Historical LinguisticsHistorical Linguistics(Language Change) 2(Language Change) 2

Family Tree Family Tree vsvs. Wave. Wave

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!! "#$ .'+$ $=5%$..,*->3*-.(%03(,*- 3*016 /$"#$ .'+$ $=5%$..,*->3*-.(%03(,*- 3*016 /$7*0-6 ,- ()* 1*3'(,*-. (#'( '%$ $?0,6,.('-( 7%*+7*0-6 ,- ()* 1*3'(,*-. (#'( '%$ $?0,6,.('-( 7%*+(#$ 51'3$ *7 *%,2,-@ )#$%$ ,( ,. '1%$'6: */.*1$($A(#$ 51'3$ *7 *%,2,-@ )#$%$ ,( ,. '1%$'6: */.*1$($A

B$3*-.(%03(,*- 20,6$1,-$.B$3*-.(%03(,*- 20,6$1,-$.

!!Majority ruleMajority ruleCC %$3*-.(%03( (#$ +*.( 7%$?0$-(1: %$3*-.(%03( (#$ +*.( 7%$?0$-(1:*330%%,-2 .*0-6*330%%,-2 .*0-6

!!Naturalness over randomnessNaturalness over randomnessCC %$3*-.(%03( %$3*-.(%03(-'(0%'1 5%*3$..$. D$A2A '..,+,1'(,*-E %'(#$%-'(0%'1 5%*3$..$. D$A2A '..,+,1'(,*-E %'(#$%(#'- #'5#'F'%6 *-$.(#'- #'5#'F'%6 *-$.

!!G..0+5(,*-C H*0-6 3#'-2$ ,. G..0+5(,*-C H*0-6 3#'-2$ ,. II%$201'%%$201'%JJ ,- (#'( ,- (#'(,( '77$3(. (#$ $-(,%$ <*3'/01'%: ,- (#$,( '77$3(. (#$ $-(,%$ <*3'/01'%: ,- (#$1'-20'2$ ,- ?0$.(,*-A1'-20'2$ ,- ?0$.(,*-A

Types of Sound ChangeTypes of Sound Change

!! 0-3*-6,(,*-$6 3#'-2$0-3*-6,(,*-$6 3#'-2$!! 3*-6,(,*-$6 3#'-2$3*-6,(,*-$6 3#'-2$

88 '..,+,1'(,*-'..,+,1'(,*-88 6,..,+,1'(,*-6,..,+,1'(,*-88 6$1$(,*-6$1$(,*-88 +$('(#$.,. KA2A+$('(#$.,. KA2A /%,66 /%,66 DLKE MMN /,%6 DLKE MMN /,%6

88 +*-*(#*-2,F'(,*-+*-*(#*-2,F'(,*- KA2A O KA2A O!"!"P MMNP MMN#$%#$%CC&& QQRRSS H*0(#$%- TH H*0(#$%- THH$$ 9,1$ UVAV 7*% *(#$%.H$$ 9,1$ UVAV 7*% *(#$%.

Comparative MethodComparative Method

Romance LanguagesRomance Languages

!"#

Solution

'(

Morphological ChangeMorphological Change

!! T.,-2 '77,=$.@ -$) )*%6. '%$ 3%$'($6@T.,-2 '77,=$.@ -$) )*%6. '%$ 3%$'($6@/0( .*+$(,+$.@ /'34M7*%+'(,*- *330%./0( .*+$(,+$.@ /'34M7*%+'(,*- *330%.

!! $6,(*% MMN $6,($6,(*% MMN $6,(

!! W$) )*%6. '%$ 3%$'($6 '1.* /:W$) )*%6. '%$ 3%$'($6 '1.* /:'3%*-:+.@ /1$-6.@ 31,55,-2@ $(3A'3%*-:+.@ /1$-6.@ 31,55,-2@ $(3A

!! G +*%$ 70-6'+$-('1 +*%5#*1*2,3'1G +*%$ 70-6'+$-('1 +*%5#*1*2,3'13#'-2$ 3*016 *330% D.$$ 9,1$ UXAYEA3#'-2$ 3*016 *330% D.$$ 9,1$ UXAYEA

Syntactic ChangeSyntactic Change

!! L16 K-21,.# D7%$$% )*%6 *%6$%E 5 ZL16 K-21,.# D7%$$% )*%6 *%6$%E 5 ZH$ +'-H$ +'- .1*# .1*# 5*-$ 5*-$ 4:-,-2 4:-,-2AA[*-$[*-$ 4:-,-2 4:-,-2 .$ +'- .$ +'- .1*# .1*#AA

