbert A. Hauptman, Jerome Karle U.S
1986 Dudley Herchbach, Yuan T. Lee,John C. Polanyi
U.S. Canada
1987 Donald J. Cram, Charles J. PepdersenJean-Marie Lehn
BritainU.S. French
1988 Johann Deisenhofer, Robert Huber, Hartmut Michel West Germany
1989 Thomas R. Cech, Sidney Altman BritainU.S
1990 Elias James Corey U.S
1991 Richard R. Ernst Switzerland
1992 RudolphA. Marcus Canada, U.S
1993 Kary B. Mullis Michael SmithU.S.Britain-Canada
1994 George A.Olah U.S
1995 Paul CrutzeenMario Molina, F. Sherwood Roland
NetherlandU.S
1996 Robert Curl Jr., Richard SmallerySir Harold Kroto
U.S. britain
1997Paul BoyerJohn WalkerDane Jensskou
U.SBritainDenmark
1998 Dr.Walter Kohn Dr. John A. Pople
Australia-U.SBritain-U.S
1999 Ahmed Zewail USA
2000Alan HeegerAlan G. MacidiarmidHideki Shirakawa
USAUSAJapan
2001William S. KnowlesRyoji NoyoriK. Barry Sharpless
USAJapanUSA
2002John B. FennKoichi TanakaKurt Wüthrich
USAJapanSwitzerland
Nobel Prize Winners-Medicine & Physiology
Year Name Country
1901 Emil A. Von Behring Germany
1902 Sir Ronald Ross Britain
1903 Niels R. Finsen Danish
1904 Ivan P. Pavlov Russia
1905 Robert Koch Germany
1906 Camillo GolgiSantiago Ramon Y Cajal
Italy Spain
1907 Charles L.A. Laveran France
1908 Paul EhrlichElie Metchnikoff
GermanyFrance
1909 Emil T. Kocher Switzerland
1910 Albrecht Kossel Grmany
1911 Allvar Gullstrand Sweden
1912 Alexis Carrel France
1913 Charles R. Richet France
1914 Robert Barany Australia
1919 Jules Border Belgium
1920 Schack A.S.Krogh Dan
1922 Archibald V. HillOtto F. Meyerhof
BritainGermany
1923 Frederick G. BantingJohn J.R.Macleod
CanadaScotland
1924 willem Einthoven Dutch
1926 Johannes A.G Fibiger Dan
1927 JUllius Wagner-Jauregg Australia
1928 Charles J.H. Nicolle France
1929 Christiaan EijkmanSir Frederick G.Hopkings
DutchBritain
1930 Karl Landsteiner U.S
1931 Otto H. Warburg Germany
1932 Edgar D. Adrian, Sir Charles S. Sherrington Britain
1933 Thomas H.organ U.S.
1934 George R. Minot, William P. Murphy, G.H. Whipple U.S.
1935 Hans Spemann Germany
1936 Sir Henry H. DaleOtto Lowei
BritainU.S.
1937 Albert Szent-Gyorgyl Honkong-U.S.
1938 Cornelle J.F. Heymans Belgium
1939 Gerhard Domagk Germany
1943 Henrik C.P. Dam Edward A. Doisy
DanU.S.
1944 Joseph Erlanger, Herbert S.Gasser U.S.
1945 Ernst B. Chain Sir Alexander Fleming, Sir Howard W. Florey Britain
1946 Hermann J.Muller U.S.
1947 Carl F.Cori, Gerty T. CormbothBernardo A. Houssay
U.S.Aregentina
1948 Paul H. Muller Switzweland
1949 Walter R. Hess, Switzerland
1950 Philip S. Hench, Edward C. KendallTadeus reichstein
U.S.Switzerland
1951 Max Theiler U.S
1952 Selman A. Waksman U.S.
1953 Hans A. KrebsFritz A. Lipmann
BritainU.S.
1954 John F.Enders, Frederick C. Robbins, Thomas H. Weller U.S
1955 AlexH.T Theorell Sweden
1956 Andre F. Coumand,Dickinson W.Richards Jr. Wener Forssmann
U.S.Germany
1957 Daniel Bovet Italy
1958 George W. Beadle, Edward L. Tatum, Joshua Lederberg U.S.
1959 Arthur Kornberg, Severo Ochoa U.S.
1960 Sir F MacFarlane BumentPeter B. Medawar
AustraliaBritain
1961 Georg von Bekesy U.S.
1962 Francis H.C.rick, Maurice H.F. WilkinsJames D. Wastson
BritainU.S.
1963 Sir John C.Eccles Alan L. Hodgkin, Andrew F. Huxley
AustraliaBritain
1964 Konard E.BlochFeodor Letnen
U.SGermany
1965 Francois Jacob, Andre Lwoff, Jsvquew Monod France
1966 Charles B. Huggins, Francis Peyton Rous U.S.
1967 Ragnar GranitHaldan Keffer Hartline, George Wals
SwedenU.S.
1968 Robert W. Holly, Marshall W. NirenbergH. Gobind Khorana
U.S.Indian U.S. citizen
1969 Max Delbruck, Alfred D. Hershey, Salvador Luria U.S.
1970Julius AxelrodSir Bernard KatzUlfvon Euler
U.S.BritainSweden
1971 Earl W. Sutherland Jr. U.S.
1972 Gerald M. Edelman,Rodney R.Porter
U.S.Britain
1973Karl Von FrischKonrad LorenzNikolass Tinbergen
GeramnyGermany-AustraliaBritain
1974Albert Claude, Lux George Emil PaladeChristian Rene De Duve
U.S. Rom-U.S.Belgium
1975 Davidaltimore, Howard Temin Renato Dulbecco U.S.Italy-U.S
1976 Baruch S.Blumberg, Daniel Carleton Gajdusek U.S.
1977 Rosalyn S. Yalow, Roger C.L. Guilemin, Andrew V. Schaly U.S.
1978 Daniel Nathans, Hamilton O.Smith Werner Arber
U.S.Switzerland
1979 Alian M. CormackGeoffrey N. Hounsfield
U.S.Britain
1980 Baruj Benacerraf, George SnellJean Dausset
U.SFrance
1981 Roger W. Sperry, David H. Hubel, Tosten N. Wisel U.S.
1982 Sune Bergstrom, Bengt SamuelssonJohn R.Vane
Sweden Britan
1983 Barbara McClintock U.S.
1984Cesar Milstein,Georges J.F. Koehler Niels K. Jerne,
Britain-ArgentinaGermanyBritain
1985 Michael S. Brown, Joseph L. Goldstein U.S.
1986 Rita Levi-MontalciniStanley Cohen
Italy-U.S.U.S.
1987 Susumu Tonegawa Japan
1988 Gertrude B. Elion, GEorge H. Hitchings Sir James Black
U.S.Britain
1989 J. Michael Bishop, Harold E. Varmus U.S.
1990 Joseph E. Murray,E. Donnall Thomas U.S.
1991 Edwin Neher, Beryt Sakmann Germany
1992 Edmond H. Fisher, Edwin G. KrebsStanley Cohen U.S.
1993 Philip A.SharpRichard J. Roberts
U.S.Britain
1994 Alfred Q. Gilman, Martin Rodbell U.S.
1995 Edward Lewis, Eric Wieschaus Christiane Nusslein Volhard
U.S. Germany
1996 Peter DohertyRolf Zinkernagel
AustraliaSwitzerland
1997 Staneley Prusiner U.S.
1998 Robert F.Furchgott, Louis J.Ignarro, Ferid Murad U.S.
1999 Guenter Blobel USA
2000Dr.Arvid CarlssonDr.Paul GreengardDr.Eric Kandel
SwedenU.SU.S
2001 Leland H. HartwellTim Hunt
USAUK
Sir Paul Nurse UK
2002Sydney BrennerH. Robert HorvitzJohn E. Sulston
UKUSAUK
Nobel Prize Winners Peace
Year Name Country
1901 Jean H. DunantFrederic Paassy
SwitzerlandFrance
1902 Elie Ducommum, Chales A. Gobat Switzerland
1903 Sir William R. Cremer Britain
1904 Institute of International law
1905 Baroness Bertha von Suttner Australia
1906 Theodore Roosevelt U.S.
1907 Ernesto T. MonetaLouis Renault
ItalyFrance
1908 Klas P.ArnoldsonFredr5ik Bajer
SwedenDanish
1909 Auguste M.F. Beernaert Paul H.B.B.d'Estournelles de Constant
BelgiumFrance
1910 Permanent Internatiol Peace Bureau
1911 Tobias M.C. AsserAlfred H.Fried
DutchAustralia
1912 Elihu Root U.S.
1913 Henri La Fontaine Belgium
1917 International Red Cross
1919 Woodrow Wilson U.S.
1920 Leon V.A. Bourgeois France
1921 Karl H. Branting Christian L.Lange
SwedenNorway
1922 Fridtjof Nansen Norway
1925 Sir J. Austen ChamberlainChstlrd G. Dawes U.S.
1926 Aristide BriandGustav Stresemann
France Germany
1927 Ferdinand E. BuissonLudwig Quidde
FranceGermany
1929 Frank B. Kellogg U.S.
1930 Nathan Soderblom Sweden
1931 Jane Addams, Nicholas Murray Butler U.S.
1933 Sir Norman Angell Britain
1934 Arthur Henderson Britain
1935 Carl von Ossietzky Germany
1936 Carlos de Saavedra Lamas Argentina
1937 Viscount Cecil of Chelwood Britain
1938 Nansen International Office for Refugees
1944 International Red Cross
1945 Cordell Hull U.S.
1946 Emily G. Balch, John R. Mott U.S.
1947 Friends Service CouncilAmerican Friends Service Committee
BritainU.S.
