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Global Vision International
2010 Report Series No. 003
GVI Mexico
Pez Maya Marine Expedition
Sian Ka’an Biosphere Reserve
Quarterly Report 103
July – September 2010
Global Vision International
2010 Report Series No. 003
GVI Mexico, Pez Maya Expedition Report 103
Submitted in whole to GVI
Amigos de Sian Ka‟an Comisión Nacional de Áreas Naturales Protegidas (CONANP)
Produced by
Vicki Bush – Base manager Edward Houlcroft – Science and dive officer
Nicola Weeden – Science officer Martin Stelfox – Dive officer Sam Buxton – Dive officer
Jack Fazey – Science Officer Sarah Davies – Scholar
And
Stuart Fulton Science and Dive officer Thomas Viborg Volunteer
Lluvia Iyanu Soto Jiménez Base Manager Rebecca Gatenby Volunteer
Eve Hill Volunteer Alex Lawson Volunteer
Serena Benjamin Volunteer Emilia dÁvack Volunteer
James Fenneberg Volunteer Karin Solli Volunteer
Katie Paull Volunteer Christina Horstmann Volunteer
Lisa Wright Volunteer Sarah Bennett Volunteer
Richard Frew Volunteer Renee Donaldson Volunteer
Jillian Hudgins Volunteer Gregory Nightingale Volunteer
Cassie Heil Volunteer Jonathan Clouston Volunteer
Pilar Rae Alavarez Castillo NSP Cole Hoffman Volunteer
Sophie Manning Volunteer Georgina Davis Volunteer
Nadine Clifton Volunteer Jabu Henson Volunteer
Elisabeth Borg Volunteer Rosie Henson Volunteer
Laura McLean Volunteer Fay Pearson Volunteer
Sophie Payne Volunteer Assar Bergfors Volunteer
Christopher Arnold Volunteer Shantal Corona NSP
Anna Isabel Ender Volunteer Carolina Ruiz NSP
Edited by
Vicki Bush - Base Manager Stuart Fulton
GVI Mexico, Pez Maya
Email: [email protected] Web page: http://www.gvi.co.uk and http://www.gviusa.com
© GVI – 2010 iii
Executive Summary
The 29th ten week phase of GVI Mexico, Pez Maya expedition has now been completed.
During the phase we continued work towards our primary aims of gathering important
scientific data on the status of the Mesoamerican Barrier Reef within the Sian Ka‟an
Biosphere Reserve, working with our local partners and building on our relationships with
the local community by offering English and environmental education lessons. The
following projects have been run during Phase 103:
Continuation of the MBRS Synoptic Monitoring Programme (SMP) for the strategic
sites within the northern Sian Ka‟an Biosphere, providing regional decision makers
with up to date information on the ecological condition of the reef
Daily bird monitoring
Training of volunteers in the MBRS methodology including fish, hard coral, and algae
identification.
Incidental sightings program
Continuation of weekly beach cleans within the reserve, monitoring waste composition
and trends
Marine Turtle Monitoring Programme along the Pez Maya beach
English language and environmental education classes with the children of Punta Allen
Continuation of the National Scholarship Programme at Pez Maya, whereby GVI Pez
Maya accepts Mexican nationals on a scholarship basis into the expedition
Continuation of the recycling Project “Punta Allen Verde”
Continuation of the Mayan Farm Project, Nuevo Durango Organic farm, assisting a
local Mayan community to establish and develop a composting programme.
© GVI – 2010 iv
Table of Contents
Executive Summary.......................................................................................................................... iii
List of Figures ................................................................................................................................... vi
List of Tables ..................................................................................................................................... vi
1. Introduction .................................................................................................................................... 7
2. Synoptic Monitoring Programmes ............................................................................................... 8
2.1 Introduction .................................................................................................................... 8 2.2 Aims ............................................................................................................................. 10 2.3 Methodology ................................................................................................................ 10 2.4 Results ......................................................................................................................... 12 2.5 Discussion .................................................................................................................... 15
3. Community Programme ............................................................................................................. 17
3.1 Introduction .................................................................................................................. 17 3.2 Objectives .................................................................................................................... 17 3.3 Activities and achievements ........................................................................................ 18 3.4 Review ......................................................................................................................... 18
4. Incidental Sightings Programme ............................................................................................... 20
4.1 Introduction .................................................................................................................. 20 4.2 Aims ............................................................................................................................. 20 4.3 Methodology ................................................................................................................ 20 4.4 Results ......................................................................................................................... 21 4.5 Discussion .................................................................................................................... 22
5. Marine Litter Monitoring Programme ........................................................................................ 25
5.1 Introduction .................................................................................................................. 25 5.2 Aims ............................................................................................................................. 25 5.3 Methodology ................................................................................................................ 25 5.4 Results ......................................................................................................................... 26 5.5 Discussion .................................................................................................................... 27
6. Bird Monitoring Programme ....................................................................................................... 28
6.1 Introduction .................................................................................................................. 28 6.2 Aims ............................................................................................................................. 28 6.3 Methodology ................................................................................................................ 29 6.4 Results ......................................................................................................................... 29 6.5 Discussion .................................................................................................................... 30
7. References ................................................................................................................................... 31
8. Appendices .................................................................................................................................. 32
Appendix I – SMP Methodology Outlines ................................................................................. 32 Appendix II - Adult Fish Indicator Species List ......................................................................... 36 Appendix III - Juvenile Fish Indicator Species List ................................................................... 38 Appendix IV – Coral Species List ............................................................................................. 39
© GVI – 2010 v
Appendix V - Fish Species List ................................................................................................. 40 Appendix VI – Bird Species List ................................................................................................ 44
© GVI – 2010 vi
List of Figures
Figure 2-3-1 Map of the permanent monitoring sites for GVI Pez Maya (Courtesy of JuniperGIS)
Figure 2-4-1 Breakdown of percentage coral cover observed this phase, by site
Figure 2-4-2 Total number of individuals recorded within each family for each monitoring site
Figure 5-4-1 Total Weight Collected in phase 103 (Kg)
Figure 6-4-1 Bird sightings by status during 103
List of Tables
Table 2-3-1 Name, depth and GPS points of the permanent (SMP) monitoring sites for the GVI Pez
Maya programme during phases 1 and 3. GPS points recorded in WGS84
Table 2-4-1 Total number of individuals recorded for each monitoring site and the average number
of individuals recorded per transect for adult and juvenile fish.
Table 5-4-1 Total weight of materials in kg collected during each phase over the previous year.
Table 6-4-1 Total Species Composition of phase 103
© GVI – 2010 Page 7
1. Introduction
The Mesoamerican Barrier Reef System (MBRS) extends from Isla Contoy at the North of
the Yucatan Peninsula, Mexico, to the Bay Islands of Honduras through Belize and
Guatemala and is the second largest barrier reef in the world.
The GVI Marine Programme was initiated within Mexico with the setup of its first base, Pez
Maya, in the Sian Ka‟an Biosphere Reserve in 2003. Since then the programme has
flourished, with a sister site being set up in the south of Quintana Roo at Punta Gruesa.
The current project at GVI Pez Maya is assisting Amigos de Sian Ka‟an (ASK) and
Comisión Nacional de Áreas Naturales Protegidas (CONANP) to obtain baseline data for
the reefs of the north Sian Ka‟an by conducting marine surveys, to ascertain areas of high
species diversity, areas of high algal mass, fish species and abundance amongst other
reef health indicators. Using this data, ASK and its partners can begin to focus on the
areas needing immediate environmental regulation, implementing management protection
plans as and when required. Surveys using the same methodology are being conducted
by a number of bodies through the entire Mesoamerican Barrier Reef, in Belize, Honduras
and Guatemala, coordinated by the MBRS project group.
With the continuing development of the Riviera Maya, effective monitoring is becoming
ever-more important. Inadvertent environmental degradation can be prevented if the
appropriate measures are taken to advocate long-term, sustainable ecotourism. Continual
assessment of Sian Ka‟an‟s reef health can support and develop management strategies
for the area, the work outlined in this report forming a key part of that assessment.
