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Environmental Monitoring and Reporting BranchGroundwater and Stream Water Monitoring Unit
2009 – 2010 Annual Report
Ministry of Environment
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Table of Contents 1. Description of the Groundwater and Stream Water Monitoring Unit........... 3
a. Programs and People b. Core Business c. Program Products d. Clients and Utility of the Data
2. Description of the Programs Delivered by the Unit in 2009/10..................... 9 a. Provincial Groundwater Level and Chemistry Monitoring Network (PGMN) b. Provincial Stream Water Quality Monitoring Network Program (PWQMN) c. Recent Up‐grades/Enhancements to the Monitoring Networks in 2009/10
3. Theme 1: Partnerships ................................................................................................. 15 a. Conservation Ontario, 36 Conservation Authorities, and 10 Municipalities b. Academia, Provincial Ministries, and Public Health Agency of Canada
4. Theme 2: Water Monitoring – Health Sector Links....................................... 17 a. PGMN Program Exceedance Protocol: Release of Notices and Hydrogeological Reports b. Microbial Monitoring in Streams c. Partnership in C‐EnterNet (Canadian Enteric Disease) Surveillance Program
5. Theme 3: Water Monitoring Climate Change Links................................... 25 a. Assessment of the PGMN and PWQMN Programs to assist in the detection of climate change signals on the water resources and to assist in adaptation: a Canada‐Ontario Funded 3‐year Project b. Canadian Council of Ministers of the Environment (CCME) c. PGMN Groundwater Level and Precipitation Data d. Low Water Response Program
6. Theme 4: Water Monitoring – Agricultural Links ........................................ 33 a. Nutrient Monitoring b. Pesticides c. Additional Research Collaborations
7. Theme 5: Urban Stream Water Quality Monitoring .................................. 38 a. Urban Stream Water Pesticides Study b. Toronto Tributary Toxics Monitoring Program
8. Theme 6: Road Salt ....................................................................................................... 42 a. Stream Water Monitoring
9. Theme 7: Data Sharing................................................................................................ 45 a. Stream Water Quality Data b. Groundwater Chemistry and Level Data and Precipitation Data
10. Theme 8: Innovation/Research............................................................................. 46 a. Stable Oxygen and Hydrogen Isotopes in Groundwater b. Continuous Groundwater Chemistry Monitoring in High Infiltration Areas
11. Theme 9: Outreach …………………….......................................................................... 47
a. Workshops b. Field Tours c. Presentations
12. Acknowledgements…………………………………………………………….……………. 53
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Tables
Table 1: Parameters Reported in PGMN wells to be above the Ontario Drinking Water Quality Standard and their Concentration Ranges Table 2: Presentations, Workshops and other Outreach Activities carried out by the Unit in 2009/10.
Figures
Figure 1 Unit Organization Chart (Name and Key Function for the Year : 2009‐10) Figure 2 Location of Provincial Groundwater Monitoring Network Wells Figure 3 Location of Provincial Stream Water Monitoring Network Stations Figure 4 Provincial Groundwater Monitoring Network (PGMN) Station with Rain Gauge and Telemetry System Figure 5 Groundwater samples being collected from a PGMN well for chemical analyses Figure 6 Stream water samples are collected by the Conservation Authorities and the ministry Figure 7 Total phosphorus concentrations in southern Ontario streams, as measured in the PWQMN Figure 8 Nitrate ion concentrations in southern Ontario streams, as measured in the PWQMN Figure 9 Average Fluoride concentrations in Provincial Groundwater Monitoring Network wells (2002‐2009) Figure 10 Maximum Uranium concentrations in Provincial Groundwater Monitoring Network wells (2002‐2008) Figure 11 Maximum Nitrate Concentrations in Provincial Groundwater Monitoring Network wells (2002‐2009) Figure 12 Stream Water Microbiology Monitoring Sites Figure 13 Special techniques used to collect stream water samples for microbial analysis and genotyping Figure 14 Map of Sensitive Watersheds (COA‐Funded Water Monitoring Assessment /Climate Change project) Figure 15 Map of Sensitive Sub‐Watersheds in the Long Point Watershed (COA‐Funded Water Monitoring Assessment /Climate Change project) Figure 16 Groundwater Level and Area Precipitation Data – PGMN well site 220 in the Exeter Area Figure 17 Percentile Method for Establishing Groundwater Level Indicators ‐ Low Water Response Program Figure 18 Flow is measured in one of the Nutrient Monitoring streams Figure 19 A turbidity sensor is connected to a sampler. Water samples are collected automatically when turbidity levels exceed certain thresholds Figure 20 Nitrate (NO3‐) Concentrations in the Nutrient Monitoring Streams Figure 21 Nitrogen Indicator Map ‐ Based on PWQMN data used in OMAFRA prioritization framework pilot study Figure 22 Water samples collected from an urban stream were prepared for delivery to the laboratory for pesticides analysis Figure 23 Urban Stream Locations ‐ 10 urban streams where pesticides were monitored in 2008 and 2009 Figures 24,25 Toronto Tributary Toxics Monitoring Program ‐ Collecting samples from GTA urban streams Figure 26 Toronto Tributary Toxics Monitoring Program – Monitoring Site Locations [10 sites] Figure 27 Trends in Steam Water Chloride Concentrations ‐ (1975‐2009) based on Seasonal Mann Kendall test for trend Figure 28 Median Stream Water Chloride Concentrations – 2005‐2009 Figure 29 In‐situ Groundwater Quality Monitoring Station in the Exeter area
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1a) Programs and People
The Ministry of the Environment’s Groundwater and Stream Water Monitoring Unit is a small, active Unit, whose business is focused on the delivery of products that are linked to provincial priorities. It is part of the Water Monitoring and Reporting Section of the Environmental Monitoring and Reporting Branch; managed by Wolfgang Scheider, and operates out of the Resources Road Complex in Etobicoke. In 2009‐10, the Unit consisted of 15 scientific and technical staff including the Unit Supervisor (see Figure 1: Unit Organization Chart). The Unit implements two large, provincial‐scale, ambient, water monitoring programs in partnership with the 36 Ontario Conservation Authorities and 10 municipalities. The Unit leads the delivery of the: • Provincial Stream Water Quality Monitoring Network (PWQMN) • Provincial Groundwater (Level and Chemistry) Monitoring Network (PGMN)
Both programs are currently operating with over 400 ambient monitoring stations, (Figure 2: PGMN Monitoring Stations; Figure 3: PWQMN Monitoring Stations) 1b) Core Business Core business of the Unit includes:
The collection, management, scientific analyses, and reporting of stream water chemistry, groundwater chemistry, and groundwater level data, that is collected under the two provincial water monitoring programs,
The Unit implements two large, provincial-scale, ambient, water
monitoring programs in partnership with the 36 Ontario Conservation Authorities and 10 municipalities.
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The provision of scientific leadership and support to the Ministry of the Environment on a number of high‐profile issues/activities, including: Cosmetic Pesticides in Urban Stream Water, Road Salt in Stream Water, Climate Change, Source Water Protection, Nutrients in Stream Water, Low Water (Drought) Response, and CCME ‐ Water and Climate Change.
The provision of outreach /information sharing with the Local Health Units, Conservation Authorities, Ministry of the Environment (MOE) Regional Offices ‐ Operations Division and Drinking Water Management Division, and other parties internal and external to the ministry.
