GUIDE TO INVESTMENT PLANNING - Mansion Park · In this Guide to Investment Planning, we consider the process of organising investments as a whole and explore the key principles and

INVESTMENT PLANNING

WHAT DOES THE FUTURE LOOK LIKE FOR YOUR WEALTH?

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Registered office: Tournament House, 4 Tournament Way, Ashby de la Zouch, Leicestershire LE65 2UU. Registered in England No:3328810.

GUIDE TO INVESTMENT PLANNING

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WELCOMEWhat does the future look like for your wealth?

Money, of course, plays an important role in our lives. While it’s not everything, it can help you achieve your goals and gives you greater choices and freedoms. That’s why it’s important to increase our financial intelligence to learn how to build greater wealth.

In this Guide to Investment Planning, we consider the process of organising investments as a whole and explore the key principles and techniques behind effective portfolio construction, so that you have the best chance of constructing a portfolio that meets your investment objectives.

As an individual, you are entirely different from everyone else around you, and hence you must create your own unique investment approach. But, as all investments carry some degree of risk, we recommend you always seek professional advice to build the best strategy to achieve your long- or short-term goals.

Is it time to discuss your requirements or review your current portfolio?It’s important to evaluate and adjust your investment strategy regularly. The products you use and the percentage of your portfolio they comprise will change over time as a result of market conditions, investment performance and other factors. We provide the professional advice and ongoing service needed to help you achieve your financial goals and keep your investments on track. To discuss your requirements or to review your current portfolio, please contact us.

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WelcomeWhat does the future look like for your wealth?

What are your investment options?Helping you reach your long-term financial goals

Main types of investmentUnderstanding asset classes

Portfolio diversificationSpreading your money between different kinds of investments

Appetite for riskStriking the right balance is important to avoid losses

Choosing investmentsWhat you need to know to become a more confident investor

Investment fundsExpanding your investment opportunities

What investment approach is right for you?Your decision can have a big impact on your returns

Taking a long-term viewActing in the investors’ best interests at all times

Pound-cost averagingA time-tested method for controlling risk over time

Pooled investment schemesInvesting in one or more asset classes

Taking a long-term viewActing in the investors’ best interests at all times

Open-ended investment companiesExpanding and contracting in response to demand

Unit trustsParticipating in a wider range of investments

Investment trustsReflecting popularity in the market

Investment bondsA range of funds for the medium to long term

Individual Savings AccountsTax-efficient investment wrapper holding a range of investments

Offshore bondsUtilising tax deferral benefits to minimise tax liabilities

Investing for incomeSafeguarding your money at a time of low interest rates

Socially responsible investingNot sacrificing your life principles in exchange for chasing the best financial returns

In this Guide to Investment Planning, we consider the process of organising investments as a whole and explore the key principles and techniques behind effective portfolio construction, so that you have the best chance of constructing a portfolio that meets your investment objectives.

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WHAT ARE YOUR INVESTMENT OPTIONS?In the current economic climate, with interest rates still around record lows, investing in the markets could enable you to achieve an inflation-beating return and help you reach your long-term financial goals.

If you’ve got sufficient money in your cash savings account – enough to cover you for at least six months’ worth of living expenses – and you want to see your money grow over the long term, then you should consider investing some of it.

The right savings or investments for you will depend not only on your current finances and future goals but also on how prepared you are to take risks.

Before even considering investing your money, you need to be comfortable with the risks involved. The action or process of investing money for profit can take many forms, but most people typically choose from four main types of investment, known as ‘asset classes’.

• Cash – the savings you put in a bank or building society account• Fixed interest securities (also called ‘bonds’) – you loan your money to a company or government• Shares – you buy a stake in a company• Property – you invest in a physical building, whether commercial or residential

There are also other higher-risk types of investments available too, including:• Commodities like oil, coffee, corn, rubber or gold• Foreign currency• Contracts for difference, where you bet on shares gaining or losing value• Collectibles like art and antiques

Investment returns

Depending on where you put your money, it could be paid in a number of different ways:• Interest (from cash deposits and fixed interest securities)• Dividends (from shares)• Rent (from properties)• The difference between the price you pay and the price you sell for – capital gains or losses

There’s no such thing as a ‘no-risk’ investmentUnderstanding the risks you’ll encounter when investing and deciding how much risk you are willing to take is fundamental. You might have a long time frame, and plenty of cash to fall back on, but if you don’t think you would be comfortable if the markets became volatile, a high-risk approach probably isn’t for you.

There’s no such thing as a ‘no-risk’ investment. You’re always taking on some risk when you invest, but the

amount varies between different types of investment.

Even money you place in secure deposits such as savings accounts risks losing value in real terms (buying power) over time. This is because the interest rate paid won’t always keep up with rising prices (inflation).

On the other hand, index-linked investments that follow the rate of inflation don’t always follow market interest rates. This means that if inflation falls, you could earn less in interest than you expected.

