Research-DrivenAnswers to 100Questions onHuman MemoryExpert Answers to Selected Questions

on Human Memory

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This is a difficult question to answer because the best and fastest way today may not bethe best and fastest way tomorrow.As more research works are done, it is likely our answers will also change.That said, one of the best way and fastest way to improve your cognitive skills and spanof concentration is to: (i) Mind your business at all times and avoid multitasking as much as possible.Multitasking has been shown to lower efficiency and productivity(1). It may be difficult toincrease your concentration while multitasking.Minding your business at all times will let you focus your energy on what matters most.(ii) Use memory techniques to store new information. You can read more about memorytechniques on our website.

1. WHAT IS THE FASTEST AND THE BEST WAY TO IMPROVE MY COGNITIVE SKILLS AND SPANOF CONCENTRATION?

Reference:1. MSU Extension. (2017). The myth of multitasking: Research says it makes us lessproductive and increases mistakes. [online] Available at: https://www.canr.msu.edu/news/the_myth_of_multitasking_research_says_it_makes_us_less_productive_and_incr [Accessed 13 Nov.2019].

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Before we answer this question, it is important to point out that the composition of honey differsfrom one location to another. This is because the type of flowers bees consume will have an effecton the honey they produce. That said, some honey found in some locations in the world have been shown to help the memory. For example, Tualang honey has been shown to improve memory and learning [1]. Honey has alsobeen shown to help prevent memory disorders [2].Polyphenols found in honey are also said to be useful in improving memory deficits [3].However, please note that you may get little or no benefit from honey if you don’t combine it withproper attitudes.Proper attitudes include focusing your attention on what you want to learn and avoidingmultitasking while memorizing information. Using memory techniques to store new informationcan also be helpful. You can read more about memory techniques on our website.

References:1. Citeseerx.ist.psu.edu. (2019). [online] Available at:http://citeseerx.ist.psu.edu/viewdoc/downloaddoi=10.1.1.691.5545&rep=rep1&type=pdf [Accessed 13 Nov. 2019].2. Mayo Clinic. (2019). Honey. [online] Available at: https://kcms-prod-mcorg.mayo.edu/drugs-supplements-honey/art-20363819 [Accessed 13 Nov. 2019]. 3. Mijanur Rahman, M., Gan, S. and Khalil, M. (2014). Neurological Effects of Honey:Current and Future Prospects. Evidence-Based Complementary and Alternative Medicine,2014, pp.1-13.

2. DOES HONEY INCREASEINTELLIGENCE?

2

Scientifically, memory loss can sometimes be called dementia, although dementia may bemore elaborate than memory loss. According to mayo.edu, signs of dementia mayinclude:1. Asking the same question repeatedly.2. Mixing words up – saying “ bed” instead of “ table” for example.3. Forgetting common words when speaking.4. Getting lost while walking or driving in a familiar place(1).However, before you go, please note that you may not remember things easily if you havea cluttered mind or if you are multitasking. Before you conclude you have memory loss,ensure you have first focused on what you are trying to remember and you are notmultitasking. More importantly, make sure you visit a qualified health practitioner if youare suspecting memory loss.

3. WHAT ARE THE SIGNS OF MEMORY LOSS?

Reference:1.Mayo Clinic. (2019). When you should seek help for memory loss.[online] Available at: https://kcms-prod-mcorg.mayo.edu/diseases-conditions/alzheimers-disease/in-depth/memory-loss/art-20046326 [Accessed 13 Nov. 2019].

3

Sugar has been implicated in many ill-health and it is not surprising it also affects the brain.It is crucial to point out that our brain uses sugar (in the form of glucose) when performingfunctions like thinking and learning. In fact, when you have a shortage of sugar in the brain (forexample during hypoglycemic event) the brain functions will be badly affected.However, there is also a problem when we have too much sugar in the brain.In the research carried out by Dr. Paul K. Crane et. al, it was found that high glucose levels wereassociated with an increased risk of dementia in populations with or without diabetes(1).We will recommend that you control the amount of sugar you consume.American Heart Association (AHA) recommends an added-sugar limit of no more than 100calories per day (about 6 teaspoons or 24 grams of sugar) for most women and no more than 150per day (about 9 teaspoons or 36 grams of sugar) for most men (2).To even learn more about the effects of sugar on the brain/memory, please go here.

4. WHAT IS THE EFFECT OF SUGARON THE BRAIN?

References:1. "Glucose Levels And Risk Of Dementia | NEJM". 2020. New England Journal OfMedicine. https://www.nejm.org/doi/full/10.1056/NEJMoa1215740.2. The Nutrition Source. (2013). Added Sugar in the Diet. [online] Available at:https://www.hsph.harvard.edu/nutritionsource/carbohydrates/added-sugar-in-the-diet/[Accessed 14 Nov. 2019].

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The body has a natural way of converting short term memory to long term memory.Generally, sleep helps build our memory. In fact, according to MIT News “experts have longsuspected that part of the process of turning fleeting short-term memories into lasting long termmemories occurs during sleep”(1).Therefore, a short answer is that sleep helps the short term memory become long term memory.However, this does not necessarily mean that your short-term memory will automaticallybecome a long-term memory whenever you sleep.It is crucial you make conscious efforts to remember what you want in your long-term memorybefore you sleep. One way to do this is to use your mind's eye to visualize the information you are trying toremember. You can learn more about visualization here.You can also use your mind to associate the information with what you already know.

5. WHAT HELPS THE SHORT-TERMMEMORY BECOME LONG TERMMEMORY?

References:1. Deborah Halber, P. (2019). Sleep helps build long-term memories.[online] MIT News. Available at: http://news.mit.edu/2009/memories-0624 [Accessed 14 Nov. 2019].

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If we consider memorization as a form of mental exercise, then we can say it is probablyhelping our memory. This is because mental exercises have been shown to benefit thebrain(1).Generally, the more you memorize information, the more you become good at it(especially if you are using memory techniques). In a nutshell, it is not out of place to say that more memorization helps the memory.

6. DOES MEMORIZING IMPROVEMEMORY?

Reference:1. Center for Brain Health. (2016). Mental, Physical Exercises Produce Distinct BrainBenefits - Center for BrainHealth. [online] Available at: https://brainhealth.utdallas.edu/mental-physical-exercises-produce-distinct-brain-benefits/ [Accessed 14 Nov. 2019].

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Before we begin, if you believe you have a memory problem, please visit a qualifieddoctor.That said, exercise helps many aspects of our life, and memory is one of them.In one article published on Harvard, it was said that “exercise helps memory and thinkingthrough both direct and indirect means”[1]Exercise can also possibly lead to improved thinking among people with cognitiveimpairment.[2]In addition, exercise can improve the quality of your life if you have Alzheimer's diseaseor dementia(3).To even learn more about the connections between exercise and human memory, pleaseread this article.

7. DOES EXERCISE HELP WITHMEMORY PROBLEMS?

References:1. Godman, H. (2014). Regular exercise changes the brain to improve memory, thinkingskills - Harvard Health Blog. [online] Harvard Health Blog. Available at: https://www.health.harvard.edu/blog/regular-exercise-changes-brain-improve-memory-thinking-skills-201404097110 [Accessed 14 Nov. 2019].2. Mayo Clinic. (2019). Can exercise prevent memory loss in Alzheimer's?. [online]Available at: https://kcms-prod-mcorg.mayo.edu/diseases-conditions/alzheimers-disease/expert-answers/alzheimers-disease/faq-20057881 [Accessed 14 Nov. 2019].3. Publishing, H. (2019). Exercise: A promising treatment for dementia? - HarvardHealth. [online] Harvard Health. Available at: https://www.health.harvard.edu/mind-and-mood/exercise-a-promising-treatment-for-dementia [Accessed 14 Nov. 2019].

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According to different reports on the issue, the human brain does not become fullydeveloped until early to mid-20s (1).Specifically, it is said that the prefrontal cortex (the part of the brain that controlsreasoning and related activities) does not fully mature until age 24 or 25 (2).

8. AT WHICH AGE DOES THE BRAINBECOME FULLY DEVELOPED?

References:1.Citeseerx.ist.psu.edu. (2019). [online] Available at: http://citeseerx.ist.psu.edu/viewdoc/download?doi=10.1.1.497.3490&rep=rep1&type=pdf [Accessed 18 Nov. 2019].2. Jsc.montana.edu. (2019). [online] Available at: http://jsc.montana.edu/articles/v10n18.pdf [Accessed 18 Nov. 2019].

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It is one thing to read and it is another thing to understand.Interestingly, there are a few things you can do to increase the understanding of what youread. Some of these things are mentioned below:1. Work on your attention when you read a book. Try as much as possible to give what you are reading your attention. If you think your mindis cluttered, find a pen and paper and write down all that is bothering you together withtheir solutions. Fix time to work on the solutions. Then get back to what you are reading.

2. Find the best time that works for you. Reading when your body and mind are at ease will increase your assimilation.Generally, if you don’t know the best time for you, start your reading early in the morning.This is because your mind is still fresh and there is usually lesser disturbance during thistime. 3. Find a comfortable place to read. Find a quiet and comfortable place to read but make sure the place is not too comfortable.This is because too much comfort can bring sleep. 4. Read with breaks.Make sure you take some minutes break every one or two hours you read. You can use thisbreak to take a walk under the fresh air. You can also use the break to have a relaxation ortake a short nap. 5. Make sure you have a good dictionary nearby. This is especially important if you are trying to read a book with a lot of jargons. 6. Book an appointment with a great teacher. There is a Japanese proverb that says “better than a thousand days of diligent study is oneday with a great teacher.”Many great teachers will be ready to help if they see that you are serious.