1949 Lord John Boyd Orr of Brechin Mearns Britain
1950 Ralph J. Bunche U.S.
1951 Leon Jouhaux France
1952 Albert Schweitzer France
1953 George C. Marshall U.S.
1954 Office of the UN hign Commissioner of Refugees Sw
1957 Lester B. Pearson Canada
1958 Georges Pire Belgium
1959 Philip J. Noel-Baker Britain
1960 Albert J.Luthuil South African
1961 Dag Hammarskjold Sweden
1962 Linus C. Pauling U.S.
1963 International Red Cross, League of Red Cross Societies
1964 Martin Luther King Jordon-U.S.
1965 U.N. Children's Fund(UNICEF)
1968 Rene Cassin Franch
1969 Internationa Labour Organisation
1970 Norman E. Borlaug U.S.
1971 Willy Brandt West Germany
1973 Henry KissingerLe Due Tho, N.Vietmamese U.S.
1974 Eisaku Sato Sean MacBride
Japan Iran
1975 Andrei Sakharov USSR
1976 Mairead Corrigan, Betty Williams N. Iran
1977 Amnesty International
1978 Anwar Sadat,Menachem Begin
England Isreal
1979 Mother Teresa Albanian - Indian
1980 Adolfo Perez Esquivel Argentina
1981 Office of UN high Commissioner for Refugees
1982 Alva MyrdalAlfonso Garcia Robles
SwedishMexico
1983 Lech Walesa Poland
1984 Bishop Desmond Tutu South Africa
1985 International Physicians for the Prevention of Nuclear War U.S.
1986 Elie Wiesel Romanian-U.S.
1987 Oscar Arias Sanchez Costa Rican
1988 United NationsPeace keeping Forces
1989 Dalai Lama Tibetan
1990 Mikhail S. Gorbachev USSR
1991 Aung San Suu Kyi Myanmarese
1992 Rigoberta Menchu Guatemalan
1993 Frederik W.de Klerk, Nelson Mandela South Arican
1994 Yasir ArafatShimon Peres, Yitzhak Rabin
PalestineIsreal
1995 Joseph Rotblat U.K.
1996 Roman Catholic Bishop Carlos Filipe Ximenes Nelo East Tomor
1997 International Campaign to Ban Landmines (ICBL)and its coordinator Jody Williams
1998 David Trimble, Jonh Hume Netherland
2000 Kim Dae-Jung South Korea
2001 United Nations Kofi Annan Ghana
2002 Jimmy Carter
Nobel Prize Winners - Literature
Year Name Country
1901 Rene F.A. Sully Prudhomme Franch
1902 Theodor Mommsen Germany
1903 Bjornsterne Bjornson Norway
1904 Frederic Mistral Jose Echegaray
FranchSpain
1905 Henryk Sienkiewicz Poland
1906 Giosue Carducci Italy
1907 Rudyard Kipling Britain
1908 Rudolf C. Eucken Germany
1909 Selma Lagerlof Sweden
1910 Paul J.L.Heyse Germany
1911 Maurice Maeterlinck Belgium
1912 Gerhart Hauptmann Germany
1913 Rabindranath Tagore India
1915 Romain Rolland France
1916 Verner von Heidenstam Sweden
1917 Karl A. Gjellerup, Henrik Pontoppidan Danish
1919 Carl F.G. Spitteler Switzerland
1920 Kunt Hamsun Norway
1921 Anatolle France France
1922 Jacinto Benavente Spanish
1923 William Butker Iran
1924 Wladyslaw S. Reymont Poland
1925 George Bernard Shaw Iran-Britain
1926 Grazia Deledda Itally
1927 Henri Bergson France
1928 Sigrid Undset Norway
1929 Thomas Mann German
1930 Sinclair Lewis U.S.
1931 Erik A. Karlfeldt Sweden
1932 John Galsworthy Britain
1933 Ivan A. Bunin USSR
1934 Luigi Pirandello Italy
1936 Eugene O'Neill U.S.
1937 Roger Martin de Gard France
1938 Pearl S.Buck U.S.
1939 Frans E. Sillanpa Finnish
1944 Johannes V. Jensen Danish
1945 Gabriels Mistral Chilean
1946 Hermann Hesse Switzwerland
1947 Andre Gide France
1948 T.S.Eliot Britain
1949 william Fauljner U.S.
1950 Bertrand Russell Britain
1951 RarF.Lagerkvist Sweden
1952 Francois Mauriac France
1953 Sir Winston Churchill Britain
1954 Ernest Hemingway U.S.
1955 Halldor K. Laxness Icelandic
1956 Juan Ramon Jimenez Spain
1957 Albert Camus France
1958 Boris L.Pasternak USSR
1959 Salvatore Quasimodo Italy
1960 Saint-John Perse France
1961 Ivo Andric Yugoslavia
1962 John Steinbeck U.S.
1963 Giorgos Seferis
1964 Jean Paul Sartre France
1965 Mikhail Sholokhov USSR
1966 Samuel Joseph AgnonNelly Sachs
IsrealSweden
1967 Muguel Angel Asturias Guate
1968 Yasunari Kawabata Japan
1969 Samuel Beckett Iran
1970 Aleksandr I. Solzhenisyn USSR
1971 Pablo Neruda Chilean
1972 Heinrich Boll West Germany
1973 Patrick White Austral
1974 Eyvind Johnson, Harry Edmund Martinson Sweden
1975 Eugenio Montale Italy
1976 Saul Bellow U.S.
1977 Vicente Aleixandre Spain
1978 Isaac Bashevis Singer U.S.
1979 Odysseus Elytis Gk
1980 Czerslaw Milosz Poland-U.S.
1981 Elias Canetti Bulgium-Britain
1982 Gabriel HGarcia Marquez Colombian-Mexico
1983 William Golding Britain
1984 Jaroslav Siefert Czech
1985 Claude Simon France
1986 Wole Soyinka Nigerian
1987 Joseph Brodsky USSR-U.S.
1988 Naguib Mahfouz England
1989 Camilo Jose Cela Spain
1990 Octavio Paz Mexico
1991 Nadine Gordimer South Africa
1992 Derek Walcott West India
1993 Toni Morrison U.S.
1994 Kenzaburo Oe Japan
1995 Seamus Heaney Iran
1996 Wislawa zymorska Poland
1997 Dario Fo Italy
1998 Jose Saramago Portugal
1999 Gunter Grass Germany
2000 Gao Xingjian China
2001 V.S. Naipaul
2002 Imre Kertész
Nobel Prize Winners - Economics
Year Name Country
1969 Ragnar Frisch Jan Tinbergen
Norwegian
Dutch
1970 Paul A.Samuelson U.S.
1971 Simon Kuznets U.S.
1972 Kenneth J. ArrowJohn R. Hicks
U.S.Britain
1973 Wassily Leontief U.S.
1974 Gunnar MyrdalFriedrich A.von Hayek
Sweden Australia
1975 Tjalling KoopmansLeonid Kantorovich
Dutch-U.S USSR
1976 Milton Friedman U.S.
1977 Bertil Ohlin James E. Meade
Swedish Britain
1978 Herbert A. Simon U.S.
1979 Theodore W. Schultz Sir Arthur Lewis
U.S. Britain
1980 Lawrence R. Klein U.S.
1981 James Tobin U.S.
1982 George J. Stigler U.S.
1983 Gerard Debreu France - U.S.
1984 Richard Stone Britain
1985 Franco Modigliani Italy - U.S.
1986 James M.Buchanan U.S.
1987 Robert M. Solow U.S.
1988 Maurice Allais France
1989 Trygve Haavelmo Norway
1990 Harry M. Markowitz William F. Sharpe, Merton H. Miller U.S.
1991 Ronald H.Coase Britain - U.S
1992 Gary S.Becker U.S.
1993 Robert W. Fogel, Douglass C. North U.S.
1994 John C. Harsanyi, John F. Nash U.S.
1995 Robert W. Fogel, Douglass C.Norht U.S.
1996 James A. MirrleesWilliam Vickrey
UkCanada
1997 Robert C. Merton, Myron S.Scholes U.S.
1998 Amarty Sen India
1999 Robert Mundell Canada
2000 James J. HeckmanDaniel L. McFadden
USAUSA
2001George A. AkerlofA. Michael SpenceJoseph E. Stiglitz
USAUSAUSA
2002 Daniel KahnemanVernon L. Smith
USAUSA
POLITICAL AND SOCIAL TERMS
APARTHEID Policy of racial segregation practiced by the South African Government.
ADJOURNMENT A motion moved by a member of a legislature to adjourn consideration of the issues in hand for discussing a matter of urgent public importance.
AMNESTY Grant of pardon or exemption from prosecution to political importance.
ARMISTICE Temporary cessation of hostilities pending formal negotiations for peace.
APPEASEMENT The policy of gratifying one's enemy with concession and special grants by sacrificing even principles.
AUTONOMY Power to control internal affairs.
BILATERAL AGREEMENT An agreement between two countries.
BLOCKADES Imposing closure of ports and waterways to prevent ships from reaching or leaving it.
BOLSHEVISM The doctrine of Proletarian Dictatorship as propounded by Lenin.
BOURGEOISE Capitalist class in Marxian terminology.
BUFFER STATE A small neutral state between two big states.
BY-ELECTION A mid term election to fill a seat rendered vacant.
CASTING VOTE A vote casting of which decides the tie.
CAUCUS A powerful group of party.
CHARGED AFFAIRS The senior most diplomat after the head of the mission, officiating in his absence.
COALITION Combination of two or more parties with the purpose of forming a composite government.
CONFEDERATION Alliance of nations for some specific purpose our retaining the respective individual nation sovereignty.
COLD WAR The state of ideological or wordy warfare between two countries or blocks.
ENVOY A diplomatic emissary accredited to the country and holding position below that of an ambassador.
FIFTH COLUMN An anti-national clique of spies and saboteurs.
FLOOR CROSSING The act of changing political loyalty by a person or a group.
FRANCHISE Right to cast vote in the public elections.
GALLUP POLL An opinion poll-may be with the help of interview.
GENOCIDE Intention to destroy wholly or in part a religious, ethnic or political group.
GHERAO Encircling a person and rending him incapable of doing anything till he/she concedes demands.
GLOSNOST Means openness. Term used for reforms introduced in Russian society by M.Gorbachov.
HABEAS CORPUS A type of a writ issued by a High Court or Supreme court against illegal detention of a person.
HOT LINE A direct telephone link between the White House and Kremlin established in 1963.
IMPEACHMENT Trial by the Parliament.
LOBBYING Exercising influence or pressure on members of the legislative bodies in the lobby for supporting or opposing an issue in the House.
LOK PAL An official appointed by the President to investigate public complaints against ministers and high officials.
MANIFESTO A declaration of political party about its policies and programmes given at the time of elections.
NATIONALISATION The act of taking business undertakings an institutions by the state and controlling them.
NAXALITEA movement violent in character believing in Maoism: the term was first used for the peasants of Naxalbari (West Bengal) who rose against the landlords demanding land for the landless.
NEW DEAL The name given to the policy of Franklin D.Roosevelt to revive and boost American economy .
ORDINANCE An Act or decree promulgated by the Head of State in an emergency or when the legislative body is not in session.
PERESTROIKA Used for Gorbachov's move to restructure political and economical structure of the Russian society.
PLEBISCITE Voting on regional or national issue.
PERSONALITY CULT Too much adulation for a ruler or a political figure.
PRIVY PURSE Yearly allowances granted to the princes of Indian states after the merger of their states with the Indian Union. (New these purses are abolished).
PRIVILEGE MOTION A motion moved by a legislator drawing attention of the House towards a matter involving breach of privilege of the House or any of its members.
REFERENDUM People's verdict on some constitutional amendment and some other legislative issue of controversial nature.
SECULARISM Affirmation in all the faiths, showing no official patronage to any religions or religions.
SANCTIONS Penalty or reward imposed for disobedience or obedience attached to the law.
SOCIALISM Control of production and means of distribution in the hands of the State.
STATUTE Law made by the Parliament, enshrined in the statue book, which are binding on al subjects, of a particular country.
SUFFRAGE Right of voting in political elections.
SELF-DETERMINATION
Right of a nation deciding its own form of government, its political destiny or independence.
TERRITORIAL WATERS
Areas of the sea up to 12 km measured from the low water mark of the coast and within the executive control of an adjacent State.
UNICAMERAL A legislature having only one House.
VETO Right to reject any resolution or enactment passed by the legislature.
Economic , Commercial and Trade Terms
ARBITRATION Referring dispute to disinterested party called arbitrator for decision, which will be binding.
ANNUITYPayment of a fixed amount periodically for a limited time. It is an investment on which the owner receives not only interest on his money but also return of his capital.
