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UNITED STATES
DEPARTMENT OF THE INTERIOR
GEOLOGICAL SURVEY
TECHNICAL LETTER NASA-32
REFLECTANCE OF ROCKS AND MINERALS TO
VISIBLE AND ULTRAVIOLET RADIATION*
by
H. V. Watts**
July 1966
These data are preliminary and shouldnot be quoted without permission
Prepared by the Geological Surveyfor the National Aeronautics and
Space Administration (NASA)
*Work performed under NASA Contract No. R146-09-020-006**IIT Research Institute, Chicago, Illinois
https://ntrs.nasa.gov/search.jsp?R=19700029568 2018-05-19T00:35:49+00:00Z
UNITED STATESDEPARTMENT OF THE INTERIOR
GEOLOGICAL SURVEY
WASHINGTON. D.C. 20242
Technical LetterNASA-32July 1966
Dr. Peter C. BadgleyChief, Natural Resources ProgramOffice of Space Science and ApplicationsCode SAR, NASA HeadquartersWashington, D.C. 20546
Dear Peter:
Transmitted herewith are 2 copies of:
TECHNICAL LETTER NASA-32
REFLECTANCE OF ROCKS AND MINERALS TO
VISIBLE AND ULTRAVIOLET RADIATION*
by
H. V. Watts**
Sincerely yours,
William A. FischerResearch CoordinatorEarth Orbiter Program
*Work performed under NASA Contract No. Rl46-09-020-006**IIT Research Institute, Chicago, Illinois
u. S. Government Agencies Only,
APPROVED:
Technical Memorandum W6l37-l
REFLECTANCE OF ROCKS AND MINERALS TOVISIBLE AND ULTRAVIOLET RADIATION
by
H. V. WattsAstro Sciences Center
oflIT Research Institute
Chicago, Illinois
for
William A. FischerU. S. Geological Survey
18th & F Street, GSA Bldg.Washington, Do Co
C. A. Stone, DirectorAstro Sciences Center
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April, 1966
REFERENCES
Appendix: SPECTRAL REFLECTANCE DATA CURVES
10
II.
IlL
IVo
TABLE OF CONTENrS
INTRODUCTION AND SUMMARY
EXPERIMENTAL TECHNIQUES
A, Sample Surface PreparationB. Reflectance Measurement
DATA AND DISCUSSION
CONCLUSIONS AND FUlURE WORK
1
3
3
3
6
17
18
19
Table 1 Reflectance Samples 8
Figure 1 - Spectral Dependence of Total Diffuse Reflectance from the Ground Surfaces of a SelectedSet of Rock Samples 16
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ii
REFLECTANCE OF ROCKS AND MINERALS TOVISIBLE AND ULTRAVIOLET RADIATION
I, Introduction and Summary
The reflectances of 38 different samples of rocks and
minerals were measured throughout the visible and ultraviolet
spectral range of 7000A down to 2300A, Reflectances were
measured for both a flat ground surface and a polished surface
of each material except for the samples of pumice and mica
whose surfaces were measured as received, The diffuse
reflectance was detected both with and without the inclusion
of the specularly reflected component 0
None of the reflectance curves showed any characteristic
peaks or bands, The shapes of the reflectance curves are
generally the same for both the ground and the polished sur
faces with the total reflectance from the ground surface
greater than that from the polished surface, For most samples
the reflectance increases as the wavelength increases.
Of major interest is the fact that the relative
reflectance from sample to sample does not remain the same
throughout the spectral range, Thus~ the contrast in imaging
an array of different rocks could vary appreciably between a
visible sensitive imager and an ultraviolet sensitive imager,
For example~ pumice has a diffuse reflectance of 32 percent
at 5000A (one of the higher observed reflectivities) and only
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a 3 percent reflectance at 2500A (the lowest reflectance
recorded), monzonite has reflectance values of 16 percent and
18 percent at 5000A and 2500A, respectively. Pumice would
appear about twice as bright as monzonite at 5000A, but mon
zonite would be about five times brighter than pumice at
2500A, Many other examples of contrast changes with wave
length can be shown from the data reported herein.
Also of interest is the observation that several of the
samples exhibited an apparent increase in reflectance as the
wavelength decreased below 2500A, These increases in
detected light could be due to the onset of photoluminescence,
Additional measurements extending the wavelength range below
2300A and into the vacuum ultraviolet will be performed and,
in so doing, any photoluminescence from these samples will be
determined,
One' correlation with rock composition was noted, That
is, the rocks with high quartz content showed a marked
increase in reflectance with increasing wavelength. On the
other hand the rocks low in quartz showed no appreciable
change in reflectance with wavelength,
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II, Experimental Techniques
A, Sample Surface Preparation
Each sample was cut to form a one~quarter inch thick
slab, One surface of the slab was then ground with 320
silicon carbide (30 micron particle size), This surface is
designated as the "ground" surface for the reflectance
measurements,
The other surface was ground with W8 aluminum oxide
(8 micron size) and then polished with Linde "B" (0005 micron)
on one-quarter inch felt, This surface is designated as the
"polished" surface for the reflection measurements. The
samples of pumice and mica were not ground or polishedo
Immediately after grinding or polishing, the surfaces
were washed under running water to remove all abrasiveo The
sample surfaces were than rinsed in absolute alcohol, Care
was taken in subsequent handling of the samples to insure
that the surfaces were not touched or contaminated,
B, Reflectance Measurement
A Cary* Model 14 MR recording spectrophotometer with a
model 1411 diffuse reflectance accessory was used for all
reflectance measurements, The instrument was used in the
'$',Applied Physics Corporation, Monrovia, California
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Type I illumination mode~ ioe., a dispersed (monochromatic)
collimated light beam is incident upon the sample surface, and
the total diffuse reflectance is collected by an integrating
sphere and detected by a DuMont type 7664 multiplier phototube,
The sample reflectance was measured relative to a magnesium
carbonate block which in turn was periodically calibrated
against freshly prepared magnesium oxide surfaces,
The incident beam size at the sample surface has a con
stant height of 15 mm and a width of from 1 to 2 rnrn, propor
tional to the slit width of the spectrophotometer, throughout
most of the spectral range studied. At wavelengths below
2500A the beam width increases continuously to about 5rnrn at
2300A. The spectral resolution varies from lOA to 20A
throughout the visible and near ultraviolet, and then the
spectral band opens up at wavelengths below 2500A to about 45A
at 2300A. All data were recorded at a spectral scan rate of
lOA/sec,
Two detection modes are possible with this instrument,
In one mode the specularly reflected component is trapped or
masked off from the integrating sphere. In the data which
follow we designate this mode as (D), diffuse reflectance
only. The other mode includes the specularly reflected
component and is designated as (S), specular plus diffuse,
The absolute values of reflectance used for the magnesium
oxide standard reference are listed below. These values
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=4=
i\(A) % Refl, of MgO
7000 to 4000 97,0
3500 96,S
3250 96,0
3000 95,S
2750 94,8
2500 94,0
2400 93,0
2300 92,0
are selected from several references (1,2,3), There are
still uncertainties of the absolute values of reflectance
in the ultraviolet spectral range, However, differences of
a few percent in the absolute values of magnesium oxide
reflectance would not change the reported data significantly,
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III. Data and Discussion
The samples studied are listed in Table 1. These are
grouped first as Rocks, Minerals, and Meteorites. The rocks
are then grouped roughly as to their composition and texture.