Wolfgang Scheider Manager
Deborah Conrod Supervisor - Hydrogeologist
Aaron Todd Coordinator/Surface Water Scientist Cosmetic Pesticides / Road Salt
Pradeep Goel Surface Water Scientist - Nutrient/Watershed Modeller
Janis Thomas Surface Water Scientist - Pathogen Specialist
Beth Gilbert Surface Water Scientist - Urban Contaminants
Georgina Kaltenecker Surface Water Scientist - GIS specialist
Shenaz Sunderani Stream Water Data Management and Client Service
Mohamed Mohamed Surface Water Scientist - Nutrients
Dajana Grgic Coordinator Monitoring Technology/Innovation
Vasily Rogojin Hydrogeologist - Chemistry
Scott MacRitchie Hydrogeologist – Climate Change Mezmure Haile-Meskale Hydrogeologist – Eastern Ontario
George Zhang Hydrogeologist - Data Analyst/Manipulation
Sid Emami Hydrogeologist - Equipment and Field Operations
Christina Girjoaba Groundwater Data Management and Client Service
Neal Bonnor Mike Christie Carline Rocks
Staff who have joined the Unit in 2010-11 and have contributed to the on-going unit activities include:
Scientist – Data Manipulation Precipitation Data
Junior Hydrogeologist Hydrogeological Reports
Unit Organization Chart (Name and Key Function for the Year 200910)
Figure 1
PWQMN Logistics and Data Management
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Location of Provincial Groundwater Monitoring Network Wells
Figure 2
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Figure 3 Location of Provincial Stream Water Monitoring Network Stations
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1c) Program Products The Products that are generated by the Unit are varied in nature and include:
The operation of the two provincial‐scale, water monitoring networks, which serve as a framework:
o For producing high quality stream water chemistry data, groundwater level data, groundwater chemistry data, and precipitation data; for use in delivering the ministry’s water management and protection programs
o For the Ministry of the Environment and other parties (eg. academia, consultants, etc.) to carry out special studies and research
Scientific leadership on ministry priority issues Scientific/Technical Reports Workshops and Presentations Notices and Hydrogeological Reports on potential health concerns to the Local Health Units, Conservation Authorities, and MOE Regional offices.
Peer Reviewed Journal Papers Research and Innovation Projects
1d) Clients and Utility of the Data The Unit provides both the scientific data that is generated from the delivery of both of the provincial monitoring programs, as well as the scientific expertise / leadership in the interpretation of the data. Ministry of the Environment
Standards Development Branch Data and scientific support for the development and evaluation of water quality standards and objectives
Technical Support Sections of Operations Division
Data for evaluation of: o Permit‐To‐Take‐Water applications, o Assessing assimilative capacity in reviewing and issuing
Certificates of Approval for discharge of treated waste water o Identification of priority watersheds for targeting inspections
and abatement activities o quarry applications o interference complaints, o development proposals, etc o E.g. Hydrogeological Reports on groundwater chemistry in select
areas
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Drinking Water Management Division
o Source Water Protection Scientific support for development of risk evaluation (eg pathogens, nutrients) Data for use by Conservation Authorities for Source Water Protection delivery products
o Drinking Water Inspection Units Data and hydrogeological reports for use in drinking water inspections
Integrated Environmental Policy Branch
o Scientific leadership / support for water monitoring and climate change CCME issues o Assessing environmental changes in response to the implementation of policies
Corporate Issues o Scientific leadership on Cosmetic
Pesticides, Road Salt Ministry of Natural Resources
Low Water Response Program o Scientific leadership/support on
groundwater indicator development and testing
o Installation of rain gauges into the groundwater network
Conservation Authorities
Watershed Report Cards Low Water Response Water Budget Development and Watershed Characterization for Source Water Protection
Identification of priority watersheds for community outreach programs
Local Health Units
Use of the groundwater data and hydrogeological reports for providing advice to private well owners on testing and treating private groundwater supplies ‐ eg. Fluoride, Nitrate, Uranium
Environment Canada
Use of the stream water data for development of stream water quality indicator reports (annual Canadian Environmental Sustainability Indicator (CESI) reports)
Water Consulting Industry
Use of the data to support delivery of private sector consulting services
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Municipalities Use of the data to support land use and water resource planning decisions Identification of areas affected by road salting to inform salt management planning.
Ministry of Agriculture, Food and Rural Affairs
Use of the data in the Priority Watershed Project – a project designed to assist OMAFRA in identifying priority agricultural / environmental issues
Academia
Use of the groundwater and stream water data to support research including o Pesticides in stream waters (University of Guelph) o Oxygen and hydrogen isotopes in groundwater (University of Waterloo) o Tributary impacts on pathogen occurrence in the Great Lakes near shore (Wilfrid
Laurier University) Public
Use the data to make informed decisions about their water
Canadian Council of Ministers of the Environment (CCME) Leadership on developing monitoring methods and guidance tools. Cooperation on monitoring projects across provinces and territories
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2a) Provincial Groundwater Level and Chemistry Monitoring
Network (PGMN) Ministry of the Environment records show that there are over 500,000 water wells in Ontario where the water use is listed as domestic. Many of these wells are private water wells which do not necessarily have all of the safe‐guards of testing and treatment that are found in municipal supply wells. Although the PGMN wells are not used to supply water and are used for monitoring purposes only, they do in many cases monitor aquifers that do supply water. The PGMN Program generates ambient (baseline) groundwater chemistry and level information. This information is used to make informed decisions about giving advice on water testing and
The PGMN Program supports decisions on water testing and treatment, water
allocation under Permits to Take Water, Source Water Protection, and potential
climate change impacts.
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PGMN Station With Rain Gauge and Telemetry System
Figure
treatment to private well owners, water allocation under the ministry’s Permit‐To‐Take‐Water program, source water protection planning, and potential climate change impacts. The program allows for the recognition of correlations between land use activities and geology with groundwater chemistry; and between weather and groundwater levels. The PGMN Program was initiated in the year 2000, and is a relatively new groundwater monitoring program when compared to other environmental monitoring programs.
Groundwater Levels Funded in year 2000 ($6.01M) by the province, the PGMN program now consists of over 470 ambient groundwater monitoring stations (Figure 2); monitoring groundwater levels once every hour. Approximately 350 of these stations use telemetry systems (primarily cellular phone based systems) to automatically transmit the groundwater level data from the well sites to the Program Information System once every two weeks, (Figure 4).
Groundwater Chemistry A comprehensive chemical analysis is initially carried out for each of the 470 PGMN wells at the Ministry of the Environment Laboratory in Etobicoke, (Figure 5). This analysis includes: general chemistry, major ions, metals, nutrients, pesticides, herbicides and volatile organic compounds. Approximately 360 of the program wells form the on‐going groundwater chemistry monitoring component of the PGMN program. This on‐going monitoring includes: general chemistry, metals, nutrients, and major ions. To ensure integrity of the water chemistry component of the program, a number of quality assurance / quality control measures are in place including: the use of specific sample collection and handling procedures, the use of dedicated pumps in 220 of the monitoring wells, and since 2008, having the chemical analyses being performed at one laboratory (i.e the Ministry of the Environment Laboratory) to ensure consistency and to allow for comparable results.
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Groundwater samples being collected from a PGMN well
for chemical analyses
Figure Precipitation
Given the scope and scale of the groundwater monitoring network, the PGMN program offered an excellent opportunity to capture a precipitation (rainfall) monitoring component; to allow for a better understanding of correlations between precipitation and groundwater levels, and in shallow aquifers, between precipitation and groundwater chemistry. The PGMN program currently has about 85 rain gauges (provided by the Ministry of Natural Resources) distributed across the network (Figure 4). Precipitation data is monitored generally once every 10 to 15 minutes.
Barometric Pressure Because groundwater levels can be affected by barometric pressure, 35 PGMN wells have baro‐loggers and are recording the barometric pressure once per hour.
Barometric pressure data is sent automatically from the well site to the program information system via the telemetry system, once every two weeks, and is used to correct raw groundwater level readings.
Provincial Groundwater Monitoring Information System (PGMIS) The program information system is a web‐based information system that interacts with the telemetry system to accept and store the groundwater level and barometric pressure data that is recorded at the well sites. In addition, it stores manually up‐loaded groundwater level, precipitation, and chemistry data that is not collected through the telemetry system. All water chemistry data analyzed at the MOE laboratory between the years 2002 to 2008 has been uploaded into the system in 2009. Barometric pressure correction procedures are applied to the raw groundwater level data to generate corrected groundwater level data and a profile for each monitoring well.
