H. S. Nance, Bureau of Economic Geology, PBGSP Annual Meeting, 2/27-8/06, Austin, TX

Geology and Reservoir Developmentin

The Delaware Mountain GroupDelaware Basin

H. S. Nance

Bureau of Economic GeologyJackson School of GeosciencesThe University of Texas at Austin

H. S. Nance, Bureau of Economic Geology, PBGSP Annual Meeting, 2/27-8/06, Austin, TX

Delaware Mountain GroupBasinal Sandstone Play

0 50 mi

0 80 km

Delaware Mountain GroupBasinal Sandstone Play

D1 Ford GeraldineD2 East FordD3 TwofredsD4 CapritoD5 War-WinkD6 Livingston RidgeD7 Livingston Ridge EastD8 Lost TankD9 Hat MesaD10 AvalonD11 Paduca

San SimonChannel

Southern Shelf

Northern Shelf

Ozona Arch

Modified after Dutton and others (2005)

D1D2

D3 D4

D5

D8D6

Selected Reservoirs D7

Delaware Basin

D9D10

Sheffield Channel

D11


Paleogeographyand

Stratigraphy



GR CalGR Cal Den Den

N S

Pinery Ls Mbr

Hegler Ls Mbr

Manzanita Ls Mbr

Mz 5

Mz 4

Mz 3

Mz 2

Mz 1

6100

6500

Manzanita HFS

6500

6000

Lower Seven Rivers HFS (G17)

South Wells Ls Mbr?

Datum: B/Hegler

Reservoir Zones (from Hamilton,1996)

+Florida Expl.

No. 1 Reno Com.Enron

No. 1 Tomahawk 193

Limestone-dominated Siliciclastic-dominated

Modified after Tyrrell and others (2004)

?

?

North-South Cross SectionUpper Cherry Canyon Formation

Eddy Co., NM


Delaware Mountain GroupDepositional Facies

andCyclicity




From G reen and others (1996)

Oriented

Glycolated

Theta (degrees)

0 2 4 6 8 10 12 14 16

100

90

80

70

60

50

40

30

20

10

0

70

60

50

40

30

20

10

0

Feldspar

Sand

Clay

Brushy Canyon Sediment MineralogyX - Ray Diffraction


302010

Core porosity (%)

k = 0.012 * 10^(0.148 x φ)

r = 0.82 n = 368

.01

.1

1

10

100

1000

0

Porosity vs PermeabilityRamsey SandstoneEast Ford Reservoir


2830

19

18

21

1617

29

20

2830

19

18

21

1617

29

20

EastFordunit

boundary

EastFordunit

boundary

Ramsey SandstoneBell Canyon Formation

East Ford ReservoirReeves Co.

0 0.5 mi

0.5 km0

20

Other well

CO2 injection well

Oil-producing well

Data Points

Ramsey 1 Ramsey 2

After Dutton and others (1999)

Channel

Lobe

Levee

Overbank splay

Depositional Environment

Thickness (ft)


Depositional Models


Slope

Channel

Levee

Splay

Lobe

Shelf

Basin

From Dutton and others (2005)modified from Galloway and Hobday (1996)

Shelf

Basin

Lobe

Levee

Channel

Slope

Lowstand Depositional Facies TractDelaware Mountain Group


Slumps

Eolian dune

Slope incision

Sediment by-pass

Wind

modified after Gardner (1992)

Eolian-Derived Turbidite ModelDelaware Mountain Group

Organic-rich siltstone

Ss

Airborne silt

“Reef”

Carbonate shoal

Carbonate debris flow

Hemipelagic fallout apron

Emergent reef margin

Topographic break

Backreef carbonates

Terrestrial siliciclastics


Lam organic-rich siltstLamThin-bd, rippled, and horiz lam Ss, siltst

Massive SsCross-stratified Ss

Depositional Sequence ModelDelaware Mountain Group


Siliciclastictransportvectors

Delaware Basinmargin

Modified from Payne (1976)

Sand Depositional FairwaysBell Canyon Formation

0 25 mi

0 40 km


Reservoir Geometry


50 15

00

ft m

2750

2700

2750

2700

2750

DATUM

1000 ft 1330 ft 800 ft 800 ft

Castile

Lamar

TrapCS

Ramsey 2

SH1

Ramsey 1

FordCS

Olds

CS Condensed section

LeveeChannel Overbanksplay

Lobe Basinalsiltstone

TrapCS

FordCS

Northwest Southeast

Depth(ft)

Depth(ft)

Depth(ft)

Depth(ft)

Depth(ft)

2700

2750

2800

2700

2750

2800

2700

2800

2750

GRGRGRGRGR

QAc5418(b)cx

From Dutton and others (2003)QAc4745(c)cx

Strike Cross Section

East Ford UnitReeves Co.