For example, Granite is the coarse-grained equivalent of
Rhyolite (both have about the same composition), and Gabbro
is the coarse-grained equivalent of Basalt. Diabase is
approximately the same composition as both Gabbro and Basalt,
but it has an intermediate texture.
The data curves are given in the Appendix in the same
order as the Table 1 listing. The notations for the four
curves for each sample are the following~
Ground (D) = ground surface, diffuse reflectance only;
Ground (S) = ground surface, diffuse plus specular
reflectance;
Polish (D) polished surface, diffuse reflectance
only;
Polish (S) = polished surface, diffuse plus specular
reflec tance.
Since the incident beam size is 1 to 2 mrn in width,
one could expect differences in reflectance for the coarse
grained samples which are dependent upon the sample position.
This was tested on several of the coarse grained samples and
it was found that the reflectance curves obtained for
different positions of the sample surfaces had the same shape
lIT RESEARCH INSTITUTE
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with a constant reflectance value difference of one or two
percent. The absolute reflectance values of these data are
considered, therefore, to be good to within plus or minus two
percent, i.e. a plotted value of 10 percent is 10+ 2 percent.
The instrument stability and reproducibility are far better
than that quoted above. Thus the curve shapes and relative
values are accurate as shown.
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Code No,
Table 1
REFLECTANCE SAMPLES
Ty~ _ Source Loca li ty
ROCKS
--i
;:0
mCIlm»
I;:0
00()
!::I:
-ZCIl...,--IC-Im
Li 2617
Li 3823
Li 4582
Li 2730
Li 3760
324
Li 1832
326
Li 1221
Li 2213
Li 3946
Biotite Granite
Granite
Granite
Rhyolite
Rhyolite
Obsidian (banded)Rhyolitic
Obsidian
Rhyolite Pumice
Pumice
Nepheline Syenite
Nepheline Syenite
Pike's Peak, Colorado
Moose-a-bec, Maine
Newark, Vermont
West flank of Black Range, Grant Co"New Mexico
Nathrop~ Colorado
Mono Craters, Lee Vining, California
Regla Falls, Aidalgo, Mexico
Mono Craters, Lee Vining, California
Latacunga, Ecuador
Cripple Creek, Colorado
Magnet Cove, Arkansas
Table 1 (continued)
'T'vnp Sou]:'ce LQcaJi~yCode No. -Ie J
Li 3765 Quartz Monzonite Garfield, ColoradoPorphyny
Li 3905 Monzonite Tintie, Utah-....::0 312 Quartz Monzonite June Lake, CaliforniamCII
m>::0
I n Li 2816 Diorite Bar Harbor, Maine\!) :x:I
Z Li 3770 Diorite Timichi Creek, Gunnison, ColoradoUl...,
Li 3662 Hornblende Andesite Larch Mountain, Oregon-.....c.....m
Li 3676
G-l
Gabbro
Gabbro
Tahawas, New York
Near Clearwater Lake, Gunflint Trail,Minnesota
Li 4238
258
Gabbro
Anorthosite-PyroxeneGabbro
Everton, New York
Grass Valley, California
Li 2288 Basalt Whatcomb Co., Washington
Code No.
Table 1 (continued)
Type Source Locality
--l;:g
menm>
I ;:g
I-' (')
0 :J:I -
Zen-i--lC-lm
101
G 3161
Li 4156
Li 2811
222
El 8086
289
Li 2402
Basalt
Basaltic Lava
Volcanic Bomb(probably Basalt)
Diabase
Diabase (Triassic)
Dunite
Olivine (Dunite)polycrystalline
Kimberlite
Jack Green-IR Standard sample
El Paricutin, Mexico
Near Needles, California
Hall Quarry, Mount Desert Island, Maine
Buck Creek Dist., Macon Co., North Carolina
Jackson Co., North Carolina
Elliot Co., Kentucky
Code No.