9. HOW DO I HAVE A BETTERUNDERSTANDING OF WHAT IREAD?

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Fruit like avocados[1] and berries[2] have been said to help the memory.Green leaves vegetable also helps[3].Please note that you may not get a superb memory just by eating these foods, you wouldneed to combine the food with the right lifestyle to transform your memory.For example, we will expect you to work on your attention if you want a great memory.Exercise is another thing to include in your life if you want a superb memory.The use of memory techniques when learning new things can also help improve the wayyou recall information.

10. WHAT SHOULD I EAT TOIMPROVE MY MEMORY?

References:1. Northcentral University. (2018). Best Brain Foods for Studying and Memory Boosts.[online] Available at: https://www.ncu.edu/blog/best-brain-foods-studying-and-memory-boosts#gref [Accessed 18 Nov. 2019].2. Harvard Gazette. (2012). Berries keep your brain sharp. [online] Available at: https://news.harvard.edu/gazette/story/2012/04/berries-keep-your-brain-sharp/ [Accessed 18 Nov. 2019].3. Publishing, H. (2019). Foods linked to better brainpower - Harvard Health. [online]Harvard Health. Available at: https://www.health.harvard.edu/mind-and-mood/foods-linked-to-better-brainpower[Accessed 18 Nov. 2019]. 

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There is a possibility that omega 3 fatty acids can help the brain although this is not asclear as one would expect.In a research published on Neurology in May 4, 2016, it was found that “older adults whoate at least one seafood meal per week performed better on thinking skill tests during thestudy period than the people who ate less than one seafood meal per week [1].Please note that this does not mean that you gain the same benefit from fish oilsupplements[2].We will recommend you include fatty fish (such as salmon, mackerel and sardines) inyour diet instead of going with fish oil supplements.

11. WHAT IS THE EFFECT OF OMEGA 3FATTY ACID ON MEMORY?

References:1. Publishing, H. (2019). Do omega-3s protect your thinking skills? - Harvard Health.[online] Harvard Health. Available at: https://www.health.harvard.edu/staying-healthy/do-omega-3s-protect-your-thinking-skills [Accessed 18 Nov. 2019].2. Ibid.

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Unless you are acted upon by some supernatural forces, you can’t get smarter overnight.This means that ordinarily, you can’t sleep as a dumb person and wake up as a genius. Itdoes not work that way.Smartness is like a system that requires many processes. Unfortunately for those wholike shortcuts, these processes take a considerable amount of time. In conclusion, forget about becoming smart overnight and instead focus your energy ongetting smarter little by little.One best way to become smarter easily is to associate with those people who are alreadyknowledgeable in what you want to become knowledgeable in.

12. HOW DO I GET SMARTEROVERNIGHT?

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Generally, aerobic exercises appear to be more beneficial to the brain than anaerobicexercises [1].As for which aerobic exercises are the best, more research works need to be done.In a nutshell, if you want a better brain, involve yourself in aerobic exercises such aswalking, long-slow run or swimming.

13. IS ONE EXERCISE BETTER INTERMS OF BRAIN DEVELOPMENT?

Reference:1. Etd.ohiolink.edu. (2019). [online] Available at: https://etd.ohiolink.edu/!etd.send_file?accession=kent1303178459&disposition=inline [Accessed 19 Nov. 2019].

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The short answer is “no”.There are other factors (apart from genes) that affect brain development.These other factors include :1. Exercise[1]2. Food[2]3. Social/environmental factors[3].

14. DOES BRAIN DEVELOPMENTDEPEND ONLY ON MY GENE?

References:1. Godman, H. (2014). Regular exercise changes the brain to improve memory, thinkingskills - Harvard Health Blog. [online] Harvard Health Blog. Available at: https://www.health.harvard.edu/blog/regular-exercise-changes-brain-improve-memory-thinking-skills-201404097110 [Accessed 19 Nov. 2019].2. Publishing, H. (2019). Foods linked to better brainpower - Harvard Health. [online]Harvard Health. Available at: https://www.health.harvard.edu/mind-and-mood/foods-linked-to-better-brainpower [Accessed 19 Nov. 2019].3. Labs.la.utexas.edu. (2019). [online] Available at: https://labs.la.utexas.edu/champagne/files/2018/01/NN2015.pdf [Accessed 19 Nov. 2019].

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Nuts are a healthy source of nutrients to the brain and the body in general.Pistachio[1] and walnut[2] are particularly good for the brain but other nuts such ascashews, almonds, and pecans also have good effects on the brain[3].As at now, it appears difficult to know the overall best nut for the brain because a nutmaybe good to one part of the brain while being just “ok” for the other part(s).We would recommend you include varieties of nuts in your diet for their good effects.

15. WHICH NUT IS GOOD FOR THEBRAIN?

References:1. Site, S., Journalists, F., Releases, P. and frequencies, S. (2019). Study finds consumingnuts strengthens beneficial brainwave frequencies | LLUH News. [online] 1.News.llu.edu. Available at: https://news.llu.edu/for-journalists/press-releases/study-finds-consuming-nuts-strengthens-beneficial-brainwave-frequencies [Accessed 19 Nov. 2019].2. A, A. (2019). A cross sectional study of the association between walnut consumption andcognitive function among adult US populations represented in NHANES. - PubMed - NCBI .[online] Ncbi.nlm.nih.gov. Available at: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/25732213 [Accessed 19 Nov. 2019].3. Site, S., Journalists, F., Releases, P. and frequencies, S. (2019). Study finds consumingnuts strengthens beneficial brainwave frequencies | LLUH News. [online] 1. News.llu.edu.Available at:https://news.llu.edu/for-journalists/press-releases/study-finds-consuming-nuts-strengthens-beneficial-brainwave-frequencies [Accessed 19 Nov. 2019].

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The way this question is asked, we will assume that you already know that exercise helpshuman brain[1].As for the exercises proven to keep the brain sharp, we will say aerobic exercises[2][3].Aerobic exercises include walking, running, swimming and biking.More researches still need to be done to establish an ideal amount of aerobic exercise weneed for our brain.

16. WHAT ARE THE EXERCISESPROVEN TO KEEP THE BRAIN SHARP?

References:1. Mayo Clinic. (2019). Want a strong brain? Exercise!. [online] Available at: https://kcms-prod-mcorg.mayo.edu/healthy-lifestyle/fitness/in-depth/want-a-strong-brain-exercise/art-20390074 [Accessed 19 Nov. 2019]. 2. Semel.ucla.edu. (2019). Want to Flex Your Aging Brain? Do Aerobic Exercise andResistance Training | Semel Institute for Neuroscience and Human Behavior. [online]Available at: https://www.semel.ucla.edu/longevity/news/want-flex-your-aging-brain-do-aerobic-exercise-and-resistance-training [Accessed 19 Nov. 2019]. 3. Godman, H. (2014). Regular exercise changes the brain to improve memory, thinkingskills - Harvard Health Blog. [online] Harvard Health Blog. Available at: https://www.health.harvard.edu/blog/regular-exercise-changes-brain-improve-memory-thinking-skills-201404097110 [Accessed 19 Nov. 2019].

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Before we answer this question, let us first outline what junk foods are.Junk foods are unhealthy foods (usually processed foods) that are high in fat (bad fat),sugar or salt. They provide little or no nutrient value to the consumers.One major effect of junk foods on the brain is that they provide little or no nutrients to thebrain. They usually lack or contain little or no nutrients that the brain needs.According to one article on Harvard.edu, “multiples studies have found a correlationbetween a diet high in refined sugars and impaired brain function” [1].Undoubtedly, many junk foods contain refined sugars.Also, increase intake of trans fats (common in junks food) has been linked to increase inrisk of depression [2].In conclusion, we have no problem believing that consumption of junk foods regularly willhave dangerous effects on your general wellbeing (including your brain).

17. DOES EATING JUNK FOOD HAVEANY SIDE EFFECT ON MEMORY?

References:1. MD, E. (2015). Nutritional psychiatry: Your brain on food - Harvard Health Blog.[online] Harvard Health Blog. Available at: https://www.health.harvard.edu/blog/nutritional-psychiatry-your-brain-on-food-201511168626 [Accessed 19 Nov. 2019].2. Thebottomline.as.ucsb.edu. (2011). Fast Food Causes Depression, Studies Say | TheBottom Line. [online] Available at: https://thebottomline.as.ucsb.edu/2011/05/fast-food-causes-depression-studies-say [Accessed 19 Nov. 2019]. 

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Of course, yes[1].IQ level decreases and increases.Some activities that can boost your IQ include:1. Trying new hobbies2. Learning new languages3. Solving puzzles[2]4. Reading[3].