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Stream water samples are collected by the Conservation Authorities and the Ministry
Figure 6
2b) Provincial Stream Water Quality Monitoring Network (PWQMN)
The PWQMN collects stream water quality information from representative watersheds across Ontario so that we can better understand the influence of land uses (e.g. agriculture, mining, road salting, urban development) on water resources. Most of the monitoring stations are located in the developed regions of Ontario where water quality issues are anticipated and scientific information is needed to support the management of the resource (Figure 3). The PWQMN has continually evolved since the program began in 1964. Over 2,000 stations have been sampled over the last four decades, with stations added, discontinued or relocated over the years in response to shifting information needs. Some key stations have been maintained for 30 or more years to track long‐term changes in water quality. Other stations have been periodically revisited to update the water quality database and determine if changes have occurred. Although the PWQMN was started before we knew that we would have to deal with climate change, the program provides a long‐term baseline for measuring climate change effects on water resources. Samples are collected from over 400 monitoring stations, typically eight times per year in the ice‐free season. The sampling events capture both high and low stream flow conditions. Stream water samples are collected by the ministry and its partners – Ontario’s Conservation Authorities (Figure 6). Samples are brought to the ministry’s laboratory for testing. Consistent collection methods and laboratory analysis ensure comparable test results for locations across the province. Samples from each monitoring location are tested for a consistent set of water quality indicators including: chloride, nutrients (phosphorus and nitrogen) and suspended solids. Maps of total phosphorus and nitrate concentrations are presented in Figures 7 and 8 to illustrate these results. At selected locations, additional samples are collected and tested for other indicators, like metals and bacteria. Measurements of qualities like temperature, dissolved oxygen and pH are also taken in the field (during sample collection) using portable water quality meters. PWQMN stations are generally located at the outlets of representative watersheds that contain a variety of land uses. This provides information on ambient (overall) water quality conditions as influenced by all upstream land uses, but it can be challenging to isolate the influence of a specific land use. Recently, special studies (as described in subsequent sections of this report) relating to agricultural and urban watersheds have been implemented to complement and enhance the ambient information that is collected in the PWQMN. These include: a nutrient monitoring program focused on stream water in 15 agricultural‐based watersheds in southwestern Ontario, a pathogen monitoring program focused in the Grand River Watershed and an urban contaminant monitoring project focused in the Greater Toronto Area.
Figure 7 Total Phosphorus ConcentrationsIn Southern Ontario streams as measured in the PWQMN
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Figure 8 Nitrate ion concentrations In Southern Ontario streams as measured in the PWQMN
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2c) UpGrades / Enhancements to the PWQMN and PGMN Programs In 2009 additions or up‐grades were made to the PWQMN and PGMN programs. A special project pertaining to Urban Pesticides was undertaken as part of the PWQMN program, and the conversion of the old analog‐based telemetry system to the digital system was initiated for the PGMN.
TTHHEEMMEE 11 PPaarrttnneerrsshhiippss
Conservation Authorities, 10 Participating Municipalities, and Conservation Ontario
Both the core PGMN and PWQMN Programs are implemented in partnership with the 36 Conservation Authorities. Ten municipalities also participate in the delivery of the PGMN program. This arrangement maximizes efficiency and is a true partnership whereby each party contributes toward the overall delivery of the core programs. The arrangement is formalized under a Letter of Agreement for the groundwater program; where roles and responsibilities are explicitly identified. The arrangement is less formalized in the stream water program and is built on an understanding of the value of the data for both the ministry and Conservation Authorities over many years.
Ministry of the Environment – Standards Development Branch, Ministry of Natural Resources, Ministry of Northern Development, Mines and Forests, Academia
In addition to the partnerships that allow for the delivery of the two core programs, there are special projects that involve additional partners.
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In 2009/10, special projects and project partners were undertaken and are listed below:
Cosmetic Pesticide monitoring in stream water in 10 urban watersheds; which was carried out in partnership with the participating Conservation Authorities and the Ministry of the Environment’s Standard Development Branch
Stable oxygen and hydrogen isotope determinations for groundwater from select PGMN wells; which is being carried out in partnership with the Conservation Authorities, the Ministry of Northern Development, Mines and Forests, and the University of Waterloo.
Rain gauges provided by the Ministry of Natural Resources have been installed at select PGMN well sites and are collecting precipitation data. This information will support the Ontario Low Water Response Program (OLWRP) and will assist in climate change detection and adaptation initiatives.
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TTHHEEMMEE 22 WWaatteerr MMoonniittoorriinngg HHeeaalltthh SSeeccttoorr LLiinnkkss
4a) PGMN Exceedance Protocol When a PGMN well reports a chemical analysis where a health–related Ontario Drinking Water Quality Standard (as listed in Regulation 169 of the Safe Drinking Water Act) is exceeded, a protocol is implemented. This protocol is described in Schedule “E” of the Letter of Agreement that is made between the Ministry of the Environment and the Conservation Authority and Municipal Program Partners. The Protocol consists of three components: 1) release of a Notice to the Local Health Unit and the Conservation Authority, 2) preparation and release of a Preliminary Hydrogeological Report to the same parties, as well as, any other pertinent parties, and 3) the establishment of a Meeting with pertinent parties to discuss the Report findings and any next steps. As of November 2010, 52 of the approximately 360 PGMN wells that are routinely sampled for water quality monitoring have reported a health‐related parameter with a confirmed concentration in exceedance of the Ontario Drinking Water Quality Standard (ODWQS). The parameters exceeding the ODWQS in PGMN wells are as follows:
Fluoride in 35 PGMN wells Nitrate in 9 PGMN wells Uranium in 3 PGMN wells Barium in 2 PGMN wells Arsenic in 1 PGMN well Boron in 1 PGMN well Benzene in 1 PGMN well
Both the PGMN and PWQMN Programs have linkages with the Health Sector - the PGMN through the implementation of the PGMN Exceedance
Protocol and the PWQMN through the Pathogen Monitoring Project and participation in the C-EnterNet Program which is led by the Public Health Agency of Canada. “
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The majority of these parameters (excepting nitrate and benzene) are believed to be naturally occurring and their sources are linked to the geological setting and natural groundwater geo‐chemical conditions. For those PGMN wells reporting confirmed exceedances of the standards, the exceedance concentration ranges are presented below in Table 1.
Parameter Ontario Drinking Water Quality Standard Exceedance Concentration Ranges
Fluoride 1.5 mg/L 1.51 mg/l to 3.48 mg/L Nitrate 10 mg/L 10.2 mg/l to 33.4 mg/L
Uranium 20 μg/L 21.2 μg/l to 38.2 mg/L Barium 1000 μg/L 1160 μg/l to 2220 μg/L Arsenic 25 μg/L 22.0 μg/l to 29.6 μg/L Boron 5000 μg/L 5060 μg/l to 10100 μg/L
Benzene 5 μg/L 5.2 μg/l to 9.7 μg/L In addition to the above parameters, 146 PGMN wells reported a confirmed sodium concentration above the water quality trigger level of 20 mg/l, while 21 PGMN wells reported a confirmed sodium concentration above the Water Quality Aesthetic Objective of 200 mg/l. Sources of sodium in groundwater can be naturally–occurring in response to the dissolution of minerals from the geological formation or anthropogenic in response to land use activities such as road salting. No PGMN wells have reported a concentration of a herbicide / pesticide above an ODWQS. Between 2005 and March 2011, the ministry has prepared and released Hydrogeological Reports for 50 PGMN wells, five of which were released in the 2009/10 fiscal year. The Reports contain information on the behaviour of the parameter in the groundwater environment, the likely source of the parameter (i.e. naturally occurring or man‐made), the aquifer being monitored and the groundwater conditions, the number of water wells within a 3 km radius of the monitoring well, and treatment options. The information can be used by the Local Health Unit when providing advice to the public on testing and treating their private water wells. Figures 9, 10 and 11 show the distribution of fluoride, uranium and nitrate concentrations in PGMN wells in Ontario.