This report will focus primarily on diversity of both fish and coral, analysis of fish and algal
assemblages and coral health. The report also summarises the other work completed this
phase in GVI Pez Maya‟s science and community projects.
© GVI – 2010 Page 8
2. Synoptic Monitoring Programmes
2.1 Introduction
The Synoptic Monitoring Programme looks to evaluate the overall health of the reef by
looking at three main areas: Benthic cover, fish populations and physical parameters.
Benthic Cover
Caribbean reefs were once dominated by hard coral, with huge Acropora palmata stands
on the reef crests and Acropora cervicornis and Montastraea annularis dominating the fore
reef. Today, many reefs in the Caribbean have been overrun by macro algae during a
„phase shift‟ which is thought to have been brought about by numerous factors including a
decrease in herbivory from fishing and other pressures, eutrophication from land-based
activities and disease (McClanahan & Muthiga, 1998).
Benthic transects record the abundance of all benthic species as well as looking at coral
health. The presence of coral on the reef is in itself an indicator of health, not only because
of the reefs‟ current state, but also for its importance to fish populations (Spalding & Jarvis,
2002). Coral health is not only impacted by increased nutrients and algal growth, but by
other factors, both naturally occurring and anthropogenically introduced. A report produced
by the United Nations Environment Programme World Conservation Monitoring Centre
(UNEP-WCMC) in 2004 stated that nearly 66% of Caribbean reefs are at risk from
anthropogenic activities, with over 40% of reefs at high to very high risk (UNEP-WCMC,
2006).
Through monitoring the abundances of hard corals, algae and various other key benthic
species, as well as numbers of Diadema urchin encountered, we aim to determine not only
the current health of the local reefs but also to track any shifts in phase state over time.
Fish Populations
Fish surveys are focused on specific species that play an important role in the ecology of
the reef as herbivores, carnivores, commercially important fish or those likely to be
affected by human activities (AGRRA, 2000).
© GVI – 2010 Page 9
For more in depth rationale of the importance of each of the key fish families please see
previous GVI Pez Maya reports.
All reef fish play an important role in maintaining the health and balance of a reef
community. Fishing typically removes larger predatory fish from the reef, which not only
alters the size structure of the reef fish communities, but with the reduction in predation
pressure, the abundance of fish further down the food chain is now determined through
competition for resources (AGRRA, 2000).
Although each fish is important, the removal of herbivores can have a considerable impact
on the health of the reef, particularly in an algal dominated state, which without their
presence has little chance of returning to coral dominance. Through the monitoring of
these fish and by estimating their size, the current condition of the reef at each site can be
assessed, any trends or changes can be tracked and improvements or deteriorations
determined.
The monitoring of juvenile fish concentrates on a few specific species. The presence and
number of larvae at different sites can be used as an indication of potential future
population size and diversity. Due to the extensive distribution of larvae, however,
numbers cannot be used to determine the spawning potential of a specific reef. The
removal of fish from a population as a result of fishing, however, may influence spawning
potential and affect larval recruitment on far away reefs. The removal of juvenile predators
through fishing may also alter the number of recruits surviving to spawn themselves
(AGRRA, 2000).
Together with the information collected about adult fish a balanced picture of the reef fish
communities at different sites can be obtained.
Physical Parameters
For the optimum health and growth of coral communities certain factors need to remain
relatively stable. Measurements of turbidity, water temperature, salinity, cloud cover, and
sea state are taken during survey dives. Temperature increases or decreases can
negatively influence coral health and survival. As different species have different optimum
temperature ranges, changes can also influence species richness. Corals also require
© GVI – 2010 Page 10
clear waters to allow for optimum photosynthesis. The turbidity of the water can be
influenced by weather, storms or high winds stirring up the sediment, or anthropogenic
activities such as deforestation and coastal construction. Increased turbidity reduces light
levels and can result in stress to the coral. Any increase in coral stress levels can result in
them becoming susceptible to disease or result in a bleaching event.
In the near future, GVI Pez Maya hopes to be able to use this data for analysis of temporal
and seasonal changes and try to correlate any coral health issues with sudden or
prolonged irregularities within these physical parameters.
2.2 Aims
The projects at Pez Maya and Punta Gruesa aim to identify species and their resilience to
environmental stressors. The projects also aim to ascertain areas of high species diversity,
areas of high algal mass, fish species and abundance.
2.3 Methodology
The methods employed for the underwater visual census work are those outlined in the
MBRS manual (Almada-Villela et al., 2003), but to summarize, GVI use three separate
methods for buddy pairs:
Buddy method 1: Surveys of corals, algae and other sessile organisms
Buddy method 2: Belt transect counts for coral reef fish
Buddy Method 3: Coral Rover and Fish Rover diver
The separate buddy pair systems are outlined in detail in Appendix I.
The monitoring program that takes place every expedition at Pez Maya replicates a similar
study conducted over 15 years ago (Padilla et al. 1992), concentrating monitoring efforts
on the reefs in the northern area of the Sian Ka‟an Biosphere. The current project run by
GVI uses similar methods implemented during this earlier study (Almada-Villela et al.,
2003 and Woods-Ballard et al., 2005). Table 2-3-1 details the name, depth and GPS
points of the monitoring sites. Figure 2-3-1 shows the locations of the monitoring sites.
© GVI – 2010 Page 11
Figure 2-3-1. Map of the permanent monitoring sites for GVI Pez Maya (Courtesy of JuniperGIS)
© GVI – 2010 Page 12
Location Site ID Depth (m) Latitude Longitude
La Colonia LC10 10.9 19.78693º N 087.43310º W
LC20 17.9 19.78637º N 087.42628º W
Paso Juana PJ05 6.1 20.01498º N 087.46475º W
PJ10 9.1 20.01690º N 087.46215º W
Paso Lagrimas PL05 3 20.05045º N 087.47035º W
PL10 6.7 20.05200º N 087.46625º W
PL20 16.7 20.05138º N 087.46275º W
Punta Xamach PX05 7.4 19.93205º N 087.43415º W
PX10 12.3 19.93395º N 087.43355º W
PX20 16.2 19.93333º N 087.43213º W
Table 2-3-1. Name, depth and GPS points of the permanent (SMP) monitoring sites for the GVI Pez
Maya programme during phases 1 and 3
2.4 Results
Benthic Data
A total of 209 corals were monitored for coral community studies, sighting 19 incidences of
disease. Dark spot disease accounted for 84.21% of the diseases seen; almost 94% of the
dark spot recorded were found on Siderastrea siderea. Other diseases noted were white
plague, yellow blotch and white band disease. Different levels of bleaching were recorded
on 33% of all corals monitored, with 4.35% of these being totally bleached, 43.48%
partially bleached and 52.17% pale bleached. Predation by sponges and zoanthids was
recorded on only 12 individual colonies.
The point intercept data showed average hermatypic coral coverage to be 9.4% across all
the sites (Figure 2-4-1), fitting with the Caribbean average of 10%, with macroalgae
coverage at 62.17%. The remaining 29% is made up of smaller and less abundant reef
creatures, such as bryozoans, corallimorphs, coralline algae, gorgonians, sponges,
tunicates and zoanthids. Of the 170 corals monitored along the coral transects,
Siderastrea siderea was the most commonly seen, accounting for 30.59%. The next two
most abundant corals were Porites astreoides and Agaricia agarcities, with percentage
abundances of 17.65 and 12.65, respectively. PL10 showed the highest percentage coral
cover with 13.3%, whereas PJ05 had the least coral cover with 5.3%.