Table 1 (continued)
Type___ __ Source!,.oc?lity
MINERALS
Amphibole-Hornblende Faraday Twp., Ontario
Dolomite (fine-grained) Wise Co" Virginia
IJ--'J--'I
Li 3675
260
251
292
288
44
Anorthosite
Potash Feldspar
Microcline
Plagioclase FeldsparAlbite
Mica - Biotite
7 miles N.E. of North Hudson, New York
Keystone, South Dakota
Bancroft, Ontario
Bancroft, Ontario
METEORITIES
ME 1990
ME 1252
Hypersthene Chondrite
Coarse Octahedrite(iron-nickel)
Colby, Clark Co., Wisconsin
Canon Diablo, Cononime Coo, Arizona
At 4000A the instrument's light source is changed from a
tungsten filament lamp for the visible to a hydrogen lamp for
the ultraviolet. There are related changes in slit width
(beam width) and slight changes in beam position due to this
light source change, Thus, the reflectance values of these
inhomogeneous samples are not precisely the same at 4000A for
the different light sources, Again it is noted from the data
that, in all curves but one, the differencein reflectance
values is no more than two percent at the 4000A change-over
point, Sample No. 258 (Anorthosite - Pyroxene Gabbro) has an
abnormally high gap of five percent at 4000A, Unfortunately,
this sample was returned to the sponsor and has not been
rechecked,
None of the reflectance curves showed any characteristic
peak or bands, In genera1 3 the shapes of the reflectance
curves for all samples are the same for both the ground and
polished surfaces, and the total reflectance from the ground
surface is greater than that from the polished surface. Also,
in general, the reflectance increases as the wavelength
increases, In the few cases where these general observations
are not true, the exceptions occur primarily in the ultra
violet wavelength region, The inclusion of the specularly
reflected component is significantly noticeable only for the
polished surfaces where the total reflectance increases
appreciably but the reflectance curve shape remains the same.
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In the ultraviolet region, at 2500A, for example, the
vast majority of the rocks and minerals examined have
reflectance values which lie in the range of 5 to 15 percent
while, in the visible region, at 6000 - 7000A for example,
these same materials have reflectance values ranging from
10 to 50 percent, The relative reflectance from sample to
sample, however, does not remain the same throughout the
spectral range, Thus, the contrast in imaging an array of
different rocks could vary appreciably between a visible
sensitive imager and an ultraviolet sensitive imager. For
example, pumice has a diffuse reflectance of 32 percent at
5000A (one of the higher observed reflectivities) and only a
3 percent reflectance at 2500A (the lowest reflectance
recorded), monzonite has reflectance values of 16 percent and
18 percent at 5000A and 2500A, respectively, Pumice would
appear about twice as bright as monzonite at 5000A, but
monzonite would be about five times brighter than pumice at
2500A, Many other examples of contrast changes with wave
length can be shown from the data reported herein,
Several of the samples exhibited an apparent increase in
reflectance as the wavelength decreased below 2500A, These
increases in detected light could be due to the onset of
photoluminescence, Additional measurements extending the wave
length range below 2300A and into the vacuum ultraviolet will
be performed and, in so doing, any photoluminescence from
/IT RESEARCH INSTITUTE
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these samples will be determined,
The rocks with high quartz content (>10%) show a marked
increase in reflectance with wavelengthc These are Eranites
and rhyolites. On the other hand, the rocks low in quartz
(about 0%) show no appreciable change in reflectance with
wavelength (ecgo, gabbros and basalts), So the presence of
quartz seems to cause the reflectance to increase with
increasing wavelength. This is shown very nicely by comparing
the quartz monzonites with the monzonite~ the reflectance of
the quartz monzonites increases with increasing wavelength
whereas the reflectance of the monzonite decreases with
increasing wavelength.
Notice also that the reflectance of both the potash and
plagioclase feldspar increases with increasing wavelength.
In general~ the total feldspar content of common rocks is
constant~ say 85% for a number. In the granite type rocks
most of the feldspar is of the potash variety whereas in the
basaltic type rocks most of the feldspar is the plagioclase
variety. Since the reflectance vs. wavelength characteristics
of both are vary similar, it appears doubtful that the feld
spars (either potash or plagioclase) will provide a diagnostic
means for determining rock types by ultraviolet spectral data
(as does the quartz content as pointed out above).
The effect of texture on reflectance may be indicated
by a comparison of obsidian or mica, very smooth glassy like
liT RESEARCH INSTITUTE
surface, and pumice, a very rough and porous surface.
Obsidians reflectance is nearly independent of wavelength
while the reflectance of pumice increases markedly with wave
length.
The above mentioned dependence on the reflectance
curve shape with the quartz content of the rock is illus
trated in Figure 1, where the spectral curves of the total
diffuse reflectance from the ground surfaces of a selected
set of eight different rocks are shown. It must be under
stood that the actual quartz content of these particular
samples is not known; however, the ordering of increasing
quartz content as given in the figure is one which could
generally be expected geologically and is used to indicate
a possible trend in reflectance versus rock composition.
The monzonite sample (Li 3905) exhibits an anomalous
behavior below 4500A compared to the other samples of this
set, i.e. its reflectance continues to increase with de
creasing wavelength. At this time there is no suggested
explanation for this fact.
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--1 I -r-- I I I I ~_GRANITE
LI 4582
401- 1- --t---------J-~I- IQUARTZ
- MONZONITE I
PORPHYRYLI 3765
i----- w(/)
«301 1 ~ 7/1 -+ w
)-
a::: r-~ z- l.LI
t-' z QUARTZ Cl r-0 - z0, MONZONITE wr-
312 r- 0u u Ul.LI l.LI...J
20 NEPHELINE 0- NI.L ----- i-w /SYENITE
Xw 0:::a:::
1I 2213 «~ ::>
I-MONZONITE 0z ...J
w -L1 3905 « zu a::: -a::: --. DIORITE ww ZIl- ,0 -- LI 2816 w
---GABBRO(!)
1I 4238
'" BASALT
I I I L_ f I 1I 22880 1 I I I I
2000 3000 4000 5000 6000 7000
WAVELENGTH IN ANGSTROMS
FIGURE I. SPECTRAL DEPENDENCE OF TOTAL DIFFUSE REFLECTANCE FROM THE GROUND SURFACESOF A SELECTED SET OF ROCK SAMPLES. THE DATA CURVES ARE CHOSEN TO ILLUSTRATETHE POSSIBLE TREND IN REFLECTANCE CURVE SHAPE WITH THE QUARTZ CONTENT OF .THE ROCKS.