Table 1 Parameters Reported to be above the Ontario Drinking Water Quality Standard and their Concentration Ranges
Figure 9 Average Fluoride Concentrations In Provincial Groundwater Monitoring Network Wells
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Figure Maximum Uranium Concentrations 10 In Provincial Groundwater Monitoring Network Wells
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Figure Maximum Nitrate Concentrations 11 In Provincial Groundwater Monitoring Network Wells
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Laboratory staff at the MOE examining E. coli growing on agar plates. Counting the number of E. coli colonies on these plates helps to determine the levels of E. coli in stream water samples
Figure 13
4b) Microbial Monitoring in Streams Microbial monitoring can include looking for indicator bacteria (e.g. generic E. coli) and pathogens (e.g. Cryptosporidium, pathogenic E. coli O157:H7). Currently, there is limited information on the microbial quality of streams and sources of microbial contamination. Generally in streams we are concerned about microbes that come from fecal sources. Both point and non‐point sources are important. A study was initiated in 2005 by the GW‐SW Unit to investigate the occurrence protozoan pathogens (Cryptosporidium and Giardia) in streams impacted by various land uses. An objective was to understand the relationship between the occurrence of these pathogens and wet weather events. Another objective was to apply advanced molecular techniques to help understand the sources of Cryptosporidium, as well as their human health risk. In 2009/10 sampling of the Nith River, Schneider’s Creek and Canagagigue Creek was completed (refer to the map of microbiology monitoring sites in Figure 12). Samples were analyzed for general chemistry and indicator bacteria in the ministry’s laboratory. The samples were also analyzed for Cryptosporidium and Giardia at a private laboratory offering high resolution detection and genotyping for these pathogens. Results to date suggest that molecular analysis through genotyping might be a valuable tool in understanding predominant sources of pathogens within certain watersheds. Next steps include the scientific analyses of the data collected under this program, as well as supporting information provided under the C‐Enternet Surveillance program and the preparation of a report.
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Stream Water Sites - Microbiology !( PWQMN Sites with Microbiological Analysis
!( Lake Ont Tributary Study Sites
#* Source Protection - Protozoa Study Sites
#* Source Protection - C-EnterNet Sites
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Figure Stream Water Microbiology Monitoring Sites 12
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4c) Partnership in CEnterNet (Canadian Enteric Disease) Surveillance Program Since 2008, the GW‐SW Unit has participated in the Public Health Agency of Canada‐led C‐EnterNet program. C‐EnterNet is a Canadian disease surveillance program that began in 2005 and is funded by Agriculture and Agri‐Food Canada and the Public Health Agency of Canada. The aim of this program is to have a better understanding of where people may be exposed to pathogens, including
sources such as food, animals and water. The GW‐SW Unit is involved with the water surveillance component of the program. In 2009/10, the GW‐SW Unit collected stream water in the Grand River watershed at five locations, including downstream of a wastewater effluent discharge, agricultural areas and at a drinking water intake. Samples are taken twice a month throughout the year to represent a range of seasonal conditions. These water samples are analyzed for several bacterial
pathogens (Campylobacter, Salmonella, pathogenic E. coli), protozoa (Cryptosporidium and Giardia), fecal indicator bacteria (E. coli) and a range of general chemistry parameters (e.g., nutrients). Results are shared with the program participants and reported publicly in an annual report published by the Public Health Agency of Canada. The information collected under this partnership will help to create a better understanding of how water quality and human health are linked. The results obtained in 2009/10 will complement other monitoring work carried out by Unit staff in examining the levels and types of pathogens present in Ontario streams.
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TTHHEEMMEE 33 WWaatteerr MMoonniittoorriinngg –– CClliimmaattee CChhaannggee LLiinnkkss
5a) Assessment of the PGMN and PWQMN Programs to assist in the
detection of climate change signals on the water resources and to assist in adaptation: a CanadaOntario Funded 3year Project
In 2008 funding was made available to the GW‐SW Unit under the Canada – Ontario Agreement (COA). A $225,000 Transfer Payment Agreement was established between the ministry and Conservation Ontario to assess the two provincial water monitoring programs for their ability to:
i) detect climate change signals and ii) assist in adaptation to climate change.
The 3‐year project consisted of:
Forming a Project Steering Committee ( Co‐Chaired by MOE and Conservation Ontario)
Seeking advice from various experts in the field of climate change Forming a Project Technical Working Group consisting of the Ministry of the Environment, Ministry of Agriculture, Food and Rural Affairs, Conservation Ontario, and Ministry of Natural Resources
Developing a methodology to identify watersheds that are sensitive to climate change impacts
Applying that methodology to Southern Ontario to produce a map identifying sensitive watersheds (Figure 14)
Facilitating and coordinating 11 Conservation Authorities in a more detailed assessment of the identified high priority sensitive watersheds (Figure 15)
Developing conclusions and recommendations for potential monitoring network enhancements
Two interim reports produced by the Technical Working Team (TWT) and submitted to the COA office (FY2009/10) are posted on the Conservation Ontario web‐site
10 Detailed Local Level Assessment Reports (prepared by Conservation Authorities) are also posted on the Conservation Ontario website
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Figure Map of Sensitive Watersheds 14 [COAFunded Water Monitoring Assessment /Climate Change project ]
Low Sensitivity Medium Sensitivity High Sensitivity
Figure Map of Sensitive SubWatersheds in the Long Point Watershed 15 [COAFunded Water Monitoring Assessment /Climate Change project]
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Low Medium High
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Additional products produced by the Technical Working Team include:
The Final Report on findings which was submitted to the COA office in Summer 2010, and was posted on the Conservation Ontario web‐site in Fall 2010
Report: “A Guide for the Assessment and Design of Surface Water and Groundwater Monitoring Networks For Climate Change Monitoring in Ontario” which was posted on the Conservation Ontario web‐site in January 2011 and can be found at the following link:
The next steps under this project include:
Securing additional funding under COA for fiscal year 2010/2011 (TP Agreement ‐ $225K) Selecting up to 5 sites in high priority areas within the Great Lakes Basin for establishing integrated climate‐ groundwater‐stream water monitoring stations to support detection and adaptation
Designing these integrated monitoring stations Developing the partnerships to support the station maintenance Establishing the stations
In addition, other funding opportunities will be explored for establishing an additional 5 integrated climate–groundwater–stream water monitoring stations in select locations in northern Ontario. Existing Reference Hydrometric Basin Network climate stations (RHBNs) will be considered in this exercise. 5b) Canadian Council of Ministers of the Environment (CCME) The CCME is the major intergovernmental forum in Canada for discussion and joint action on environmental issues of national and international concern.
In February 2009, Ontario Minister Gerretsen assumed the presidency of the CCME for one year. The CCME Water Agenda Development Committee (WADC) was established to manage intergovernmental approaches to water issues in Canada.
In 2007 WADC received direction to proceed with three top priorities:
1. Water monitoring and climate change 2. Valuation (costing) of our waterbased natural capital 3. Insufficient understanding of groundwater resources and management
Under the WADC, the Water Monitoring and Climate Change (WMCC) sub‐group was formed. The mandate of the sub‐group is to carry out special studies to support the development of guidance materials on how water monitoring networks can be used in climate change adaptation planning.
http://www.conservationontario.on.ca/watershed_management/ ResourcesforAdaptingOntariosWatershedstoClimateChange.htm
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Staff within the GW‐SW Unit provided support in the preparation and presentation of two background literature review documents, the preparation of Requests For Proposals (RFPs) for the development of two Reports, the review of the Reports, and the development of a Position Paper: titled “Water Monitoring and Climate Change Adaptation – July, 2010”,
Interim products produced by the sub‐committee under this mandate included:
Report by consultant “Climate Change Adaptation – Water Monitoring Data Requirements and Indicators ‐ February 17, 2009”
Report by consultant “Prioritization of Water Monitoring Networks for Climate Change Adaptation ‐ March 24, 2010”
Report by consultant “Methods for Evaluating Water Monitoring Networks for Climate Change Adaptation – March 24, 2010”
Additional Products produced by the sub‐committee include: Report: “Guidance Document for the Evaluation of Water Monitoring Networks For Climate Change Adaptation” – to be posted on the CCME Web‐site – March 2011.
This document is intended to provide guidance to Canada’s provinces and territories as they evaluate their water monitoring networks for climate change adaptation. The methods described by the Guidance Document are intended to help decision‐makers identify current and future investment needs for water monitoring while maximizing limited resources. In this way, the Guidance Document helps to lay the foundation for adaptation planning in preparation for and in response to climate change.
