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Thisguidehasbeenadaptedfrom:

TrinityCollegeDublinNursingandMidwiferyDepartment,TheSchoolofNursingandMidwiferyHarvardReferencingSystem2016-2017(p.1-17)Retrievedfromhttp://www.tcd.ie/library/support/subjects/nursingmidwifery/assets/Harvard%20Ref%20System%202016-2017.pdfon21stOctober2016.

AGUIDETOREFERENCINGINACADEMICWRITINGWhydoweciteourreferences?

1)Tocreditthesourcesofourinformationandideas.

2)To enable the reader to locate further information if required

3) Todemonstratethebreadthofourreadingandknowledge.

Whentoreference

1) When you are directly quoting from somebody else’s work. 2) Whenyouarereferringtoorparaphrasingsomebodyelse’stheoryoridea.

Differentstylesofreferencing

Itisessentialthatyoufindoutfromyourlecturerwhichstyleofreferencingyourdepartmentuses.MostdepartmentsatUCCusetheHarvardstyle,buttheAPAstyle(AmericanPsychologicalAssociation)isoftenusedinsocialsciencesubjects,sopleasecheck!ThisguidewillcovertheHarvardStyleofreferencingindetail,butifyoudoneedtheAPAstyleyoucanfindguidelineshere:http://www.bibme.org/citation-guide/apa/

TheHarvardStyleofReferencing TheHarvardreferencingstylerequires:

1) In-textreferences.Inthemainbodyofthetextafterquotingfromorreferringtoanotherperson’swork.Theauthor’snamefollowedbytheyearofpublication.

2) End-of-Textreferences.Adetailedlistattheendofyouressayofallthereferencescitedthroughoutthetext.

3) Bibliography

Alistofanyotherbooks,chaptersorarticlesyoumayhavereadwhicharerelevanttothesubjectmatterofyouressay,whichyouhavenotreferredtospecifically.

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ExamplesofIn-TextReferencesintheHarvardStyle

Example1Twoauthorsofthesamebook,theirresearchisbeingreferredto.Notethatthefullstopcomesafterthebrackets.Inconjunctionwiththeirperceivedlowsocialstatus,thekeyfactorsthatinfluencetheuseofcontraceptionamongAfricanwomenarethedominanceofthehusbandinthemarriageandhisoppositiontofamilyplanning(BeekleandMcCabe2006).Example2Twoseparatepiecesofresearchwiththesamefindingsarebeingreferenced,oneconductedbyKitzingerin1992,onebyStantonetalin2002.Theearlierpieceofresearchisalwayscitedfirst.Iftwopiecesofresearchhavethesamedate,puttheminalphabeticalorderaccordingtotheauthor’ssurname.‘Etal’meansStantonisoneoftwoormoreauthorsofthatpieceofresearch.Recentresearchshowsthatwomen’sexperiencesofandresponsetopregnancyandchildbirthvarysignificantlyandcanhavealongtermpositiveornegativeeffect(Kitzinger1992,Stantonetal.2002).

Examplesofdifferentwaysofusingtheauthor’snameaspartofasentence:Example3Findley(2003)suggeststhatlonelinessisrarelyconsideredasappropriateforinterventionresearch;however,theresultsofsuchstudiesarepromising.Example4Findley(2003)andWikstrom(2002)agreethat...

Example5BeekleandMcCabe(2006)statethatinorderforwomentobeabletomakechoicesaboutfamilyplanningtheyneedcomprehensiveinformationaboutallthemethodsofmoderncontraception,theirbenefitsandsideeffects.Example6

AccordingtoMoreauetal.(2006)themainreasonsforwomendiscontinuingoralcontraceptionincludedalackofknowledgeandhighlevelsofanxiety.