BALANCE OF TRADEThe difference between the value of imports and exports. It is favourable when the value of exported goods exceeds the value of imported goods. If it is reverse balance is unfavourable.
BALANCE SHEETStatements of accounts, generally os a business house prepared at the end of a year, showing debits and credits under broad heads, in order to find out the profit and loss positions in the outgoing year.
BARTER Exchange of commodity with other commodities without the interface of any form of currency.
BOND Document by which a government, a company or a person agrees to pay a sum of money in a certain time.
BUDGET Annual estimate of expenditure and revenue of a country or a subordinate authority like a corporation.
BILL OF EXCHANGE Written order by a drawer to pay sum on given date ot named payee.
BUYER'S MARKET An economic phenomenon where there are more goods in market than demanded and so the buyers can dictate the prices of goods.
CLEARING HOUSE Place where officials of the banks meet daily to exchange cheques drawn on the respective banks and settle the account by the payment of balances only.
COOPERATIVE FARMING Joint farming wherein farmers pool their land, capital and resources and divide the produce at the end of the harvest in proportion to their land put in the pool. The
farmers retain their proprietary rights.
CEILING ON LAND AND HOLDING
Imposition of a maximum limit of the land which an individual should have. Its purpose is rational distribution of land.
DEATH DUTY (ESTATE DUTY) A sort of tax imposed on the property inherited at death of its previous owner.
DEVALUATION Government's step to reduce the value of its own currency relatively to a foreign currency. It aims to increase exports and reduce imports.
DEFLATIONA monetary state characterised by decrease in the supply of money and bank deposits and falling profits, wages, incomes and employment accompanied by unemployment and falling prices.
DEMONETISATIONThe governmental measure of depriving metallic coins or paper currency od specified denominations of its status money. It is meant to unearth the hidden money which is unaccounted for purpose of income tax assessment.
EXCISE DUTY Duty levied on goods manufactured within the country.
FOREIGN EXCHANGE Transfer of money of one country to another.
INFLATION Increase in the quality of money in circulation without any corresponding increase in goods; so, it leads to rising prices spiral.
LAISSEZ FAIRE An individualistic theory advocating private initiative in trade and non-interference by State in commercial or business ventures.
LOCKOUT Closure of a factory by owners to force the workers to accept the imposed terms.
MALTHUSIAN THEORY OF POPULATION
It states that the food supply increase in arithmetical progression while population increase by geometrical progression resulting in over-population.
OCTROI Tax imposed on articles coming inside a city.
PUBLIC SECTOR Applies to State enterprises or undertaking.
RECESSION An economic phenomenon characterised by excessive production, less demand, tight money market.
SOFT CURRENCY Currency of a country with which we have favourable balance of trade.
STERLING AREA Group of countries of Commonwealth (except Canada) keeping their reserves in sterling and not gold or dollars.
TARIFFS Measures undertaking by one country to protect industry against trade competition from outside.
Legal Terms
AFFIDAVIT A statement on oath for use as evidence in legal proceedings.
CONTEMPT OF COURT Any disobedience of the court verdict.
COPYRIGHT Exclusive right of an author in his works,
COVENANT An agreement under seal between two or more persons.
DECREE Judgement or decision having the force of law.
DETENU Persons who dies without making any will.
INTESTATE A person who dies without making any will.
LIBEL A published statement damaging to a person's reputation or business.
MANDAMUS A writ issued by a higher court to a lower court directing it to perform a specified act pertaining to its office.
PLAINTIFF A person who, as complainant, brings a suit in a court of law.
SUMMONS A directive from a court of law ordering a person to appear before it at a specified date, time and place.
WRIT A written order by a Supreme Court or High Court directing the State or a lowest court to act or abstain from acting in a particular case.
Military ,Aviation And Naval Terms
ARSENAL Place where arms and ammunition are manufactured and stored.
BATTALION An army unit consisting of 1,000 combatants led by a Lieutenant Colonel.
BATTERY A unit of a number of artillery guns, mobile or fixed.
BULL'S EYE The point of target that has t be aimed or hit while practicing shooting.
COCKPIT Pilot's seat in the fuselage of an aeroplane.
CAMOUFLAGE Hiding of objects by various means to deceive or bamboozle the enemy about their real location thereby protecting them from air and ground attacks.
COMMANDO A mobile body of guerilla fighters.
CONSCRIPTION Compulsory recruitment of personnel for service in the armed forces.
DIVISIONNormally, a division has 20,000 troops commanded by a Major General equipped with two or more brigades of infantry with befitting artillery and engineering equipment.
DOGFIGHT An aerial duel between two or more aircraft's at a close range.
FLOTILLA A fleet of boats or small ships.
GUIDED MISSILESPowered by rockets or jet propulsion, they are unmanned, self propelled air or space vehicle fitted with explosive warheads. Guided missiles are either self directed with inlaid controls or under remote controls based on the firing range.
ICBMInter Continental Ballistic Missile is a rocket propelled surface to surface guided missile carrying a nuclear warhead which can reach a destined city or installation in the world and destroy it entirely.
INTERMEDIATE RANGE BALLISTIC MISSILE (IRBM)
It is of three types, viz, air to air, surface to air, and air to surface. Air to air guided missile, launched from an aircraft is employed to hit target in the battlefield. Surface to surface and air to air guided missiles are employed against enemy missiles or targets.
JUMBO JET A large passenger jet aircraft having the capacity to life nearly 447 passengers.
NUCLEAR UMBRELLA Giving air shield to a city or by nuclear weapons. It is also called parasol or Sombrero.
STAR WARS Deployment of weapons on satellites in space with a view to destroy inter-continental ballistic missiles in space coming from the enemy.
SQUADRON Air Force formation consisting of 20 aircraft's commanded by a Squadron Leader.
Military ,Aviation And Naval Terms
ARSENAL Place where arms and ammunition are manufactured and stored.
BATTALION An army unit consisting of 1,000 combatants led by a Lieutenant Colonel.
BATTERY A unit of a number of artillery guns, mobile or fixed.
BULL'S EYE The point of target that has t be aimed or hit while practicing shooting.
COCKPIT Pilot's seat in the fuselage of an aeroplane.
CAMOUFLAGE Hiding of objects by various means to deceive or bamboozle the enemy about their real location thereby protecting them from air and ground attacks.
COMMANDO A mobile body of guerilla fighters.
CONSCRIPTION Compulsory recruitment of personnel for service in the armed forces.
DIVISIONNormally, a division has 20,000 troops commanded by a Major General equipped with two or more brigades of infantry with befitting artillery and engineering equipment.
DOGFIGHT An aerial duel between two or more aircraft's at a close range.
FLOTILLA A fleet of boats or small ships.
GUIDED MISSILESPowered by rockets or jet propulsion, they are unmanned, self propelled air or space vehicle fitted with explosive warheads. Guided missiles are either self directed with inlaid controls or under remote controls based on the firing range.
ICBMInter Continental Ballistic Missile is a rocket propelled surface to surface guided missile carrying a nuclear warhead which can reach a destined city or installation in the world and destroy it entirely.
INTERMEDIATE RANGE BALLISTIC MISSILE (IRBM)
It is of three types, viz, air to air, surface to air, and air to surface. Air to air guided missile, launched from an aircraft is employed to hit target in the battlefield. Surface to surface and air to air guided missiles are employed against enemy missiles or targets.
JUMBO JET A large passenger jet aircraft having the capacity to life nearly 447 passengers.
NUCLEAR UMBRELLA Giving air shield to a city or by nuclear weapons. It is also called parasol or Sombrero.
STAR WARS Deployment of weapons on satellites in space with a view to destroy inter-continental ballistic missiles in space coming from the enemy.
SQUADRON Air Force formation consisting of 20 aircraft's commanded by a Squadron Leader.
LANGUAGES OF THE WORLD Languages spoken by the most people (Native speakers only)
Chinese Mandarin 1 billion +
English 512 million
Hindustania 498 million
Spanish 391 million
Russian 280 million
Arabic 245 million
Bengali 211 million
Portuguese 192 million
Malay-Indonesian 160 million
Japanese 125 million
German 100 million
Korean 78 million
French 77 million
Chinese, Wu 77 million
Javanese 75 million
LARGEST CITIES ON THE PLANET
Mumbai, India 12.15 million
Buenos Aires, Argentina 11.96 million
Seoul, South Korea 11.2 million
Karachi, Pakistan 11.3 million
Manila, Philippines 10.13 million
Sao Paulo, Brazil 10.06 million
New Delhi, India 10.01 million
Istanbul, Turkey 9.29 million
Shanghai, China 8.9 million
Jakarta, Indonesia 8.68 million
Mexico City, Mexico 8.66 million
Dhaka, Bangladesh 8.54 million
Moscow, Russian Fed. 8.37 million
Tokyo, Japan 8.2 million
New York City, USA 8.04 million
Industries in India
1 Cotton Textile
Most important industry in terms of employment and production of export goods. In Maharashtra (Mumbai, Sholapur, Pune, Kolhapur, Satara, Wardha, Hajipur), Gujarat (Ahmedabad, Vadodara, Rajkot, Surat, Bhavnagar), Tamil Nadu (Coimbatore Manchestor of South India). Tamil Nadu has the largest number of cotton textile mills in India
2 JuteIndia manufactures the largest quantity of jute goods in the world. Mainly located in West Bengal, followed by Andhra Pradesh, Bihar, UP, MP
3 Silk TextileThe location of silk industry is governed by two factors - prevalence of sericulture practices and availability of skilled labour. Karnataka is the leading producer, followed by West Bengal, Bihar, etc
4 Woollen Textiles In Punjab (Dhariwal, Amritsar, Ludhiana, Ferozpur), Maharashtra (Mumbai), UP (Kanpur, Mirzapur, Agra, Tanakpur), etc
5 Iron and steelLocated near the sources of raw materials and fuel (coal). In Jamshedpur (Jharkhand), Durgapur, Burnpur (W.B.), Bhadrwati (Karnataka), Bokaro (Jharkhand), Rourkela (Orissa), Bhilai (Chhatisgarh), Salem (T.N.), Vishakhapatnam (A.P.)
6 Aluminium SmeltingLocated mainly near the sources of raw materials, means of transport and cheap electricity. In Hirakud, Koraput (Orissa), Renukoot (UP), Korba (MP), Ratnagiri (Maharashtra), Mettur (TN), Alwaye
7 Copper Smelting In Khetri, Alwar, Jhunjhunu (Rajasthan), Singhbhum (Jharkhand), Agnigundala (A.P.)
8 Heavy Machinery Machine Tools Industry
In Ranchi, Vishakapattnam, Durgapur, Tiruchirapalli, Mumbai, Naini it forms the basis for the manufacturing of industrial, defence equipments, automobiles, railway engines and electrical machinery. In
Bangalore, Pinjore (Haryana), Kalamassery (Kerala), Hyderabad, Secunderabad, Srinagar, Ajmer.
9 Heavy Electrical Equipments
Power generation equipments. In Bhopal, Tiruchirapalli, Jammu, Ramchandrapuram (Hyderabad), Hardwar, Bangalore, and Jagdishpur (UP).
