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Guidelines for Biological Related Emergencies
National Training Center for Biosafety and BiosecurityUniversity of the Philippines Manila
Dr. Rohani CenaAssistant Director, NTCBB
Research Faculty, NIH-IMBB
Laboratory Response to 1. Spills2. Accidents 3. and Exposures
Topics
Lesson Objectives
At the end of this lesson, participants will be able to:
• Define a spill, an accident and an emergency
• Discuss the 6 steps to laboratory emergency response to spills, accidents and emergencies
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Introduction
• Emergency Response Planning (ERP) is a critical element of laboratory operations.
• ERP serves as one of the foundational pillars of laboratory protection.
• ERP addresses any incident or emergency which affects the efficient operation of the laboratory.
Goal: the protection of people, valuable biological materials (VBMs), information and property from a host
of emergency events
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Priorities in an Emergency
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Protect lives
Protect valuable biological materials and information
Protect property
Environmental Emergencies
• Earthquakes
• All weather-related events
• Facilities-related infrastructure system events, including information technology (IT) outages
• Fire
• Power outages
• Laboratory and/or building structural failures (regardless of cause)
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Laboratory Emergencies
• Inside laboratories themselves or containment suites
• Spills and exposures
• Biological safety cabinet failures and other facilities engineering failures within the containment envelope.
• Personal injuries and sudden illnesses
• Air handling failures
• Theft, diversion or mishandling of especially dangerous pathogens and other VBMs.
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General Laboratory Facility Emergencies
• Bomb threats and explosions
• Intruders, trespass, suspicious persons
• Injuries and sudden illness (outside the laboratory suite)
• Criminal activity all types: assaults, robbery, break-ins, shooting, hostage, suicide, violent behavior
• Civil disturbance, terrorism, political instability
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6 Steps to Laboratory Emergency Response
Understand the hazards
Learn to recognize
an emergency
Protect yourself,
then others
Assess and evaluate
the situation
Clean-up/respond
to the situation
Debrief and review the
event
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Research shows that if you do not respond to an emergency within 3 minutes, you are not likely
to act at all!
When is a Laboratory Response Needed? Spills
• Define a spill. To cause or allow especially accidentally or unintentionally to fall, flow
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Type
• Biological
• Chemical
• Radiological
Size/volume
• Tiny
• Small
• Large
Spread
• Confined
• Unconfined
When is a Laboratory Response Needed? Accidents
• Define an accident.
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…an unfortunate incident that happens unexpectedly and unintentionally, typically resulting in damage or
injury.
When is a Laboratory Response Needed? Emergencies
• Define an emergency.
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…a serious, unexpected, and often dangerous situation requiring immediate action.
When is a Laboratory Response Needed? Emergencies
• Some types of incidents can have adverse consequences that are relatively minor.
• However, small incidents can lead to large ones down the road, especially if they are frequent and breed personnel complacency.
• Society, the government and upper management often decide what constitutes a large or small incident. It is then up to management to determine to what extent resources should be allocated toward an incident response management system.
• Because an emergency is simply a particular type of incident, an Emergency Response System will often form part of a larger Incident Response System.
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Prepare
• Prior to starting work:• Understand the hazards in the laboratory.
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Chemical Biological Radiologic
Animal-related
Compressed gases & others
Recognize
• Persons in the laboratory should be trained to recognize potential emergency situations before an emergency response is ever necessary.
• Learn to identify situations
• Practice responding• Emergency drills (at least annually)
• Involve external emergency services
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Biological / Chemical Incident Response
• Risk assessment
• Important information you need to know / collect:
• Emergency call list
• Incident investigation
• Improvement
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What, where, when, who
Facility, equipment, staff and
environment involved
Management procedures (SOPs)
Reporting and documenting procedures
How to Respond to an Emergency
• Alert others in the general area.
