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Volcano TerminologyVolcano Terminology

VolcanoVolcano FissureFissure Hot spotHot spot LavaLava PahoehoePahoehoe LapilliLapilli Pillow lavaPillow lava Volcanic ashVolcanic ash

AaAa Cinder coneCinder cone MagmaMagma StratovolcanoStratovolcano VentVent Composite Composite

volcanovolcano Mafic lavaMafic lava Shield volcanoShield volcano

Earth Science (4/24)Earth Science (4/24)

Infinite Campus: Infinite Campus: Seismic Map (10pts.)Seismic Map (10pts.)Seismic Waves packet (23pts.)Seismic Waves packet (23pts.)Earthquake Quiz (22 pts.)Earthquake Quiz (22 pts.)

Objectives:Objectives:Review earthquake quiz and study Review earthquake quiz and study guideguideEarthquake ExamEarthquake ExamRead, annotate, and summarize Read, annotate, and summarize volcano legends. volcano legends.

What is a volcano?What is a volcano?

AnnotateAnnotate and and summarizesummarize each Volcano each Volcano LegendLegend

Which legend would you be more inclined to Which legend would you be more inclined to believe and why? (Lived during that time believe and why? (Lived during that time period)period)

What do you think a volcano is? (Be specific)What do you think a volcano is? (Be specific)

Earth Science (4/25)

Due Today:• Volcano legend summaries

Objectives: • What is a volcano.• Origin of a volcano.• Anatomy of a volcano.

VolcanoVolcano::

an an openingopening in the earth’s surface in the earth’s surface through which through which lavalava, , hot gaseshot gases, and , and rock fragments rock fragments erupt.erupt.

What is a volcano?

1.1. MagmaMagma 80-16080-160 km below the earth’s km below the earth’s surface slowly begins to surface slowly begins to riserise to the to the surface.surface.

2.2. As the magma rises it melts As the magma rises it melts gapsgaps in in the surrounding rock.the surrounding rock.

3.3. As more magma rises a As more magma rises a large large reservoirreservoir forms as close as 3.2 km forms as close as 3.2 km below the surface below the surface (magma chamber).(magma chamber).

Origin of VolcanoesOrigin of Volcanoes

4.4. Pressure:Pressure: from the surrounding from the surrounding rock causes the magma to rock causes the magma to blast blast or or meltmelt a a conduit (channel) conduit (channel) to the to the surface where magma erupts onto surface where magma erupts onto the surface through a the surface through a vent vent (opening)(opening)

Origin of VolcanoesOrigin of Volcanoes

5.5. The magma, now called The magma, now called lavalava, , buildsbuilds up at the up at the ventvent forming a forming a volcanovolcano

Origin of VolcanoesOrigin of Volcanoes

6. Over time the volcanoe’s sides will 6. Over time the volcanoe’s sides will be higher than the vent forming a be higher than the vent forming a depression called a depression called a crater.crater.

Origin of VolcanoesOrigin of Volcanoes

CraterCrater: :

Caldera:Caldera:

an unusually large crater or an unusually large crater or the remains when the cone the remains when the cone collapses into its own magma collapses into its own magma chamberchamber

Anatomy of a VolcanoAnatomy of a VolcanoConeCone: :

the the aboveabove ground structure ground structure built from built from lava or tephralava or tephra. .

Mt. Kilauea in Hawaii

gvc1007.gvc10.virtualclassroom.org

ConduitConduit: : the path that magma takes the path that magma takes from the from the magma chambermagma chamber to to the the vent.vent.

Magma ChamberMagma Chamber: : thethe reservoir reservoir located located underunder the the volcano where volcano where magma magma collectscollects and becomes the and becomes the supply of magma/lava to build supply of magma/lava to build the volcanothe volcano

LavaLava

Molten, Molten, solidifiedsolidified rock on the surface rock on the surface of the earth. of the earth.

Solidfied lava is called? Solidfied lava is called?

Parasitic Cone: Parasitic Cone: a smaller a smaller secondary volcano secondary volcano

built on the side of or near the built on the side of or near the main volcano, but main volcano, but sharingsharing the the samesame conduitconduit to the magma to the magma chamberchamber

VentVent: : openingopening of the volcano, through which of the volcano, through which lava, ash and gases flowlava, ash and gases flow

Fumarole: Fumarole:

a secondary vent that a secondary vent that emits only emits only gasesgases

FissureFissure: :

a long fissure a long fissure (crack) (crack) from from which lava flowswhich lava flows

Volcano IllustrationVolcano Illustration

ConeCone CrustCrust MantleMantle MagmaMagma LavaLava Magma ChamberMagma Chamber ConduitConduit VentVent FumaroleFumarole