10 Railway EquipmentsLocomotives: In Chittaranjan (WB), Varanasi, Jamshedpur, Bhopal. Coaches: Perambur(TN), Kapurthala (Punjab), also at Bangalore and Kolkata.
11 Ship BuildingHindustan Shipyard at Vishakhapatnam, Cochin Shipyard, Mumbai (Mazgaon Dock) and Kolkata (Garden Reach Workshop). For Indian Navy, only at Mazgaon
12 Cycles In Mumbai, Asansol, Sonepat, Delhi, Chennai, Jalandhar and Ludhiana
13 Tractors At Faridabad, Pinjore, Delhi, Mumbai, Chennai
14 Fertilizers
The location of fertilizer industry is closely related to petro-chemicals. About 70% of the plants producing nitrogenous fertilizers use naphtha as raw material Naphtha is a by-product of oil refiners. Phosphate plants are dependent on mineral phosphate found in UP and MP. Now natural gas based fertilizer plants are also being set up. The Fertilizer Corporation of India (FCL) was setup up in 1961. National Fertilizer Limited (NFL) was set up in 1974. In Sindri (Bihar), Nangal, Trombay, Gorakhpur, Durgapur, Namrup, Cochin, Rourkela, Neyveli, Varanasi, Vadodara, Vishakhapattnam, Kota and Kanpur
15 Pharmaceuticals and Drugs
Antibiotics are prepared at Pimpri and Rishikesh. The Indian Drugs and Pharmaceuticals Limited has 5 plants at Hyderabad, Rishikesh, Chennai, Gurgaon and Muzaffarpur. A number of other units are concentrated in Mumbai, Baroda, Delhi, Kolkata and Kanpur.
16 Pesticides Delhi and Alwaye
17 Sugar Industry UP, Maharashtra, AP, TN, Karnataka and Bihar
18 AircraftHindustan Aeronautics India Ltd. Was formed by merging two aircraft factories at Bangalore and Kanpur. Four other factories are at Nasik, Hyderabad, Koraput (Orissa), Lucknow
19 Rubber Industry Bareilly (UP), Baroda (Gujarat) - Synthetic Rubber Units, Mumbai, Ahmedabad, Amritsar - Reclaimed Rubber Units
Five Year Plans1 First Plan
(1951 - 56)It was based on Harrod-Domar Model.Community Development Program was launched in 1952.
Emphasized on agriculture, price stability, power & transport.It was more than a success, because of good harvests in the last two years.
2 Second Plan (1956 - 61)
Also called Mahalanobis Plan after its chief architect.Its objective was rapid industrialization.Advocated huge imports which led to emptying of funds leading to foreign loans. It shifted basic emphasis from agriculture to industry far too soon. During this plan, price level increased by 30%, against a decline of 13% during the First Plan.
3 Third Plan (1961 - 66)
At its conception time, it was felt that Indian economy has entered a take-off stage. Therefore, its aim was to make India a 'self-reliant' and 'self-generating' economy.Also, it was realized from the experience of first two plans that agriculture should be given the top priority to suffice the requirement of export and industry.Complete failure due to unforeseen misfortunes, viz. Chinese aggression (1962), Indo-Pak war (1965), severest drought in 100 years (1965-66).
4Three Annual Plans (1966-69)
Plan holiday for 3years. The prevailing crisis in agriculture and serious food shortage necessitated the emhasis on agriculture during the Annual Plans.During these plans a whole new agricultural strategy involving wide-spread distribution of High-Yielding Varieties of seeds, the extensive use of fertilizers, exploitation of irrigation potential and soil conservation was put into action to tide-over the crisis in agricultural production.During the Annual Plans, the economy basically absorbed the shocks given during the Third Plan, making way for a planned growth.
5 Fourth Plan (1969 - 74)
Main emphasis on agriculture's growth rate so that a chain reaction can start.Fared well in the first two years with record production, last three years failure because of poor monsoon.Had to tackle the influx of Bangladeshi refugees before and after 1971 Indo-Pak war.
6 Fifth Plan(1974-79)
The fifth plan prepared and launched by D.D. Dhar proposed to achieve two main objectives viz, 'removal of poverty' (Garibi Hatao) and 'attainment of self reliance', through promotion of high rate of growth, better distribution of income and a very significant growth in the domestic rate of savings. The plan was terminated in 1978 (instead of 1979) when Janta Govt.came to power.
7 Rolling Plan (1978 - 80)
There were 2 Sixth Plans. One by Janta Govt. (for 78-83) which was in operation for 2 years only and the other by the Congress Govt. when it returned to power in 1980.
8 Sixth Plan (1980 - 85)
Objectives: Increase in national income, modernization of technology, ensuring continuous decrease in poverty and unemployment, population control through family planning, etc.
9 Seventh Plan The Seventh plan emphasized policies and programs which aimed at rapid
(1985 - 90)growth in food-grains production, increased employment opportunities and productivity within the framework of basic tenants of planning.It was a great success, the economy recorded 6% growth rate against the targeted 5%.
10 Eighth Plan (1992 - 97)
The eighth plan was postponed by two years because of political upheavals at the Centre and it was launched after a worsening Balance of Payment position and inflation during 1990-91.The plan undertook various drastic policy measures to combat the bad economic situation and to undertake an annual average growth of 5.6%Some of the main economic performances during eighth plan period were rapid economic growth, high growth of agriculture and allied sector, and manufacturing sector, growth in exports and imports, improvement in trade and current account deficit.
11 Ninth Plan (1997- 2002)
It was developed in the context of four important dimensions: Quality of life, generation of productive employment, regional balance and self-reliance.
12 Tenth Plan (2002 - 2007)
To achieve the growth rate of GDP @ 8%.Reduction of poverty ratio to 20% by 2007 and to 10% by 2012.Providing gainful high quality employment to the addition to the labour force over the tenth plan period.Universal access to primary education by 2007.Reduction in gender gaps in literacy and wage rates by atleast 50% by 2007.Reduction in decadal rate of population growth between 2001 and 2011 to 16.2%.Increase in literacy rate to 72% within the plan period and to 80% by 2012.Reduction of Infant Mortality Rate (IMR) to 45 per 1000 live births by 2007 and to 28 by 2012.Increase in forest and tree cover to 25% by 2007 and 33% by 2012.All villages to have sustained access to potable drinking water by 2012.Cleaning of all major polluted rivers by 2007 and other notified stretches by 2012.
Growth During Five Year PlansPlan Target Actual
First Plan (1951 - 56) 2.9% 3.6%
Second Plan (1956 - 61) 4.5% 4.3%
Third Plan (1961 - 66) 5.6% 2.8%
Fourth Plan (1969 - 1974) 5.7% 3.3%
Fifth Plan (1974 - 79) 4.4% 4.8%
Sixth Plan (1980 - 85) 5.2% 6.0%
Seventh Plan (1985 - 90) 5.0% 6.0%
Eighth Plan (1992 - 97) 5.6% 6.8%
Ninth Plan (1997 - 2002) 6.5% 5.4%
Tenth Plan (2002 - 2007) 8.0% -
Important Antipoverty Employment Generation Programs
1Swaranjayanti Gram Swarozgar Yojana (SGRY)
Started on April 1, 1999. It has replaced the following programs:Integrated Rural Development Program (IRDP) : Started in 1978 - 79). Training Rural Youth for Self -Employment (TRYSEM): Started in 1978-79. Development of Women and Children in Rural Areas (DWCRA): Started in 1978 -79. Ganga Kalyan Yojana (GKY): Started in 1997. Million Wells Scheme (MWS): Started in 1989. Supply of Improved Tool-kits to Rural Artisans (SITRA). The yojana takes into account all the strengths and weaknesses of the earlier self-employment programs. Every assisted family will be brought above the poverty line. It is proposed to cover 30% of the rural poor in each block. To Target at atleast 50% Scheduled Castes and Scheduled Tribes, 40% women and 3% disabled.
2Pradhan Mantri Gramodaya Yojana (PMGY)
It was introduced in 2000-01 with the objective of focusing on village level development in five critical areas I.e., primary health, primary education, housing, rural roads and drinking water and nutrition with the overall objective of improving the quality of life of people in rural areas. Rural electrification was added as an additional component from 2001-02. It has the following components: Pradhan Mantri Gram Sadak Yojana (PMGSY) Pradhan Mantri Gramodaya Yojana (Gramin Awas). Pradhan Mantri Gramodaya Yojana (Rural Drinking Water Project).
3 Sampoorna Gramin Rozgar Yojana (SGRY)
It was started on Sept. 25,2001, with the mergence of the Employment Assurance Scheme (EAS) and the Jawahar Gram Samriddhi Yojana (JGSY). Earlier Jawahar Rozgar Yojana, which started in 1989, was merged with Jawahar Gram Samriddhi Yojana.
The objective of the program is to provide additional wage employment in rural areas and also to provide food security.
4Swarna Jayanti Shahari Rozgar Yojana (SJSRY)
The SJSRY came into operation in Dec, 1997, through a restructuring and streamlining of the earlier urban poverty alleviation programs, the Nehru Rozgar Yojana (NRY), the Urban Basic Services for the Poor (UBSP) and the Prime Minister's Integrated Urban Poverty alleviation Program (PMIUPEP). It seeks to provide employment to the urban employed or underemployed living below poverty line and educated up to IX standard through encouraging the setting up of self-employment ventures or provision of wage employment.
5 Antyodaya Anna Yojana
Launched on Dec. 25,2000. The scheme aims at providing food security to poor families. The scheme contemplates identification of 10 million 'poorest of the poor' families and providing the \m with 25kg of food grains per family per month at a low price of Rs.2 per Kg for wheat and Rs.3 per Kg for rice.
6 Annapurna Yojana
Inaugurated on March 19, 1999. Initially the scheme provided 10 kg food grains to senior citizens who were eligible fore old age pension but could not get it due to one reason or the other. Later on, it was extended to cover those people who get old age pensions. Food grains are provided to the beneficiaries at subsidized rates of Rs.2 per kg of wheat and Rs.3 per kg of rice.
Railway ZonesSNo Railway Zones Head Quarters
1 Central Mumbai VT
2 Eastern Kolkata
3 Northern New Delhi
4 North Eastern Gorakhpur
5 North-East Frontier Maligaon - Guwahati
6 Southern Chennai
7 South Central Secunderabad
8 South Eastern Kolkata
9 Western Mumbai Churchgate
10 East Coast Bhubaneshwar
11 East Central Hajipur
12 North Central Allahabad
13 North Western Jaipur
14 South Western Bangalore (Hubli)
15 West Central Jabalpur
16 SouthEast Central Bilaspur
BuddhismThe Buddha:
The Buddha also known as Sakyamuni or Tathagata.
Born in 563 BC on the Vaishakha Poornima Day at Lumbini (near Kapilavastu) in Nepal.
His father Suddhodana was the Saka ruler.
His mother (Mahamaya, of Kosala dynastry) died after 7 days of his birth. Brought up by stepmother Gautami.
Married at 16 to Yoshodhara. Enjoyed the married life for 13years and had a son named Rahula.
After seeing an old man, a sick man, a corpse and an ascetic, he decided to become a wanderer.