18. CAN I RAISE MY IQ?

References:1. Evidencebasedliving.human.cornell.edu. (2019). Can you boost your IQ? Theevidence says yes. [online] Available at: http://evidencebasedliving.human.cornell.edu/2011/12/07/can-you-boost-your-iq-the-evidence-says-yes/ [Accessed 20 Nov. 2019].2. Sites.psu.edu. (2015). How to improve your IQ | SiOWfa15: Science in Our World:Certainty and Controversy. [online] Available at: https://sites.psu.edu/siowfa15/2015/12/04/how-to-improve-your-iq/ [Accessed 20 Nov. 2019].3. Ramsden, S., Richardson, F., Josse, G., Shakeshaft, C., Seghier, M. and Price, C. (2013).The influence of reading ability on subsequent changes in verbal IQ in the teenageyears. Developmental Cognitive Neuroscience, 6, pp.30-39.

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If there is any pill or drug that erases the memory completely, then it had better be called apoison.We are our memory. Imagine living a day without remembering any of the past (even if the past isjust a few seconds ago), your life will be extremely difficult to make sense of.What we want to bring out from this is that memory is the fuel of life and it will be difficult for thegovernment to allow the development of a drug that completely erases the memory.Anyway, there are research works[1] that are looking into developing drugs that can be used toerase selected parts of memory while leaving others intact.For example, one study of snail neurons suggests memories that trigger anxiety, post-traumaticstress disorder (PTSD) could be erased without affecting normal memory of past events[2].In another research performed by researchers at the University of California San Diego School ofMedicine, the researchers were able to selectively erase a memory and restore it in rat [3].

19. IS THERE A PILL THAT ERASESMEMORY?

References:1. Columbia University Irving Medical Center. (2017). Select Memories Can Be Erased,Leaving Others Intact. [online] Available at: https://www.cuimc.columbia.edu/news/select-memories-can-be-erased-leaving-others-intact [Accessed 20 Nov. 2019].2. Ibid.3. UC Health - UC San Diego. (2019). How to Erase a Memory – And Restore It . [online]Available at: https://health.ucsd.edu/news/releases/Pages/2014-06-02-erase-and-restore-memory.aspx [Accessed 20 Nov. 2019].

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Coffee is good for the brain[1]. Caffeine present in coffee can serve as a memoryenhancer[2].However, there may be danger in consuming too much coffee (caffeine)[3].In conclusion, a moderate amount of coffee may help your memory in the long run.

20. IS COFFEE GOOD FOR THEBRAIN?

References:1. Cao, C., Loewenstein, D., Lin, X., Zhang, C., Wang, L., Duara, R., Wu, Y., Giannini, A.,Bai, G., Cai, J., Greig, M., Schofield, E., Ashok, R., Small, B., Potter, H. and Arendash, G.(2012). High Blood Caffeine Levels in MCI Linked to Lack of Progression to Dementia.Journal of Alzheimer's Disease, 30(3), pp.559-572.2. The Hub. (2014). Caffeine has positive effect on memory, Johns Hopkins researcherssay. [online] Available at: https://hub.jhu.edu/2014/01/12/caffeine-enhances-memory/ [Accessed 20 Nov. 2019].3. Healthcare.utah.edu. (2019). The Dangers of Caffeine. [online] Available at: https://healthcare.utah.edu/healthfeed/postings/2017/05/caffeine-dangers.php [Accessed 20 Nov. 2019].

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How do you know that you have a bad memory?Many times, people use the excuse of having a bad memory to justify their mental laziness.People always claim they forget to recall facts when they have taken little or no time tomemorize or understand the fact in the first place.Before you can claim that you have a bad memory, you must have made conscious efforts toput facts in your memory with adequate attention and focus. Having a mental picture (through visualization) of what you want to remember could alsohelp.If after you follow the ideas mentioned above, you still constantly forget information, thentry to see a qualified medical practitioner.Before you go, please note that diets high in refined sugar can harm your brain[1]. Therefore,we will recommend you reduce the intake of refined sugar in order not to fuel a bad memorywith your own hands.

21. WHY DO I HAVE A BAD MEMORY?

References:1. MD, E. (2015). Nutritional psychiatry: Your brain on food - Harvard Health Blog.[online] Harvard Health Blog. Available at: https://www.health.harvard.edu/blog/nutritional-psychiatry-your-brain-on-food-201511168626 [Accessed 20 Nov. 2019].

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Food rich in fruit, vegetables and healthy unsaturated fats (e.g. olive oil and nuts) havebeen linked to lower rates of dementia[1].Generally, we would recommend you increase intake of fruit and vegetable and reduceconsumption of processed foods and red meat, if you really want a good memory.Also, drinking coffee can help fight dementia [2].

22. WHAT ARE THE FOODS THATHELP TO FIGHT DEMENTIA?

References:1. Publishing, H. (2019). Boost your memory by eating right - Harvard Health. [online]Harvard Health. Available at: https://www.health.harvard.edu/mind-and-mood/boost-your-memory-by-eating-right[Accessed 20 Nov. 2019].2. Cao, C., Loewenstein, D., Lin, X., Zhang, C., Wang, L., Duara, R., Wu, Y., Giannini, A.,Bai, G., Cai, J., Greig, M., Schofield, E., Ashok, R., Small, B., Potter, H. and Arendash, G.(2012). High Blood Caffeine Levels in MCI Linked to Lack of Progression to Dementia.Journal of Alzheimer's Disease, 30(3), pp.559-572.

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Sorry, you can’t memorize everything unless you have some supernatural power acting onyou.There are two reasons you can’t memorize everything: 1. You can’t get the time to study millions of books and commit them to memory. Don’t forgetthat we also have billions of webpages 2. The truth is that sooner or later you would forget some of those things you have learnt atone time or the other.So, if you can’t memorize everything, can you memorize everything that is dear to you?The short answer is yes! You can.With the right tool you can easily memorize important information, to do this you need to:1. Put all your focus and attention on what you want to memorize2. Use memory techniques to memorize information. You can read more on memorytechniques our website.

23. HOW CAN I MEMORIZEEVERYTHING?

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We can say that caffeine helps with focus indirectly. This is because caffeine increasealertness when used(1) and alertness can help with focus.Generally, you can’t say you have focus when you are not alert.

24. DOES CAFFEINE HELP WITHFOCUS?

Reference:1. Citeseerx.ist.psu.edu. (2019). [online] Available at:http://citeseerx.ist.psu.edu/viewdoc/download?doi=10.1.1.615.1325&rep=rep1&type=pdf[Accessed 2 Dec. 2019].

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Some of the effects of taking marijuana (weed) are mentioned below:1. Research has shown that teen taking marijuana are at risk of developing schizophreniaor psychosis later in their life [1].2. Marijuana can cause memory problems [2].3. Marijuana can cause addiction [3].

25. WHAT ARE THE LONG-TERMEFFECTS OF TAKING WEED?

References:1. MacDonald, A. (2011). Teens who smoke pot at risk for later schizophrenia, psychosis- Harvard Health Blog. [online] Harvard Health Blog. Available at: https://www.health.harvard.edu/blog/teens-who-smoke-pot-at-risk-for-later-schizophrenia-psychosis-201103071676 [Accessed 2 Dec. 2019].2. Publishing, H. (2019). The effects of marijuana on your memory - Harvard Health.[online] Harvard Health. Available at: https://www.health.harvard.edu/mind-and-mood/the-effects-of-marijuana-on-your-memory [Accessed 2 Dec. 2019].3. Drugabuse.gov. (2019). Is marijuana addictive?. [online] Available at: https://www.drugabuse.gov/publications/research-reports/marijuana/marijuana-addictive [Accessed 2 Dec. 2019].

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Some of the effect of opiates on the brain are listed below:1. Opiates exert an effect on the brain reward center to provide pleasure[1].2. Opiates could change the brain stem. The brain stem controls body automaticfunctions. By affecting the brain stem, opiates can affect cardiac function andbreathing[2].3. Opiates also cause addiction.

26. WHAT ARE THE EFFECTS OFOPIATES ON THE BRAIN?

Reference:1. Www1.udel.edu. (2019). Opiates. [online] Available at: https://www1.udel.edu/chem/C465/senior/fall00/DrugAddiction/Opiates.html [Accessed 2 Dec. 2019].2. Ibid

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Short term memory only lasts for a few seconds to minutes.So, if you are talking about being able to store information for hours or days, then youare talking about long term memory.Generally, to improve your short-term memory, you need to work on yourfocus/attention.Setting your attention on what you want to store in your short-term memory should help.For example, you can increase the chances of remembering a phone number (in yourshort-term memory) by giving it adequate attention. Interruptions usually adverselyaffect short-term memory.

27. HOW TO IMPROVE SHORT TERMMEMORY?

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According to experts, short term memory typically lasts for a few seconds to a fewminutes.After this amount of time, your brain discards the information in the short-term memory.It appears that if you are saving a piece of information for hours in your brain, it is nomore in the short term memory.

28. HOW LONG DOES SHORT TERMMEMORY LAST?

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29. WHO HAS THE HIGHEST IQ INTHE WORLD?

To truly know the person with the highest IQ in today's world, we will need to assembleeveryone on the surface of the earth and measure their IQ, and the result might show youare the one.

Lack of sleep or inadequate sleep has many bad effects on the brain and the whole body.Some of the effects of lack of sleep or inadequate sleep on the brain include:1. It impedes the ability to retain or learn information [1].2. Inadequate sleep may push adolescents towards riskier decisions and impedes theirability to control their behaviors[2].3. Lack of sleep is linked to dementia[3].Lack of sleep also affects the health of the body in general; for example, lack of sleep mayincrease the chance of having accidents.We will recommend you consult your doctor if you are having problem sleeping.