5c) PGMN Groundwater Level and Precipitation data
Groundwater level data is being monitored at all of the 470 PGMN sites. More than 80 rain gauges that have been distributed to select PGMN monitoring sites are monitoring precipitation.
Work is currently underway to post on the Ministry of the Environment’s intra and internet websites both the precipitation and groundwater level data.
The groundwater level data is currently being prepared by a consultant and any suspect data identified or corrected. The target date for posting both datasets is Spring 2011.
This information will be useful for understanding the relationship between precipitation and groundwater levels and provide information for hydrologic modeling. Figure 16 shows groundwater level and area precipitation data at PGMN well site 220 in the Exeter Area.
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5d) Low Water Response Program The Ministry of Natural Resources leads the delivery of the Ontario Low Water Response Program (OLWRP). This program is delivered through partnership arrangements made between the Ministry of Natural Resources and the Conservation Authorities. While indicators for various stages of drought had been developed for surface waters and used in the delivery of the LWRP, indicators for groundwater had not been established.
In February 2008 the GW‐SW Unit was approached to provide scientific/technical support to review a methodology for establishing groundwater indicators prepared by a consultant. The methodology was reviewed by the Unit and a literature search was carried out regarding approaches used in other jurisdictions. In March 2008, the GW‐SW Unit, proposed the use of a methodology similar to that used in New York State. This method is based on establishing indicators that are linked to various percentiles of the full range of groundwater levels in a given monitoring well (Figure 17). In February 2009 the two methods (Consultant and Percentile) were tested by 5 Conservation Authorities on PGMN wells. In 2009/10, the GW‐SW Unit continued to work with MNR regarding developing this component of the OLWRP. Next steps involve the selection of a methodology for a low water response groundwater indicator and review of a guidance document for selection of PGMN wells for the OLWRP. The GW‐SW Unit will continue on the groundwater indicator steering committee and to present at the OLWRP training session held every June.
Figure Groundwater Level and Area Precipitation Data 16 PGMN well site 220 in the Exeter Area
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Figure Percentile Method for Establishing Groundwater Level Indicators 17 Low Water Response Program
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( 6 ) Flow is measured in one of the Nutrient Monitoring streams
Figure 18
19 A turbidity sensor is connected to a
sampler. Water samples are collected automatically when turbidity levels levels exceed certain thresholds.
TTHHEEMMEE 44 WWaatteerr MMoonniittoorriinngg –– AAggrriiccuullttuurraall LLiinnkkss
6a) Nutrient Monitoring In 2004, a special component of the PWQMN program was developed to examine the impact of farming practices on the water quality of agriculturally‐dominated streams in Ontario. Fifteen such watersheds in Southwestern Ontario are being examined for this project. The water quality of these streams is sampled 15‐20 times per year, focusing on spring melt and storm events, during which a large proportion of agriculturally derived runoff is delivered to these streams. The samples are analyzed for substances typically elevated in agricultural streams (e.g. nitrogen, phosphorus, turbidity, E. coli) as well as other basic measures of stream water quality (e.g. pH, dissolved oxygen). Additionally, measurements are being taken at these streams (stream depth and wading discharge) to determine the total amount of substances (known as stream load) delivered by these streams to their receiving waters (Figure 18).
At one of the study streams (Nissouri Creek), more detailed measurements and analyses are being conducted. An automated sampler has been deployed at this station to collect samples throughout a storm event (Figure 19). The intensive sampling at this site will allow for the development of a model relating agricultural practices in the watershed to stream water quality. In addition, it will allow predictive scenarios to be developed to anticipate the effect of altering agricultural practices on stream water quality. Currently, data collected thus far under this program are being analyzed (see example in Figure 20) and a modeling effort to relate agricultural land use to stream water quality is being conducted. A preliminary report of these findings is being prepared.
Figure
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Figure Nitrate (NO3) Concentrations in the Nutrient Monitoring Streams 20
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6b) Pesticides
Preliminary Report on Pesticides in Stream Water Pesticides are chemical compounds used to control weeds, insects and other pests. Once they are released to the environment, pesticides can move through the hydrologic system to surface waters where they have the potential to affect aquatic life. Stream water pesticide concentrations have been monitored periodically since 1974 at selected sites in the PWQMN. Historically, this monitoring focused on the estimation of the amounts of pesticides (loadings) that were delivered by a few major rivers to the Great Lakes. More recently, the focus of the monitoring is shifting to assess the potential impacts of pesticides on aquatic life in watersheds with varying agricultural and mixed (urban/agricultural) land uses. From 1974 to 1997, stream water samples were analyzed for a suite of pesticides in the ministry’s laboratory. Since 1997, samples have been sent to the University of Guelph laboratory for analysis under a partnership with OMAFRA. In 2009‐10, pesticides were monitored at over 20 sites in partnership with OMAFRA and Ontario’s Conservation Authorities. In 2009, the GW‐SW Unit initiated a project to organize and assure quality of the stream water pesticides data as well as explore spatial trends using a Geographic Information System. An overview background report was prepared and circulated to OMAFRA and the ministry’s Standards Development Branch for comment. The comments have been reviewed and revisions to the report are underway. The purpose of the background report was to organize the data and explore broader trends to set the stage for more detailed analysis, such as the research project with the University of Guelph described below.
University of Guelph Research Grant In March 2009, the ministry provided funding to the University of Guelph to undertake a comprehensive scientific analysis of the stream water pesticide data that have been collected under the PWQMN program. The GW‐SW Unit is managing this project. The main objectives of the project are to assess the spatial and temporal variation in pesticide concentrations in streams in Ontario and, where possible, to identify the factors (such as regional pesticide use patterns or government regulatory decisions) that are influencing stream water pesticide concentrations. Pesticides experts from OMAFRA are collaborating on the study. The study was ongoing in 2009‐10 and a final report is anticipated by the end of 2011.
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6c) Additional Research Collaborations
Development of a DecisionMaking Framework for Prioritization of Watersheds
The GW‐SW Unit is providing technical input on an OMAFRA‐led project to develop a decision‐making framework and priority‐setting methodology to efficiently allocate agri‐environmental program resources in the Great Lakes Basin within Ontario. Different approaches to identify
priorities for agri‐environmental program resource allocation throughout the world are being reviewed and evaluated for their applicability in Ontario. Nutrients (nitrogen and phosphorus) data from the PWQMN are being evaluated to develop biophysical indicators to prioritize quaternary watersheds at a provincial scale (Figure 21).
Agricultural Land Management and Water Quality Data Evaluation in Representative Agricultural Watersheds (Grand River and Thames River)
The GW‐SW Unit participated in a study which was funded by the OMAFRA and conducted by a consulting company and researchers from University of Guelph. The main objective of the study was to assess the influence of historical changes in land management practices on water quality. Two representative agricultural watersheds were selected, one in the Grand River basin and the other in the Thames River basin. Historical data from 1970’s PLUARG
(Pollution from Land Use Activities Reference Group) and current data were used to monitor changes in land management practices and corresponding impact on stream water quality. Data collected under the PWQMN and related stream water quality monitoring projects were used in the study. Additional water quality data were collected by the consultants. Results of the study indicated significant changes in land use, management practices, and water quality over time. The study concluded that current loadings of soluble nutrients are higher compared to the PLUARG study period.