© GVI – 2010 Page 13
0
2
4
6
8
10
12
14
PJ05 PJ10 PL10
Sites
% C
ora
l C
over
Figure 2-4-1 Breakdown of percentage coral cover observed this phase, by site
Fish Populations
504 adult target fish were recorded over 32 transects at four monitoring sites. The average
number of fish recorded per transect ranged from 11.5 (PL20) to 19.38 (PL10) (Table 2-1-
2). The most commonly record family was Acanthuridae (Figure. 2-1-2), making up 46.2%
of the total number of adult fish recorded. The site that showed the most species diversity
was PL20 with 23 different species being recorded.
© GVI – 2010 Page 14
Figure 2-4-2. Total number of individuals recorded within each family for each monitoring site
PL10 PL20 PJ05 PJ10
Total number of adult individuals 155 92 151 106
Average number of adult fish per transect 19.375 11.5 18.875 13.25
Total number of juvenile individuals 165 153 134 311
Average number of juveniles per transect 20.63 19.13 16.75 38.88
Table 2-4-1. Total number of individuals recorded for each monitoring site and the average number of
individuals recorded per transect for adult and juvenile fish
763 juvenile fish were recorded covering four families. The most commonly recorded
juvenile family was Labridae, with the three most common species recorded being;
Thalassoma bifasciatum (Bluehead Wrasse), Halichoeres garnoti (Yellowhead Wrasse)
and Stegastes partitus (Bicolour Damsel). The average number of juveniles recorded per
transect ranged from 16.75 at PJ05 to 38.88 at PJ10 (Table 2-4-1).
© GVI – 2010 Page 15
2.5 Discussion
Benthic Cover
Due to weather conditions greatly inhibiting the monitoring programme this phase, in terms
of both training and the ability to send boats to the sites, only three of the ten monitoring
sites were monitored; PJ05, PJ10 and PL10.
Macroalgae is consistently the dominant benthic species recorded at Pez Maya. This is in
line with benthic cover in the rest of the Caribbean, following a phase shift from coral to
algal dominance. The highest percentage coral cover was recorded at PL10. The variation
in percentage coral cover could be attributable to the differences in location, which will
allow for variation in currents and therefore nutrient cycling, along with variation in growth
factors such as salinity, temperature and turbidity. PL10 is midway along a spur and
groove reef, generally high in fish and coral abundance.
Siderastrea siderea is consistently one of the most abundant corals recorded at our
monitoring sites. This species tends to be particularly susceptible to pale bleaching, which
could explain the high percentage of pale bleached corals recorded. When a coral is
bleached, the stress levels on the colony increase, which makes the coral more
susceptible to disease, especially dark spot, in the case of S. siderea. The high abundance
of this species, combined with its tendency to become bleached, could therefore be solely
attributable to the number of corals recorded with dark spot disease this phase. There
were only three other types of disease recorded, each presenting only on a single colony.
Fish Populations
Due to the adverse weather conditions and the distance of the sites from the Pez Maya
base, La Colonia and Punta Xamach were not monitored during this phase and fish data
was not collected for all depths.
Acanthuridae was again the most common family recorded, representing a greater
percentage of the adult fish recorded than in the previous phase. This increase could in
part be explained by the large number of Acanthurus bahianus and A. coeruleus observed
© GVI – 2010 Page 16
at PL10 (76 and 44 respectively). With the reefs around Pez Maya being dominated by
algae, food sources for this family of grazers would be in high abundance.
A greater number of juveniles were recorded this phase. The average number of
individuals recorded per transect has increased this phase from 9 in 093 up to 23.84 in
103. This is a large increase and it may be explained by the use of experienced volunteers
who were surveying for five weeks collecting much of the data, increasing accuracy of
identification and sizing. Many of the juvenile species recorded are small and experience
enables divers to better understand the behaviour of the fish and where best to observe
them on the reef.
© GVI – 2010 Page 17
3. Community Programme
3.1 Introduction
Working within the local community is a key aspect of the work which GVI is doing within
Mexico. In Pez Maya we have been working closely with two local communities: Punta
Allen and Nuevo Durango.
In Punta Allen there are two different programmes: English lessons with environmental
education and a recycling project “Punta Allen Verde” (PAVER). PAVER is a recycling
project that has several objectives: to create a solid waste separation programme, to
encourage people to participate and separate their rubbish, to make some profit to be able
to maintain the recycling centre and to make Punta Allen an example to follow.
For a community living inside the Reserve, as well as a fishing village, educational
programmes are very important to provide tools that could help the local residents develop
the area beneficially for themselves, their professions and needs, whilst protecting it for the
future. A lot of work has been done in the last 6 years, however it is important to continue
reinforcing the knowledge that they have and continue passing it on to the new
generations.
In Nuevo Durango, we work with a Mayan community that have been developing a new
way of producing organic vegetables. Even though the Yucatan peninsula has a limestone
base which makes difficult to grow vegetables, they came up with a system to be able to
produce. They make their own soil by making compost in their back yards.
3.2 Objectives
The objectives of the community programme in Pez Maya are:
1. To raise awareness about the importance of the ecosystems that surround their
area, providing them with information about it and organizing activities to reinforce
the knowledge given.
2. To provide locals with English lessons that will help them to develop a skill that is
necessary for them in order to be able to communicate with the growing tourist
visitors that come to the area.
© GVI – 2010 Page 18
3. To participate in the different activities that are organized by the community and
provide help when needed.
3.3 Activities and achievements
Mayan farm
Due to the soil composition within the Yucatán growing crops can be a challenging
business due to the lack of nutrients and the amount of rocks found within the soil. As
such, the volunteers spent the day collecting and cutting vegetation and manure and
arranging it to set up a compost pit for a different family each week. On occasion, the
volunteers were able to help more than one family; once the compost is ready the families
use it to grow their own marketable crops.
Each week the families prepared lunch for the volunteers and during this time the
volunteers were able to gain a little more knowledge and experience about a different way
of life within Mexico. Pez Maya also supports the Mayan farmers by purchasing some of
our weekly fruit and vegetable supply from the families.
Punta Allen
Volunteers visited the village once a week. The English lessons were for children and were
carried out while they are at school. We worked with three different levels: Kinder garden,
Primary and Secondary school. The volunteers prepared the lesson on base a few days
before they went. Some other activities that were included in the lessons were games,
songs, painting. Often an environmental theme was included.
After lunch, the volunteers went to the recycling centre to help in different activities like
collecting plastics around town, tidying up the centre, making containers for the recycling.
The activities vary depending on what have the people in the village needing doing.
3.4 Review
Punta Allen
Due to the schools summer break this phase we put our English lesson with the local
children on hold but continued to travel down to Punta Allen to assist with the Punta Allen
Verde (PAVER) project. We had 8 visits where the volunteers and staff went out to collect
plastics and other recycling from different points around town. As well there was some
© GVI – 2010 Page 19
work done in the recycling centre, mostly tidying up and clearing the vegetation to be able
to store the recycling.
Mayan farm
This phase the volunteers travelled to Nuevo Durango 9 times, helping in total ten families
within the villages which now have a composting area. As well we continued buying
products that they are producing to support their business. It was very rewarding for the
volunteers to know how they produce vegetables in their back yard with their help.
© GVI – 2010 Page 20
4. Incidental Sightings Programme
4.1 Introduction
Pez Maya implemented an incidental sightings program in 2003. Species that make up the
incidental sightings list are:
Sharks and Rays
Eels
Turtles
Marine Mammals
Snakes and Crocodiles
Terrestrial Mammals
Lionfish
These species are not included in the MBRS monitoring programme that is implemented at
Pez Maya, but they are good indicators of reef health and provide early warnings of
changes, therefore it is useful to continue keeping long term records of which species are
around.
The groups are identified to species level where possible and added to the data collected
by the Ocean Biogeographic Information Systems Spatial Ecological Analysis of
Megavertebrate Populations (OBIS-SEAMAP) database. An interactive online archive for
marine mammal, seabird and turtle data, OBIS-SEAMAP aims to improve understanding
of the distribution and ecology of marine mega fauna by quantifying global patterns of
biodiversity, undertaking comparative studies, and monitoring the status of and impacts on
threatened species.