30. WHAT ARE THE NEGATIVEEFFECTS OF LACK OF SLEEP?

References:1. Healthysleep.med.harvard.edu. (2019). Consequences of Insufficient Sleep | HealthySleep. [online] Available at: http://healthysleep.med.harvard.edu/healthy/matters/consequences [Accessed 2 Dec. 2019].2. Scn.ucla.edu. (2019). [online] Available at: https://www.scn.ucla.edu/pdf/Telzer(2013)Neuroimage.pdf [Accessed 2 Dec. 2019].3. Mander, B., Marks, S., Vogel, J., Rao, V., Lu, B., Saletin, J., Ancoli-Israel, S., Jagust, W.and Walker, M. (2015). β-amyloid disrupts human NREM slow waves and relatedhippocampus-dependent memory consolidation. Nature Neuroscience, 18(7), pp.1051-1057. 

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We will recommend you drink berries juice. Berries are good for the memory [1].Natural walnut and avocados juice can also help. Both walnut[2] and avocado[3] hasbeen said to help the brain.We will also suggest you drink more water. Drinking plenty of water helps hydrate thebody. We need not say that the brain is part of the body.However, if you have certain health conditions like thyroid, kidney, liver or heartproblem. Please contact your doctor before you increase your water intake.

31. WHAT CAN I DRINK TO IMPROVEMY MEMORY?

References:1. Njaes.rutgers.edu. (2019). Eat Berries to Improve Brain Function (Rutgers NJAES).[online] Available at: https://njaes.rutgers.edu/sshw/message/message.php?p=Health&m=350 [Accessed 3 Dec. 2019].2. Publishing, H. (2019). Foods linked to better brainpower - Harvard Health. [online]Harvard Health. Available at: https://www.health.harvard.edu/mind-and-mood/foods-linked-to-better-brainpower [Accessed 3 Dec. 2019].3. ANR Blogs. (2019). Eat More Avocados. [online] Available at:https://ucanr.edu/blogs/blogcore/postdetail.cfm?postnum=24995 [Accessed 3 Dec. 2019].

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There is a relationship between memory loss and depression[1].We can also say that memory is negatively affected when depressive thoughts arepresents[2].Despite this, we probably need more research works before we can say that depressioncan cause long term memory loss or that memory loss is just a symptom of depression.

32. CAN DEPRESSION CAUSE LONGTERM MEMORY LOSS?

References:1. Yaffe, K. (2012). Midlife vs Late-Life Depressive Symptoms and Risk of Dementia.Archives of General Psychiatry, 69(5), p.493.2. Depressive thoughts limit working memory capacity in dysphoria. (2019). Cognitionand Emotion, [online] p. Available at:https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/abs/10.1080/02699931.2014.991694#.VKwBDmTF_NU [Accessed 3 Dec. 2019].

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Before we answer the question, let us first define what blood pressure is.Blood pressure can simply be defined as the pressure (force) by which the heart propels oxygen-rich bloodto all parts of the body.This pressure must not be too high or low. It must be normal for the body to function well.When the pressure is too high the force of the blood passing through the body can damage organs and whenthe force is too low, it means some part of the body will not be getting enough oxygen-rich blood.From this explanation alone, we are certain that there is a clear relationship between blood pressure andthe brain. We can say that when the blood pressure is too low, the brain may not get the required oxygen-rich blood, and when it is too high, the force may damage the brain.We need not mention that when the brain is negatively affected, our memory may suffer also.In fact, research has shown that high blood pressure in midlife is associated with a later decline inmemory[1].Another research showed that hypertension and obesity escalate memory loss in people at risk forAlzheimer’s disease[2].In conclusion, we will advise you to see your doctor if your blood pressure is not around 120/80.

33. WHAT IS THE RELATIONSHIPBETWEEN BLOOD PRESSURE ANDMEMORY?

References:1. Merz, B. (2014). High blood pressure in midlife linked to later decline in memory,thinking skills - Harvard Health Blog. [online] Harvard Health Blog. Available at: https://www.health.harvard.edu/blog/high-blood-pressure-midlife-linked-later-declines-memory-thinking-skills-201408077320 [Accessed 3 Dec. 2019].2. Clark, L., Koscik, R., Allison, S., Berman, S., Norton, D., Carlsson, C., Betthauser, T.,Bendlin, B., Christian, B., Chin, N., Asthana, S. and Johnson, S. (2019). Hypertension andobesity moderate the relationship between β-amyloid and cognitive decline in midlife.Alzheimer's & Dementia, 15(3), pp.418-428.

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These are some of the things you should never do if you want a superb memory.1. Sleeping too little.2. Eating too much.3. Isolating yourself excessively4. Stressing yourself out 5. Taking alcohol6. Smoking.For more information, please read the article found here.

34. WHAT ARE THE THINGS I NEEDTO STOP DOING IF I WANT A SUPERBMEMORY?

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35. IF I FORGET THINGS EASILY DO IHAVE DEMENTIA?

According to WHO, dementia is a syndrome in which there is deterioration in memory,thinking, behavior and the ability to perform everyday activities.If you have all the symptoms mentioned above, then you may have dementia.However, the best way to know if you have dementia is to see a qualified doctor.

These are some of the things you can do everyday to improve your memory.1. Stop thinking you have a bad memory. You need to stop giving yourself excuses.2. Avoid excessive multitasking and start paying attention.3. Recite things aloud whenever you can.4. Chunk up information to remember them more easily.5. Exercise your body.For more information, please read this article found here.

36. WHAT ARE THE LITTLE THINGS ICAN DO EVERYDAY TO IMPROVE MYMEMORY?

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To remember what you have studied, do the following:1. Make sure you have adequate sleep.2. Make sure you eat a balanced diet always. 3. Avoid stress.4. Make sure you put enough attention in what you want to remember.5. Use memory techniques.Combining all the steps mentioned above should help you remember what you havestudied easily.

37. WHAT IS THE BEST WAY TOREMEMBER WHAT I STUDIED?

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People memorize in different ways and what works exceptionally for a person may notreally work for someone else.So, it will be challenging to state the fastest way to memorize.We have personally found out that people can memorize fast by using memorytechniques. To learn more about memory techniques, please go here.

38. WHAT IS THE FASTEST WAY TOMEMORIZE?

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To answer this question correctly, more research works are needed to be done.While some people are saying that cheeses have been linked to Alzheimer's disease, someresearch works suggest otherwise.For example, it was said that “yogurt and low-fat cheese, may reduce the risk of cognitivedecline in the elderly and contribute to the prevention of Alzheimer's disease[1].Therefore, we believe more research works need to be done to make an informedconclusion.

39. IS CHEESE BAD FOR THE BRAIN?

References:1. Ano, Y. and Nakayama, H. (2018). Preventive Effects of Dairy Products on Dementiaand the Underlying Mechanisms. International Journal of Molecular Sciences, 19(7),p.1927.

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Almonds are edible seeds with many health benefits.There is a report that showed that “repeated administration of almonds increases brainacetylcholine levels and enhances memory function in healthy rats while attenuatingmemory deficits in animal model of amnesia [1].However, we need more research to prove that the effect mentioned above can bereciprocated in human beings.There is another research work that suggests that almonds may be good for your memory[2].In conclusion, even if we can’t say with full confidence that almond helps the memory, wehave reasons to believe so. Also, almond has some other health benefits[3] and we believe it isa good idea you consider including it in your diet.However, consult your doctor before you start consuming almonds if you have any existinghealth condition.

40. DOES ALMOND HELP WITH THEMEMORY?

References:1. Batool Z, e. (2019). Repeated administration of almonds increases brainacetylcholine levels and enhances memory function in healthy rats while attenuatesmemory defici... - PubMed - NCBI . [online] 1. Ncbi.nlm.nih.gov. Available at: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/26548495 [Accessed 9 Dec. 2019].2. Gorji N, e. (2019). Almond, hazelnut and walnut, three nuts for neuroprotection inAlzheimer's disease: A neuropharmacological review of their bioactive constituents. -PubMed - NCBI . [online] 2. Ncbi.nlm.nih.gov. Available at: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/29208493 [Accessed 9 Dec. 2019].3. The Nutrition Source. (2018). Almonds. [online] Available at: https://www.hsph.harvard.edu/nutritionsource/food-features/almonds/ [Accessed 9 Dec. 2019].  

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Stress can badly affect your memory.When you are stressed, your brain will need to respond to the stressing factors, and thiswill likely make those parts of the brain that help with memory formation or decisionmaking to have decreased activities[1].This means that when there is stress you may have a difficult time storing newinformation or making sound decisions.

41. HOW DOES STRESS AFFECTMEMORY?

References:1. Publishing, H. (2019). Protect your brain from stress - Harvard Health. [online]Harvard Health. Available at: https://www.health.harvard.edu/mind-and-mood/protect-your-brain-from-stress [Accessed 9 Dec. 2019].

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Brain fog involves not being able to focus and concentrate one’s mind on something.The brain can be foggy because of many conditions.Some of what cause brain fog are mentioned below:1. Stress2. Lack of sleep or inadequate sleep3. Medication4. DepressionThe best way to know why your brain is so foggy is to consult a qualified medicalpractitioner.