!! \*6$%- K-21,.# D7,=$6 )*%6 *%6$%E\*6$%- K-21,.# D7,=$6 )*%6 *%6$%EQQ"#$ +'- .1$) (#$ 4,-2A"#$ +'- .1$) (#$ 4,-2ASS !!QQ"#$ 4,-2 .1$) (#$ +'-A"#$ 4,-2 .1$) (#$ +'-ASS]$-$%'11:@ %,3#$% ,-71$3(,*->3'.$ +'%4,-2 +$'-.]$-$%'11:@ %,3#$% ,-71$3(,*->3'.$ +'%4,-2 +$'-.

7%$$% )*%6 *%6$%7%$$% )*%6 *%6$%

se ‘the’ (subject)

pone ‘the’ (object)

Semantic Change: BroadeningSemantic Change: Broadening

!! holidayholiday

!! picturepicture

!! barnbarn

!! birdbird

QQ#*1: 6':#*1: 6':SS ! ! QQ6':. )#$- :*06':. )#$- :*06* -*( )*%4@ 2* (* .3#**16* -*( )*%4@ 2* (* .3#**1SS

‘painted representation’ !!!! +‘photograph’

‘place to store barley’ !!!! ‘any agricultural building’

‘small fowl’ !!!! ‘any avian’

Semantic Change: NarrowingSemantic Change: Narrowing

!! meatmeat

!! deerdeer

!! houndhound

!! liquorliquor

‘any food’ !!!! ‘flesh of an animal’

‘beast’ ‘animal’ (cf. German Tier) !!!! ‘deer’

‘dog’ (cf. German Hunt)!!!! ‘a type of dog used for hunting’

‘liquid’ !!!!‘a special type of liquid’ (youknow which one …)

Semantic ChangeSemantic Change

!! K1$<'(,*-.K1$<'(,*-.88 4-,2#( DLK 4-,2#( DLK 3-,#( 3-,#( *% *% 3-$*#(3-$*#(E E QQ:*0(#:*0(#SS QQ+,1,('%:+,1,('%:

7*11*)$%7*11*)$%SS D5*)$%1$.. '-6 0-,+5*%('-(E MMN D5*)$%1$.. '-6 0-,+5*%('-(E MMN5$*51$ *7 ' +*%$ %*+'-(,3 '-6 ,+5%$..,<$5$*51$ *7 ' +*%$ %*+'-(,3 '-6 ,+5%$..,<$.('(0..('(0.

!! ^$2%$6'(,*-.^$2%$6'(,*-.88 .,11: .,11: QQ#'55:@ /1$..$6@ ,--*3$-(#'55:@ /1$..$6@ ,--*3$-(SS MMN MMN QQ7**1,.#@7**1,.#@

'/.0%6@ ,-.'-$'/.0%6@ ,-.'-$SS

Semantic Change:Semantic Change:Shifting/DriftingShifting/Drifting

!! ,++*%'1,++*%'1

!! 5%$+,.$D.E5%$+,.$D.EUAUA '..0+5(,*-'..0+5(,*-

XAXA 5%*5$%(: ,-3106,-2 /0,16,-2. '-6 1'-65%*5$%(: ,-3106,-2 /0,16,-2. '-6 1'-6

premise(s): Are these twopremise(s): Are these twomeanings related? Ask OEDmeanings related? Ask OED

UA G 5%$<,*0. .('($+$-( *% 5%*5*.,(,*- 7%*+)#,3# '-*(#$% ,. ,-7$%%$6 *% 7*11*). '. '3*-310.,*-A D.': ,- .:11*2,.+E

XA "#$ +'(($%. *% (#,-2. .('($6 *% +$-(,*-$65%$<,*0.1:_ )#'( #'. `0.( /$$- .',6_ (#$'7*%$.',6@ (#$ 7*%$2*,-2A

VA "#$ .0/`$3( *7 ' 3*-<$:'-3$ *% /$?0$.(@.5$3,7,$6 ,- (#$ 5%$+,.$. *7 (#$ 6$$6A

YA G #*0.$ *% /0,16,-2 ),(# ,(. 2%*0-6. *% *(#$%'550%($-'-3$.A