4.2 Aims
The aim of the project is to record all megafauna sightings in the vicinity of Pez Maya and
to keep track of the population numbers and spread of lionfish.
4.3 Methodology
For each incidental sighting seen; it is identified, the date, time, location, depth observed,
number of individuals and their size are all recorded. The volunteers are given a
presentation on incidental species during science training, which aids in identification.
© GVI – 2010 Page 21
Since phase 101, GVI Pez Maya has also been recording lionfish sightings. Over the past
decade the Pacific Lionfish (Pterois volitans) has established itself along the Atlantic coast
as a result of multiple releases (intentional or otherwise) from private aquaria. This
invasive species, lacking in natural predators, has adapted well to the warm waters of the
Caribbean, and is currently spreading its geographical range along the Mesoamerican
coastline.
4.4 Results
A total of 174 incidental sightings were recorded, with 55 of these being lionfish sightings.
Compared to previous phases this shows an above average sighting frequency.
The two most abundant sighting categories observed were; rays, and snakes and
crocodiles, with 32 individual sightings each. Turtles were one of the least recorded with a
12 individual sightings; this is a considerable decrease from the previous phase (33
sightings).
During the phase, two turtle species were recorded; Green and Loggerhead. There were
no sightings of the Hawksbill turtle, unlike in previous phases. The fourth species that can
be found in the area, the Leatherback, is categorized as critically endangered by the IUCN,
and has not been recorded since monitoring began. Within the total of 12 individuals,
three were Green, six were Loggerheads and four were unidentified.
The total number of eels sighted was 16 and sharks, 12. Both of these show an increase
over the previous phase. The most common shark species sighted was the nurse shark,
with 11 sightings. Four other species that have been sighted previously, (Blacktip, Bull
shark, reef shark and hammerhead) were not recorded during 103.
Rays are regularly amongst the most commonly recorded Incidental Sightings. Several
species of ray are monitored; the Caribbean Stingray, Giant Manta Ray, Lesser Electric
Ray, Southern Stingray, Spotted Eagle Ray and Yellow Stingray. The Southern Stingray
was the most commonly sighted of the rays with a total of 18 sightings.
Of the marine mammals sighted during phase 103, Bottlenose dolphins accounted for the
majority with a total of 10 sightings, and manatees follow the trend of declining numbers
© GVI – 2010 Page 22
since phase 72 with just one sighting. The other species recorded is the Atlantic spotted
dolphin which was identified four times. Phase 103´s frequency of marine mammal
sightings appears to fit in with the trend for previous phases.
Phase 103 saw the highest recorded sightings of snakes and crocodiles when compared
to previous phases. Since phase 101, sightings of snakes and crocodiles have been
steadily increasing with the majority being crocodile sightings.
Since the lionfish monitoring started in phase 093 there has been a dramatic increase in
sightings. Phase 103 recorded 55 individual sightings; more than double the sightings of
phase 101.
4.5 Discussion
Incidental sightings of large marine creatures are often good indicators of how healthy an
ecosystem is. As can be seen from previous data, the number of sightings and species
recorded varies from phase to phase, with few obvious trends. These species are highly
mobile animals and therefore their movements depend on a range of external factors.
Phase 101 had the greatest total number of recorded incidental sightings since the
implementation of the programme. However, variation in recorded numbers could be a
reflection of the amount of diving that occurred. Over the past two years there has been a
steady increase in the number of sightings, suggesting an increase in reef health. In 073,
Hurricane Dean hit the coast of Mexico and greatly affected the reef and animals that live
in and around it. The number of incidental sightings recorded during phase 101 shows a
return to similar numbers before the hurricane hit, suggesting reef recovery.
Turtles were one of the least recorded species with a total of 12 individual sightings; this is
a dramatic change when compared to Phase 102. This is an expected result and seems to
follow a predictable pattern. Nesting season for all turtle species found on the Yucatan
runs between May and September which coincides with the 2nd phase of each year.
Phase 103 is be towards the end of the season and subsequently has reduced numbers of
turtle sightings.
© GVI – 2010 Page 23
With the exception of phase 101, phase 103 follows the trend of rays being the most
commonly sighted species with a total of 32 sightings. This could be for a number of
reasons; rays tend to lay stationary on sandy bottoms in open water and would therefore
be more easily spotted. They are also frequently seen close to the shore whilst observers
are swimming or snorkelling and this too could explain the slightly higher numbers
recorded.
The lower numbers of eel and shark sightings could be due to the lifestyle of the species´.
Eels hide in rocky crevices away from passing predators or prey and are therefore more
difficult to spot. Sharks are generally mobile and pelagic, and sightings would
subsequently not be as common. This is with the exception of the nurse shark however,
which was the most commonly sighted species. Nurse sharks are reef dwellers and are
able to remain in one place without having to move to breathe; therefore they are most
likely to be spotted on Pez Maya sites. On occasions sharks have also been observed in
the shallows near the lagoon mouth; however it can be hard to assert exact numbers and
species from the surface.
Marine mammal sightings have been increasing in the last four phases. The majority of
mammals seen were dolphins, with the exception of one manatee, and although some are
unidentified, it is likely that they were all bottlenose dolphins as this is the main species
seen in the area. Mammals are difficult to monitor as they generally inhabit deeper pelagic
waters. In addition dolphins are mostly observed from the surface by boat, therefore exact
numbers can be difficult to determine. Manatees generally prefer the calmer waters of the
mangrove lagoons than the ocean, which could explain the reduced number of sightings
as most dives are generally outside the reef.
Phase 103 saw the highest recorded sightings of snakes and crocodiles than all other
phases. Since phase 101, sightings have been steadily increasing with the majority being
crocodile sightings. Mangroves are the likely place to encounter crocodiles which involves
a walk to the bridge early morning or early evening. This would suggest that in recent
phases more people are actively seeking to look for crocodiles, and results would
therefore depend on the volunteers we have on base.
© GVI – 2010 Page 24
It could be thought that some categories or species (e.g. snakes and land mammals) may
be under-represented, as observers tend to concentrate on known target species and
forget to record other species.
The staggering increase in lionfish sightings poses a potentially large problem for the reefs
at Pez Maya. This problem will only increase unless more efforts are made to keep the
population in check. Regular catch and removal of this species is vital to reduce the
increasing numbers.
© GVI – 2010 Page 25
5. Marine Litter Monitoring Programme
5.1 Introduction
Pez Maya‟s location on the Yucatan Peninsula means that it faces the Caribbean current.
This is a circular current that, combined with the Loop and Yucatan currents, transports a
significant amount of water north-westerly through the Caribbean Sea. The main source is
from the equatorial Atlantic Ocean. Due to the volume of water that is transported and both
the nature and origin of said currents, it is possible that the litter being found is from quite
far afield.
Marine litter is prevalent along the Caribbean coast and is not only unsightly but a health
hazard to marine life and humans alike. In order to collect more data on this issue a beach
clean is conducted weekly every phase on a fixed transect. This is a worldwide project to
collect data and represents only one technique to monitor marine litter.
5.2 Aims
To collect data that quantifies the extent of marine litter, which will help to conserve
terrestrial and marine fauna threatened by litter. Improve beach aesthetics and to create
and use methodology suitable for continuing in future expeditions. As well, to create a
monitoring programme that can be implemented in other locations within the reserve.
5.3 Methodology
The beach clean takes place weekly along the same 300 metre stretch of beach. The
beach transect is cleaned one week prior to the beginning of data collection so that only
the weekly accumulation of marine debris is recorded. Marine debris is collected from the
tidemark to the vegetation line to eliminate waste created by inland sources. The waste is
sorted into categories and then weighed. The litter is categorised as follows:
o Fabrics o Natural materials
o Glass o Medical waste
o Plastics o Rubber
o Polystyrene o Rope
o Metals o Other
© GVI – 2010 Page 26
5.4 Results
A total of 130.74 kg of marine litter was collected this phase (Table 5-4-1). Plastic
accounted for approximately 47% of the total weight collected. Even though polystyrene
was one of the smallest categories in terms of weight, in volume it was one of the most
numerous and in reality accounts for a large proportion of litter on the transect.