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Figure Nitrogen Indicator Map 21 Based on PWQMN data used in OMAFRA prioritization framework pilot study [DRAFT]
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[Normalized Ranking] - Low
- Medium
- High
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( 7 )
Water samples collected from an urban stream were prepared for delivery
to the laboratory for pesticides analysis
Figure 22
TTHHEEMMEE 55 UUrrbbaann SSttrreeaamm WWaatteerr QQuuaalliittyy MMoonniittoorriinngg
7a) Urban Stream Water Pesticides Study In April 2009, the Cosmetic Pesticides Ban Act took effect. The Act prohibits the use and sale of pesticides for cosmetic purposes in Ontario. Cosmetic uses include the maintenance of urban lawns, vegetable and ornamental gardens, patios and driveways. Based on studies from other jurisdictions, it was anticipated that the ban would result in lower concentrations of banned pesticides in urban Ontario streams. In 2008 and 2009, the Unit, along with five Conservation Authorities, monitored pesticide concentrations in ten urban Ontario streams (Figures 22 and 23), using the Unit’s existing partnerships under the PWQMN. An objective of the study was to see if concentrations of banned pesticides in stream water changed in response to the ban. 168 stream water samples were collected over the summers of 2008 and 2009, representing the periods before and after the implementation of the ban, and chemically analyzed at an independent laboratory for up to 105 pesticides and their break‐down products. A ministry report (Changes in Urban Stream Water Pesticide Concentrations One Year after a Cosmetic Pesticides Ban) was released in November 2010. Report results show a significant decrease in concentrations of three common lawn care pesticides (2,4‐D, dicamba and MCPP) within a year of the ban taking effect. The report also shows that pesticides are routinely detected in urban streams, generally at concentrations below water quality guidelines for protecting aquatic life. Sampling of urban streams was continued in the summer of 2010 to monitor further changes, if any, in pesticide concentrations. The GW‐SW Unit have presented by invitation at numerous meetings, workshops and conferences to share results from the study with stakeholders in pesticides management.
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Figure Urban Stream Locations 23 10 urban streams where pesticides were monitored in 2008 and 2009
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Toronto Tributary Toxics Monitoring Program
Collecting samples from GTA urban streams
Figure 25
Toronto Tributary Toxics Monitoring Program
Collecting samples from GTA urban streams
Figure 24
7b) Toronto Tributary Toxics Monitoring Program In 2003, the ministry initiated the Toronto Tributary Toxics Monitoring Program (TTTMP), initially to inform the Toronto and Region Remedial Action Plan and subsequently in support of source protection planning and other water management initiatives. The TTTMP involves wet and dry weather sampling in six Lake Ontario tributaries to identify and quantify toxic contaminants being transported during storm events and baseflow. The TTTMP enhances the PWQMN in two ways. First, it uses high‐tech sampling strategies (auto‐sampling equipment) to collect samples across a range of stream flow conditions (Figures 24 and 25). Second, samples are analyzed for a broader suite of contaminants, including chemicals used in consumer and building products (e.g. flame retardants), to better understand the influence of human activities on urban stream water quality.
In 2009‐10, ten sites were monitored in six watersheds (Figure 26) with varying land uses (1 forested, 6 urban, 3 agricultural). 12‐15 water samples were collected throughout year during base flow and storm events using auto‐samplers. The samples were analyzed in the MOE laboratory for a suite of conventional pollutants and trace organics including organochlorine (OC) pesticides, polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs) and polynuclear aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs). In 2009, a report was drafted summarizing the data collected from 2003 to 2005. This report is currently under peer review. Preliminary results show that the greatest differences in contaminant concentrations between wet and dry events occur in the more urbanized watersheds.
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Figure Toronto Tributary Toxics Program 26 Monitoring Site Locations [10 sites]
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( 8 ) TTHHEEMMEE 66 RRooaadd SSaalltt
8a) Stream Water Monitoring Road salt (mostly sodium chloride) is used to de‐ice roads, parking lots, driveways and sidewalks in winter to protect the safety of drivers and pedestrians. Road salt enters the environment through applications on roads, and also from waste snow disposal sites and salt storage facilities. Once released, road salts migrate into surface and groundwater, where toxic effects on aquatic life are possible.
The GW‐SW Unit routinely monitors sodium and chloride concentrations in streams as part of the PWQMN. Many monitoring stations have been monitored for decades to track long‐term changes in stream water quality. Monitoring results show that the chloride levels in streams in developed areas of Ontario have risen considerably over the last three decades (Figure 27). Monitoring results also show that current chloride concentrations in some streams exceed levels at which toxic effects on aquatic life are anticipated (Figure 28). Currently, more than 200 road authorities in Ontario are participating in the Environment Canada’s Code of Practice for the Environmental Management of Road Salts. The Code recommends that users of road salt develop Salt Management Plans to achieve reductions in salt use and minimize environmental impacts. It also encourages Best Management Practices in the areas of road salt application, salt storage and snow disposal. Ongoing chloride monitoring in Ontario’s streams (over the coming decades) will provide information for tracking the effectiveness of best salt management practices in mitigating the environmental impacts of road salts.
The GW‐SW Unit is also active, on behalf of the ministry, in facilitating research to inform road salt management. In 2008 the ministry funded a two‐year environmental monitoring study in the Regional Municipality of Waterloo to assess the efficacy of best salt management practices. Another complementary research study was funded to monitor water quality in a Toronto area stream and assess the salt management practices of the City of Toronto. In May 2009, the ministry co‐sponsored and co‐organized the first International Conference on Urban Drainage and Road Salt Management in Cold Climates, which was held at the University of Waterloo. The GW‐SW Unit is also active on an inter‐ministerial working group with the Ministry of Transportation to plan knowledge transfer to road authorities in Ontario. Part of this plan includes the use of stream water quality monitoring results to identify areas most affected by road salting and to demonstrate changes in the environment related to road salt management practices.
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Figure Trends in Steam Water Chloride Concentrations 27 (19752009) based on Seasonal Mann Kendall test for trend
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Figure Median Stream Water Chloride Concentrations 2005 2009 28
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( 9 ) TTHHEEMMEE 77 DDaattaa SShhaarriinngg
9a) Stream Water Data Since 2006, the GW‐SW Unit has been working with the ministry’s Geomatics Service Centre to develop an external GIS Portal for Conservation Authorities and an internal GIS Portal for ministry staff. Various statistical and mapping tools have been developed to assist users of these portals in mapping and interpreting stream water quality data from the PWQMN In April 2009, the GW‐SW Unit posted PWQMN data for the period 2003‐2007 on the data downloads page of the ministry’s public website. To support analysis and interpretation of the data, information on monitoring station locations and laboratory methods were also posted. Additional water quality data for 2002, 2008 and 2009 were subsequently posted. The ministry continues to post additional current and past water quality data for use by both internal and external parties. 9b) Groundwater Level and Chemistry Data and Precipitation Data In 2009 groundwater chemistry data that was generated at the Ministry of the Environment laboratory (for the period 2002‐2008) was being prepared for posting on the websites. Posting on the EMRB Geo‐Portal took place in February 2010. All of the Conservation Authorities and Local Health Units, as well as, ministry offices have access to the Geo‐Portal. In 2009/10, work also began on preparing PGMN water chemistry data (2003‐2008) that was generated in private laboratories, for posting on the EMRB Geo‐Portal. Posting of this data on the Geo‐Portal took place in March 2011. In December 2008 funding was transferred from the ministry to Conservation Ontario for the purpose of reviewing and correcting any gaps or errors that may be present in the PGMN (2002‐2008) groundwater level data. It is anticipated that the final product on this work will be available in late Spring 2011 for posting on the Geo‐portal. Efforts are also underway to have precipitation data from the PGMN rain gauges ready for posting on the Geo‐Portal by late Spring 2011.
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In‐situ Groundwater Quality Monitoring Station
in the Exeter Area
Figure 29
The isotope information will provide insight on hydraulic
connections between aquifers and the age of groundwater.
TTHHEEMMEE 88 IInnnnoovvaattiioonn aanndd RReesseeaarrcchh
10a) Stable Oxygen and Hydrogen Isotopes in Groundwater In 2008, a research project pertaining to the determination of stable oxygen and hydrogen isotopes in groundwater was launched by the Ministry of Northern Development and Mines, Toronto and Region Conservation Authority, University of Waterloo and Ministry of the Environment (GW‐SW Unit). Since the launch of the project, groundwater samples have been collected from more than 200 PGMN wells, as well as, other wells of interest, and chemically analyzed for the isotopes 18O, 2H, and 3H. This information will be useful for understanding sensitivity of groundwater resources to changing weather patterns associated with climate change, source water protection planning, water budget development, and water allocation. 10b) Continuous Groundwater Chemistry Monitoring in High Infiltration Areas
In 2008‐2009 two in‐situ continuous groundwater chemistry monitoring probes were established in high infiltration areas to monitor changes in groundwater chemistry (i.e. temperature, nitrate, chloride, pH, electrical conductivity and dissolved oxygen) with changes in precipitation and groundwater levels. These stations were established in the Exeter area (Figure 29) and in the Smith’s Falls area using funds provided from the Provincial Innovation Fund. The information collected from these stations will provide insight on how groundwater chemistry and water levels change with precipitation in high infiltration zones within these areas.