TephraTephra GasesGases Parasitic ConeParasitic Cone

• Illustrate a volcano using these terms below. :

Volcano IllustrationVolcano Illustration

ConeCone CrustCrust MantleMantle MagmaMagma LavaLava Magma ChamberMagma Chamber ConduitConduit VentVent FumaroleFumarole

TephraTephra GasesGases Parasitic ConeParasitic Cone

• Illustrate a volcano using these terms below. :

Volcanoes (4/26)Volcanoes (4/26)

Objectives: Objectives: Complete volcano illustration.Complete volcano illustration. Distinguish between the 3 types of Distinguish between the 3 types of

lava.lava. Discuss and illustrate the classes of Discuss and illustrate the classes of

volcanic tephra.volcanic tephra. Identify the types of volcanic gases. Identify the types of volcanic gases. Distinguish the difference between Distinguish the difference between

quiet and violent eruptions. quiet and violent eruptions.

Volcano IllustrationVolcano Illustration

ConeCone CrustCrust MantleMantle MagmaMagma LavaLava Magma ChamberMagma Chamber ConduitConduit VentVent FumaroleFumarole

TephraTephra GasesGases Parasitic ConeParasitic Cone

• Illustrate a volcano using these terms below. :

Take a minute to label the parts on the diagram (not all parts are shown)

Magma chamber

conduitmantle

Parasitic Cone

Ash Cloud/Gases Vent

Lava Flow

Crater

LavaLava— — There are There are 33 kinds: kinds:

Pahoehoe lava: Pahoehoe lava:

Hot, thin, fast Hot, thin, fast flowing. flowing.

Hardens with a Hardens with a relatively smooth relatively smooth surface surface

Often has aOften has a ropyropy or or wrinkledwrinkled appearanceappearance

Pahoehoe lava: Pahoehoe lava:

Aa lava: Aa lava: Cooler, Cooler,

thickerthicker, , slow slow moving.moving.

Hardens with Hardens with a rough, a rough, jagged, sharpjagged, sharp edge surface.edge surface.

Pillow LavaPillow Lava: : Lava suddenly cooled by Lava suddenly cooled by

waterwater.. Shows sack-like Shows sack-like

segments (stuffed segments (stuffed pillows)pillows)

Can you identify the kinds Can you identify the kinds of lava from the pictures? of lava from the pictures?

Tephra:Tephra: (pyroclastic, rock fragments)(pyroclastic, rock fragments)

Three Types of Tephra:Three Types of Tephra:

1. Volcanic dust1. Volcanic dust

2. Volcanic Ash2. Volcanic Ash

3. bombs3. bombs

Types of TephraTypes of Tephra::

Volcanic DustVolcanic Dust: :

SmallestSmallest particles and carried by particles and carried by atmosphere circulation.atmosphere circulation.

types of Tephratypes of Tephra

Volcanic Ash:Volcanic Ash: 0.25-0.5 cm0.25-0.5 cm diameter diameter Generally settles out within miles of Generally settles out within miles of

the cone but can be carried greater the cone but can be carried greater distances by stronger winds. distances by stronger winds.

Forms a mudflow when mixed with Forms a mudflow when mixed with waterwater

Lahar (mudflow):Lahar (mudflow): mixture of mixture of ash, eroded landash, eroded land, and , and

waterwater flowing down river valleys.flowing down river valleys.

Lahar (mudflow):Lahar (mudflow):

Types of TephraTypes of Tephra

BombBomb: : Smaller bombs (gravel, pea size) are calledSmaller bombs (gravel, pea size) are called cinderscinders. . Walnut size bombs are called Walnut size bombs are called lapillilapilli. . Larger fragments up to 4+ feet in diameter are Larger fragments up to 4+ feet in diameter are

calledcalled bombs.bombs.

Types of Gases Expelled:Types of Gases Expelled: water vaporwater vapor, , carbon dioxidecarbon dioxide, ,

nitrogen, nitrogen, sulfur dioxidesulfur dioxide, , hydrogen sulfide, hydrogen sulfide, chlorinechlorine

VolcanoesVolcanoes1.1. What is the difference between the What is the difference between the

following: following:

a.a. lava and magmalava and magma

b.b. fumarole and fissurefumarole and fissure

c.c. Pahoehoe, Pillow, and Aa lavaPahoehoe, Pillow, and Aa lava

2.2. What is the following:What is the following:

a.a. lahar b. tephralahar b. tephra

3.3. Identify the three classes of tephra.Identify the three classes of tephra.

4.4. What type of gases are ejected What type of gases are ejected from a volcano?from a volcano?

Volcanic eruptions can be explosive or Volcanic eruptions can be explosive or quiet. quiet.

WhatWhat two two factors determine the type factors determine the type of eruption a volcano can have? of eruption a volcano can have?