Table 5-4-1. Total weight of materials in kg collected during each phase over the previous year
Categories
Phase
093 094 101 102 103
Fabric 0.05 1.05 0.00 0.00 0.00
Glass 4.48 5.80 5.08 6.45 5.50
Medical waste 0.97 0.04 0.09 0.05 1.70
Metal 1.09 5.35 0.31 0.07 8.15
Natural Material 3.94 7.15 11.40 0.25 3.10
Other 13.65 13.43 9.94 11.45 26.10
Plastic 80.10 124.10 65.31 56.10 61.68
Polystyrene 2.64 3.37 2.80 3.90 4.91
Rope 14.70 6.58 4.59 7.95 19.60
Other 0.00 0.41 0.00 2.20 0.00
Total 121.62 167.28 99.52 88.42 130.74
© GVI – 2010 Page 27
0
50
100
150
200
250
052 053 054 061 063 064 071 072 073 074 081 082 083 084 091 092 093 094 101 102 103
Tota
l We
igh
t o
f M
arin
e L
itte
r (k
g)
Phase
Figure 5-4-1. Total Weight Collected in phase 103 (Kg)
5.5 Discussion
As has been the case for the majority of monitors, plastics have again constituted the
largest volume of all the categories this phase. This could be due to its light weight making
it easy to transport and its robustness against degradation. The fact that the level of plastic
found is consistently high from phase to phase is a worrying trend. When plastics such as
Polythene, found in plastic bags, breaks down it forms smaller plastic particles that can
contaminate the food web and be passed on through the trophic levels. Plastic debris can
act like a sponge soaking up toxic chemical compounds. Once these are ingested into the
food chain the high concentrations will be spread from organism to organism until the
levels become fatal.
Even though the data shows a large volume of rubbish being collected from a relatively
small section of beach, the results do not do justice to the actual problem at hand.
Plastic bottles collected may not necessarily be washed up by the sea, but could be
deposited on land by visitors. In addition, heavier materials such as metals and water
logged fabrics are likely to sink to the sea bed. Subsequently they would not get washed
up on our shorelines and as such would not be included in the monitoring transects.
© GVI – 2010 Page 28
6. Bird Monitoring Programme
6.1 Introduction
The bird survey programme continues to study the diversity of species present around Pez
Maya. The survey also highlights the importance of the area as a corridor for migrating
species and those that overwinter in the Yucatan.
The Yucatan Peninsula lies on the Atlantic slope and is geographically very different from
the rest of Mexico: It is a low-level limestone shelf on the east coast extending north into
the Caribbean. The vegetation ranges from rainforest in the south to arid scrub
environments in the north. The coastlines are predominantly sandy beaches but also
include extensive networks of mangroves and lagoons, providing a wide variety of habitats
capable of supporting large resident populations of birds.
Due to the location of the Yucatan peninsula, its population of resident breeders is
significantly enlarged by seasonal migrants. There are four different types of migratory
birds: Winter visitors migrate south from North America during the winter (August to May).
Summer residents live and breed in Mexico but migrate to South America for the winter
months. Transient migrants are birds that breed in North America and migrate to South
America in the winter but stop or pass through Mexico. Pelagic visitors are birds that live
offshore but stop or pass through the region.
6.2 Aims
The aims of the bird monitoring programme are to develop a species list for the area in
order to gain an idea of the abundance and diversity of bird species. Long-term bird data
gathered over a sustained period could highlight trends not noticeable to short-term
surveys. It also aims to educate the volunteers in bird identification techniques, expanding
on their general identification skills. The birding project also provides a good opportunity to
obtain a better understanding of area diversity and the ecosystem as a whole.
© GVI – 2010 Page 29
6.3 Methodology
A member of staff accompanied by volunteers monitor the transects daily between 6 and
8am. There are five transects - Beach, Bridge, Road, Base and Mangrove. These
transects were selected to cover a range of habitats, including coastline, mangroves,
secondary growth and scrub. The transects are completed in approximately 30 minutes to
allow for consistency of data. To reduce duplication of data, recordings are taken in one
direction only which also helps to avoid double-counting where individuals are very active
or numerous. Birds are identified using binoculars, cameras and a range of identification
books. Identification of calls is also possible for a limited number of species by
experienced observers. If the individual species cannot be identified then birds are
recorded to family level.
Each survey records the following information; location, date, start time, end time, name of
recorders and number of each species seen. Wind and cloud cover have also been
recorded to allow consideration of physical parameters.
6.4 Results
36 transects were carried out this phase - eight transects at the Beach and Bridge sites,
seven at the Mangrove and Base sites, and six at the Road site. A total of 1684 individuals
were recorded, 1016 of which were identified to species level and 668 to genus level.
Figure 6-4-1 Bird sightings by status during 103
Resident breeder
Winter (non breeding) visitor
Summer resident (breeder)
Breeding colony
© GVI – 2010 Page 30
Common name Species Sightings
Magnificent frigatebird Fregata magnificens 260
White Ibis Eudocimus albus 118
Melodious blackbird Dives dives 96
Tropical mockingbird Mimus gilvus 91
Great-tailed grackle Quiscalus mexicanus 74
Brown pelican Pelecanus occidentalis 72
Turkey vulture Cathartes aura 41
Ruddy turnstone Arenaria interpres 38
Osprey Pandion haliaetus 30
Great blue heron Ardea herodias 26
Royal tern Sterna m. maxima 26
Least tern Sterna antillarum 18
Hooded Oriole Icterus cucullatus 13
Laughing gull Larus atricilla 12
White-winged dove Zenaida asiatica 12
Great Egret Egretta alba egretta 11
Bare-throated Tiger heron Tigrisoma mexicanum 10
Table 6-4-1 Total Species Composition of phase 103
6.5 Discussion
A long term data set continues to be established for the birds around Pez Maya. The main
populations appear to be from resident breeders. A single species, the Magnificent Frigate,
made up the majority of sightings although this is due to its behaviour and is seen on all
transects. It is easily identified therefore cannot categorically be named as the most
common species of phase 103. Surveys will continue to be carried out to highlight the
diversity of birds around the base and the change in species through the year.
© GVI – 2010 Page 31
7. References
Almada-Villela P.C., Sale P.F., Gold-Bouchot G., Kjerfve B. 2003. Manual of Methods for
the MBRS Synoptic Monitoring System: Selected Methods for Monitoring Physical and
Biological Parameters for Use in the Mesoamerican Region. Mesoamerican Barrier Reef
Systems Project (MBRS). http://www.mbrs.org.bz.
Global Visions International Annual Report, 2006.
McClanahan, T.R., Muthiga, N.A. (1998) An ecological shift in a remote coral atoll of Belize
over 25 years. Environmental Conservation 25: 122-130.
Padilla C., Gutierrez D. Lara M., Garcia C. 1992. Coral Reefs of the Biosphere Reserve of
Sian Ka‟an, Quintana Roo, Mexico. Proceedings of the International Coral Reef
Symposium, Guam. 2, 986-992.
Spalding, M.D., Jarvis, G.E. (2002). The impact of the 1998 coral mortality on reef fish
communities in the Seychelles. Marine Pollution Bulletin 44: 309-321.
UNEP-WCMC (2006). In the front line: shoreline protection and other ecosystem services
from mangroves and coral reefs. UNEP-WCMC, Cambridge, UK.
Woods-Ballard A.J., Rix C.E., Gwenin S.R. (Eds). 2005. Global Vision International, Pez
Maya, Annual Report. In Collaboration with Amigos de Sian Ka'an and Comisión Nacional
de Areas Naturales Protegidas. Global Vision International, Mexico Report Series No. 002
ISSN 1748-9369.