Representative Well Log

Laminated siltstoneSandstoneOrganic-richsiltstone

Ramsey 2

SH1

Ramsey 1

250 100Interval transit time

40

East Ford Unit No. 24

0Gamma ray

Oldssandstone

Fordsiltstone

Ramseysandstone

Lamarlimestone

2800

2750

2700

2650

Trapsiltstone

API μS/ft


Key

Net SandPorosity >15%

Livingston Ridge and Lost TankDelaware Pools

0

0

c.i. = 10 ft

Lost Tankfield

LivingstonRidgefield

> 30-ft sand with> 15% porosity

< 10-ft sand with> 15% porosity

Well productivefrom LivingstonRidge or Lost Tankmain pay

Dry hole or wellproductive fromother zones

N

1 mi

2 km


Modified after Hamilton and Hunt (1996)

War-Wink (Cherry Canyon) FieldsUniversity Lands Area

Fields

1. Blk 18 area2. Central War-Wink area3. Blk 21 area4. E. Quito5. Caprito6. Rhoda Walker7. Pitzer8. E. Pitzer

0 1 2 3 mi

0 4 km

Winkler Co.Ward Co.

1

23

4 5

6

78


Hamilton & Hunt (1996)study area

Modified after Hamilton and Hunt (1996)

War-Wink (Cherry Canyon) FieldsUniversity Lands Area

Fields

1. Blk 18 area2. Central War-Wink area3. Blk 21 area4. E. Quito5. Caprito6. Rhoda Walker7. Pitzer8. E. Pitzer

0 1 2 3 mi

0 4 km

Winkler Co.Ward Co.

1

23

4 5

6

78


0 1 mi

1 km

< -4300 ft

=/> -4300 ft

Elevation of Top of 7100-ft Sand

>30

20-30

Thickness of 7100-ft Sand

Thickness (ft)

Wells

injection well

oil well

oil well (sand production)

gas well

oil and gas well

Explanation

Structure and Isopach Map7100-Ft Sand (Bush Zone, Lo. Cherry Can.)

War-Wink Field


Diagenesis


Injection

QAc9008(b)x

100

10

1000

1990 1995 2000 2005

Purchased CO2

WaterRecycled CO2

1000

100

10,000

Year

Production

1000

100

10,000

100,000

Water:oil ratio

OilGas:oil ratio

10

1

100

1000

From Dutton and others (2003)

Enhanced Oil RecoveryEast Ford Unit

Reeves Co.

Vertical Permeability ProfilesFord Geraldine Unit

QAb9385c

2470

2480

2490

2500

2510

0 100

FGU-241Permeability

(md)Depth(ft)

2510

2520

2530

2540

2550

2560

0 100 200

FGU-193

Depth(ft)

Permeability(md)

0 1002560

2570

2580

2590

2600

2610

FGU-134

Depth(ft)

Permeability(md)

2620

2630

2640

2650

2660

2670

0 100

SH1

FGU-70

Depth(ft)

Permeability(md) Depth

(ft)0

2650

2660

2670

SH1

2680

2690

100

FGU-17Permeability

(md)


0 1 mi

1 km0


0 - 10

10 - 20

20 - 30

> 30

Calcite cement

Contour interval 5 percent

Percentage ofRamsey intervalcemented by calcite

Explanation

Calcite Cement in Ramsey SandstoneFord Geraldine Field

Delaware Basin



Cored well

Explanation

Field outline


0 1 mi

1 km0


0 - 10

10 - 20

20 - 30

> 30

Calcite cement



Explanation

Calcite Cement in Ramsey SandstoneFord Geraldine Field

Delaware Basin



Cored well

Explanation

Field outline

Ramsey channel facies outline


Brushy Canyon Clay (< 4μ) MineralogyX - Ray Diffraction

F rom Green and others (1 9 9 6 )

Quartz

Oriented

Glycolated

Theta (degrees)

0 2 4 6 8 10 12 14 16

100

90

80

70

60

50

40

30

20

10

0


Structural and Topographic EffectsOn

Reservoir Development


FaultOil field

Elevation (ft) onBell Canyon Fm

Modified from Payne (1976)

Paduca

TriesteDouble X

0

0

20 mi

30 km

Structure on Bell Canyon FormationDelaware Basin


? ?

