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H. erectus
H. sapiens, present
Middle Pleistocene
Archaic H. sapiens
780-125 kya
Atapuerca 5 Modern
Homo sapiens
3 3
2
2
1 1
44
5 5Archaic H. sapiens
Middle Pleistocene and living humans compared
Archaic H. sapiens Modern H. sapiens
1. Cranium long and low 1. Cranium globular
2. Strong brow ridges
divided at center
2. Reduced or absent
brow ridges
3. Angled rear vault 3. Rounded rear vault
4. Facial projection 4. Reduced face
5. No chin 5. Pronounced chin
Modern
H. sapiens Kabwe 1
Archaic H. sapiens
Middle Pleistocene and
living humans compared
The geographical range of Middle Pleistocene Archaic
Homo extended across Africa, Europe, and Asia
Bodo (Ethiopia)
600 kya
Africa
Extant Human Cranial Capacity (cm3)
Mean Range s.d.
Males 1427 1100-1651 81.6
Females 1272 1070-1427 82.9
Combined 1349 1085-1581 77.5
__________________________________
122 Global Samples from Beal’s et al. (1984).
Combined range values differ due to combined sample composition
differences. All values uncorrected for body size differences.
Mauricio Antón
Bodo
1300 cc
Acheulian lithic
industry
-hand axes
-bifacial
-targeted design
-mental template
- end result of flake removal
Cleaver
Hand axe
Levallois Technique
- multi-step process
- perimeter flaking
- striking platform at one end
- controls flake size and shape
1280 cc
Kabwe (Broken Hill)
Zambia
400? Kya1280 cc
Africa
AfricaKabwe
(Broken Hill)
ZambiaNote: large
cavities (caries)
severe anterior
tooth wear
Left molars buccal view Right molars buccal view
John
Gurche
(2010)
Kabwe (Broken Hill) Zambia
Kabwe (Broken Hill) Zambia
Alternative restoration
Europe in the
Middle Pleistocene
at the time of
H. heidelbergensis
Northern
latitudes
were ice-
covered during
glacial phases
Glacial-interglacial cycles
100 200 300 400 500
kya
war
mer
Present
H. heidelbergensis sites including Atapuerca
Atapuerca
Sima de los
Huesos
Atapuerca,
Spain
Over 6,700
hominin
skeletal
elements
430,00
years ago
Atapuerca 5
Spain
Europe1125 cc
Atapuerca 5
Spain
Europe1125 cc
Sima 5 craniofacial pathology / trauma
Sima de los Huesos
(Atapuerca, Spain)
(430 kya)
Artist’s conjectural depiction of the hominins
found in the Sima de los Huesos
H. heidelbergensis sites including Schöningen, Germany
Schöningen
Fire hardening wooden spear tips
Thieme excavating wooden
spears at Schöningen (400 kya)
Ho
lo-
cene
La
te
Ple
isto
ce
ne
Mid
dle
Ple
isto
ce
ne
13,000
125,000
200,000
400,000
cold warm
Composite stratigraphic
sequence though the
Schöningen site.
The wooden spears and
other implements come from
a level originally thought to
be 400 kya.
Recent
Thermoluminescence (TL)
dating published in 2015,
revises the date to 337-300
kya (MIS 9) which was a
warm period.
Flint artifacts from Schöningen: convex side scrapers
with retouch around the edges.
Schöningen, Germany, 337-300 kya years ago
Excavation of a throwing stick at Schöningen in 1994. Metric
analysis indicates similarity to contemporary javelins.
Throwing Stick
Bone fragmentFlint
Scraper
Excavation of a wooden spear, 2.5 meters long, at Schöningen in 1995.
The spear is made from spruce selected for it’s dense concentration of
growth rings. These spears were used to hunt horses.
Homo heidelbergensis hunting at
Schöningen: thrusting weapon,
or thrown weapon?
H. heidelbergensis sites including Petralona
Petralona
Discovery of
H. heidelbergensis
skeleton at Petralona,
Greece in 1960
Though an
entire skeleton
was originally
reported, only
the skull
remains today
Petralona
Greece
Europe1230 cc
Middle
Pleistocene
Jinniushan
Maba
Dali
H. heidelbergensis? from China
~ 230-180 kya
1200 cc Asia
Dali,
China
1200 cc Asia
Dali, China
Jinniushan, China
(ca. 260 kya)
Asia1260 cc
Rightmire’s
phylogeny
showing the
central position
of Homo
heidelbergensis
as both the
ancestor of
modern H.
sapiens and the
ancestor of H.
neanderthalensis.
H. erectus
H. heidelberg-
ensis
H. sapiensH. neander-
thalensis
H. ergaster?
S
S
S
S
S speciation event
Gran Dolina, Atapuerca, Spain 850-780 kya
H. antecessor ?
Alternative phylogeny
with H. antecessor as
ancestral group
Gran Dolina