IV. Conclusions and Future Work
In general, the reflectance from rocks and minerals
increases as the wavelength increases from 2300A to 7000A,
and the shapes of the reflectance curves are the same for
both the ground and the polished surfaces,
Rocks with a high quartz content showed a larger
increase in reflectance with wavelength than those with a low
quartz content,
Since the relative reflectance from sample to sample
does not remain the same throughout the spectral range, the
contrast in imaging a rock pattern would vary appreciably
between a visible sensitive imager and an ultraviolet sensi
tive imager.
Future work will be conducted extending the wavelength
range below 2300A and into the vacuum Ultraviolet to about
lOOOA. This work will utilize a scanning vacuum grating
monochromator of the Seya - Namioka Type. A special sample
and detector housing for this instrument has been designed
and is now being constructed. The study will look for both
reflectance and photoluminescence from the samples. Also,
the data to be obtained with this instrument will overlap
that reported herein up to 3000A. This overlap in data
should indicate whether there are differences in reflectance
from a rock surface in vacuum versus that in air.
liT RESEARCH INSTITUTE
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REFERENCES
1. W. E. K. Middleton and C. L. Sanders, J. Opt. Soc. Am.
41, 419 (1951).
2. Gene A. Zerlaut and A. C. Krupnick, "An Integrating
Sphere Reflectometer for the Determination of Absolute
Hemispherical Spectral Reflectance," presented at 1st
AIAA Annual Meeting, Washington, D. C., June 29 -
July 2, 1964.
3. Gene A. Zerlaut, (private communication of unpublished
work) .
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APPENDIX
SPECTRAL REFLECTANCE DATA CURVES
Rocks
Minerals
Meteorites
pp, 20 - 49
pp. 50 - 55
pp, 56 - 57
Note: The data curves are presented
in the same order as listed
in Table L
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rilUZ<CHu~~r.~
~
~rilU~rilp..
:j
40 --!------~--+_,--------___1----------.--.--+__-----------___i-----__________1
20 --+-------------l __+ -'--~-----, -,----'_+--.:....-'- '~.-.+--;---_~. _;-'_ ~ ...,_--,..c....:__~~__,_+::;,.-"'------'-:-::--- ..L.,-+-,-,-,------+--'---'-,,--+-
2000
WAVELENGTH IN ANGSTROMSLi 2617 Biotite Granite
-20-
..',;;: c. ,;, .:::.:.. .1.. ....1---_.... '_~. . c
~ ,
o~
~~NV~~a~~aE L~~O~ad
ooo('i"\
C/.)
6 (J)ex: .j..J~ -.-1U) Ce" (IjZ H<C (j
Z IH ~
::r:: NI
H C")e" NZ 00I:il C")HW -.-1
~ H:>
70006000500040003000r
2000
20 -r- - ','" -:'--r~-':-'-+--A><r",-~'!"T-i" mt1--r'-r:1-r-j':-r;-rT!T-Tn'TT~,n11 r tT1 ~ ; t-j ; ~_Tn--ji';- ,~~.:...t -:----j-;-' T::1':
40
60
80_--+ -+--~----,-----+--- I +-- I
100
;:£loZ<CHoriJ.-:If-<.t
~HZ,Wo'~riJiP-l
WAVELENGTH IN ANGSTROMSLi 4582 Granite
-22-
r:rJU
~E-Iur:rJHIi-<
~
~r:rJU~r:rJp..,
40 -1--------1-------+- ---~- , I ----,-----+
2000 3000 4000 5000 6000 700e
WAVELENGTH IN ANGSTROMSLi 2730 Rhyolite
-23-
:I
6000
(D)
(S)
(D)
(S)
2000
20 ----.}~.--.----~-+-.-----~1'":...--~--'------'-+---.----..~,;. --I-·-·..------~-- I ---,---j
G 40
-~==:-j-- -------l~-~~-~f ------------t-------------j;---- ----1~-=-.~ .::..,--~~_:h~1 .• _ .•~;..,~~~-~=;o.-~~;·~t~.. ~/,~nf.-l - j ~ ;;;::;...:;;;-~ -- . -. - . , ,-. , -- ...............-~~
~
~wu~rilP-t
IN ANGSTROMSRhyolite
WAVELENGTHLi 3760
-24-
;+'[1j:
-h -;-'-1 ._~
I-
Tfi -j
! -~
~1 !
j
:j '+1,
,
; 1I •
,
: 1
I :
~j
l·~
J.~
I::
~()zE=Su~Hj:r..,
~HZ~
~~P-l
4
1--
,-- .-. -4 -~'--i----
GroundGroundPolishPolish
(D)
(S)
(D)
(S)
'.j..j.;.- -1--,.
._--_.
---- - ------ -4---1 -~----1____t_--l--\____~
l~
-:-1--
2000 3000 4000 5000
1
6000
_.,-++ .L~-- .j J" i' l'
7000
WAVELENGTH IN ANGSTROMS
324 Obsidian (banded) rhyolitic-25-
~
p'-"
'0l=:::t0
~ ~ ~ ~ ~
p Cf) 0 p Cf)
'-" '-" '-" '-"C~
clj
Cf.l
~~E-l l=:Cf) clj0 .r-!Z '0-< .r-!
CIlZ ..0H 0
I::r:: I.DE-l NC) IZ N
0W C"')
...:l 000 rLl r-I0 >-..j" -< .r-!
::>: ...:l
-----\-~,._---+_._---.;..._n_~--r-r-;__-~.--~rrH_,_4_-_e__;_~__+'""'+h_H_~_h_-W-~-:.-;.~_1_go("'")
oooN
N
2
w 40u~E-lUw....:lr:z..~
~>.:tJUp::WPo!