Explanation

Gas well

Dry hole

Oil well

Elevation (ft) on top of Ramsey Ss

Oil

Oil and water

0

0

1 mi

1 km

modified after Berg (1975)

Paduca (Ramsey) FieldLea Co. NM


Dominant Lithology

Elevation on topof D-zone(ft above msl) 0 0.5 km

0 0.5 miElevation on topof D-zone(ft above msl)

Datum

D

F

ABC

A A’

BC Marker

Sandstone Siltstone

A

A’

-3600

-3500

-3500

Modified from Thomerson and Catalano (1996)

0.25 mi

0 0.25 km

0

500 ft

Upper Brushy Canyon Fm.East Livingston Field

Lea County, NM


Production


Average-Production DeclineLivingston Ridge Main Pay

LivingstonRidge-Lost Tank Reservoirs

modified from Dutton and others (2005)after Broadhead and others (1998)

Months

0 12 24 36 48 60 72

5000

4000

3000

2000

1000

0


Initiatepressure

maintenance

Year

1000

2000

3000

4000

5000

6000

7000

InitiatePressure

Maintenance

1987 1989 1990 1991 1992 1993 19941988

modified from Dutton and others (2005)after Broadhead and others (1998)

0

Pressure Maintenance ResponsePhillips No. 2 James A Well

Cabin Lake Reservoir


Injection

QAc9008(b)x

100

10

1000

1990 1995 2000 2005

Purchased CO2

WaterRecycled CO2

1000

100

10,000

Year

Production

1000

100

10,000

100,000

Water:oil ratio

OilGas:oil ratio

10

1

100

1000

From Dutton and others (2003)

Enhanced Oil RecoveryEast Ford Unit

Reeves Co.


Recent Imageryand

Limitations of Well Log Data


0 1 km

Submarine Channel Complex, Angola, West Africa

Channelaccretionaryfacies

Horizon Slice Interpretation


0 1 km

Well spotson 40-acre spacing

ScrollaccretionarySs facies

Resolution Dependence on Sample Spacing

Seismic Interpretation Well Log Interpretation

Modified from Abreu and others (2003)

Scrollfaciesintercept

H. S. Nance, Bureau of Economic Geology, PGGSP Annual Meeting, 2/27-8/06, Austin, TX

Fine-grainedChannel-fillfacies

ConclusionsDelaware Mountain Group

1. Facies: cyclic, deep-water siliciclastics and carbonates

2. Lowstand wedge comprising cycles of leveed submarine channel/overbank splay/lobecomplexes, siltstone sheets, and coalesceddetrital limestone lenses

3. Three formations:Brushy Canyon - lower and upper San Andres lowstands,

coarsest-grained siliciclastics, carbonate-poor

Cherry Canyon - upper San Andres, Grayburg, and Queen lowstands,intercalated limestones thicken updip

Bell Canyon - Seven Rivers, Yates, and Tansill lowstands, intercalatedlimestones thicken updip

4. Structural/stratigraphic traps:Structural - Laramide-produced regional east-dip, local compactional

highs over buried sandbodies

Stratigraphic - sandstone (reservoir) facies pinchouts, siltstonetop-seals


ConclusionsDelaware Mountain Group

5. Hydrocarbon sources are organic-rich siltstones

6. Stratigraphically sequential reservoir-sandbodies are laterally offset

7. DiagenesisCalcite cement is most prevalent in overbank areas and vertically

comparmentalizes sandstones

Clay-mineral authigenesis (illite, chlorite) diminishes permeability,complicates water-saturation calculations, and provides potential

for formation damage during acid treatments

8. Water- and hydrocarbon-saturated intervals alternate stratigraphically,complicate fracture completions

9. Reservoir geometries may be inadequately mapped from typical well-logdata sets


Documents

H. S. Nance, Bureau of Economic Geology, PBGSP Annual Meeting, 2/27-8/06, Austin, TX