© GVI – 2010 Page 32
8. Appendices
Appendix I – SMP Methodology Outlines
Buddy method 1: Surveys of corals, algae and other sessile organisms
At each monitoring site five replicate 30m transect lines are deployed randomly within
100m of the GPS point. The transect line is laid across the reef surface at a constant
depth, either perpendicular to the reef edge or along coral spurs.
The first diver of this monitoring buddy pair collects data on the characterisation of the
coral community under the transect line. Swimming along the transect line the diver
identifies, to species level, each hermatypic coral directly underneath the transect that is at
least 10cm at its widest point and in the original growth position. If a colony has been
knocked or has fallen over, it is only recorded if it has become reattached to the
substratum. In addition to identifying the coral to species level, the diver also records the
water depth at the top of the corals, at the beginning and end of each transect. In cases
where bottom topography is very irregular, or the size of the individual corals is very
variable, water depth is recorded at the top of each coral beneath the transect line at any
major change in depth (greater than 1m).
The diver then identifies the colony boundaries based on verifiable connective or common
skeleton. Using a measuring pole, the colonies projected diameter (live plus dead areas)
in plan view and maximum height (live plus dead areas) from the base of the colonies
substratum are measured.
From plane view perspective, the percentage of coral that is not healthy (separated into
old dead and recent dead) is also estimated.
The first diver also notes any cause of mortality including diseases and/or predation and
any bleached tissue present. The diseases are characterised using the following ten
categories:
© GVI – 2010 Page 33
Black band disease Red band disease
White band disease Hyperplasm and Neoplasm (irregular growths)
White plague Predation and type
Yellow blotch disease Bleaching and type
Dark spot disease Unknown
Furthermore, bleaching is characterised as a percentage and any other features of note
are also recorded. Areas of mortality (old and recent), disease, predation and bleaching
are summed to provide an estimate of unhealthy coral. This final value will be used with
GIS software and future reporting.
The second diver measures the percentage cover of sessile organisms and substrate
along the 30m transect, recording the nature of the substrate or organism directly every
25cm along the transect. Organisms are classified into the following groups:
Coralline algae - crusts or finely branched algae that are hard (calcareous) and extend no
more than 2cm above the substratum
Turf algae - may look fleshy and/or filamentous but do not rise more than 1cm above the
substrate
Macroalgae - include fleshy and calcareous algae whose fronds are projected more than
1cm above the substrate. Three of these are further classified into additional groups which
include Halimeda, Dictyota, and Lobophora
Gorgonians
Hermatypic corals - to species level, where possible
Bare rock, sand and rubble
Any other sessile organisms e.g. sponges, tunicates, zoanthids, hydroids and crinoids.
Where possible, these are recorded to order or family.
Buddy method 2: Belt transect counts for coral reef fish
At each monitoring site 8 replicate 30m transects lines are deployed randomly within 100m
of the GPS point. The transect line is laid just above the reef surface at a constant depth,
usually perpendicular to the reef slope. The first diver is responsible for swimming slowly
along the transect line identifying, counting and estimating the sizes of specific indicator
© GVI – 2010 Page 34
fish species in their adult phase. The diver visually estimates a two metre by two metre
„corridor‟ and carries a one meter T-bar divided into 10cm graduations to aid the accuracy
of the size estimation of the fish identified. The fish are assigned to the following size
categories:
0-5cm 20-30cm
5-10cm 30-40cm
10-20cm >40cm (with size specified)
The buddy pair then waits for three minutes at a short distance from the end of the
transect line before proceeding. This allows juvenile fish to return to their original positions
before they were potentially scared off by the divers during the adult transect. The second
diver swims slowly back along the transect surveying a one metre by one metre „corridor‟
and identifying and counting the presence of newly settled fish of the target species. In
addition, it is also this diver‟s responsibility to identify and count the Banded Shrimp,
Stenopus hispidus. This is a collaborative effort with UNAM to track this species as their
population is slowly dwindling due to their direct removal for the aquarium trade. The
juvenile diver also counts any Diadema antillarum individuals found on their transects.
This is aimed at tracking the slow come back of these urchins.
Buddy Method 3: Coral & Fish Rover divers
At each monitoring site the third buddy pair completes a thirty minute survey of the site in
an expanding square pattern, with one diver recording all adult fish species observed. The
approximate density of each fish species is categorised using the following numerations:
Single (1 fish)
Few (2-10 fish)
Many (11-100 fish)
Abundant (>100 fish)
The second diver swims alongside the Fish Rover diver and records, to species level, all
coral communities observed, regardless of size. The approximate density of each coral
species is then categorised using similar ranges to those for fish:
© GVI – 2010 Page 35
Single (1 community)
Few (2-10 communities)
Many (11-50 communities)
Abundant (>50 communities)
© GVI – 2010 Page 36
Appendix II - Adult Fish Indicator Species List
Analyzing the rover data gives us a broader view of additional organisms that may
constitute the reef site but that may not be represented from the randomly placed transect
lies. In the case of fish data, the rover data aids in collecting population size information of
target species that may keep away from a transect line due to the intimidating and possibly
invasive nature of unnatural objects and divers on the reef.
The following list includes only the adult fish species that are surveyed during monitoring
dives.
© GVI – 2010 Page 37
Scientific Name Common Name Scientific Name Common Name
Acanthurus coeruleus, Blue Tang Scarus guacamaia Rainbow Parrotfish
Acanthurus bahianus, Ocean Surgeonfish Scarus vetula Queen Parrotfish
Acanthurus chirurgus, Doctorfish Sparisoma viride Stoplight Parrotfish
Chaetodon striatus, Banded Butterflyfish Scarus taeniopterus Princess Parrotfish