Types of Volcanic EruptionsTypes of Volcanic Eruptions

WhatWhat twotwo factors determine type of eruptions? factors determine type of eruptions?

AmountAmount of of water vaporwater vapor & other & other gasesgases in the magma. in the magma.

The The chemical make-upchemical make-up of the of the magma.magma.

Types of Volcanic EruptionsTypes of Volcanic Eruptions

Primarily caused by granitic Primarily caused by granitic magma: magma:

• Thick magmaThick magma

• High water contentHigh water content

• What type of lava is What type of lava is associated with granitic associated with granitic magma?magma?

Explosive EruptionsExplosive Eruptions

Explosive EruptionsExplosive Eruptions

Mt. St. Helens

Located in Washington

State

Mont Serrat

An island located near

Puerto Rico and the Dominican

Republic

Mt. Pinatubo

Located on the island of Luzon near

the Philippine Islands

Primarily caused by basaltic Primarily caused by basaltic magmamagma

• More fluid magmaMore fluid magma• Low water contentLow water content• What type of lava is associated What type of lava is associated

with basaltic magma?with basaltic magma?

Quiet EruptionsQuiet Eruptions

Quiet EruptionsMt. Kiluea in Hawaii

Location of Volcanic ActivityLocation of Volcanic Activity

scienceclarified.com

From the diagram, where do most volcanic activity occur?

Divergent Boundaries:Divergent Boundaries:

As the plates move apart, As the plates move apart, long long

crackscracks (rifts) form and lava (rifts) form and lava builds up forming volcanoes.builds up forming volcanoes.

The long cracks are also called?The long cracks are also called?

Locations of VolcanoesLocations of Volcanoes

If the divergent boundary is on If the divergent boundary is on the ocean floor, volcanoes can the ocean floor, volcanoes can grow tall enough to grow tall enough to breakbreak the the surfacesurface of the ocean and of the ocean and become islands (Iceland)become islands (Iceland)

vulcan.wr.usgs.gov

Convergent Boundaries:Convergent Boundaries: Places where plates are Places where plates are

moving toward each other moving toward each other forming a forming a subduction zonesubduction zone. .

One plate One plate meltsmelts under the under the

other and the magma moves other and the magma moves upwardupward to form volcanoes. to form volcanoes.

Example: Cascade VolcanoesExample: Cascade Volcanoes

Convergent Boundaries: Convergent Boundaries: VolcanoesVolcanoes

Example: Pacific Ring of FireExample: Pacific Ring of Fire

Seismic ActivitySeismic Activity

blog.wolfram.com

In your notes, explain how the scientific evidence In your notes, explain how the scientific evidence belowbelow

establishes a connection between volcanic and establishes a connection between volcanic and earthquake activity. earthquake activity.

blog.wolfram.com

Magma that may originate in the Magma that may originate in the mantlemantle or or outer coreouter core will move will move upward, breaking the surface and upward, breaking the surface and forming a volcano, they are forming a volcano, they are independentindependent of plate boundaries of plate boundaries and a chain of volcanoes may and a chain of volcanoes may form as the plate moves across a form as the plate moves across a hot spot. hot spot.

Hot SpotsHot Spots

(Examples: Hawaiian Islands and (Examples: Hawaiian Islands and Yellowstone National Park)Yellowstone National Park)

Hot SpotsHot Spots

Earth Science (5/1)Earth Science (5/1)Infinite Campus Upadate: Infinite Campus Upadate: Earthquake Exam (51pts.)Earthquake Exam (51pts.) Hotspot Worksheet (10pts.)Hotspot Worksheet (10pts.) Volcano Illustrations (10pts.)Volcano Illustrations (10pts.) Types of Volcanoes (9pts)Types of Volcanoes (9pts)

Objectives:Objectives:• Identify types of volcanoes.Identify types of volcanoes.• Discuss activity levels of volcanoes (active, Discuss activity levels of volcanoes (active,

dormant, extinct)dormant, extinct)• Quiz tomorrow over volcanoesQuiz tomorrow over volcanoes• Volcano Exam: FridayVolcano Exam: Friday

Cinder ConesCinder Cones: : Small baseSmall base, steep-sided, loosely , steep-sided, loosely

consolidated. consolidated.

Commonly built from gravel size lava rock Commonly built from gravel size lava rock fragments called fragments called cinders.cinders.

Has Has violentviolent eruptions and granitic lava eruptions and granitic lava sticks rather than flows.sticks rather than flows.

Up to 1000 feet tallUp to 1000 feet tall

Life span of a Life span of a fewfew years. years.