42. WHY IS MY BRAIN SO FOGGY?

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Definitely yes. Your emotional state affects your memory.In fact, depression (an emotional state) and forgetfulness (a memory problem) has arelationship [1].Also, your emotional state can affect your good judgment. For example, you may have aproblem making the right decision when you are extremely happy or angry.

43. DOES YOUR EMOTIONAL STATEAFFECT YOUR MEMORY?

Reference:Pendick, D. (2013). 7 common causes of forgetfulness - Harvard Health Blog. [online]Harvard Health Blog. Available at: https://www.health.harvard.edu/blog/7-common-causes-of-forgetfulness-201302225923 [Accessed 9 Dec. 2019].

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Before we answer this question, it is cool to first know what dyslexia is.Dyslexia is a learning/reading disorder (difficulty) that involves having difficulty inreading, writing, and spelling.It is a disorder that has to do with learning words. However, the intelligence of those withdyslexia appears unperturbed.To better answer this question, we will also need to define a working memory.Working memory is the part of the memory that temporarily holds information forprocessing.People with dyslexia have a problem with their verbal working memory.Nevertheless, having a poor memory does not necessarily mean someone has dyslexia.We can probably say that those with dyslexia will have poor verbal working memorywhile those with poor memory might not have dyslexia.

44. IS POOR MEMORY A SIGN OFDYSLEXIA?

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The answer to this question tends to depend on the individual. Underlying healthconditions might also be a factor.For many people, their brain seems to work best in the morning.This may be because we usually have little or no stress early in the morning. Since we arejust waking up, our mind is usually less cluttered and more settled.However, some peoples’ brain seems to function best at night. This may be because theyhave attained their goals during the day and their mind is then settled to work on theirchosen tasks.In conclusion, we will advise you to study yourself and choose the time that works bestfor you.

45. WHAT TIME DOES THE BRAINWORK BEST?

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To sharpen your mind, do the following.1. Improve your concentration and focus.2. Pay attention to details.3. Reduce stress in your life.4. Use mind visualization techniques to remember facts.5. Exercise regularly.6. Eat a healthy and balanced diet.

46. HOW CAN I SHARPEN MY MIND?

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Generally, you have a good memory unless you have a health condition that seems to beaffecting your brain/memory.Memory is not fixed but changes from time to time. This means it can perform greatly atsome times and poorly at other times.For example, your memory can perform poorly when you are stressed out or whensomething is seriously bothering your mind.In conclusion, you should believe that you have a good memory unless your healthcondition clearly shows otherwise.Also, you can sharpen your memory through proper concentration and focus. Usingmemory techniques should also help you remember things easily.

47. HOW DO I KNOW IF I HAVE AGOOD MEMORY?

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Definitely yes. When you are very anxious, your brain has a problem remembering thingsor storing new information.When we are anxious, our brain tends to focus on the anxiety and our memory may notperform optimally. Anxiety can be equated to stress – we all know that we have problemrecollecting information when we are stressed.In fact, there is a relationship between persistent anxiety and memory loss[1].

48. DOES ANXIETY AFFECT MEMORY?

Reference:1. The Relationship Between Anxiety and Memory Loss - Rivier Academics. [online]Rivier Academics. Available at: https://www.rivier.edu/academics/blog-posts/the-relationship-between-anxiety-and-memory-loss/ [Accessed 11 Dec. 2019].

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Many drugs can have a damaging effect on the brain, but this does not mean they killbrain cells.Drug(s) used in the treatment of brain cancer can kill (cancerous) brain cells. Anexample of such a drug is Temozolomide.In addition, it has also been said that large amounts of alcohol can kill brain cells in thelong term(1).Methamphetamine has also been shown to kill brain cells(2).

49. WHAT TYPE OF DRUGS KILLBRAIN CELLS?

References:1. Sites.utexas.edu. (2019). Drug myths-Addiction science Research and education center[ONLINE] available at: http://sites.utexas.edu/asrec/facts-myths/exploding-drug-myths/ [accessed 14 Nov.2019]2. Citeseerx.ist.psu.edu. (2019) [online] Available at :http://citeseerx.ist.psu.edu/viewdoc/download?doi=10.1.1.328.7132&rep=rep1&type=pdf [accessed 14 November 2019]

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When you lack focus, it also means you have a cluttered mind, therefore, you need todeclutter your mind to be focused on what you have to do.To declutter your mind, do the following:1. Get a pencil and paper write down all that is bothering you. 2. Divide all that you have written in step one into two groups viz: (a) What you can control (b) What you can’t control3. Write simple solutions to all those things you can control. As for those things you can’t,direct them to the appropriate quarters or leave them as they are.4. Work on the solutions you wrote in step 3 now!After you have decluttered your mind, try to focus on what is needed. Focus on one thingat a time. Don’t multitask.

50. HOW DO I OVERCOME LACK OFFOCUS?

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Milk is good for the brain!The best milk for the brain according to research is breast milk.(1)This means that if you want a great brain for your child, ensure they are well breastfed.As we know that normally, breastfeeding is exclusive to little children; we as adults needsomething else.Some example of milk you can start with are:1. Goat/cow milk2. Cashew milk 3. Oat milkOne of the reasons why milk is good for the brain may be because milk is rich in zinc, and zinchas been found to be important in the development of a healthy brain(2).As for the best milk (among cashew milk, oat milk, goat milk and cow milk) more researchworks will probably need to be done before we can decide.

51. IS MILK GOOD FOR BRAINHEALTH?

References:1. Feeding Your Baby's Brain. Available at: https://health.usnews.com/health-news/health-wellness/articles/2016-01-05/feeding-your-babys-brain [Accessed 17 Nov. 2019]2. Claire McCarthy, M. (2018). The crucial brain foods all children need - Harvard HealthBlog. [online] Harvard Health Blog. Available at: https://www.health.harvard.edu/blog/brain-food-children-nutrition-2018012313168 [Accessed 17 Nov. 2019].

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Unless by some sort of futuristic science (that we may never have), it may be almostimpossible to say exactly how much information our brain can store.Our brain is not like a computer hard disk that we can analyze for memory size.Even if we don’t know exactly the amount of information our brain can store, we can say thatyou can’t fully use the memory in your brain unless there is an ill-health (like dementia).Note: - Some researches have tried to show the actual (or range of) amount of data a braincan store, but we decided not to include them in this answer because these research worksare guesstimates at best.Another reason why it will be difficult to quote such research works is that some factorsimprove the memory and one of them is exercise[1].So, if the brain is something you can improve, then how do you give it a fixed storage size?

52. HOW MUCH INFORMATION CANTHE HUMAN BRAIN STORE?

Reference:1. Godman, H. (2014). Regular exercise changes the brain to improve memory, thinkingskills - Harvard Health Blog. [online] Harvard Health Blog. Available at: https://www.health.harvard.edu/blog/regular-exercise-changes-brain-improve-memory-thinking-skills-201404097110 [Accessed 17 Nov. 2019]

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Meditation, when done rightly, helps the memory.In fact, many pieces of research have shown that meditation helps the memory. For example, in research done by Greenberg J et al, it was found that mindfulness (aform of meditation) is associated with an increase in hippocampal volume[1].In addition, meditation has been linked to improving rapid memory recall[2].Perhaps, meditation is especially beneficial because we are now in a chaotic world whereit is difficult to put your mind on something and be focused. And mind you, you don’t needto join any religious group to meditate. Meditation simply involves focusing your mind onthings that are important to you, one at a time.In conclusion, meditation, when done correctly, can give you the memory boost you havelong wished for.

53. DOES MEDITATION HELP WITHMEMORY RECALL?

References:1. Greenberg, J., Romero, V., Elkin-Frankston, S., Bezdek, M., Schumacher, E. and Lazar,S. (2018). Reduced interference in working memory following mindfulness training isassociated with increases in hippocampal volume. Brain Imaging and Behavior, 13(2),pp.366-376.2. Sites.bu.edu. (2019). The Power of Meditation » the nerve blog | Blog Archive | BostonUniversity. [online] Available at: https://sites.bu.edu/ombs/2014/02/08/the-power-of-meditation/ [Accessed 17 Nov. 2019].

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Some research works have suggested that antidepressants can negatively affect thebrain.For example, one article on the issue said that SSRI antidepressants (a type ofantidepressant) increase the levels of serotonin, while suppressing levels ofdopamine.This will make the feeling of happiness to remain but the feeling of romanticlove to subside(1).Another report suggested that antidepressants can cause cognitive impairment(2).Anyway, we would like more research to be done so as to make an informed conclusion.

54. DO ANTIDEPRESSANTS AFFECTTHE BRAIN NEGATIVELY?

References:1. Freshwriting.nd.edu. (2019). Fresh Writing. [online] Available at: https://freshwriting.nd.edu/volumes/2017/essays/the-unrecognized-marriage-killing-effects-of-ssri-antidepressants [Accessed 17 Nov. 2019].2. Digitalcommons.fiu.edu. (2019). [online] Available at: http://digitalcommons.fiu.edu/cgi/viewcontent.cgi?article=1003&context=social_work_fac [Accessed 17 Nov. 2019].

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Research works have suggested that brain memory capacity can be increased orimproved.Usually, some certain forms of lifestyle can lead to memory improvement.For example, exercises can improve your memory[1].Also, the consumption of fruit (like berries) and vegetable can improve your memory[2].