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(11) TTHHEEMMEE 99 OOuuttrreeaacchh
11a) Workshops/Presentations On May 25‐29/09 Unit staff participated in the organization and delivery of the 1st International Conference on Urban Drainage and Road Salt Management in Cold Climates which was held at the University of Waterloo. The conference attracted more than 100 delegates from five countries to discuss current knowledge on the environmental impacts of road salts with an emphasis on urban drainage design and best management practices in cold climates. The GW‐SW Unit also presented a paper on chloride trends in Ontario streams based on information collected in the PWQMN. On February 2‐4/10, the Unit led in the organization and participated in the delivery of a 3‐day Workshop for the Conservation Authorities on the PGMN, PWQMN, and OBBN (Ontario Benthic and Bio‐Monitoring Network) programs.
In January 2009, the Unit participated in a Workshop pertaining to the Assessment of Monitoring Networks for Climate Change. 11b) Field Tours On June 17, 2009, the Unit led a 1‐Day Field Tour for the Conservation Authorities, Local Health Units, and Ministry of the Environment management and staff in southwestern Ontario. The Tour was designed to visit seven PGMN or PWQMN water monitoring sites,
highlight various issues of interest and encourage discussion among the parties. Topics discussed included: naturally occurring fluoride and arsenic in groundwater, climate change, uranium in groundwater, and nitrate in stream water and groundwater. A tour guide was prepared by the Unit and provided to the approximate 22 participants.
In 2009/10, the Unit led or participated in a number of outreach events. These events took the form of workshops,
a field tour, presentations, and committee participation. “
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11c) Presentations In 2009/10 the Unit has been actively sharing information and scientific findings at a number of forums. Table 2 provides a listing of presentations provided by the Unit during the 09/10 fiscal year.
Date Forum Presentation Title Comments
Presentations Given by Staff in the GW-SW Unit
May 26/09
International Conference on Urban Design and Road Salt Management in Cold Climates: Advances in Best Practices
Chloride Concentrations in Ontario’s Streams
Spatial and temporal trends in stream water chloride concentrations were assessed using long-term data from the PWQMN. The influence of road density on stream water chloride concentrations was explored.
Jun. 19/09
Ontario Low Water Response Program - Training
Results of Groundwater Pilot Projects: Jaques Whitford and Percentile Methods for setting groundwater level indicators
The Ontario Low Water Response (OLWR) currently uses two indicators – precipitation and stream flow – to set levels for determining low water response. The Unit is working with MNR to include a groundwater indicator as part of the OLWR program
Jul. 12-15/ 09.
Paper presented at the CSBE/SCGAB 2009 Annual Conference, Prince Edward Island
Possible relationship between BFI and physiographic/physical characteristics of watersheds
The overall objective of this study was to separate base-flow from stream flow and its relationship to physiographic characteristics of the watershed. The results indicated that physiographic/physical characteristics of watersheds have a profound effect on Base Flow Index (BFI).
Jul. 12-15/09.
Paper presented at the CSBE/SCGAB 2009 Annual Conference, Prince Edward Island
Modeling variable source area from an agricultural watershed
Identification of Variable Source Areas (VSAs) allows for understanding the hydrologically sensitive areas of a watershed which generate more runoff and have higher potential of delivering contaminants to streams. A hydrological model was developed to simulate variable source areas of a small agricultural watershed in southern Ontario. The results of modeling are presented and discussed in the paper.
Oct. 22-23 /09.
Symposium on Recent Advances in Watershed & High Resolution Monitoring, Solinst Canada Ltd., Georgetown, Ontario
Designing provincial-scale water monitoring networks to meet future needs
Assessment of the Provincial Groundwater and Stream Water Monitoring Networks for Climate Change
Table Presentations, Workshops and other Outreach Activities 2 Carried out by the Unit – 2009/10
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Oct. 28/09
Ontario Waste Water Association Seminar
MOE Environmental Monitoring and Reporting Branch Climate Change Initiatives
The Unit was invited to present its activities on climate change adaptation. The major focus of the presentation was the use of a sensitivity assessment technique for southern Ontario to identify areas requiring monitoring for climate change adaptation.
Nov 30 to Dec 02, 2009.
New Directions ’09, SWM Conference at Vaughan, Ontario,
Surface water implications of road salt application: case study from the city of Toronto
Dec.11/09 MOE Drinking Water Management Division - Source Protection Branch Meeting
MOE Environmental Monitoring and Reporting Branch Climate Change Initiatives
The Unit, along with the Air Modelling and Emissions Unit, was invited to present activities related to climate change to the Source Protection Unit.
Dec. 17/09 MOE Directors Committee
Road Salts: An update on water quality impacts
Monitoring results from Ontario’s streams (PWQMN) and Lake Simcoe were used to illustrate the impacts of road salts on surface water quality.
Jan. 19, 25/10
Two Conservation Authority seminars on evaluating water monitoring networks for climate change for the COA project
COA Project: Big Creek Pilot Project
These seminars were held to help selected Conservation Authorities with evaluating the PGMN and PWQMN within their watersheds as part of the COA-funded climate change project.
Feb. 2/10 MOE Monitoring Network – Conservation Authority Workshop
Assessment of the Groundwater and Stream Water Monitoring Networks for Climate Change
Progress and achievements of the COA project entitled “Climate Change Monitoring Review Project: Provincial Groundwater Monitoring Network (PGMN) and Stream Monitoring Network (PWQMN) assessment” were presented during the workshop.
Feb. 3/10 MOE Monitoring Network – Conservation Authority Workshop
Pesticide Concentrations in Urban Streams
Preliminary results from the 2008-2009 urban stream pesticides study were presented. Discussions focused on the study design, the types of pesticides detected, possible impacts on aquatic life and the influence of Ontario’s Cosmetic Pesticides Ban.
Feb. 03/10 2010 MOE Monitoring Network Partners Workshop
Presentation on nutrient monitoring project Presentation on climate change project
Preliminary findings of the Nutrient Monitoring project were presented. Seasonal and spatial patterns of nutrient concentrations in the study streams were discussed.
Feb. 3/10 Far North Aquatic and Hydrology Day,
Far North Potential for the Provincial Water Quality Monitoring Network (PWQMN) Provincial Groundwater Monitoring Network (PGMN)
The Unit was invited by MNR to share information and to discuss opportunities for water monitoring in the Far North.
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Feb.17/10.
Stressors, Habitat, and Biology in Agricultural Streams Workshop, Utopia, Ontario
Water quality in agricultural streams in Ontario
Preliminary findings of the Nutrient Monitoring project, possible future research needs, and integration with related projects were discussed
Feb. 27/10
Thirsty Minds Youth Roundtable -United Nations Association youth group seminar sponsored by MOE Source Protection.
Climate change impact on Ontario water resources
The Unit was invited to speak on the impact of climate change on the water resources of Ontario.
October 2009
Theis Conference, Boulder, Colorado
Groundwater and climate change Conference (NGWA)
Presentation : Assessment of the PGMN and PWQMN Programs for the CC detection and adaptation. Conference outcome: An international representative from Colorado joined the COA-funded Climate Change Project Advisory Panel
Coordinated / Delivered Workshops
May 25-27/ 09
International Conference on Urban Design and Road Salt Management in Cold Climates: Advances in Best Practices
Unit staff co-organized the conference with University of Waterloo, Environment Canada and Lulea University of Technology (Sweden). The conference attracted more than 100 delegates from five countries to discuss current knowledge on the environmental impacts of road salts with an emphasis on urban drainage design and best management practices in cold climates. http://www.environment.uwaterloo.ca/research/roadsalt/conference.html
Oct 20-21./09 Conservation Authorities Geoscience Committee
Geothermal Energy: Issues and Opportunities
Participated in monthly organizational meetings for a workshop.