20
I~ . i , ; Ii: [+, c, . ~,j 11.,1: :1 i 1,) 1
I : : .. >. =:i..·.. I_ii. 1: .: . : : :-it I'T:L ,,:. ," ,t._'., .", 1:' fl--; U ; " I;.:~ Ii' i .1'T.------ , iii tit. ' ) I . ! i-
I ,'-' , ,j'. . i' ii 1, I 1.'1!' . _. 1 t.,.., i" ; t
.+; 1C~~i ; 1 '1-1: r i ';j . i ,·+i·+"1
; .,;-' . Ii' iTi i- . - ! fiLii. ; , 'II· . . . " ". . ' i "!' '1 ];-, f- ',:
.::~;'Tj '; ..... ,----.~ ;jl:~J.T: LTi'r·L ,t '1 .,.. '11,.' )J Hi~ ~I-..-- . • 1 • -~'. L :,.;,J, . ,_. :i.' .'1+ ,.1. .,~
-- . ~: I· i •.... __ ._ , :+Ii'j' ;-',' I<T-1" '; Jr , Til ., .. -. :' +, ,.F 'i
, ., .·IT'-I-,- . "T:: "I • . • i it 1 ,LI+H--f-----.--.- G d (D)
~: . G::~:d (S) ~-~-'~--:--.-.----- :J :'~ i '< +, ,~1 'j " i! j-C 'irt~u ' 4Ground (8) same as . . ,i]: '- .++, ·, -+
'-,-'- Ground (D) from 2300 _ ;,"-', -,:J"fT " :',ii" ..; .Tt, .1. - i., , ! ::1 -~.__ 4000' , , . ., .. j; r~ pr-;
"- 'T'; -.', -, i' 1 hi -; ...-- ;~i ._ ~." L' i-, ~ "~Lf'-, ..'-'! "'~. '-t. i-·.,._'i__ , T i " i-,-, '. ~ ,-'&' : ji 'i.; i,i·-- H
_ .• L,. ,- iT'J '1: I .'~ ."....... i,T' r': 1-+--':' ,.,.IT :::!Ji- -,t---1 T. ~. ~ ~.1 .,,'i .-." 'T'-+ ,.;."' ~.+ i- i+ tti1,~.L'H--·
I' :J-1 ""': ...._"+,~,/ ..J 'T: '1 " i: 11 "r:L: 1,.1 . iT "'-;---1+c
-- -~~~------:-----===---.·--1 "1 ' . if',/j ;--c l~,~T'T+·t1-;-1 .~ -:~L- i.i' f----
~-~.:. '- T;,"'+-+r: .• - ;" T ;A~J," 'H c~;r1_+' IT F ._. 'J.~ .++:.ii~+' i.1 . l f
",-+', L..!.< r}l,U: tTl-; r~j+ I':T .,
: ... ;.:.--i'· in Y1t--..~- IT: li++-Iri++J-+··C-+ -,-l+--+·i+,+--:. --". 1" ,',1 i : . iT
. ~,.;, i-' i~/.. ,-~. , .~
--.-,--;--+ r-~h·j;;;.""'''-: " -- . r +'i-fi'I'i-i'i;·1 ,.; - 1 -l~.' -'1' I~ .. ~ ...~.+- ' . i, II' 1- H",J -. " L, : _. +,r.'r \- Hr+i"H'iH j--t-·,t-1+-+-i--t--+-+
00 3000 4000 5000 6000 700[
WAVELENGTH IN ANGSTROMS
326 Rhyolite pumice
-27-
3000
r--------2000
20
100I
I· ....... ·····l Ground (D)
w 80 _Ground (S)
uz~HUW....:l~W~ 60 _HZWU~Wp..,
40
WAVELENGTH IN ANGSTROMSLi 1221 Pumice
-28-
..
700e
(D)
(S)
(D)
(S)
540003000
Ground
Ground,ii--,·,-H- Polish
+----~~+ --+ --+ i .~. ...,....Polish
It----,--.-.-..,.2000
10
E-;'Z[.iJu~>ilP...
f.ilUzfS 20--+------·-----+----.--,---.+------............... ---~-.-+_1. +-----: I . f--+-'-----'-i...-'--4-'-'-.'-.-'.----+--,.....;--,.-.--:-+-u>ilH~
~
WAVELENGTH IN ANGSTROMS
Li 2213 Nepheline Syenite
-29-
rzJU
Ground (D);Z;~ 20
Ground (S) - - - - -HUrzJ
Polish (D)H
-~--
fr.< Polish (S)~
------ -
H:z:;J:i]up::rzJp..,
10
2000
WAVELENGTH IN ANGSTROMS
Li 3946 Nepheline Syenite
-30-
-------r~-·-------·
5000
w 40uz~HUW,....:lfi..<
~H:z;W
~Wp..,
20
2000 3000 4000
Ground
Ground
Polish
Polish
(D)
(s)
(D)
(s)--- - - - 1-----....-....
I6000 7000
Li 3765
WAVELENGTH IN ANGSTROMSQuartz Monzonite, Porphyry
-31-
U)
~ Q)
-l-lE-i .r-!VJ c:GZ 0
<: Nc:
Z 0 I
H ~ NC""l
::c I
E-i If")G 0Z 0'\
0 W C""l,...:10 W0 > 'r-!...j' <G ,...:1
:.s:
:" ,
~ I
III ,0...---..' _-...J.-'- -"-_\-_-'--'--'-_-'-.l.--..;...---. -'- '-- --L 0
oN
7000
, ...
J • j': j : : . ; ~ . . .
:: j": 1':':'.~..T ----;- -~~ : ...•••. :..-.. ,- .. ---L.~ •.
t3 .L ~ ... ~ .•• ':. , .• 1: '.:: "1':~ . :. :.•.:: :. . ..:.. .. . 1 ). ..... , 1 .. . ...g20 -;==~~-~ .~~+ •••• _-:T·-~·' .-.. .- .•.':-. ~:~~:~ ~~~ same as (D) [~:.E
~ '=:'::.:::. ~:'1 .::: . ... . :J:::' -': : : Pol ish (S) - - - - ---1 ~-~-~ ~. ~ ...... --- ....~ ~... .. . .. . . . .. -~. "'~" ." ~C".. . j .. . t .. _..... L--~-.:~~ ..~~ ._..,~.~ .. ,. .__ .. --.. :':'1~"~-"~ -,' -... ~·-i~--.·-:-~ :'-") --:-~. ": -1-" :- -~--1' ::-.' r-..