Left his palace at 29 in search of truth (also called ‘Mahabhinishkramana’ or The Great Renunication) and wandered for 6 years.
Attained ‘Enlightenment’ at 35 at Gaya in Magadha (Bihar) under the Pipal tree.
Delivered the first sermon at Sarnath where his five disciples had settled. His first sermon is called ‘Dharmachakrapracartan’ or ‘Turning of the Wheel of Law’.
Attained Mahaparinirvana at Kushinagar (identical with village Kasia in Deoria district of UP) in 483 BC at the age of 80 in the Malla republic.
Buddhist Councils: First Council: At Rajgriha, in 483 BC under the Chairmanship of Mehakassaapa (king was
Ajatshatru). Divided the teachings of Buddha into two Pitakas-Vinaya Pitaka and Sutta Pitaka.
Second Council: At Vaishali, in 383 BC under Sabakami (King was Kalasoka).Followers divided into Sthavirmadins and Mahasanghikas.
Third Council: At Pataliputra, in 250 BC under Mogaliputta Tissa (King was Ashoka) In this, the third part of the Tripitaka was coded in the Pali language.
Fourth council: At Kashmir (Kundalvan), in 72 AD under Vasumitra (King was Kanishka, Vice-Chairman was Ashwaghosha). Divided Buddhism into Mahayana and Hinayana sects.
Buddist Literature: In Pali language.
Vinaya Pitaka: Rules of discipline in the Buddhist monasteries.
Sutta Pitaka: Largest, contains collection of Buddha’s sermons.
Abhidhamma Pitaka: Explanation of the philosophical principles of the Buddhist religion
Newspaper JournalsNewspaper/Journal Founder/Editor
Bengal Gazette(1780) (India’s first newspaper) J.K.Hikki
Kesari B.G.Tilak
Maharatta B.G.Tilak
Sudharak G.K.Gokhale
Amrita Bazar Patrika Sisir Kumar Ghosh and Motilal Ghosh
Vande Mataram Aurobindo Ghosh
Native Opinion V.N.Mandalik
Kavivachan Sudha Bhartendu Harishchandra
Rast Goftar (First newspaper in Gujarati) Dadabhai Naoroji
New India (Weekly) Bipin Chandra Pal
Statesman Robert Knight
Hindu Vir Raghavacharya and G.S.Aiyar
Sandhya B.B.Upadhyaya
Vichar Lahiri Krishnashastri Chiplunkar
Hindu Patriot Girish Chandra Ghosh (later Harish Chandra Mukherji)
Som Prakash Ishwar Chandra Vidyasagar
Yugantar Bhupendranath Datta and Barinder Kumar Ghosh
Bombay Chronicle Firoze Shah Mehta
Hindustan M.M.Malviya
Mooknayak B.R.Ambedkar
Comrade Mohammed Ali
Tahzib-ul-Akhlaq Sir Syyed Ahmed Khan
Al-Hilal Abdul Kalam Azad
Al-Balagh Abdul Kalam Azad
Independent Motilal Nehru
Punjabi Lala Lajpat Rai
New India (Daily) Annie Besant
Commonweal Annie Besant
Pratap Ganesh Shankar Vidyarthi
Essays in Indian Economics M.G.Ranade
Samvad Kaumudi (Bengali) Ram Mohan Roy
Mirat-ul-Akhbar Ram Mohan Roy (first Persian newspaper)
Indian Mirror Devendra Nath Tagore
Nav Jeevan M.K.Gandhi
Young India M.K.Gandhi
Harijan M.K.Gandhi
Prabudha Bharat Swami Vivekananda
Udbodhana Swami Vivekananda
Indian Socialist Shyamji Krishna Verma
Talwar (in Berlin) Birendra Nath Chattopadhyaya
Free Hindustan (in Vancouver) Tarak Nath Das
Hindustan Times K.M.Pannikar
Kranti Mirajkar, Joglekar, Ghate
Jainism Jainism founded by Rishabha.
There were 24 Tirthankaras (Prophets or Gurus), all Kshatriyas. First was Rishabhnath (Emblem: Bull).
The 23rd Tirthankar Parshwanath (Emblem: Snake) was the son of King Ashvasena of Banaras.
The 24th and the last Tirthankar was Vardhman Mahavira (Emblem: Lion). He was born in kundagram (Distt Muzaffarpur, Bihar) in 599 BC.
His father Siddhartha was the head of Jnatrika clan.
His mother was Trishla, sister of Lichchavi Prince Chetak of Vaishali.
Mahavira was related to Bimbisara.
Married to Yashoda, had a daughter named Priyadarsena, whose husband Jamali became his first disciple.
At 30, after the death of his parents, he became an ascetic.
In the 13th year of his asceticism (on the 10th of Vaishakha), outside the town of Jrimbhikgrama, he attained supreme knowledge (kaivalya).
From now on he was called Jaina or Jitendriya and Mahavira, and his followers were named Jains. He also got the title of Arihant, i.e., worthy.
At the age of 72, he attained death at Pava, near Patna, in 527 BC.
Mahavira preached almost the same message as Parshvanath and added one more, Brahmcharya (celibacy) to it.
Social and Cultural UprisingBrahmo Samaj:
Founded by Raja Ram Mohan Roy in 1828. Criticized Sati Pratha, casteism and advocated widow remarriage.
He was opposed to Sanskrit system of education, because he thought it would keep the country in darkness.
Other important leaders were Devendranath Tagore (father of Rabindranath Tagore) and Keshap Chandra Sen.
Arya Samaj:
Founded by Swami Dayanand (or, Moolshankar) in 1875. His motto was ‘Go back to the vedas’ & ‘India for the Indians’. He disregarded Puranas, idol
worship, casteism and untouchability. He advocated widow remarriage.
Dayanand’s views were published in his famous work, Satyarth Prakash. He also wrote Veda Bhashya Bhumika and Veda Bhashya.
Ramakrishna Mission:
Founded by Vivekanand (earlier, Narendranath Dutta) (1863 – 1902) in 1897, 11 years after the death of his guru Ram Krishna Paramhans.
Vivekanand attended the Parliament of Religion at Chicago in 1893.
Irish woman Margaret Nobel (Known as sister Nivedita) popularized it.
Young Bengal Movement:
Founded by Henry Louis Vivian Derozio (1809-31). He was a teacher in Hindu College in Calcutta.
He urged the students to live and die for truth. He also supported women’s education and their rights.
Veda Samaj:
Veda Samaj called Brahmo Samaj of South. Started by Sridharalu Naidu. He translated books of Brahmo Dharma into Tamil and Telegu.
Dharma Sabha:
Initiated by Radhakant Deb in 1830. Was opposed to reforms and protected orthodoxy, but played an active role in promoting
western education even to girls.
Lokahitawadi: Started by Gopal Hari Deshmukh. Advocated western education and a rational outlook. He
advocated female education for the upliftment of women. As a votary of national self-reliance, he attended Delhi durbar in 1876, wearing handspun
khadi cloth.
Servants of India Society:
Formed by Gopal Krishna Gokhale in 1915. It did notable work in providing famine relief and in improving the condition of the tribal.
Radhaswami Movement:
Founded in 1861 by a banker of Agra, Tulsi Ram, popularly known as Shiv Dayal Saheb or Swami Maharaj.
The sect preached belief in one supreme being, the Guru’s supreme position and a simple social life for the believers (the Satsangis).
Theosophical Society:
Founded by Westerners who drew inspiration from Indian thought and culture. Madam H P Blavatsky laid the foundation of the movement in US in 1875. Later, Col.M.S.
Olcott of the US Army joined her.
In 1882, it was shifted to India at Adyar (Tamil Nadu).
Annie Besant was elected its president in 1907. She founded the Central Hindu College in 1898, which became Banaras Hindu University in 1916.
The Governor
1 Qualification
Citizen of India
Completed 35 yrs of age.
Shouldn't be a member of either house of parliament or the State legislature.
Must possess the qualification for membership of State Legislature.
Mustn't hold any office of profit.
2 Status Nominal executive in States.
Normally each State has its own Governor, but under the Seventh Amendment Act 1956, the same person can be appointed as Governor of one or more States or Lt. Governor of the Union Territory.
Appointed by the President on the recommendations of Union Council of Ministers.
His usual term of office is 5 yrs but he holds office during the pleasure of the President. He can be asked to continue for more time until his successor takes the charge.
Can give his resignation or can be removed earlier by the President. The legislature of a State or a High Court has no role in the removal of a Governor.
Salary from the Consolidated Fund of the State (Rs.36,000 per month) and is not subject to the vote of the State Legislature. When the same person is appointed as the Governor of two or more States, the emoluments and allowances payable to him shall be allocated among the States in such proportion as determined by the President of India.
His oath is administrated by the Chief Justice of the concerned State High Court and in his absence, the senior - most of that Court.
3 Powers
Appoints Chief Minister, Council of Ministers, Chairman & members of State Public Service Commission, Advocate General of the State and Election Commissioner of the State.
Summons, Prorogues & dissolves the State Legislature.
President consults Governor while appointing Chief Justice and other judges of High Court. Appoints judges of courts below the High Court.
Reports to the President if the State Government is not running constitutionally and recommends the President's rule (Article 356). When the President's Rule is in progress, he becomes the 'Agent of the Union Government in the State'. He takes over the reigns of administration directly into his own hands and runs the State with the aid of the Civil Servants.
President1 Qualification Must be a citizen of India.
Completed 35 yrs in age.Eligible to be a member of Lok Sabha.
Must not hold any Government post. Exceptions:President and Vice-President.Governor of any State.Minister of Union or State.
2 Election
Indirectly elected through 'Electoral College' consisting of Elected members of both the Houses of Parliament & Elected members of the Legislative Assemblies of the States. (No nominated members).Security deposit - 15,000/-Supreme Court inquires all disputes regarding President's election.Takes OATH in presence of Chief Justice of India, or in his absence, senior most judge of Supreme Court.
3 Term & Emoluments
5 year termArticle 57 says that there is no upper limit on the no. of times a person can ecome President.Can give resignation to Vice President before full-term.Present Salary - 50,000/month (including allowances & emoluments).
4 ImpeachmentQuasi-judicial procedure.Can be impeached only on the ground of violation of Constitution.The impeachment procedure can be initiated in either House of the Parliament.
5 VacancyIn case the office falls vacant due to death, resignation or removal, the Vice-President acts as President. If he is not available then Chief Justice, if not then senior-most judge of Supreme Court shall act as the President of India.The election is to be held within 6 months of the vacancy.
7 Powers
Appoints PM, ministers, Chief Justice & Judges of Supreme Court & High courts, Chairman & members of UPSC, Comptroller and Auditor General, Attorney General, Chief Election Commissioner and other members of Election Commission, Governors, Members of Finance Commission, Ambassadors, etc.Can summon & prorogue the sessions of the 2 houses & can dissolve Lok Sabha.Appoints Finance Commission (after every 5 yrs) that recommends distribution of taxes between Union & State govts.Appoints the Chief Justice and the judges of the Supreme Court and High Courts.The President can promulgate 3 types of Emergencies:National Emergency (Article 352)State Emergency (President's Rule) (Article 356)Financial Emergency (Article 360)He is the Supreme Commander of the Defence Forces of India.President appoints Chiefs of Army, Navy & Air Force.Declares wars & concludes peace subject to the approval of the Parliament.