55. CAN MY BRAIN CAPACITY BEINCREASED?

References:1. Godman, H. (2014). Regular exercise changes the brain to improve memory, thinkingskills - Harvard Health Blog. [online] Harvard Health Blog. Available at: https://www.health.harvard.edu/blog/regular-exercise-changes-brain-improve-memory-thinking-skills-201404097110 [Accessed 17 Nov. 2019].2. Publishing, H. (2019). Foods linked to better brainpower - Harvard Health. [online]Harvard Health. Available at: https://www.health.harvard.edu/mind-and-mood/foods-linked-to-better-brainpower [Accessed 17 Nov. 2019].

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The short answer is yes. You can use memory techniques to turn your memory aroundwithin a short time. You can get started by reading the memory techniques found here.

56. DO MEMORY TECHNIQUESREALLY HELP? IF YES, HOW CAN IGET STARTED?

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57. CAN SPENDING TIME IN NATUREHELP HUMAN MEMORY?

Definitely yes, it can help your memory. Going for a walk in a natural environment is acool way to refresh your mind. We have already written an extensive article on this;please read it here.

The simple answer is Yes. An analogy makes a complex idea simple and more memorable.You can learn more about how an analogy works by reading the article found here.To create a superb analogy, simply follow the steps below:1. Start with an already familiar story or information.2. Make sure the familiar information you chose in step 1 above has some similarities(even if it is few) with the new information you are trying to understand and memorize.3. Put clarity over accuracy but make sure the truth is not distorted.4. If you are finding it difficult to understand or memorize using an analogy, tell yourselfwhy it is so crucial you understand the subject or concept in question.5. If you are trying to use an analogy to explain a concept to someone, it may be beneficialto seek to understand what this person already knows about the concept and then use ananalogy to make this basic knowledge more solid.

58. CAN I USE ANALOGY TO AID MYMEMORY AND HOW CAN I CREATE ASUPER ANALOGY?

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This question is not easy to answer. This is because more researches need to be done togive a definite answer.However, there are pieces of evidence [1] that suggest that anesthetic drugs may be toxicto the brain.Furthermore, trichloroethylene (An anesthetic agent) has been reported to cause shortterm memory loss after chronic exposure[2].

59. ARE ANESTHETICS TOXIC TO THEMEMORY?

References:1. Hudson, A. and Hemmings, H. (2011). Are anaesthetics toxic to the brain? BritishJournal of Anaesthesia, 107(1), pp.30-37.2. Atsdr.cdc.gov. (2019). Trichloroethylene (TCE) Toxicity: What Are the PhysiologicalEffects of Trichloroethylene? | ATSDR - Environmental Medicine & EnvironmentalHealth Education - CSEM. [online] Available at: https://www.atsdr.cdc.gov/csem/csem.asp?csem=15&po=10 [Accessed 21 Nov. 2019].

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The best type of books to read to improve your memory are probably books written abouthuman memory.Any book that talks about how to improve the memory or how to memorize facts or itemseasily should be of help.Also, note that generally, reading improves your IQ[1].

60. WHICH TYPE OF BOOKS DO INEED TO READ TO IMPROVE MYMEMORY?

Reference:1. Ramsden, S., Richardson, F., Josse, G., Shakeshaft, C., Seghier, M. and Price, C. (2013).The influence of reading ability on subsequent changes in verbal IQ in the teenageyears. Developmental Cognitive Neuroscience, 6, pp.30-39.

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Research has shown that curcumin may have a good effect on the brain.In a study conducted by the University of California, Los Angeles (UCLA) researchers, itwas found that daily consumption of certain forms of curcumin improves memory andmood in people with mild age-related memory loss [1].Curcumin also has the ability to fight Alzheimer’s disease[2].Curcumin is found in turmeric, so next you want to cook, you may consider includingturmeric as a flavoring agent.Note: - It is important you consider discussing with your doctor if you are pregnant andyou want to take curcumin (turmeric).Consider reaching out to your doctor if you have any ailment or if you are breastfeedingbefore you include curcumin in your diet.

61. WHAT IS THE EFFECT OFCURCUMIN ON THE BRAIN?

References:1. UCLA. (2018). Curcumin improves memory and mood, new UCLA study says. [online]Available at: http://newsroom.ucla.edu/releases/curcumin-improves-memory-and-mood-new-ucla-study-says [Accessed 21 Nov. 2019].2. Communications, V. (2019). Curcumin’s ability to fight Alzheimer’s studied. [online]Vanderbilt University. Available at: http://news.vumc.org/2015/01/08/curcumin%E2%80%99s-ability-to-fight-alzheimer-studied/ [Accessed 21 Nov. 2019].

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According to a book published by drugaware.com.au, steroids can cause mental healthproblems like anxiety, depression, paranoia and psychosis in people who havevulnerability to mental health problems[1].

62. WHAT ARE THE MENTAL EFFECTSOF STEROID USE?

Reference:Mhc.wa.gov.au. (2019). [online] Available at: https://www.mhc.wa.gov.au/media/1240/steroids-the-facts-booklet.pdf [Accessed 21 Nov. 2019].

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Sleep is an integral part of life but the amount of sleep we need vary from one individualto another.Sleep recommendation varies across age groups[1] and some people even performexcellently without following this recommendation.Sleep recommendation is just a general recommendation and many people will benefitmore if they can get a customized recommendation. In fact, too much or little sleep canaffect your memory[2].Having a nap in the afternoon may also help your memory [3].That said, it will be difficult to give the exact number of hours of sleep you need (as anindividual) to increase your brain power.However, if you are an adult, working toward seven hours of sleep per day may bringsome benefits. Taking afternoon naps might also help.

63. HOW MANY HOURS OF SLEEP DOI NEED TO INCREASE MY BRAINPOWER?

References:1. Mayo Clinic. (2019). How many hours of sleep do you need?. [online] Available at: https://kcms-prod-mcorg.mayo.edu/healthy-lifestyle/adult-health/expert-answers/how-many-hours-of-sleep-are-enough/faq-20057898 [Accessed 21 Nov. 2019].2. Devore, E., Grodstein, F., Duffy, J., Stampfer, M., Czeisler, C. and Schernhammer, E.(2014). Sleep Duration in Midlife and Later Life in Relation to Cognition. Journal of theAmerican Geriatrics Society, 62(6), pp.1073-1081.3. Harvey B. Simon, M. (2012). Sleep helps learning, memory - Harvard Health Blog.[online] Harvard Health Blog. Available at: https://www.health.harvard.edu/blog/sleep-helps-learning-memory-201202154265 [Accessed 21 Nov. 2019]. 

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Research has shown that people who exercise regularly have an increase in the numberof blood vessels that bring oxygen-rich blood to the brain[1][2][3].This research suggests that we may be able to increase the oxygen in our brain byexercising regularly.

64. HOW CAN I INCREASE OXYGEN INMY BRAIN?

References:1. Publishing, H. (2019). 12 ways to keep your brain young - Harvard Health. [online]Harvard Health. Available at: https://www.health.harvard.edu/mind-and-mood/12-ways-to-keep-your-brain-young [Accessed 23 Nov. 2019].2. Thomas, A., Dennis, A., Bandettini, P. and Johansen-Berg, H. (2012). The Effects ofAerobic Activity on Brain Structure. Frontiers in Psychology, 3.3. Bullitt E, e. (2019). The effect of exercise on the cerebral vasculature of healthy agedsubjects as visualized by MR angiography. - PubMed - NCBI . [online] Ncbi.nlm.nih.gov.Available at: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/19589885/ [Accessed 23 Nov. 2019].

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We must assume that you are asking about the smartest living person. If this is the case, itmight just be you.We have observed that someone may be the smartest person on one thing (issue) whilebeing a novice or fool in another. Human beings are not created to be smart in everyaspect of life and that is why it would be difficult to name the smartest living humanbeing.

65. WHO IS THE SMARTEST PERSONIN THE WOLRD?

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According to an article published on Harvard.edu[1], the notion that cognitive abilitieslevel off around middle age and then start to gradually decline is untrue.Studies now make us to believe that while some areas of the brain usually begin todecline, other areas develop more and improve as we age [2].In conclusion, we can’t say there is an age when the whole brain function begins todecline [3], rather what we know is that some parts of the brain (functions) begin todecline as we age while others improve.However, we are predisposed to some brain diseases as we grow old. An example of thisis Alzheimer's disease.

66. AT WHAT AGE DOES BRAINFUNCTION START TO DECLINE?

References:1. Publishing, H. (2019). How memory and thinking ability change with age - HarvardHealth. [online] Harvard Health. Available at: https://www.health.harvard.edu/mind-and-mood/how-memory-and-thinking-ability-change-with-age [Accessed 23 Nov. 2019].2. Ibid.3. Office, A. (2019). The rise and fall of cognitive skills. [online] MIT News. Available at: http://news.mit.edu/2015/brain-peaks-at-different-ages-0306 [Accessed 23 Nov. 2019].