UsingQuotations(i.e.theactualwordsanauthorused)Quotationsmustbeusedexactlyastheyappearintheoriginaltextandbeplacedwithinquotationmarks.Whenquotingapieceoforiginaltextitisimportanttoincludethepagenumberaswellastheauthor’snameandthedateofpublication.ExamplesofshortquotationsaspartofasentenceExample7

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AccordingtoPapaetal.(2008,p.338)“thelarge,complexorganizationprovidesarichmediumforthedevelopmentofcoalitionsandtheoccurrenceofintergroupconflict”.Example8

Huynhetal.(2008,p.195)areoftheviewthat“theconceptofemotionallabourshouldbeintroducedintopre-registrationprogrammes.”Quotationsoftwoormoresentences(blockquotations)shouldbepresentedasfollows:Useasmallerfonti.e.ifusingfontsize12forthemainbodyofyourtext,usefontsize11forthequote.Includethepagenumber(s)oftheoriginalsourcetextattheendofthequote.Donotuseboldoritalicinthissection,unlessitappearsintheoriginaltext.Leaveanextralineofspacebetweenthemainbodyoftextandthequote.Thereisnoneedtousequotationmarks/invertedcommaswithblockquotations.Example9Sandalletal.(2009)highlightissuesrelatedtomid-wifeledversusothermodelsofcareforchildbearingwomenasfollows:

Littleisknownaboutwhetherwomenfeelthattheyarepartofthedecisionmakingprocess;senseofcontrol;maternalself-confidence;post-traumaticstressdisorder;copingafterbirth.Thereiswidevariationintheinstrumentsusedtomeasurewomen’sviewsofandexperiencesofcare.Thereisaneedtodevelopmeaningful,robust,validandreliablemethodstoassesspsychosocialoutcomesandwellbeinginpregnantandchildbearingwomen.(p.12)

Usingprimaryandsecondarysources

Whereverpossible,itismuchbettertociteoriginalworkbyanauthor(primarysource),butifnecessary,youcanincludeaquotecitedinatextbyanotherauthor(asecondarysource).

Example10Acitationofasecondarysourcewithinatext.

Weber(1969),ascitedbyPapaetal.(2008,p.83)provideswhathereferstoastheidealmodernorganization.

Example11Howtolistasecondarysourceinyourreferencelist.

PapaM.J.,DanielsT.D.&SpikerB.K.(2008)OrganizationalCommunication:PerspectivesandTrends.Sage,LosAngeles.

HowtoWriteaReferenceList

Youmustincludealistofallthereferencesusedinyourtextattheendofyourassignment.

ThisshouldappearonaseparatepageunderthetitleReferences.

Thelistshouldbeinalphabeticalorder,usingthesurnameoftheauthor(s).

Don’tusenumbersorbulletpoints.

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Referencingabook

-Author(s)surnameplusinitialsinfull.Thenamesofallauthorsmustbelisted.

-Ifitisaneditedbook,editor’sname(s)arefollowedbyacomma,thenedoredsfollowedbyafullstop,inbrackets.

-Yearofpublicationinbrackets.Ifabookhasbeenreprinted,givetheoriginalpublicationdate.

-Titleinitalics.

-Volumenumberifthebookhasmorethanonevolumenumber.

-Editionnumberifthebookhasmorethanoneedition,followedby“edn.”

-Publisher’sname

-Placeofpublication:ifthereismorethanoneplacenamelisted,usethefirstone.

Example11

MorriseyJ.,KeoghB.&DoyleL.,(eds.)(2008)Psychiatric/MentalHealthNursing:AnIrishPerspective.GillandMacMillian,Dublin.

GouldD.,&BrookerC.(2008)InfectionPreventionandControl:AppliedMicrobiologyforHealthCare,2ndedn.PalgraveMacMillan,Houndsmill.

Referencingachapterinaneditedbook.

-Surnameoftheauthor(s)ofthechapterfollowedbyinitial(s)infullasabove.

-Yearofpublicationinbrackets.

-Titleofchapter.

-Titleofbook,initalics.

-Editionnumber.