1 $- -' ~ ~ ~ , , ~.1 _
_.,. ~ __ ~ ,~_,~.-, .•. ,~.,~+-t-~:~ _.-.... It 6« ~ 4.-<>'1 -.- J
.'." : .' •. ... T:A ,.. . ..; >:. :: _. I . ,..;~ :=-:::::::o±~L.~ 1.':::U:·::.:::'. ~~ .. :~:;l-:··:,··!~:~ . ~.: ..+ :.:: .... ' ·:-l~·.-::-;:........~.~~ .L." ._. ~+c .c.. •..•.. • ., .•• • . • • • • 1 . ,., • . .. _ ... _~ ... _
...i-----O--....;--,~-~-_l~..:.-~:---'---+-'--..;-- "- _~ __ J __ ~' - --.<_-.l-_--J- __~ __..L .i __ ,,- .... _--O ~, _-*'- . _ :J ,_ ...- I _ ~" ~. _ ~ 4 ~ .. ~ ~ _
.... . ;~~ ~:~ d~·t·.::~;£':;. .; ;...•..•.. ;...> •:.... 1••. '. .J--- .... j •• -- .= .•.• c~ :-u ~. . - -:····1- .;. ....... : :: •. :::::::: •....• :. : :j" . :.': .. :: j . : : ,.. : I·: :.:: ..j : .::: : .: ::::. ::: ,:U
'-"'-'.-"-'''-''.J~. ··~~·~-~-·.~--l~.~....-.....,.~~~_.~.-.- ._.~~~._._L. .. -- ~.~ ..- ... --"·-'·"~1-·-..--·~-"···_·-·~. --t~JEf:Slt:F;~, ~·.II:~~:~~ "~~II;~ .. :-~~ "y: ." : ..: :~: '.: ~ JI ..••.••.•.••. ·1 ••• ••..•. 1•. - .•'••.••1.: :"~'-J';~~TTl'" c""'C"' ,"~. ." .. _"~L.,... ._j,.... .. I' ...• "j " .. "., -I- .. .., j - .
~-i:::"~:: 1:' .~': ,::t:=:·::r~: :,::~~:jT~: :~:~~-: :" .• ;= :'~ ': : • .1 ": '.• 1 " : : ;.: . :' .• '::~" - :~'1 ~: ~:~~;~:.~_~L .-.-i4~_~~~L_"-_ ~--- --'~'~"~~'--'" -." ~-_..·"·~-l·_·_·~ _--_L~._'--~--t--_.~~
2000 3000 4000 5000 6000
WAVELENGTH IN ANGSTRO~fS
Li 2816 Diorite
-34-
f-4'.~
~re
6000
(D)
(S)
(D)
(S)
Ground
Polish
Polish
4000
WAVELENGTH IN ANGSTROMSLi 3770 Diorite
3000
6 I
2----+ + I I 1:1 I
4 I
10
.~
uZ<t:f-lUWHIi-<
~HZWUp::f.il.'l.,
-35-
f.rJ0Z<C 20E-<0W....:l~W~
HZ~0~wP.;
10
Ground (D)
4000
Polish (D)Polish (S) _Same as Polish (D)7000
from 4000
2000 3000 5
WAVELENGTH IN ANGSTROMSLi 3662 Hornblende Andesite
-36-
000 7000
filUZ~ 20E-iUrLJHrz..~E-iZ1iJUp-::filp...
10
i---2000 3000 4000 5000 6000
WAVELENGTH IN ANGSTROMSLi 3676 Gabbro
-37-
,......, /-.. ,......, ,......,0 C/) 0 C/)'-' '-....-' '--' '--'
'D 'D ,.c; ,.c;G p UJ UJ;:::I ;J -rl -r!0 0 r-i .-I)...: N 0 0, .. CJ C (l; p..,
oN
o+-'-~..,.--.........-,-;:........h-~"';"'-"'-:--'--r,\';-~-,;-,---J..- 0
o\.0
oooN
--'
70006000500040003000
,---_.2000
10 ---t----- -f----.-,- -----1------ ...-----------.....-+-.----.---..+-----,.--~---_+---.-:.---____l-_,___---,--~ -t-
WAVELENGTH IN ANGSTROMSLi 4238 Gabbro
-39-
-!
...,!--l~· +. 1.+-I~
·-t--1---+-+--Hi
H + j... }-+·H--f-,
--+-T +--t----i----+----t-+--+--+--+~f_=J·-'
(D)
(S)
(D)
(S)
Ground
Ground
Polish
Polish
10 -+-.----c---+~_:____~-'-----''1·:;".'F'___---'-.~-_j--c---_;____:;;;;;o;_'4_·---~·__+_·-_t__,__,__-'-·~__c_·_:____{-'-~-__:··+·~+--h-'---'---·,·-..-~-··-_1-··_,__··---~-,~+-'--···-c-·· .........e.-t---J-+
wuZ
~ 20uWH~
~E4Zr£lUt:t::WP-<
2000 3000 4000 5000 6000 70m
WAVELENGTH IN ANGSTROMS
258 Anorthite-pyroxene gabbro
-40-
3000.---
2000
2 ·--J----~---··~--t·--.-'---'-'--'--j. -+ I : "':._'--,-c-l '~c-i-'-+~'_'-:-'-rt, -'---'--+.,-.--,-'-,---+--.-.-,-~'-H
101 .:: ~ :~' ~':J: c, , j ,
,.j ..,. j 1 ~- ~ .- ~- - 1 .•
. .. ... _-.. .__ I. • _~_- _~_____•._
Ground (D)
Ground (S)
11 ~..·····r"-~~'~~~-w 8 __ ~.~~__~-:_~ . Polish (D) ______(.)
z _I=t.:~.:·.: .. LLL .l'.:jj~~· : Polish (S) ________~H :': : :': : ' , ! i "
(.)
WH~W~
6HZW(.)
~WP-<
4
IN ANGSTROMSBasalt
WAVELENGTHLi 2288
-41-
w0z.q;
20H0
~rx.~
- --.- ~.