Prime Ministers of IndiaJawahar Lal Nehru 15.08.1947 27.05.1964
Gulzari Lal Nanda 27.05.1964 09.06.1964
Lal Bahadur Shastri 09.06.1964 11.01.1966
Gulzari Lal Nanda 11.01.1966 24.01.1966
Indira Gandhi 24.01.1966 24.03.1977
Morarji Desai 24.03.1977 28.07.1979
Charan Singh 28.07.1979 14.01.1980
Indira Gandhi 14.01.1980 31.10.1984
Rajiv Gandhi 31.10.1984 01.12.1989
V.P.Singh 02.12.1989 10.11.1990
Chandra Shekhar 10.11.1990 21.06.1991
P.V.Narsimha Rao 21.06.1991 16.05.1996
Atal Bihari Vajpayee 16.05.1996 01.06.1996
H.D. Deve Gowda 01.06.1996 21.04.1997
I.K.Gujral 21.04.1997 18.03.1998
Atal Bihari Vajpayee 19.03.1998 12.10.1999
Atal Bihari Vajpayee 13.10.1999 21.05.2004
Dr.Manmohan Singh 22.05.2004 Till Date
Supreme Court of India
1 Status Stands at the apex of the judicial system of India.
Consists of Chief Justice & 25 other judges.
2 Appointment The senior most judge of the Supreme Court is appointed as the Chief Justice of India. Other judges are appointed by the President after consultation with such judges of the Supreme Court and of the High Court as the President may deem necessary.
3 Qualification
Citizen of India
Have been a judge of High Court for 5 yrs or An advocate of High Court for 10 yrs minimum or In President's view, a distinguished jurist of the country.
4 Term & Salary
The Chief Justice & other judges hold office till 65 yrs of age.
Can give resignation to President.
Can be removed by the Parliament.
After retirement, a judge of Supreme Court cannot plead or act before any authority.
Salary: Chief Justice - 33,000/- per month, Other Judges - 30,000/- per month
5 Removal of Judges
A motion seeking the removal of the judge can be preferred before either House of the Parliament.
The resolution should be supported by a majority of total membership of both houses & by 2/3 majority of the members present & voting.
6 Jurisdiction of The Supreme Court
Original Jurisdiction: The Supreme Court settles all disputes between Centre - State, State - State, etc.
Writ Jurisdiction: Every individual has the right to move the Supreme Court directly by appropriate proceedings for the enforcement of his Fundamental Rights.
Advisory Jurisdiction: If the President seeks the advice of Supreme Court, it is duty bound to give its opinion. (Its opinion isn't a binding of President).
Revisory Jurisdiction: The Supreme Court under Article 137 is empowered to review any judgement or order made by it with a view to removing any mistake or error that might have crept in the judgement or order.
It is a court of record as its decisions are of evidentiary value & cannot be questioned in any court.
The Supreme Court also enjoys the power of Judicial review as it can ensure that the laws passed by legislature and orders issued by the executive do not contravene any provision of the Constitution.
The Supreme Court decides disputes regarding the election of the President and the Vice President.
The Supreme Court recommends the removal of members of UPSC to the President.
Strength of State LegislaturesSNo State / UTs Legislative Assembly Legislative Council
1 Andhra Pradesh 294 Nil
2 Arunachal Pradesh 40 Nil
3 Assam 126 Nil
4 Delhi 70 Nil
5 Bihar 243 75
6 Jharkhand 81 Nil
7 Goa 40 Nil
8 Gujarat 182 Nil
9 Haryana 90 Nil
10 Himachal Pradesh 68 Nil
11 Jammu & Kashmir 76 36
12 Karnataka 224 75
13 Kerala 140 Nil
14 Madhya Pradesh 230 Nil
15 Chhatisgarh 90 Nil
16 Maharashtra 288 78
17 Manipur 60 Nil
18 Meghalaya 60 Nil
19 Mizoram 40 Nil
20 Nagaland 60 Nil
21 Orissa 147 Nil
22 Pondicherry 30 Nil
23 Punjab 117 Nil
24 Rajasthan 200 Nil
25 Sikkim 32 Nil
26 Tamil Nadu 234 Nil
27 Tripura 60 Nil
28 Uttar Pradesh 403 104
29 Uttaranchal 70 Nil
30 West Bengal 294 Nil
Attorney General of IndiaStatus:
Highest legal officer of the Union Govt.
Appointed by the President.
The person should be qualified to be appointed a judge of the Supreme Court.
He is entitled to audience in all courts of the country & can take part in the proceedings of the Parliament & its committees. However, he is not given the right to vote.
He is also allowed to take up private practice provided the other party is not the State. Because of this, he is not paid salary but a retainer to be determined by the President.
In England, the Attorney General is a member of the Cabinet, but in India he is not. It is a political appointment and therefore, whenever there is a change in the party in power, the Attorney General resigns from his post to enable the new Government to appoint a nominee of his choice.
The Attorney General is assisted by two Solicitors-General and four Additional Solicitors -
General.
The Attorney General gets a retainer equivalent to the salary of a judge of the Supreme Court.
Gives advice on all such legal matters which may be referred or assigned to him by the President.
Appears before the Supreme Court and various High Courts in cases involving the govt. of India.
Vice President
1 Election
Elected by both the houses (Electoral College) in accordance with the system of proportional representation by means of single transferable vote and the vote being secret. Nominated members also participate in his election.
The Supreme Court has the final and exclusive jurisdiction for resolving disputes and doubts relating to the election of the Vice-President.
2 Criteria
Citizen of India.
More than 35 yrs of age
Possess the qualification for membership of Rajya Sabha.
Not hold any office of profit under union, state or local authority. However, for this purpose, the President, Vice-President, Governor of a State and a Minister of the Union or a State, are not held to be holding an office of profit.
3 Other Points
Holds office for 5 yrs. Can be re-elected.
Term can be cut short if he resigns or by a resolution of the Raja Sabha passed by a majority of all the then members of the Rajya Sabha and agreed to by the Lok Sabha.
He is the ex-officio chairman of Rajya Sabha. Since he is not a member of Rajya Sabha, he has no right to vote.
Being the Vice President of India, he is not entitled for any salary, but he is entitled to the salary and allowances payable to the Chairman of the Rajya
Sabha.
All bills, resolution, motion can be taken in Rajya Sabha after his consent.
Can discharge the function of President if the post falls vacant. (For maximum 6 months).
When he discharges the functions of the President, the Vice President shall not perform the duties of the office of the Chairman of Rajya Sabha and shall not be entitled to receive the salary of the Chairman. During this period, he is entitled for the salary and privileges of the President of India.
Present salary is Rs.40,000/- per month.
Vice Presidents of IndiaSNo Name Year
1 1952 - 1962 S. Radhakrishnan
2 1962 - 1977 Zakir Hussain
3 1967 - 1969 V.V.Giri
4 1969 - 1974 G.S. Pathak
5 1974 - 1979 B.D. Jatti
6 1979 - 1984 Md. Hidayatullah
7 1984 - 1987 R. Venkataraman
8 1987 - 1992 Dr. S.D. Sharma
9 1992 - 1997 K.R. Narayanan
10 1997 - 2002 Krishna Kanth
11 2002 - Bhairon Singh Shekawat
Parts of the ConstitutionPart - I (Article 1 - 4)
Deals with territory of India formation of new states, alterations, names of existing states.
Part - II (Art. 5 - 11) Deals with various rights of citizenship.
Part - III (Art. 12 - 35)
Deals with fundamental rights of Indian citizens. (Art. 31 - dealing with the right to property was deleted by 44th amendment).
Part - IV (Art. 36-51) Deals with Directive Principles of State Policy.
Part - IV - A (Art. 51A) Added by 42nd amendment in 1976. Contains the duties of the citizens.
Part - V (Art. 52 - 151)
Deals with govt. at the Union Level. (Duties & Function of PM, Ministers, Presidents, Attorney General, Parliament - Lok Sabha & Rajya Sabha, Comptroller & Auditor General).
Part - VI (Art. 152 - 237)
Deals with govt. at the State Level. (Duties & functions of Chief Minister & his ministers, Governor, State legislature, High Court, Advocate General of the State).
Part - VII (Art. 238) Deals with States, was replaced in 1956 by the 7th amendment.
Part - VIII (Art. 239 - 241) Deals with Union Territories.
Part - IX
Consists of 2 parts:1. Added by 73rd amendment in 1992. Contains a new schedule 'SCHEDULE ELEVEN'. It contains 29 subjects related to Panchayati Raj. (They have been given administrative powers). 2. Added by 74th amendment in 1992. Contains a new schedule 'SCHEDULE TWELVE'. It contains 18 subjects related to Municipalities. (They have been given administrative powers).
Part - X (Art. 244, 244A) Deals with Scheduled & Tribal Areas.
Part - XI (Art. 245 - 263) Deals with relation between Union & States.
Part - XII (Art. 264 - 300A)
Deals with distribution of revenue between Union & States, appointment of Finance Commission (Article 280), contracts, liabilities etc.
Part - XIII (Art.301 Relates to trade, commerce & intercourse within the Territory of India.
- 307)
Part - XIV (Art.308 - 323) Deals with UPSC and Public Service Commissions.
Part - XV (Art.324 - 329) Deals with elections (Also Election Commission)
Part - XVI (Art.330 - 342)
Deals with special provisions for Scheduled Castes & Scheduled Tribed & Anglo - Indian Representation.
Part - XVII (Art. 343 - 351) Relates to official language.
Part, XVIII (Art.352 - 360) Deals with emergency provisions.
Part - XIX (Art.361 - 367)
Exemption of criminal proceedings for their official acts as President & Governors.
Part - XX (Art. 368) Deals with Amendment of Constitution.
Part - XXI (Art.369 - 392)
(Art-369 gives temporary powers to the Parliament to make laws for State list).(Art -370 contains temporary provisions of J & K - Restricts the parliament to make laws for that State).
Part - XXII (Art.393 - 395) Concerns the short title, commencement and repeal of the Constitution.
Part - XIV - A (Art.323A, 323B)
By 42nd amendment in 1976. Deals with administrative tribunals set up by parliament to hear disputes & complaints regarding Union, States or local govt.Employees.
Parliament of IndiaLOK SABHA:
Maximum strength - 550 + 2 nominated members. (530 - States/ 20 - Union Territories)
Present strength of Lok Sabha - 545.
The Eighty Fourth Amendment, 2001, extended freeze on Lok Sabha and State Assembly seats till 2026.
The normal tenure of the Lok Sabha is five years, but it may be dissolved earlier by the President. The life of the Lok Sabha can be extended by the Parliament beyond the five year term, when a proclamation of emergency under Article 352 is in force. But the Parliament cannot extend the normal life of the Lok Sabha for more than one year at a time (no limit on the number of times in the Constitution).
The Candidate must be: (a) Citizen of India. (b) Atleast 25 yrs of age. (c ) Mustn't hold any office of profit. (d) No unsound mind/ insolvent. (e) Has registered as voter in any Parliamentary Constituency.
Oath of MPs is conducted by the Speaker. Can resign, by writing to Speaker.