Types of Volcano MountainsTypes of Volcano Mountains

Cinder Cone IllustrationCinder Cone Illustration:: Types of VolcanoEsTypes of VolcanoEs

Sketch a Cinder Cone Volcano:

Types of Volcano MountainsTypes of Volcano MountainsShield Volcanoes:Shield Volcanoes: Large base, Large base, gentle slopegentle slope, lava rock , lava rock

layerslayers A few A few milesmiles high high Life span of a Life span of a millionmillion years or more years or more The lava is hot, thin, very The lava is hot, thin, very fluidfluid, often , often

basalticbasaltic. . ExampleExample: Hawaiian Islands: Hawaiian Islands

Shield volcano on Mars; Taken from space

Take a look at these examples:http://ww.volcano.si.edu/world/tpgallery.cfm?category=Shield%20Volcanoes

The Mauna Loa volcano in Hawaii—the largest volcano on Earth—has the broad expanse characteristic of shield volcanoes. It spreads across half the island of Hawaii.

Shield VolcanoesShield Volcanoes

Mauna Kea

Sketch a sheild Volcano:

Composite (strato) Volcanoes: Composite (strato) Volcanoes: Alternates between tephra and lava Alternates between tephra and lava

eruptions.eruptions. Tephra adds Tephra adds heightheight to the volcano and lava to the volcano and lava

cementscements the tephra together and adds to the tephra together and adds to the the basebase. .

Located mostly in Located mostly in subductionsubduction zones zones Known to have violent eruptions. Known to have violent eruptions. Life span of million years or more.Life span of million years or more. Large mountain volcano often Large mountain volcano often snow snow

cappedcapped, a few miles high, a few miles high

ExamplesExamples: Mt Rainier, Mt Fuji, Mt Kilimanjaro: Mt Rainier, Mt Fuji, Mt Kilimanjaro

Types of Volcano MountainsTypes of Volcano Mountains

Composite (strato) Volcanoes: Composite (strato) Volcanoes:

Mt. Rainier

Seattle, WA

Mt. Fuji

Honshu Island of

JapanMt. Kilimanjaro

Tanzania in Africa

Sketch a composite Volcano:

Types of volcanoes

Active (awake):Active (awake): Has erupted within the last 10,000 Has erupted within the last 10,000

yrs. (historical time).yrs. (historical time).Pre-eruption activitiesPre-eruption activities: :

Increase in Increase in earthquakeearthquake activity activity under the cone. under the cone.

Increase in temperature of coneIncrease in temperature of cone MeltingMelting of ice/snow in the crater of ice/snow in the crater Swelling of the coneSwelling of the cone SteamSteam eruptions eruptions Minor Minor ashash eruptions eruptions

Volcano Activity Levels (Stages)Volcano Activity Levels (Stages)

Mt St. Helens, Washington State

Erupted in May of 1980

Dormant (sleeping): Dormant (sleeping):

Eruptions have occurred in the last Eruptions have occurred in the last 10,000 years, but little to any activity 10,000 years, but little to any activity is recently detected under the cone. is recently detected under the cone.

Can become Can become activeactive and erupt again and erupt again after a after a “wake up”“wake up” period. period.

ExampleExample: Mt. Rainier; Mt. Vesuvius: Mt. Rainier; Mt. Vesuvius

Mount RainierMount Rainier• The most The most dangerousdangerous volcano in the US volcano in the US• Primary danger is the formation of Primary danger is the formation of laharslahars

traveling down river valleys at a speed of traveling down river valleys at a speed of 25mph and destroying everything in its 25mph and destroying everything in its pathpath

• 100,000 people live on the solidified 100,000 people live on the solidified mudflows of previous eruptionsmudflows of previous eruptions

• Erupted 4xs in the last 4,000 yrs.Erupted 4xs in the last 4,000 yrs.

Mount VesuviusMount Vesuvius•Erupted Last: 79 A.D.

Naples, Italy

Extinct: Extinct:

No eruption within No eruption within recordedrecorded history. history.

Not expected to Not expected to ever erupt again.ever erupt again.

No magma supply detected.No magma supply detected.

Example: Mount Kohala in Hawaii; Example: Mount Kohala in Hawaii; Mount Mazama Mount Mazama (Crater Lake), in (Crater Lake), in Oregon.Oregon.

Mt. Kohala in HawaiiMt. Kohala in Hawaii•Has not erupted in a million years.•No signs of volcanic activity under the cone.•One of the five largest volcanoes in Hawaii.

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kohala_%28mountain%29

Multiple Extinct Volcanoes comprisingMultiple Extinct Volcanoes comprising the Hawaii Islands the Hawaii Islands

Crater Lake

Super VolcanoesSuper Volcanoes

““Volcanoes” video clip addressing the Volcanoes” video clip addressing the super volcano under Yellowstone National super volcano under Yellowstone National ParkPark

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