-Surnamesofeditorsfollowedbyinitial(s)infull,followedbyedoreds,allplacedinbrackets.

-Publisher’sname.

-Placeofpublication:ifthereismorethanoneplacenamelisted,usethefirstone.

-Thenumberofthefirstandlastpagesofthechapter.

Example12

PughS.D.(2002)Emotionalregulationinindividualsanddyads:causes,costsandconsequences.InEmotionsintheWorkplace:UnderstandingtheStructureandRoleofEmotionsinOrganizationalBehaviour.(LordR.,KlimskiR.&KanferR.,eds),Jossey-Bass,SanFranciscoCA,pp.147-182.

Example13:

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MorseJ.,(2000)Exploringpragmaticutility:conceptanalysisbycriticallyappraisingtheliterature.InConceptDevelopmentinNursing:Foundations,TechniquesandApplications,2ndedn.(RogersBL.,&KnaflK.A.,eds),W.B.Saunders,Philadephia,pp.333-352

ReferencingaJournalArticle

- Author(s)surnameplusinitial(s)infull.Thenamesoftheauthorsmustbelisted.

- Yearofpublicationinbrackets.- Titleofarticle.- Titleofjournalinfullinitalics.- Volumenumberinbold.- Issuenumberinbrackets,ifgiven.- Thenumberofthefirstandlastpagesonwhichthearticleappearsinthejournal

Example14

GoldsmithL.,SkirtonH.,&WebbC.,(2008)Informedconsenttohealthcareinterventionsinpeoplewithlearningdisabilities–anintegrativereview.JournalofAdvancedNursing64(6),549-563

Example15

WheelerR.(2006)GillickorFraser?Apleaforconsistencyovercompetenceinchildren.BritishMedicalJournal,332,807.

Example16

JohnsonM.StewardH.,LangdonR.,KellyP.&YongL.(2005)Acomparisonoftheoutcomesofpartnershipcaseloadmidwiferyandstandardhospitalcareinlowriskmothers.AustralianJournalofAdvancedNursing22,21-27.

Referencingavideo

Thereferenceinthetextisthesamestyleaswhenreferringtoabook.

Example17:Howtoreferenceavideoinyourreferencelist.

PrenticeHallRealNursingSkillsEssentialsDVD(2008)RealNursingSkills.PrenticeHall,NewJersey.

Referencingajournalarticlefromtheinternet

Inthetext-sameasforjournalarticle.

Inthereferencelist

-Author(s)surnameplusinitial(s)infull.Thenamesofallauthorsmustbelisted.

-Yearofpublicationinbrackets.

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-Titleofarticle.

-Titleofjournal,infull,initalics.

-Volumenumberinbold,ifknown.

-Issuenumberinbracket,ifknown.

-Thenumberofthefirstandlastpages.

-Site/Path/File/AccessionNumber

-RetrievedDate

Notallofthesedetailswillnecessarilybeapplicabletoeveryelectronicsource,howeverthesite,pathandfileareusuallyfoundateitherthebottomorthetopofeachdownloadedpage.Thisisusedwherethereisnovolumeorpagenumber.

Example18

ZwalenD.,HagenbuchN.,CarleyM.,RecklitisC.,&BuchiS.(2008)Screeningcancerpatient’sfamilieswiththedistressthermometer(DT):avalidationstudy.Psycho-Oncology.Retrievedfromwww.interscience.wiley.com,DOI:10.1002/pon.1320on9June2016.

Referencingaworldwideweb(www)page

- Author’ssurnameplusinitial(s)infull.- Yearofpublicationinbrackets.- Titleinitalics.- Publisher,ifavailable.- Site/Path/File- Retrieveddate

Example19

NICE(2006)MethodsforDevelopmentofNICEPublicHealthGuidance.NationalInstituteforHealthandClinicalExcellence,London.Retrievedfromhttp://www.nice.org.ukon5thJuly2007.