Presiding officer is Speaker (In his absence Deputy Speaker). The members among themselves elect him.
The Speaker continues in office even after the dissolution of the Lok Sabha till a newly elected Lok Sabha meets.
Usually the Speaker, after his election cuts-off all connection with his party & acts in an impartial manner. He does not vote in the first instance, but exercises his casting vote only to remove a deadlock.
Charges his salary from Consolidated Fund of India.
Speaker sends his resignation to deputy Speaker.
The Majority of the total membership can remove Speaker after giving a 14 days notice. (During this time, he doesn't preside over the meetings). After his removal, continues in office till his successor takes charge.
RAJYA SABHA
Maximum Strength - 250 {Out of these, President nominates 12 amongst persons having special knowledge or practical experience in the fields of literature, science, art and social service}.
Presently, the Parliament, by law, has provided for 233 seats for the States and the Union Territories. The total membership of Rajya Sabha is thus 245.
All the States and the Union Territories of Delhi and Pondicherry are represented in the Rajya Sabha.
Representatives of the State are elected by members of State legislative assemblies on the basis of proportional representation through a single transferable vote.
There are no seats reserved for Scheduled Castes and Scheduled Tribes in Rajya Sabha.
The candidate must be: (a) Citizen of India. (b) 30 yrs of age. (c ) Be a parliamentary elector in the State in which he is seeking election. (d) Others as prescribed by parliament from time-to-time.
The Rajya Sabha MPs are elected for a term of 6 years, as 1/3rd members retire every 2 years.
Vice-President is the ex-officio chairman of Rajya Sabha. He presides over the proceedings of the Rajya Sabha as long as he does not act as the President of India during a vacancy in the office of the President of India.
Also a deputy chairman is elected from its members.
In Rajya Sabha any bill can originate, apart from money bill (including budget).
The New States Created After 1950
1 Andhra Pradesh
Created by the State of Andhra Pradesh Act, 1953 by carving out some areas from the State of Madras
2 Gujarat and Maharashtra
The State of Bombay was divided into two States, I.e., Maharashtra and Gujarat by the Bombay (Reorganisation) Act, 1960
3 KeralaCreated by the State Reorganisation Act, 1956. Te comprised Travancor and Cochin areas.
4 KarnatakaCreated from the Princely State of Mysore by the State Reorganisation Act, 1956. It was renamed Karnataka in 1973.
5 Nagaland It was carved out from the State of Assam by the State of Nagaland Act, 1962.
6 Haryana It was carved out from the State of Punjab by the Punjab (Reorganisation) Act, 1966
7 Himachal Pradesh
The Union Territory of Himachal Pradesh was elevated to the status of State by the State of Himachal Pradesh Act, 1970
8 Meghalaya
First carved out as a sub-State within the State of Assam by 23rd Constitutional Amendment, 1969. Later in 1971, it received the status of a full-fledged State by the North-Eastern Areas (Reorganisation) Act. 1971
9 Manipur and Tripura
Both these States were elevated from the status of Union Territories by the North-Eastern Areas (Reorganisation) Act, 1971.
10 SikkimSikkim was first given the Status of Associate State by the 35th Constitutional Amendment Act, 1974. It got the status of a full State in 1975 by the 36th Amendment Act, 1975.
11 Mizoram It was elevated to the Status of a full State by the State of Mizoram Act, 1986.
12 Arunachal Pradesh
It received the status of a full State by the State of Arunachal Pradesh Act, 1986.
13 Goa
Goa was separated from the Union Territory of Goa, Daman and Diu and was made a full-fledged State by the Goa, Daman and Diu Reorganisation Act, 1987. But Daman and Diu remained as Union Territory
14 ChhattisgarhFormed by the Constitutional Amendment Act, 2000 by dividing Madhya Pradesh on November 1, 2000
15 UttaranchalFormed by the Constitutional Amendment Act, 2000 by dividing Uttar Pradesh on November 9, 2000
16 Jharkhand Formed by the Constitutional Amendment Act, 2000 by dividing Bihar on November 15,2000.
Important Constitutional Amendments
1First Amendment 1951
Added Ninth Schedule.
2Seventh Amendment 1956
Necessitated on account of reorganisation of States on a linguistic basis
3Eighth Amendment 1959
Extended special provisions for reservations of seats for SCs, STs and Anglo-Indian in Lok Sabha and Leg. Assemblies for a period of 10 years from1960 to 1970.
4The Ninth Amendment 1960
Gave effect to transfer certain territories to Pakistan following the 1958 Indo-Pak agreement.
5The Tenth Amendment 1961
Incorporated Dadra & Nagar Haveli as a UT.
6Twelfth Amendment 1962
Incorporated Goa, Daman & Diu as a UT.
7Thirteenth Amendment 1962
Created Nagaland as a State.
8Fourteenth Amendment 1963
Pondicherry, Karaikal, Mahe and Yanam, the former French territories were included in the I schedules as UT of Pondicherry.
9Eighteenth Amendment 1966
Reorganised Punjab into Punjab, Haryana and UT of Chandigarh.
10 Twenty first Included Sindhi as the Fifteenth
Amendment 1967 Regional language.
11Twenty second Amendment 1969
Created a sub-state of Meghalaya with in Assam.
12Twenty third Amendment 1969
Extended the reservation of seats for SC/ST and nomination of Anglo-Indians for a further period of 10 years (till 1980).
13Twenty sixth Amendment 1971
Abolished the titles and special privileges of former rulers of princely states.
14Twenty seventh Amendment 1971
Established Manipur and Tripura as States and Mizoram and Arunachal Pradesh as UTs.
15Thirty first Amendment 1973
Increased the elective Strength of LS from 525 to 545. The upper limit of representatives of States went up from 500 to 525.
16Thirty sixth Amendments 1975
Made Sikkim a State
17Thirty eight Amendment 1975
Provided that the President can make a declaration of emergency, and the promulgation of ordinances by the President, Governors and the Administrative Heads of Uts would be final and could not be challenged in any court. It also authorised the President to declare different kinds of emergencies.
18Thirty ninth Amendment 1975
Placed beyond challenge in courts, the election to Parliament of a person holding the office of PM or Speaker and election of the President and Prime Minister.
19Forty fourth Amendment 1978
The Right to Property was deleted from Part III. Article 352 was amended to provide 'Armed Rebellion' as one of the circumstances for declaration of emergency.
20Forty fifth Amendment 1985
Extended reservation for SC/ST by another 10 years (till 1990)
21Fifty second Amendment 1985
Added the Tenth Schedule (regarding anti-defection)
22Fifty third Amendment 1986
Mizoram was made a state
23Fifty fifth Amendment 1986
Conferred state hood to Arunchal Pradesh
24Fifty sixth Amendment 1987
Hindi version of the Constitution of India was accepted for all purposes. The UT of Goa, Daman and Diu was divided and Goa was made a State. Daman and Diu remained as a UT.
25Sixty first Amendment 1989
Reduced the voting age from 21 to 18 years for the LS as well as Assemblies
26Sixty first Amendment 1989
Also extended reservation of seats for SC/ST till 2000 AD.
27Seventy first Amendment 1992
Konkani, Manipuri and Nepali were included in the VIII Schedule.
28Seventy third Amendment 1993
(Panchayati Raj Bill) Provided among other things Gram Sabha in Villages, constitution of panchayats at the village and other levels, direct elections to all seats in panchayats and reservations of seats for the SC and ST and fixing of tenure of 5 years for panchayats.
29Seventy Fourth Amendment 1993
(Nagarpalika Bill) Provides for, among other things, constitution of three types of municipalities, reservation of seats in every municipality for the SC and ST, women and the backward classes.
30Eighty second Amendment 2000
Reinstaled the provision of reservation of SC and STs in matters related to promotion. Besides, the qualifying marks for passing an examination for them has also been lowered.
31Eighty fourth Amendment 2001
Extended freeze on Lok Sabha and State Assembly seats till 2026.
32Eighty sixth Amendment 2002
Makes education a fundamental right for children in the age group of 6 - 14 years.
33Eighty seventh Amendment 2003
Made the 2001 census the basis for delimitation of constituencies of the Lower House of Parliament (Lok Sabha) and State assemblies (Vidhan Sabhas)
34Ninety first Amendment 2003
Amended the Anti - Defection Law and also made a provision that the number of ministers in the Central & State Govts. Cannot be more than 15% of the strength of Lok Sabha & respected Vidhan Sabha.
35Ninety second Amendment 2003
Bodo, Maithili, Santhali and Added into the VIII Schedule.
Jurisdiction and Seats of High Courts High Court
Status:
Each State has a High Court; it is the highest judicial organ of the State.
However, there can be a common High Court like Punjab, Haryana & Union Territory of Chandigarh.
Presently there are 21 High Courts in India.
Consists of Chief Justice & other such judges as appointed by the President.
The Constitution, unlike in the case of the Supreme Court, does not fix any maximum number of judges for a High Court. (Allahabad High Court has 37 judges while J & K High Court has only 5).
A judge of a High Court can be transferred to another High Court without his consent by the President. In this the Chief Justice of India is also consulted. The opinion provided by him shall have primacy and is binding on the President.
Appointment of Judges:
The appointment of Chief Justice is made after consultation with the Chief Justice of Supreme Court & the Governor of the State by the President. In case of appointment of a judge, the chief justice of the High Court concerned is also consulted in addition to chief Justice of Supreme Court & Governor of the State concerned.
Qualifications:
Must be a citizen of India
Should have been an advocate of a High Court or of two such Courts in succession for atleast 10 yrs; or should have held judicial office in India for a period of atleast 10yrs.
Term:
A judge of High Court continues his office till 62 yrs of age. Term can be cut short due to resignation or removal by the President.
Removal:
The President can remove a judge of High Court only if the Parliament passes the resolution by a 2/3 majority of its members present & voting in each house.
The conduct of the judges of the High Court cannot be discussed in Parliament, except on a motion for the removal of a judge.
Jurisdiction Seats High Courts:
NameEstd.in
the yearTerritorial Jurisdiction Seat
Allahabad 1866 Uttar Pradesh Allahabad (Bench at Lucknow)
Andhra Pradesh 1954 Andhra Pradesh Hyderabad
Mumbai 1862 Maharashtra, Dadra and Nagar Haveli, Goa, Daman and Diu
Mumbai (Bench at Nagpur, Panaji and Aurangabad)
Kolkata 1862 West Bengal and Andaman and Nicobar
Kolkata (Circuit Bench at Port Blair)
Delhi 1966 Delhi Delhi
Guwahati 1948Assam, Manipur, Meghalaya, Nagaland, Tripura, Mizoram and Arunachal Pradesh
Guwahati (Bench at Kohima and Circuit Benches at Imphal, Agartala & Shillong)
Gujarat 1960 Gujarat Ahmedabad
Himachal Pradesh 1971 Himachal Pradesh Shimla
J & K 1957 J & K Srinagar and Jammu
Karnataka 1884 Karnataka Bangalore
Kerala 1956 Kerala and Lakshadweep Ernakulam
Madhya Pradesh 1956 Madhya Pradesh Jabalpur (Benches at Gwalior and
Indore)
Chennai 1862 Tamil Nadu and Pondicherry Chennai
Orissa 1948 Orissa Cuttack
Patna 1916 Bihar Patna
Punjab & Haryana 1966 Punjab, Haryana and Chandigarh Chandigarh
Rajasthan 1950 Rajasthan Jodhpur (Bench at Jaipur)
Sikkim 1975 Sikkim Gangtok
Bilaspur 2000 Chhattisgarh Bilaspur
Nainital 2000 Uttaranchal Nainital
Ranchi 2000 Jharkhand Ranchi
Fundamental Rights Right to Equality
Article 14 Equality before law and equal protection of law
Article 15
Prohibition of discrimination on grounds only of religion, race, caste, sex or place of birth.