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To answer this question, we first need to know what you mean by the term“overthinking”.For the purpose of this discussion, we will assume by the term “overthinking” you meanyou are trying to solve many issues in your mind at the same time, or that you have manyworries.If this is the case, please do the following:1. Get a pen and paper and carefully write down all that is bothering you. 2. Divide what you have written in step 1 above into three groups namely: 1. My problem 2. Our problem (i.e. family problems, community problems, etc.) 3. Someone else’s problem. 3. Write simple solutions to those problems that are yours and the time frame to work onthe solution. As for “our problem” see how you can contribute towards solving itcollectively.However, don’t bother yourself too much if people are not cooperating. Take it easy onyourself and others and patiently tell them why and how this problem can be solvedcollectively.As for someone else’s problem, see if you can influence the person having the problem tosolve it. If you can’t, simply ignore it.Finally, always try to be merciful to yourself, remember that you can’t get much donewhen you have too many worries. Be simple and pay attention only to things that arecrucial to your existence.Following all the recommendations above should help you to overcome overthinking.

67. HOW DO I TRAIN MY BRAIN TOSTOP OVERTHINKING?

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Generally, any book that talks about how to improve your memory should be of help.Scientific journals or articles that talk about ways to improve your memory should alsobe of help.You can start with resources from Harvard.edu on memory. Many of these resources aregreat.You will also get some benefits reading “Unlimited Memory” by Kevin Horsley.

68. WHAT ARE THE GOOD BOOKSTHAT HELP TO IMPROVE MEMORY?

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According to the research done by Samad N. et al, it was shown that banana has anti-anxiety and anti-depressant effects, and it also strengthens the memory in male mice[1].If we are to extrapolate the research result to humans, it means there is a possibility ithas a good effect on the human brain/memory.Banana also contains antioxidants [2] and antioxidants may help improve brain health[3].In conclusion, you may consider including more of bananas in your diet, we believe it mayhelp your brain. Note: Please consult a qualified health practitioner before you take more bananas if youhave a certain health condition.

69.  ARE BANANAS GOOD FOR THEMEMORY?

References:1. Samad N, e. (2019). Banana fruit pulp and peel involved in antianxiety andantidepressant effects while invigorate memory performance in male mice: Possiblerole of po... - PubMed - NCBI . [online] 1. Ncbi.nlm.nih.gov. Available at: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/28655697 [Accessed 25 Nov. 2019].2. H, K. (2019). High content of dopamine, a strong antioxidant, in Cavendish banana. -PubMed - NCBI . [online] 2. Ncbi.nlm.nih.gov. Available at: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/10725161 [Accessed 25 Nov. 2019].3. Staff, C. (2015). The health benefits of antioxidants. [online] SOURCE. Available at: https://source.colostate.edu/health-benefits-antioxidants/ [Accessed 25 Nov. 2019]. 

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There are a lot of controversies surrounding brain supplements and many benefitsattributed to them are doubtful.We will suggest you read our article on memory supplements (found here) to learn moreabout this controversy.That said, we will advise that you include fruits (like walnuts and avocados), egg, milkand green leafy vegetables in your diet instead of consuming memory supplements.A good regular exercise may also help your brain [1].

70. WHAT IS THE BEST SUPPLEMENTFOR BRAIN?

Reference:1. Godman, H. (2014). Regular exercise changes the brain to improve memory, thinkingskills - Harvard Health Blog. [online] Harvard Health Blog. Available at: https://www.health.harvard.edu/blog/regular-exercise-changes-brain-improve-memory-thinking-skills-201404097110 [Accessed 25 Nov. 2019].

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Ambidexterity is the ability of an individual to use the right hand and left hand equally.In one research instituted on psu.edu, it can be inferred that ambidextrous individualsare twice as likely to have some psychological problems compared to right-handers[1].If you are practicing ambidexterity, we will recommend you stop doing so. It appearsbetter you stick to your right hand.

71. PRACTICING AMBIDEXTERITY,WHAT DOES IT HAVE TO DO WITHMEMORY?

Reference:1. Giliberti, Gregory. 2015. "Being Ambidextrous: More Than Meets The Hand(S) |Siowfa15: Science In Our World: Certainty And Controversy". Sites.Psu.Edu.https://sites.psu.edu/siowfa15/2015/12/04/being-ambidextrous-more-than-meets-the-hands/

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If by this you mean a brain or memory that looks at an item, fact or information andimmediately capture it (like a camera) without any effort on its part, then what you aretalking about is a myth, there is no such thing as a photographic brain.It is a myth.Learning and memorization require some efforts on the part of a person.One needs to pay attention and do some mental work to store information perfectly.Nevertheless, there are a few things you can do to improve your memory and thesethings have already been discussed under “what are the daily habits I need to do toimprove my brainpower”. See the answer to the next question below.

72. CAN I GAIN A PHOTOGRAPHICMEMORY (BRAIN)?

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The following activities ought to improve your memory (brainpower) and general healthin the long run.1. Include nuts and or green leafy vegetables in your diet daily.2. Exercise daily or at least three times a week.3. Train your attention every day, make sure you pay attention to whatever you aredoing. Absent-mindedness is not a good thing.4. Restrain from multitasking, focus on one thing at a time as much as possible.5. Use memory techniques to remember facts. You can read more about memorytechniques here.

73. WHAT ARE THE DAILY HABIT INEED TO DO TO IMPROVE MY BRAINPOWER?

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This question does not seem to have a straight answer, it appears to depend on how wellor fast you assimilate information.To be called a genius, you should have a wealth of information in your memory, and tohave this wealth of information you need to be a good reader.We will suggest you start with one hour reading of good books per day and then scale itup.Having good teachers around you should also help.

74. HOW MANY HOURS SHOULD IREAD IF I WANT TO BE A GENIUS?

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75. WHAT IS MEDITATION?

Meditation can simply be defined as a process of focusing one’s mind on an issue or thingto make meaning out of it and achieve a mentally clear and stable state.

Green, leafy vegetables (such as collards, kale spinach, and broccoli) are good for thebrain [1].We will recommend you include a lot of green leafy vegetables in your diet for a bettermental health.

76. WHAT HERBS ARE GOOD FOR THEMEMORY?

Reference:1. Publishing, H. (2019). Foods linked to better brainpower - Harvard Health. [online]Harvard Health. Available at: https://www.health.harvard.edu/mind-and-mood/foods-linked-to-better-brainpower [Accessed 26 Nov. 2019].

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Herbs

The first obvious adverse effect of video games is that they waste one’s time. If you reallylike video games, there is a high possibility that you will spend a lot of time playing it.In fact, research carried out by Douglas A. Gentile et al. suggested that video games canresult in a form of addiction for some users[1].As for the effect of video games on the brain, it has been shown that some video gamescan increase the level of stress in the brain[2].

77. WHAT IS THE ADVERSE EFFECT OFPLAYING VIDEO GAMES ON BRAIN?

Reference:1. Open-access.imh.com.sg. (2019). [online] Available at: https://open-access.imh.com.sg/bitstream/123456789/4543/1/Pathological%20Video%20Game%20Use%20among%20Youth%20A%20Two-Year%20Longitudinal%20Study.pdf[Accessed 26 Nov. 2019].2. Aliyari, H., Sahraei, H., Daliri, M., Minaei-Bidgoli, B., Kazemi, M., Agaei, H., Sahraei, M.,Seyed Hosseini, S., Hadipour, M., Mohammadi, M. and Dehghanimohammadabadi, Z.(2018). The Beneficial or Harmful Effects of Computer Game Stress on CognitiveFunctions of Players. Basic and Clinical Neuroscience Journal, 9(3), pp.177-186. 

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It depends on the type of person you are, some people do well using paperbacks whilesome prefer eBooks.Generally, we will need more research on this before we can make a reasonableconclusion.In the meantime, we will recommend you try using the two formats (ebooks andpaperbacks) and see which one is best suited for you.

78. EBOOKS VERSUS PAPERBACKS:WHICH ONE IS BEST FOR LEARNING?

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The short answer is yes[1].However, we will recommend you make it a brisk walk and let it last for several minutes(preferably more than 30 minutes) to get more benefits.Note: We recommend you consult your doctor before you start any exercise program ifyou have any ailment.

79. IS WALKING GOOD FOR THEBRAIN?

References:1. Godman, H. (2014). Regular exercise changes the brain to improve memory, thinkingskills - Harvard Health Blog. [online] Harvard Health Blog. Available at: https://www.health.harvard.edu/blog/regular-exercise-changes-brain-improve-memory-thinking-skills-201404097110 [Accessed 27 Nov. 2019]. 

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Dietary trans fat has been linked to bad memory[1] in men 45 years old and younger.Trans fat are commonly included in processed food to enhance the taste and increaseshelf life.Trans fat has also been linked to some other bad health conditions like cloggedarteries[2].In conclusion, we will recommend you consume more natural organic products andeliminate or reduce processed food, especially those that contain trans-fat and addedsugar.

80. WHICH FOODS ARE BAD FOR THEMEMORY?

References:1. LaFee, Y. (2019). Dietary Trans Fat Linked to Worse Memory. [online] UC Health - UCSan Diego. Available at: https://health.ucsd.edu/news/releases/Pages/2015-06-17-trans-fats-and-memory.aspx [Accessed 27 Nov. 2019].2. Publishing, H. (2019). Not all processed foods are unhealthy - Harvard Health.[online] Harvard Health. Available at: https://www.health.harvard.edu/staying-healthy/not-all-processed-foods-are-unhealthy [Accessed 27 Nov. 2019].