• Assess the situation.• Is it life threatening? Examples: Fire, explosion
• Is first aid needed? Examples: Blood, broken bones
• Does someone need medical evaluation due to a possible chemical or biological exposure?
• Immediately life threatening?• Exit by quickest way possible
• Access/egress, emergency exit
• NOT immediately life threatening• Proceed to access/egress area
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Protect Lives
• Mobilize others to exit.
• Place signs in all windows and doors leading to laboratory with the following:
• Proceed to exit, removing contaminated clothing at the entrance of the first door.
• Contact Biological Safety Officer (BSO).
• Seek medical evaluation for any exposed staff
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Do not enter until (date and time)
Assess the Situation
Provide the BSO with details of the situation, including:
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What, where, when, who?
Emergency assistance needed?
Area decontaminated?
Help needed?
Anyone else involved?
PPE in use? Malfunction of
PPE?
Potentially hazardous
materials involved?
Assess the Situation
• The BSO will determine if it is necessary to exit the laboratory or to remain in the laboratory to start clean-up.
• In most situations, persons will be required to exit the affected area.
• A second set of persons will enter the laboratory to conduct the clean-up.
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Clean-up Materials
• Biological spill clean-up kits
• Chemical spill clean-up kits
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Spill kits should be located in the laboratory in a designated location.
Chemical Spill Clean-up
• Notification
• Notify others
• Evacuate laboratory
• Post a warning
• Notify Safety Office
• Planning
• Plan cleanup strategy
• Select appropriate PPE
• Prepare materials
• Clean-up
• Don proper PPE
• Locate spill kit
• Follow spill kit instructions
• Clean all potentially contaminated surfaces
• Reporting
• BSO
• Laboratory Director
• Biosecurity Office
• Facilities
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Chemical Spills
• Chemicals spilled outside the confines of a primary containment device present an opportunity for dermal and mucosal exposure
• In some cases aerosols or fumes can be generated leading to exposure of laboratory personnel
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Chemical Spills – Personnel Exposure
• Eyes• Emergency eyewash station
• Flush eyes for 15 minutes
• Transport to medical facility with information about chemical
• Clothing• Remove
• Safety shower for 15 minutes
• Transport to medical facility with information about chemical
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Biological Spill Clean-up (Outside of a Primary Containment Device)
• Notification
• Notify others
• Evacuate laboratory (to allow aerosols to settle)
• Post a warning
• Notify Safety Office
• Planning
• Plan cleanup strategy
• Select appropriate personal protective equipment (PPE)
• Prepare materials
• Clean-up
• Don proper PPE
• Collect discarded contaminated PPE in biohazard bag
• Cover spill with paper towel
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Biological Spill Clean-up (Outside of a Primary Containment Device)
• Clean-up, continued
• Handle sharps with forceps or a scoop and scraper
• Slowly pour the appropriate decontamination solution around the edges of the spill and work towards the center.
• Allow at least 30 minutes contact time
• Collect all contaminated waste in a biohazard bag
• Reporting
• BSO
• Laboratory Director
• Biosecurity Office
• Facilities
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Laboratory Spill
Spill inside BSC
Biological Spill Cleanup Outside the BSC
Medical Evaluations
• Personnel exposed or potentially exposed to chemicals or infectious materials should undergo a medical evaluation.
• Exposure to infectious materials may result in the quarantine of personnel.• According to risk assessment and local regulations
• Emergency response planning should address when, where and by whom medical evaluations should be performed during an emergency.
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Debrief and After Action
• Other considerations (after initial notification):• Personnel trained appropriately?
• Personnel understands risks of material?
• Personnel registered to work with material?
• Non-punitive investigation to encourage future reporting of incidents.
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Take Away
• There are six key steps to laboratory emergency response
1. Understand the hazards of the materials.
2. Learn how to recognize an emergency situation.
3. Protect yourself first and then other people.
4. Assess the situation and determine what is needed for a proper clean-up.
5. Arrange for clean-up.
6. Debrief and review the event.
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