Feb. 2-4 /10, MOE Monitoring Network Partners Workshop
Unit staff organized and delivered the three-day workshop for partners in the PGMN, PWQMN and OBBN.
Reports Released to External Parties
Apr. 20/09 Earth Week, Ontario Science Centre
Water Quality in Ontario 2008 Report
Unit staff led the preparation and publication of the report. PWQMN and PGMN results feature prominently in the report.
Dec/09 and Jan /10
5 Preliminary Hydrogeological Reports released to the Health Units, Conservation Authorities and Ministry Regional Offices under the PGMN Exceedance Protocol
5 Reports pertaining to: - Fluoride in well 242 in Saugeen Valley Conservation Authority (CA) area - Uranium and fluoride in well 080 in Niagara Peninsula CA area - Fluoride in well 285 in Ausable Bayfield CA area - Nitrate in well 369 in Upper Thames CA area Nitrate in well 361 in Niagara Peninsula CA area
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Participation on Committees
Nov. 3-4 /09 and throughout the year by teleconference and email
Canadian Environmental Sustainability Indicators (CESI) Water Quality Indicator Workshop
Unit staff provided PWQMN data and technical guidance to Environment Canada in support of the annual federal CESI report.
Nov. 4-5 /09 and throughout the year by teleconference and email
CCME Water Quality Monitoring Sub-Group
Unit staff represented the MOE on this CCME group with a mandate to enhance water quality monitoring across Canada.
April to May 2009 Groundwater and the Great Lakes
- Working with Standards Branch as a steering committee member - Participated in meetings regarding draft contents and project direction on April 21 2009. - Participated in meetings regarding scope of work with consultant May 15 2009.
June - July 2009
Climate Change Adaptation Subgroup for the Ontario Great Lakes Action Plan for Great Lakes Water Quality Agreement
Unit staff participated and contributed to a Working Subgroup on Climate Change Adaptation and the Great Lakes
February 2010
Ontario Low Water Response Groundwater Indicator Steering Committee
Provision of Scientific Leadership to work on developing groundwater indicators for the drought under the Low Water Response Program
- Participated and contributed to steering committee activities regarding methodologies for establishing groundwater indicators for drought - Review of second phase of Conservation Authority reports on testing groundwater indicator methods. - Provided assistance to MNR in the establishment of the RFP for the GW Indicators development; proposals review and evaluations from March 2009 – March 2010 - Participated in meeting of steering committee on February 12 2010 regarding project scope
Apr 3, 6/ 10 Ontario Hydrometric Network Assessment and Review Steering Committee
Participated in teleconferences on finalization of decision matrix for selecting new sites for stream water flow monitoring stations
All year CCME Water Monitoring and Climate Change Subgroup
Act as Project Authority and provide report to WADC and EMRB Director
Provision of Scientific leadership and support to Strategic Policy Branch. Developed a Phase III RFP and oversaw the process
Year 2009-10 Member Technical Work Team
COA Climate Change Review Project
- Co-authored interim progress report - Presented work at EMRB water monitoring conference - Provision of leadership and support to Conservation Ontario and reporting to
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COA coordinators
Year 2009-10 Source Water Protection - Member Risk Management Advisory Committee
Source Water Protection
Reviewed and provided comments on Risk Management Approach draft report
Year 2009-10 Technical Expert – Nutrient Management Joint Research Program
MOE and OMAFRA joint nutrient management research program
Participated in various meetings /discussion related to above project Reviewed and commented on the final project report
Other
Year 2009-10 Grant agreement with University of Guelph related to analysis of pesticide data
Assessment of pesticide concentration in streams and rivers in Ontario
As a MOE project Supervisor/Lead overseeing the project progress
Year 2009-10
Member of steering committee for OMAFRA funded project
Agricultural land management and water quality data evaluation in representative agricultural watersheds in the Grand River and Thames River basins
Participated in meetings, technical discussions, and reviewed reports
Year 2009-10 Member of technical work team of OMAFRA project
Agricultural Priority Issues and Watershed for Great Lakes Programming.
Participated in various meetings and reviewed project charter, and RFP, reviewed and commented on the Project Phase-I Reports
Year 2009-10 Technical Member/Expert
Great Lakes Action Planning team, work led by the Great Lakes Water Management Branch.
- Participated in meetings and contributed towards preparation of documents related to Rural Non-point Source under the Integrated Land, Lake, and Watershed Actions group. - Participated in meetings and contributed towards preparation of documents related to Science and Monitoring under the Understanding Changes in the Aquatic Ecosystem and Adapting to Climate Change group.
Year 2009-10 Adjunct Professor School of Engineering, University of Guelph
- Member of Ph.D. advisory committee for two students. Reviewed and provided comments on a draft copy of thesis for one Ph.D. student. - Participating in a number of projects related to hydrology and watershed modeling
Year 2009-10 Served as an external examiner of a Ph.D. candidate at McGill University.
Evaluated doctoral dissertation and provided comments.
Year 2009-10
(1) - PGMN – Directors Committee, (2) - Technical Committee and (3) - 4 Working Groups meetings
Participated or co-chaired activities in all 3 committees
A 3-tiered structure of committees in the PGMN program allows for on-going communication of business issues at the Director’s Committee, development of technical solutions at the Technical Committee and sharing information and solutions at the Working Groups
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AAcckknnoowwlleeddggeemmeennttss
The Groundwater and Stream Water Monitoring Unit wish to acknowledge the support provided by the Ministry of the Environment management; as well as, the Conservation Authorities, participating Municipalities and Conservation Ontario in the partnership delivery of the core PGMN and PWQMN programs.
In addition, the Unit wishes to acknowledge staff who have joined the Unit in 2010‐2011 and have contributed to the on‐going Unit activities described in this Report. These include Mike Christie who has been instrumental in the preparation of hydrogeological reports associated with the PGMN Exceedance Protocol and the presentation design for this Report, Neal Bonnor who is currently preparing PGMN precipitation data for posting on the Geo‐Portal, and Carline Rocks who efficiently handled the logistical and data management aspects of the PWQMN.
The Unit also recognizes the Ministry of Natural Resources (MNR) contribution of rain gauges for the groundwater monitoring network; and the Ministry of Environment’s Standards Development Branch, participating Conservation Authorities, and the Ontario Ministry of Agriculture, Food, and Rural Affairs (OMAFRA) in the delivery of the pesticide overview and cosmetic pesticide monitoring projects.
The Unit is grateful for the support provided by Dave Supper of the Ministry’s Great Lakes Monitoring Unit and the various summer students, in the collection of stream water samples and the maintenance of equipment for the Toronto Tributary Toxics monitoring program, Nutrient monitoring program and the Pathogen monitoring program.
Funding provided under the Canada–Ontario Agreement (COA) has allowed for the successful assessment of the PGMN and PWQMN programs for detection of climate change signals and to assist in adaptation; and for the establishment of up to 5 integrated climate‐groundwater‐stream water monitoring stations in sensitive watersheds (work that is currently in progress) .
Scientific and technical collaboration with MNR and OMAFRA has greatly contributed toward the success of the various projects.
Collaborations with the Ministry of Northern Development, Mines and Forests (MNDMF), participating Conservation Authorities, and the University of Waterloo have allowed for stable oxygen and hydrogen isotope data to be available for many of the PGMN monitoring wells.
Arrangements with participating Conservation Authorities have ensured efficient delivery of the Stream Water Nutrient monitoring program and collaborations with the Public Health Agency of Canada are allowing for the collection of important pathogen information.
Finally, the Unit wishes to acknowledge the work of the Ministry’s Laboratory Services Branch, where the majority of the chemical analyses are performed for both programs; the Ministry’s Geomatics Service Centre, where much of the data is made accessible along with standard tools for its manipulation; and the Ministry’s Operations Division Technical Support Units for their review of Hydrogeological Reports prior to release under the PGMN Exceedance Protocol.
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