Chaetodon capistratus, Four Eye Butterflyfish Scarus iserti Striped Parrotfish
Chaetodon ocellatus, Spotfin Butterflyfish Sparisoma aurofrenatum Redband Parrotfish
Chaetodon aculeatus, Longsnout Butterflyfish Sparisoma chrysopterum Redtail Parrotfish
Haemulon flavolineatum French Grunt Sparisoma rubripinne Yellowtail Parrotfish
Haemulon striatum Striped Grunt Sparisoma atomarium Greenblotch Parrotfish
Haemulon plumierii White Grunt Sparisoma radians Bucktooth Parrotfish
Haemulon sciurus Bluestriped Grunt Epinephelus itajara Goliath Grouper
Haemulon carbonarium Caesar Grunt Epinephelus striatus Nassau Grouper
Haemulon chrysargyreum Smallmouth Grunt Mycteroperca venenosa Yellowfin Grouper
Haemulon aurolineatum Tomtate Mycteroperca bonaci Black Grouper
Haemulon melanurum Cottonwick Mycteroperca tigris Tiger Grouper
Haemulon macrostomum Spanish Grunt Mycteroperca interstitialis Yellowmouth Grouper
Haemulon parra Sailor‟s Choice Epinephelus guttatus Red Hind
Haemulon album White Margate Epinephelus adscensionis Rock Hind
Anisotremus virginicus Porkfish Cephalopholis cruentatus Graysby
Anisotremus surinamensis Black Margate Cephalopholis fulvus Coney
Lutjanus analis Mutton Snapper Balistes vetula Queen Triggerfish
Lutjanus griseus Gray Snapper Balistes capriscus Gray Triggerfish
Lutjanus cyanopterus Cubera Snapper Canthidermis sufflamen Ocean Triggerfish
Lutjanus jocu Dog Snapper Xanithichthys ringens Sargassum Triggerfish
Lutjanus mahogoni Mahaogany Snapper Melichthys niger Black Durgon
Lutjanus apodus Schoolmaster Aluterus scriptus Scrawled Filefish
Lutjanus synagris Lane Snapper Cantherhines pullus Orangespotted Filefish
Ocyurus chrysurus Yellowtail Snapper Cantherhines macrocerus Whitespotted Filefish
Holacanthus ciliaris Queen Angelfish Bodianus rufus Spanish Hogfish
Pomacanthus paru French Angelfish Lachnolaimus maximus Hogfish
Pomacanthus arcuatus Grey Angelfish Caranx rubber Bar Jack
Holacanthus tricolour Rock Beauty Microspathodon chrysurus Yellowtail Damselfish
Scarus coeruleus Blue Parrotfish Sphyraena barracuda Great Barracuda
Scarus coelestinus Midnight Parrotfish
© GVI – 2010 Page 38
Appendix III - Juvenile Fish Indicator Species List
The subsequent list specifies the juvenile fish species and their maximum target length
that are recorded during monitoring dives
Scientific Name Common Name Max. target length (cm)
Acanthurus bahianus Ocean surgeonfish 5 Acanthurus coeruleus Blue tang 5 Chaetodon capistratus Foureye butterflyfish 2 Chaetodon striatus Banded butterflyfish 2 Gramma loreto Fairy basslet 3 Bodianus rufus Spanish hogfish 3.5 Halichoeres bivittatus Slipperydick 3 Halichoeres garnoti Yellowhead wrasse 3 Halichoeres maculipinna Clown wrasse 3 Thalassoma bifasciatum Bluehead wrasse 3 Halichoeres pictus Rainbow wrasse 3 Chromis cyanea Blue chromis 3.5 Stegastes adustus Dusky damselfish 2.5 Stegastes diencaeus Longfin damselfish 2.5 Stegastes leucostictus Beaugregory 2.5 Stegastes partitus Bicolour damselfish 2.5 Stegastes planifrons Threespot damselfish 2.5 Stegastes variabilis Cocoa damselfish 2.5 Scarus iserti Striped parrotfish 3.5 Scarus taeniopterus Princess parrotfish 3.5 Sparisoma atomarium Greenblotch parrotfish 3.5 Sparisoma aurofrenatum Redband parrotfish 3.5 Sparisoma viride Stoplight parrotfish 3.5
© GVI – 2010 Page 39
Appendix IV – Coral Species List
Family Genus Species Family Genus Species
Acroporidae Acropora cervicornis Meandrinidae Dendrogyra cylindrus
Acroporidae Acropora palmata Meandrinidae Dichocoenia stokesii
Acroporidae Acropora prolifera Meandrinidae Meandrina meandrites
Agariciidae Agaricia agaricites Milliporidae Millepora alcicornis
Agariciidae Agaricia fragilis Milliporidae Millepora complanata
Agariciidae Agaricia grahamae Mussidae Isophyllastrea rigida
Agariciidae Agaricia lamarcki Mussidae Isophyllia sinuosa
Agariciidae Agaricia tenuifolia Mussidae Mussa angulosa
Agariciidae Agaricia undata Mussidae Mycetophyllia aliciae
Agariciidae Helioceris cucullata Mussidae Mycetophyllia ferox
Antipatharia Cirrhipathes leutkeni Mussidae Mycetophyllia lamarckiana
Astrocoeniidae Stephanocoenia intersepts Mussidae Mycetophyllia reesi
Caryophylliidae Eusmilia fastigiana Mussidae Scolymia sp.
Faviidae Colpophyllia natans Pocilloporidae Madracis decactis
Faviidae Diploria clivosa Pocilloporidae Madracis formosa
Faviidae Diploria labrynthiformis Pocilloporidae Madracis mirabilis
Faviidae Diploria strigosa Pocilloporidae Madracis pharensis
Faviidae Favia fragum Poritidae Porites astreoides
Faviidae Manicina areolata Poritidae Porites divaricata
Faviidae Montastraea annularis Poritidae Porites furcata
Faviidae Montastraea cavernosa Poritidae Porites porites
Faviidae Montastraea faveolata Siderastridae Siderastrea radians
Faviidae Montastraea franksi Siderastridae Siderastrea sidereal
Faviidae Solenastrea bournoni Stylasteridae Stylaster roseus
Faviidae Solenastrea hyades
© GVI – 2010 Page 40
Appendix V - Fish Species List
This list was begun for Pez Maya in 2003. This list is compiled from the Adult and Rover
diver surveys.
Family Genus Species Common Names
Acanthuridae Acanthurus Bahianus Ocean surgeonfish
Acanthuridae Acanthurus Chirurgus Doctorfish
Acanthuridae Acanthurus Coeruleus Blue tang
Atherinidae, Clupeidae, Engraulididae Silversides, Herrings, Anchovies
Aulostomidae Aulostomus Maculates Trumpetfish
Balistidae Balistes Capriscus Gray triggerfish
Balistidae Balistes Vetula Queen triggerfish
Balistidae Canthidermis Sufflamen Ocean triggerfish
Balistidae Melichthys Niger Black durgon
Balistidae Xanithichthys Ringens Sargassum triggerfish
Bothidae Bothus Lunatus Peacock flounder
Carangidae Caranx Bartholomaei Yellow jack
Carangidae Caranx Crysos Blue runner
Carangidae Caranx Ruber Bar jack
Carangidae Trachinotus Falcatus Permit
Centropomidae Centropomus Undecimalis Common snook
Chaenopsidae Lucayablennius Zingaro Arrow blenny
Chaetodontidae Chaetodon Aculeatus Longsnout butterflyfish
Chaetodontidae Chaetodon Capistratus Foureye butterflyfish
Chaetodontidae Chaetodon Ocellatus Spotfin butterflyfish
Chaetodontidae Chaetodon Sedentarius Reef butterflyfish
Chaetodontidae Chaetodon Striatus Banded butterflyfish
Cirrhitidae Amblycirrhitus Pinos Red spotted hawkfish
Congridae Heteroconger Longissimus Brown garden eel
Dasyatidae Dasyatis Americana Southern stingray
Diodontidae Diodon Holocanthus Balloonfish
Elopidae Megalops Atlanticus Tarpon
Gobiidae Coryphopterus Eidolon Palid Goby
Gobiidae Coryphopterus Glaucofraenum Bridled goby
Gobiidae Coryphopterus Lipernes Peppermint goby
Gobiidae Coryphopterus personatus/hyalinus Masked/glass goby
Gobiidae Gnatholepis Thompsoni Goldspot goby
Gobiidae Gobiosoma Oceanops Neon goby.