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We see meditation as an act to clear one’s mind and have peace from within.If this is the way you see it then you should be wary of those people who tell you that youmust focus your eyes or mind on a specific thing during meditation.We will suggest you focus your attention on what you like (preferably a single thing at atime).Furthermore, focus your eyes on what you like.Also, closing your eyes is not a prerequisite for meditation, you can leave your eyes wideopen and meditate.

81. WHERE SHOULD I FOCUS MYATTENTION OR EYES DURINGMEDITATION?

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Nescafe contains coffee and coffee has been shown to be good for the brain [1].In fact, one report suggested that coffee can serve as a memory enhancer [2].However, too much of Nescafe can also be dangerous to your health because talkingcaffeine in large amounts can be dangerous [3].In conclusion, a moderate amount of Nescafe may help your brain in the long run.

82. WHAT IS THE EFFECT OF NESCAFEON BRAIN?

References:1. Cao, C., Loewenstein, D., Lin, X., Zhang, C., Wang, L., Duara, R., Wu, Y., Giannini, A.,Bai, G., Cai, J., Greig, M., Schofield, E., Ashok, R., Small, B., Potter, H. and Arendash, G.(2012). High Blood Caffeine Levels in MCI Linked to Lack of Progression to Dementia.Journal of Alzheimer's Disease, 30(3), pp.559-572.2. The Hub. (2014). Caffeine has positive effect on memory, Johns Hopkins researcherssay. [online] Available at: https://hub.jhu.edu/2014/01/12/caffeine-enhances-memory/ [Accessed 20 Nov. 2019].3. Healthcare.utah.edu. (2019). The Dangers of Caffeine. [online] Available at: https://healthcare.utah.edu/healthfeed/postings/2017/05/caffeine-dangers.php [Accessed 20 Nov. 2019].

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Research has shown that eating chocolate (especially the dark one) can be good for yourbrain[1].In fact, it has been said that the places with the highest consumption of chocolate have themost Nobel recipients[2].We can’t rule out a connection between the number of Nobel prize recipients and thechocolate consumption, although we can’t rule out coincidence too.One of the ingredients of chocolate that has been shown to help the brain is flavanols[3].In a nutshell, we will recommend you consider including chocolate (cocoa) in your dietfor a better cognitive performance.

83. WHAT ARE THE EFFECTS OF DARKCHOCOLATE ON THE BRAIN?

Reference:1. Robert H. Shmerling, M. (2017). Your brain on chocolate - Harvard Health Blog.[online] Harvard Health Blog. Available at: https://www.health.harvard.edu/blog/your-brain-on-chocolate-2017081612179 [Accessed 27 Nov. 2019].2. Ncbi.nlm.nih.gov. (2019). Error encountered - PubMed - NCBI. [online] Available at: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/?term=Messerli+FH.+Chocolate+consumption%2C+cognitive+function%2C+and+Nobel+laureates.+N+Engl+J+Med+(2012)+367%3A1562%E2%80%934. [Accessed 27 Nov. 2019].3. Socci, V., Tempesta, D., Desideri, G., De Gennaro, L. and Ferrara, M. (2017).Enhancing Human Cognition with Cocoa Flavonoids. Frontiers in Nutrition, 4. 

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Eating onion (whether raw or cooked) have many health benefits.However, we need more research to know their effects on the brain.

84. WHAT ARE THE BENEFITS OFEATING RAW ONIONS TO THE BRAIN?

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We can't rule this out, although it may not have a direct effect on the brain.However, since having too much weight affects the health of an individual, the brain willalso be negatively affected.In addition, a study has linked obesity to depression[1].More research works are needed to be done to fully understand how our weight affectsour brain.

85. DOES MY WEIGHT AFFECT MYBRAIN?

Reference:1. Publishing, H. (2019). In Brief: Obesity and depression - Harvard Health. [online]Harvard Health. Available at: https://www.health.harvard.edu/newsletter_article/In_Brief_Obesity_and_depression [Accessed 28 Nov. 2019].

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From what we know so far, one of the best classes of food for an adult brain are fruitsand vegetables. Whole grains,nuts, milk, eggs and fatty fish are also of great importance.

86. WHICH CLASS OF FOOD WORKSBEST FOR THE BRAIN?

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Cereal in form of whole grain has many benefits and one of them is that they help reducethe risk of memory damaging stroke[1].Whole grain cereal to consider including in your diet include: oats, barley, quinoa andbrown rice.

87. WHICH CEREAL HELP THEBRAIN?

Reference:1. Publishing, H. (2019). Boost your memory by eating right - Harvard Health. [online]Harvard Health. Available at: https://www.health.harvard.edu/mind-and-mood/boost-your-memory-by-eating-right[Accessed 28 Nov. 2019].

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Too much of caffeine in the body is dangerous according to Barbara Crouch (theexecutive director of Utah poison control center).“Caffeine increases heart rate as well as rhythm of the heart. It can also lower bloodpressure in high doses” [1].

88. WHAT IS THE ADVERSE EFFECTOF TAKING TOO MUCH CAFFEINE?

References:1. Healthcare.utah.edu. (2019). The Dangers of Caffeine. [online] Available at:https://healthcare.utah.edu/healthfeed/postings/2017/05/caffeine-dangers.php[Accessed 20 Nov. 2019]

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This is a tricky question. It is tricky because it is quite difficult to know if a piece ofinformation is lost or not. Merely forgetting a piece of information does not mean it is lost. We all know that it ispossible to recollect the information we have previously forgotten.In a nutshell, we will say it is possible to regain a piece of information that is already“lost” through forgetfulness.

The short answer is yes.However, this will usually depend on the stage or level of the dementia.Also, teaching dementia patients what they already know but have forgotten may bemore rewarding than teaching them a completely new skill.

89. CAN I REGAIN INFORMATIONALREADY LOST?

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90. CAN DEMENTIA PATIENTS LEARNNEW THINGS?

Please be informed that the human brain is not like a computer and RAM has nothing to dowith the human brain.However, the human brain has a short-term memory. According to experts, this form ofmemory only lasts for seconds/minutes.

91. HOW MUCH RAM DOES THEHUMAN BRAIN HAVE?

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92. IS THERE A LIMIT TO LEARNING?

We can say no, there is no limit to learning.The human brain is not like a computer hard disk that gets full. However, generally, the more we learn the more we tend to forget.

You can stop being absent-minded by paying attention to what you are presently doing.Period!Paying attention to the present moment is a skill and it is learnable. It does require somelevel of discipline though. We believe if you seriously work on your attention and focus, then absent-mindednessshould be a thing of the past.However, please note that it is normal to be absent-minded occasionally. For example,you can be absent-minded if you are disturbed or depressed.So if you are absent-minded because you are undergoing life challenges, it will be wise towork on those challenges.

93. HOW CAN I STOP BEING ABSENT-MINDED?

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94. WHAT PART OF THE BRAINSTORE THE MEMORY?

We can probably say all or most parts of the brain store memory.For example, when talking about implicit and explicit memory, we can say almost allparts of the brain are involved.

There are many examples of medications or substances that can cause memory problem.Some of these medications or substances are listed below:1. Alcohol2. Antidepressant like amitriptyline.3. Antianxiety medications e.g. benzodiazepines4. Sleeping pills like diazepam5. Tobacco6. Narcotic painkillers like fentanyl.Please note that this list is not exhaustive.

95. WHAT MEDICATIONS CAN CAUSEMEMORY PROBLEMS?

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There is a somewhat complex relationship between the IQ and the genes. However, we have reasons to believe that there is a relationship between IQ andgenetics(1)(2).As for whether IQ can be increased or not, please see the answer to question number 18.

96. IS HIGH IQ GENETIC AND CAN IQBE INCREASED OVER TIME?

References:1. Reference, Genetics. 2020. "Is Intelligence Determined By Genetics?". Genetics HomeReference. https://ghr.nlm.nih.gov/primer/traits/intelligence.2. Plomin, R. and Deary, I. (2014). Genetics and intelligence differences: five specialfindings. Molecular Psychiatry, 20(1), pp.98-108.

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Memory is so important that we can write a whole book on it. However, we want thisanswer to be as brief as possible. We will say memory is so important because it allowsus to ask crucial questions and assimilate new information. In other words, you asked this question (the question on the importance of memory)because you have a memory.

97. WHY IS MEMORY SOIMPORTANT?

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Forget about the technical jargon, we all use explicit memory and knowing more about itcan improve the way we consume information.Explicit memory is one of the two main forms of long-term memory. The other beingimplicit memory.Explicit memory (also known as declarative memory in some quarters) is the form ofmemory that emanates from consciousness. Explicit memory requires conscious efforton the part of an individual to come into play. Examples of explicit memory events:1. Recalling the type of dress you wore yesterday.2. Recalling the name of countries you have been to in your life.3. Answering an examination question.Please read this article to learn more about explicit memory.

98. WHAT IS EXPLICIT MEMORY?

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99. CAN HEAD MASSAGE IMPROVETHE MEMORY?

We don’t know of any peer reviewed and research-based evidence that suggests thatmassaging your head will improve your memory.

Massage

The main difference between the memory of a scholar and that of a fool appears to be inthe content of their memory. The memory of a scholar is loaded with useful facts andevents while that of a fool is loaded with useless gossips and myths.You can read about other differences between a scholar and a fool here.

100. WHAT IS THE DIFFERENCEBETWEEN THE MEMORY OF ASCHOLAR AND THAT OF A FOOL?

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