_.. -
HZ~
~
Ground (D)
f::tJp...
Ground(8) - -=-::.--_._--
l=~ ~~=~~~Cj+
Polish (D)Polish
-- -
10
.... r-7.. "r'. "._ ~ ,'," ,--'-, 1"
(8)
~-c ;,.l .j2;·+~·+~'·
,~--=- -
;-------;-
~. 1--i -t--+- -~ --:-.-t-t
2000 3000 4000 5000 6000 700:(
WAVELENGTH IN ANGSTROMS
101 Basa It
-42-
---~",",,",.'.
(D)
(S)
ii
[-
8
I -----l-~-- -----1------------
6 -----'---+-----='F-=t-.,---'---~__+__c__:_:----~+_'_..l--~-
4 - ,-- -- -_n , I I '
-~ 't-~ ~-+-+ ,.., .'~~~:::;_.::-:-:s.:4=L~:r::I:;~~1-~lJ~r=:n+=r1:ir f,TJ-T- 'lj-T'--'~-' il-n-t--Cfi--TTTTTT,-1-- • ' ---e-+ --WM'-1-1j-r-1-1iT1LL-GrOUnd
_l_~__+-~_+ ~-LL+~ '-j, ,- J-j+ I-+-d-i--t,-J-,-tt'ri-L--J--'--_--, ..-'--+_'--t+;_,-_~;'+_--I--c-+-,,--:-+-c.--'-~j- Lli-1j.q++--l+i-j+-c-~-+- -H-1--;, -,-ii- Ground
10
liJU
~UliJ....:J~
~HZliJ
~liJa...
~:: iT T Ii;' :TTT T T IrTT:T+~:FSame as Ground CD) from
2 --- __,_', -Jf--l-t-rR::H -2300 - 4000- ,---:::-::l,-l~+trrr;-HPolish(D) _- .. =-_=_dJ,--'--'J j -: fjli---tll-+r:rpoliSh (S)
: - ,. "-,, ___--+t ~+flt:i~Tt: --- ---~;, ~-, l-;~'i' _:+1 i- -~J=t--, H
4:L+ ! , , .. , +i t H + 't ' 1 ' ' , , 1.. 1 I " ; ! ' ,____,T_ • - --. __:_;-L-Ij!'j' ',-- .- -,Tn'j' .... :<·,-,-tT-- -T-_nt'-T.-_-n-t--1T+~'-++
" -~', I ' L..Li.-; ,I ! t r ! I , : , ' :! -. ) Iii' I
2000 3000 4000 5000 6000 7000
WAVELENGTH IN ANGSTROMSG 3161 Basaltic Lava
-43-
7000
t-- +-~++~--+--t--4-
(D)
(S)
(D)
(S)
500040003000
+H-h-:+-H+ Ground
- - "'1"'" - Ground
2 -+=..... '-T .... 'T' ': " !, :'1 ::~~~- .~=~~; '~~~~1;1t#J-Wj ::~~:~j 1+-:-1 i '11 " ;
____--'-1","-_ -j1~J......:.":-l...1...-'-.l_.L1__ ' j I _LL:±Ltt_'-'_"-f -------'-...L;~;-'_L~ '_"'"----..L-_~_ I
10 ~ I --'-1--,~-,-'-,~+-c--,-,,~.~~-;--i--,-,-~ ~rH-'-·-,~-'----'-~-j---.,....,-; I -!----'--'-,-----f I
r.z.l80z
~H0WH~
~6
HZW0,::G,-~
'1<
4
WAVELENGTH IN ANGSTROMSLi 4156 Volcanic Bomb
-44-
~'~-'-r-1_,-'-:~:~i_'r:I~;,-"i,-,-iirl-\!-\I-rr~I-+'1-+1'-tI-mH-i--i-++:+1+1+1-:-+1'·.;..!.;..I.;..1++1.:-1i-I ,-11\-r',...'1r-;!h'-j--l1h-1....'!-;T-:.T-:.T-t·!",;,'_'·4--8I I '::':'.::r·T+·I"H"!',f+'-H I'~:-_+-I;.'.,.~!II ::j_ji.-_hft H:_I+;·t-,IT+H,.,.---t-·,i-... [".+, ~
,,'" ,.~.j ..,--l-,-++,!t ·,__~';'H·+Ti.. :" \_;i+:+;-c'I"'_:__H_tH.++.j.I_+...",.j... ,_+-~.
, /.:: ',. tj :.1 j'i :i i: I ""1', +. ','."1, : i'~l :,
Cf.l
~~ OJE-< [J)
Cf.l coC) ..0Z co< .,-1
~ IZ Lr)
H ..:tI
::r:: ~
E-< ~
c.:; coZ NILl .,-1t...:lI:Ll H>-~
I i
: ':
,., ..