Gobiidae Gobiosoma Prochilos Broadstripe goby
Grammatidae Gramma Loreto Fairy basslet
© GVI – 2010 Page 41
Family Genus Species Common Names
Grammatidae Gymnothorax Funebris Green moray
Grammatidae Gymnothorax Moringa Spotted moray
Haemulidae Anisotremus Virginicus Porkfish
Haemulidae Haemulon Album White margate
Haemulidae Haemulon Aurolineatum Tomtate
Haemulidae Haemulon Carbonarium Ceaser Grunt
Haemulidae Haemulon Flavolineatum French grunt
Haemulidae Haemulon Macrostomum Spanish grunt
Haemulidae Haemulon Plumierii White grunt
Haemulidae Haemulon Sciurus Bluestriped grunt
Haemulidae Haemulon Striatum Striped grunt
Haemulidae Anisotremus Surinamensis Black margate
Haemulidae Haemulon Parra Sailor‟s choice
Holocentridae Holocentrus Adscensionis Squirrelfish
Holocentridae Holocentrus Rufus Longspine squirrelfish
Holocentridae Myripristis Jacobus Blackbar soldierfish
Holocentridae Neoniphon Marianus Longjaw squirrelfish
Holocentridae Sargocentron Bullisi Deepwater squirrelfish
Holocentridae Sargocentron Coruscum Reef squirrelfish
Holocentridae Sargocentron Vexillarium Dusky squirrelfish
Kyphosidae Kyphosus sectatrix/incisor Chub
Labridae Bodianus Rufus Spanish hogfish
Labridae Clepticus Parrae Creole wrasse
Labridae Halichoeres Bivittatus Slipperydick
Labridae Halichoeres Garnoti Yellowhead wrasse
Labridae Halichoeres Pictus Rainbow wrasse
Labridae Halichoeres Poeyi Blackear wrasse
Labridae Halichoeres Radiatus Puddingwife wrasse
Labridae Lachnolaimus Maximus Hogfish
Labridae Thalassoma Bifasciatum Bluehead wrasse
Labridae Xyrichtys Martinicensis Rosy razorfish
Labridae Xyrichtys Novacula Pearly razorfish
Labrisomidae Malacoctenus Triangulatus Saddled blenny
Lutjanidae Lutjanus Analis Mutton snapper
Lutjanidae Lutjanus Apodus Schoolmaster snapper
Lutjanidae Lutjanus Cyanopterus Cubera snapper
Lutjanidae Lutjanus Griseus Grey snapper
Lutjanidae Lutjanus Jocu Dog snapper
Lutjanidae Lutjanus Mahogoni Maghogony snapper
Lutjanidae Lutjanus Synagris Lane snapper
© GVI – 2010 Page 42
Family Genus Species Common Names
Lutjanidae Ocyurus Chrysurus Yellowtailed snapper
Malacanthidae Malacanthus Plumieri Sand tilefish
Syngnathidae Micrognathus ensenadae Harlequin pipefish
Monacanthidae Aluterus Scriptus Scrawled filefish
Monacanthidae Cantherhines Macrocerus White spotted filefish
Monacanthidae Cantherhines Pullus Orange spotted filefish
Mullidae Mulloidichthys Martinicus Yellow goatfish
Mullidae Pseudupeneus Maculates Spotted goatfish
Myliobatidae Aetobatus Narinari Spotted eagle ray
Opistognathidae Opistognathus Aurifrons Yellowhead jawfish
Ostraciidae Acanthostracion Quadricornis Scrawled cowfish
Ostraciidae Lactophrys Bicaudalis Spotted trunkfish
Ostraciidae Lactophrys Triqueter Smooth trunkfish
Pempheridae Pempheris Schomburgki Glassy sweeper
Pomacanthidae Holacanthus Ciliaris Queen angelfish
Pomacanthidae Holacanthus Tricolour Rockbeauty
Pomacanthidae Pomacanthus Arcuatus Grey angelfish
Pomacanthidae Pomacanthus Paru French angelfish
Pomacentridae Abudefduf Saxatilis Seargant major
Pomacentridae Chromis Cyanea Blue chromis
Pomacentridae Chromis Enchrysurus Yellowtail reef fish
Pomacentridae Chromis Insolata Sunshinefish
Pomacentridae Chromis Multilineata Brown chromis
Pomacentridae Microspathodon Chrysurus Yellowtailed damsel fish
Pomacentridae Stegastes Adustus Dusky damselfish
Pomacentridae Stegastes Diencaeus Longfin damselfish
Pomacentridae Stegastes Leucostictus Beaugregory
Pomacentridae Stegastes Partitus Bicolour damselfish
Pomacentridae Stegastes Planifrons Threespot damselfish
Pomacentridae Stegastes Variabilis Cocoa damselfish
Scaridae Scarus Coelestinus Midnight parrotfish
Scaridae Scarus Coeruleus Blue parrotfish
Scaridae Scarus Guacamaia Rainbow parrotfish
Scaridae Scarus Iserti Striped parrotfish
Scaridae Scarus Taeniopterus Princess parrotfish
Scaridae Scarus Vetula Queen parrotfish
Scaridae Sparisoma Atomarium Greenblotch parrotfish
Scaridae Sparisoma Aurofrenatum Redband parrotfish
Scaridae Sparisoma Chrysopterum Redtail parrotfish
Scaridae Sparisoma Radians Bucktooth parrotfish
© GVI – 2010 Page 43
Family Genus Species Common Names
Scaridae Sparisoma Rubripinne Yellowtail parrotfish
Scaridae Sparisoma Viride Stoplight parrotfish
Sciaenidae Equetus Lanceolatus Jackknife fish
Sciaenidae Equetus Punctatus Spotted drum
Sciaenidae Pareques Acuminatus Highhat
Scombridae Scomberomorus Maculates Spanish mackerel
Scombridae Scomberomorus Regalis Cero
Scorpaenidae Scorpaena Plumieri Spotted scorpionfish
Serranidae Cephalopholis Cruentatus Graysby
Serranidae Cephalopholis Fulvus Coney
Serranidae Epinephelus Adscensionis Rockhind
Serranidae Epinephelus Itajara Goliath grouper
Serranidae Epinephelus Striatus Nassau grouper
Serranidae Hypoplectrus Aberrans Yellowbelly hamlet
Serranidae Hypoplectrus Chlorurus Yellowtail hamlet
Serranidae Hypoplectrus Guttavarius Shy hamlet
Serranidae Hypoplectrus Indigo Indigo hamlet
Serranidae Hypoplectrus Nigricans Black hamlet
Serranidae Hypoplectrus Puella Barred hamlet
Serranidae Hypoplectrus Unicolor Butter hamlet
Serranidae Liopropoma Rubre Peppermint basslet
Serranidae Mycteroperca Bonaci Black grouper
Serranidae Mycteroperca Interstitialis Yellowmouth grouper
Serranidae Mycteroperca Tigris Tiger grouper
Serranidae Mycteroperca Venenosa Yellowfin grouper
Serranidae Paranthias Furcifer Creolefish
Serranidae Rypticus Saponaceus Greater soapfish
Serranidae Serranus Tabacarius Tobaccofish
Serranidae Serranus Tigrinus Harlequin bass
Serranidae Serranus Tortugarum Chalk bass
Sparidae Calamus Calamos Saucereyed porgy
Sphyraenidae Sphyraena Barracuda Great barracuda
Synodontidae Synodus Intermedius Sand diver
Tetraodontidae Canthigaster Rostrata Sharpnosed puffer
Tetraodontidae Sphoeroides Splengleri Bandtail puffer
Torpedinidae Narcine Brasiliensis Lesser electric ray
Urolophidae Urolophus Jamaicensis Yellowstingray
© GVI – 2010 Page 44
Appendix VI – Bird Species List
Common name Species Common name Species
Great-tailed grackle Quiscalus mexicanus Wilson's plover Charadrius wilsonia
Magnificent frigatebird Fregata magnificens Belted Kingfisher Ceryle alcyon
Ruddy turnstone Arenaria interpres Cinnamon hummingbird Amazilia rutila
Royal tern Sterna m. maxima Common black-hawk Buteogallus anthracinus
Tropical mockingbird Mimus gilvus Common ground-dove Columbina passerina
Brown pelican Pelecanus occidentalis Melodious blackbird Dives dives
Sanderling Calidris alba Mangrove Vireo Vireo pallens
Yellow warbler Dendroica petechia Spot Breasted Wren Thryothorus maculipectus
Osprey Pandion haliaetus Yellow-crowned Night-
Heron
Nycticorax violaceus
Black catbird Dumetella glabrirostris Black-bellied Plover Pluvialis squatarola
White Ibis Eudocimus albus Black-crowned Night-
Heron
Nycticorax nycticorax
hoactli
Turkey vulture Cathartes aura Black vulture Coragyps atratus
Hooded Oriole Icterus cucullatus Great Egret Egretta alba egretta
Snowy egret Egretta thula Green kingfisher Chloroceryle americana
Bananaquit Coereba flaveola Laughing gull Larus atricilla
Golden-fronted
Woodpecker
Centurus aurifrons Little Blue Heron Egretta caerulea
Great blue heron Ardea herodias Mangrove warbler Dendroica erithachorides
Yellow-throated warbler Dendroica dominica Neotropic Cormorant Phalacrocorax brasilianus
Bare-throated Tiger
heron
Tigrisoma mexicanum Roseate spoonbill Platalea ajaja
Semipalmated
sandpiper
Calidris pusilla Solitary Sandpiper Tringa solitaria
White-collared
Seedeater
Sporophila torqueola Tricolored heron Egretta tricolor
Great Kiskadee Pitangus sulphuratus White-winged dove Zenaida asiatica
Plain Chachalaca Ortalis vetula