Article 16
Equality of opportunity in matters of public employment.
Article 17 End of untouchability
Article 18
Abolition of titles, Military and academic distinctions are, however, exempted.
Right to Freedom of ReligionArticle 25
Freedom of conscience and free profession, practice and propagation of religion.
Article 26 Freedom to manage religious affairs
Article 27 Prohibits taxes on religious grounds
Article 28
Freedom as to attendance at religious ceremonies in certain educational institutions
Right Against Exploitation
Article 23 Traffic in human beings prohibited
Article 24 No child below the age of 14 can be employed
Right to Freedom of ReligionArticle 25
Freedom of conscience and free profession, practice and propagation of religion.
Article 26 Freedom to manage religious affairs
Article 27 Prohibits taxes on religious grounds
Article 28
Freedom as to attendance at religious ceremonies in certain educational institutions
Cultural and Educational RightsArticle 29 Protection of interests of minorities
Article 30
Right of minorities to establish and administer educational institutions.
Article 31 Omitted by the 44th Amendment Act.
Right to Constitutional Remedies
Article 32
The right to move the Supreme Court in case of their violation (called Soul and heart of the Constitution by DR Ambedkar).
Election Commission (Article 324)Status:
The Constitution provides for an independent election commission to ensure free and fair election to the Parliament, the State legislature and the offices of President and Vice-President.
Consists of Chief Election Commissioner +2 Election Commissioners. They all enjoy equal
powers.
The Chief Election Commissioner is appointed by the President and the other Election Commissioners are appointed by the President after consultation with the Chief Election Commissioner. Article 324 also provides for the appointment of Regional Commissioners at the time of General Elections after consultation with the Election Commission.
Election Commissioners are appointed for a term of 5yrs.
They are not eligible for re-appointment. Also, they cannot hold any office of profit after their retirement.
The term of 5yrs can by cut short by resignation or removal by President on recommendation of the Parliament (Same as that of Judge of the Supreme Court).
Functions: Preparation of electoral rolls & keeping voters list updated.
Preparation of code of conductor for all political parties.
Recognition of various political parties & allotment of election symbols.
Appointment of election officers to look into disputes concerning election arrangements.
To examine the returns of election expenses filed by the candidate.
Comptroller Auditor General India CAGStatus:
Appointed by the President.
A person with long administrative experience & knowledge of accounts is appointed.
Holds office for 6 yrs or till 65 yrs of age.
The President can remove him only on the recommendation of the 2 houses of Parliament (as in case of judge of Supreme Court).
Powers:
He is the guardian of the public purse. His duties are to audit the accounts of the Union and the States and to ensure that nothing is spent out of the Consolidated Fund of India or of the States without the sanction of the Parliament or the respective State Legislature.
He submits an audit report of the Union to the President who shall lay it before the Parliamentary and the audit reports of the States to the respective Governors who shall lay it before the respective State Legislature.
In short the CAG acts as the custodian & trustee of public money.
Election Commission (Article 324)Status:
The Constitution provides for an independent election commission to ensure free and fair election to the Parliament, the State legislature and the offices of President and Vice-President.
Consists of Chief Election Commissioner +2 Election Commissioners. They all enjoy equal powers.
The Chief Election Commissioner is appointed by the President and the other Election Commissioners are appointed by the President after consultation with the Chief Election Commissioner. Article 324 also provides for the appointment of Regional Commissioners at the time of General Elections after consultation with the Election Commission.
Election Commissioners are appointed for a term of 5yrs.
They are not eligible for re-appointment. Also, they cannot hold any office of profit after their retirement.
The term of 5yrs can by cut short by resignation or removal by President on recommendation of the Parliament (Same as that of Judge of the Supreme Court).
Functions: Preparation of electoral rolls & keeping voters list updated.
Preparation of code of conductor for all political parties.
Recognition of various political parties & allotment of election symbols.
Appointment of election officers to look into disputes concerning election arrangements.
To examine the returns of election expenses filed by the candidate.
Chief MinisterStatus
Real executive head of the Govt at the State level.
The position of Chief Minister at the State level is analogous to the position of the Prime Minister at the Centre.
Appointed by Governor. Other Ministers are appointed by the Governor on the advice of the Chief Minister.
If CM resigns. Entire ministry resigns.
Generally, the leader of the majority party is appointed.
A person who is not a member of State Legislature can be appointed, but he has to get himself elected within 6 months otherwise he is removed.
Presidents of India1 Dr. Rajendra Prasad 26.01.1950 13.05.1962
2 Dr. S. Radhakrishnan 13.05.1962 13.05.1967
3 Dr. Zakir Hussain 13.05.1967 03.05.1969
4 V.V.Giri (Vice President)# 03.05.1969 20.07.1969
5 Justice M. Hidayatullah*# 20.07.1969 24.08.1969
6 V.V. Giri 24.08.1969 24.08.1974
7 F. Ali Ahmed 24.08.1974 11.02.1977
8 B.D. Jatti# 11.02.1977 25.07.1977
9 N. Sanjiva Reddy 25.07.1977 25.07.1982
10 Gaini Jail Singh 25.07.1982 25.07.1987
11 R. Venkataraman 25.07.1987 25.071992
12 Dr.S.D. Sharma 25.07.1992 25.07.1997
13 K.R. Narayanan 25.07.1997 25.07.2002
14 Dr.A.P. J. Abdul Kalam 25.07.2002 25.07.2007
15 Pratibha Patil 25.07.2007 Till Date
Independence Days of Various CountriesSNo Country Date
1 Afghanistan 19th August
2 Armenia 28th May
3 Australia 4th January
4 U.S.A. 4th July
5 Bangladesh 16th December
6 Belgium 21st July
7 Brazil 7th September
8 Canada 1st July
9 China 10th October
10 Chile 18th September
11 Colombia 20th July
12 Finland 6th December
13 France 14th July
14 Greece 25th March
15 India 15th August
16 Indonesia 17th August
17 Israel 3rd April
18 Italy 26th March
19 Japan 29th April
20 Korea 15th August
21 Mexico 16th September
22 Myanmar 4th January
23 Maldives 26th July
24 Norway 17th May
25 Philippines 12th June
26 Peru 28th July
27 Poland 3rd May
28 Portugal 5th October
29 Pakistan 14th August
30 Rwanda 5th July
31 Sri Lanka 4th February
32 Switzerland 1st August
33 Spain 10th April
34 Thailand 24th June
35 Turkey 1st November
36 Uzbekistan 1st September
37 Ukraine 24th August
38 Uganda 9th October
39 Zimbabwe 18th April
Important DaysImportant Days Days
National Youth Day January 12
Army Day January 21
Desh Prem Diwas January 23
International Customs Day January 26
Republic Day January 26
Martyrs' Day January 30
Valentine's Day February 14
Arunachal Day February 20
Central Excise Day February 24
National Science Day February 28
International Women's Day March 8
World Consumers Rights Day March 15
World Disabled Day March 15
International Day for the Elimination of Racial March 21
Discrimination Racial Discrimination
World Forestry Day March 21
World Day for Water March 22
World Meteorological Day March 23
Bangladesh Day March 26
National Maritime Day April 5
Samta Diwas April 5
World Health Day April 7
Railway week April 10-16
World Aviation and Cosmonautics Day April 12
Jallianwala Day April 13
World Heritage Day April 18
Earth Day April 22
World Book Day April 23
Manav Ekta Divas April 24
May Day (Workers' Day; International Labour Day) May 1
World Press Freedom Day May 3
V-E Day May 8
World Red Cross Day May 8
Mothers' Day May 9
National Solidarity Day May 13
Anti-terrorism Day May 21
Commonwealth Day May 24
International Day of Families May 15
World Telecommunication Day May 17
Everest Day May 29
Mount Everest Day May 29
No-Tobacco Day May 31
International Day of Innocent Children Victims of Aggression June 4
World Environment Day June 15
Goa Liberation Day June 18
UN Charter Signing Day June 25
Anti-Emergency Day June 26
International Day Against Drug Abuse and Illicit Trafficking June 26
World Diabetes Day June 27
Poors' Day June 28
Doctors Day July 1
World Population Day July 11
World Breast Feeding Day August 1
Breast Feeding Week August 1-7
Hiroshima Day August 6
Nagasaki Day August 9
Quit India Day August 9
Independence Day August 15
Sadhbhavana Divas August 20
National Sports Day August 29
Teachers' Day September 5
World Literacy Day September 8
World Ozone Day September 16
World Tourism Day September 27
International Day for the Elderly October 1
World Vegetarian Day October 2
World Habitat Day October 5
International Day for Natural Disaster Reduction October 7
Air Force Day October 8
Post Office Day October 9
World Post Day October 9
World Standards Day October 14
World Food Day October 16
Police Commemoration Day October 21
UN Day October 24
Foreign Towns and IndustriesTown Country Industry
Aberdeen Scotland (UK) Granite mining
Abadan Iran Oil refineries
Baku Azerbaijan Petroleum
Bangkok Thailand Shipping
Belfast N.Ireland (Ulster) Ship-building, linen
Buenos Aires Argentina Dairy products
Cadiz Spain Cork
Chicago USA Gramophone, agricultural implements, meat products
Dhaka Bangladesh Jute
Detroit USA Automobiles
Dresden Germany Optical and photographic instruments
Dundee Scotland(UK) Jute, linen
Essex England (UK) Engineering works
Geneva Switzerland Watches
Glassgow Scotland(UK) Machinery, Textiles
Havana Cuba Cigars, Sugar
Hollywood USA Films
Johannesbourg South Africa Gold mines
Kansas USA Meat packing
Leeds England(UK) Woollen garments
Los Angeles USA Films, Oil mining
Lyons France Silk
Melbourne Australia Chocolate
Milan Italy Silk
New Orleans USA Cotton
Northampton UK Leather goods
Oporto Portugal Wine
Oslo Norway Paper
Ottawa Canada Paper
Pittsburgh USA Iron and Steel
Plymouth England (UK) Ship - building
Port Louis Mauritius Sugar
Sheffield England (UK) Cutlery
Rotterdam Netherlands Ship - building
Teheran Iran Carpets
Tokyo Japan Rayon and Textiles
Venice Italy Glass
Vienna Austria Glass
Wellington New Zealand Diary products
Yenang Yaung Myanmar Oil fields
Flower EmblemsCountry Name Flower Name
Canada Maple
Japan Chrysanthemum
France Lily
Scotland Thistle
Germany Cornflower
Spain Pomegranate
India Lotus
United Kingdom Rose
Ireland Shamrock