, .. ,
., .. ,,:: ..,,' J 'H, ,., ,_,.H-(.I!'H++-i., .~'i "!-,.' ,- ,+TltT,..t·· 1+l-I··H--+-+.;..+·"-:·,;",' .. , ,-' 'CT·; .... ·· +++:. t' j··+·:"r,;-t·j->-·;-H l-j.·,,,f.++ri-I+-""-~r-l"';"'i'-I . I_+.c_,., ,.j i· "ILfH-i-+I--t-;-+-r,.,-i,,,,,+._-j
1-'1"1-,--,,+-,--,··,- I 'I "L+Tt+rt-t-+-:--;--,+-'-'-!-',-1,"":,-+.. ,-- 1--'-:··;-j-·I-'1 1"'1-+ "'-'-+-i---+-i -]-i-I ',-,-!tl-r1-itT: i;, i" 1/-1 ..1-, :,1.;. . t-l=tttTH-:+++-H-~-++++-,-1
: J "":-1-""'+1 --i,·:iJ::;~+rtr~-tt-+:-ii'::-~'::+;-+:I'++-~+--;:-·11 0---+~-~_·,-+--.I-,-h-~r+'-r-~,-;-\""';-<'+--'-H--H-++-;-t-~+'..;.!'~'-:-+-r'.;...'-'H-.-t-H-H-.-.-i,....-O
+- ,. '--\-1,1·-)-+-1+++",11",""', '1-++'r+'I"1 0..:t
+1__;i'+i __4"f l "'j',·:·i'i·,H·+-,-I-+·+-H...i+··H+-f,·,j--'-++ :--'-'-"~---I
- r ,.- ,- /. <--
: i
1,.tI : i--
1 tor"
.:: , 1 : ' :,
00aN
..:t Ncoo~
I,,' ';, I 1::1)i~ II: : . - i+ ,! r!;
: ,., .. ' II ,III1 ,;" "I ' ,
_'...-J-'1__: ,-':-t;1_''--,-''_·i!; .1
w Ground (D)u ....~-_ .....~-----
Z . --_ ... Ground (S) - - - -<t: ~_.-
H 20 ---Ground (S) Same as Groundu
wH (D) From 4000 - 7000I:x; -.----
~-~----
Polish (D)--_ .. -- -- -- - -H Polish (S) ______z~ur:r;wp...,
10
2000 4000
WAVELENGTH IN ANGSTROMS
222 Diabase (Triassic)
-46-
6000
oM
oN
-- -- -- --A (J) A (J)
'-" '-" '-" '-" (J)
~0~
(I)Eo-<(J) .j.J
l:l OMZ §<r: pz I,.....H ..j-
::r:: I
Eo-< \.0r-, 00Z 0ILl 00....:l MILl
W><r::3
.~--L_-'-- '----r_~_......._--L-,-'-'-_-l.."':'-_~-'-~ ..............;....;-.....L--''-'-----'_-'---'-'--J.- goN
--~--!---'-~~~-:-+---';""'''----+;--'-'-'--I,.:.-;,:-LL;--+--;-r-+-+--:'''';-:-:..-..i4~-:-h-----'-+-'.h-~...;....j-+-~...:-._~--+- go\.0
rLl 400Z<t:H0W,-4~We.t::
HZW0~wp..,
20
2000
Ground (D) "~".""'_~_.""_~__"'_Ground (S)
Same as Ground (D)
From 2300 ~ 4000
Polish CD)Polish (8)
5 000
WAVELENGTH IN ANGSTROMS
289 Olivine (dunite) ploycrystalline
-48-
wuzt1 20 --!---------~:----_______c--_'------{--------------~;-------:--------+- -:----- -----------UWt-:l~
~HZj:£lup::;wp..,
10
2000
vJAVELENGTH IN ANGSTROHS
Li 2402 Kimberlite
-49-
000 7000
30002000
2 0 -1~----------+-~---~---+------_.-----'-f-------,---+:-~~--.----j-.--.-------,-------'
10~=-==-Ht!t8'~mfm~~*ETIffi~~~.~*t~~$~~l~tEfL~
HZWUr:t:;WA-c
wu
~HUW.....:lf:t.t
~
WAVELENGTH IN ANGSTROMSLi 3675 Anorthosite
-50-
oooM
.goN
Q)
c:-.-I
tf) .-I
~(j
0p:: HE-i (j
CI.l -.-Ic.5 6Z I
< Hqj
Z 0- IH Ul .-I
"d t.r)
::c: .-I IH Q)
c.5 lHZ ..r::t:£l....:l Ul
~ eu
~.w0
8: Pol
0'-0N
Ground (D)_ ••~_·~""".P~..-= ......- ....-.,."",-·~..,.·_-
W (fa I Ground (S) ~ - - - -u ---j--
Polish (D)z~H Polish (S)u .".........""--.,---~w Same as Ground (S) from...:lr.>:<w L,cOOO - 7000~
HZWU~Wp.,
20
2000
WAVELENGTH IN ANGSTROMS
251 Plagioclase feldspar-albite
-52-
"1
I
700t60002000
2
10 --f----.-.-- --+--.-----+-.:.....--.-.-----!.---;----'--~..:----+___- ...--,~.-.---;~-! ....,.--,-j_._•.~-.,.----+----t
WI _ .. \. .1 ..
0 8I .~... 1 ..
Z~H0
' , ,1.~ .. U ... 1 .
W
Polish
_ ~ J. L l._~~_~D
H
(D)
fz.<w
Polish(s) -- - - - ~~~--
U··I-nij~
~6
~"~~----... - --~-
__._..~_~ _1
H
~._-- -'--~---~--T----t'--1": I i--:"I'··1'-t".,----!Ii
Zru0~WP-.
4
WAVELENGTH IN ANGSTROMS
292 Mica-biotite
-53-
4000
WAVELENGTH IN ANGSTROMS
2000
10 ---J----------+- I +-------.~.--.-'-1------·----i-,-.~-'--.-'-,-4--,-,
w 80z~~0WH~WP::
6~zw0P::W j1_'P1 Ground (D)
-=""_",_"-~",,,,z=__.'_'...-.·_____
4~--"-- J ~------, r p Ground (S) - - - -
Polish (D) --"",,---._-Polish (S)
~-
2 I .-----.1 r- I
288 Amphibole - hornblende
- 54-
......_~
-""...~
60005400030002000
w 40u --- -.~- - _.- - ~--- , , __.__....... ~.....,.,--.'u ••""...-_
Z Ground (8) Same as Ground<t:£:-I - (D)u .- --W .- .-- Polish (D) ___ _ _ _ ______....:l -.---+
r:z., .------- --w Polish (8) ____._p:: .. -.-.~_ .._- - ...... -
~wup::wp.,
20
WAVELENGTH IN ANGSTROMS
44 Dolomite (fine - grained)
-55-
(D)
ril 40 I I(5) - - - -
u -l······ ---- ----+------ .···1 ._~- +:-1 ;:;::~ (D)z . . -I~1 "<."._...•- -" '-; j' - ,
H 'I "--] - -' Polish (5)urilH~rilP::
HZrilUP::rilfl..
20
~.~
2000 6000 700e
Me 1252WAVELENGTH IN ANGSTROMS
Canon Diablo, Coarse octahedrite
- 5 7-