Stock market investments may beat inflation and interest rates over time, but you run the risk that prices may be low at the time you need to sell. This could result in a poor return or, if prices are lower than when you bought, losing money.

Spreading your risk (called ‘diversifying’) by putting your money into a number of different products and asset classes is one way to reduce risk, so if an investment doesn’t work out as you had planned you’ve still got exposure to others.

Helping you reach your long-term financial goals

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Before even considering investing your money, you need to be comfortable with the risks involved. The action or process of investing money for profit can take many forms, but most people typically choose from four main types of investment, known as ‘asset classes’.

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MAIN TYPES OF INVESTMENTThere are four main types of investments, known as ‘asset classes’. Each asset class has different characteristics and advantages and disadvantages for investors. CashThis involves putting your money into a savings account, with a bank, building society or credit union. Your money may not hold its spending power if inflation is higher than the interest rate. Cash is the most basic of all investment forms. Saving money into a deposit account with a bank, building society or credit union is considered cash saving. Cash can be used to save for immediate needs or as a parking place in between investing in other assets.

Why have cash savings?If you need instant access to your money or are saving for the near future, cash could be a good option. You earn interest on cash. How much you earn varies from one account to another. You can save in cash without paying tax on the interest by saving in a Cash ISA or outside an ISA if covered by your Personal Savings Allowance (not available to additional rate taxpayers).

What are the risks?The amount you invest will not go down in actual terms, but you may lose spending power if interest rates you receive don’t keep up with inflation rates while you are saving. In other words, the nominal value

of your savings will stay the same, but the real value could fall.

Cash deposits are guaranteed against the failure of a bank, building society or credit union to the value of £85,000 per person by the Financial Services Compensation Scheme.

BondsA bond is a loan to a government or company. In return for the loan, you receive interest and the amount you invested back at an agreed future date. Bonds are issued by governments and companies as a way for them to borrow money. In return, lenders get paid interest and the full value of their money back at a specified date, called the ‘redemption date’.

The market price of a bond will rise as interest rates are expected to fall. Bonds have a fixed interest rate. Imagine you hold a bond with a fixed interest rate of 5% whilst general interest rates fall from 4% to 2%. Your bond would be a lot more attractive when general interest rates are 2%; therefore, its price on the market rises.

What are bonds?Bonds issued by the UK Government are called ‘gilts’. These can either be purchased directly from the Government Debt Management Office at its outright gilt auctions or through the secondary market. Bonds issued by companies are

called ‘corporate bonds’. They are bought and sold on the stock market. Their price will go up and down; this means that if you decide to sell before the agreed redemption date, you may get more or less than the price you originally paid.

The interest you receive from your bond will be specified before you buy. While the end value and annual interest payments are normally fixed amounts, in some cases such as with UK Government index-linked gilts, they may be related to a price index.

Index-linked bonds ensure your money keeps in line with inflation, but, at times of low inflation, a fixed rate bond could provide higher returns. What are the risks of investing in bonds?There is still the risk that the issuer may be unable to fulfil its promise to return your money on the redemption date. This could mean that you lose some or all of your initial investment. To help you manage this risk, bonds are rated by credit rating agencies. The rating on a bond is a good guide on how capable the issuer is in paying back their debt i.e. how likely you are to get your money back when the term of the bond ends.

SharesYou can invest in a company by buying shares. In return, you may get a proportion of any profit the company

Understanding asset classes

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makes (depending on how many shares you hold). Shareholders are entitled to have a say on the way the company operates, including voting at company general meetings.

Companies issue shares, often referred to as ‘equities’, as a way of raising money from outside investors. In return, the investor may receive a portion of the company’s profit, called a ‘dividend’. Investors receive a dividend for each share they own. Shareholders are in effect the owners of a company.

Why invest in shares?Historically, shares have been one of the highest-performing asset classes over long periods Dividends are normally paid annually or biannually

Dividend payments have usually risen over time. But if a company suffers a loss, dividend payments can decline or even stop

What are the risks?The value of your shares is dependent on a number of things including the performance of the company and the wider economic outlook. The value can go up and down over time. It is sensible to invest in shares only if you can afford to put money away for a period of years. The fluctuating nature of the value of shares

means you do not want to be forced to withdraw your money when share prices are low, as you may get back less than your original investment. PropertyBecoming a landlord is a well-known way to invest in property. The aim is to get an income from the rent you charge and that the house or flat increases in value after expenses so you make a profit if you sell it. Land and commercial buildings, such as shopping centres, are other forms of property investments.

Why invest in property?Property provides a relatively high and stable rental income with the possibility of making your money grow over time.

What are the risks of investing in property?Buying and selling buildings can take a long time, and if you invest in property you might not be able to withdraw your cash as quickly as you would wish. Investing in property via a fund generally means it is easier to get access to your cash when you need it.

However, providing this level of access can mean lower returns. The value of properties fluctuates over time so there is a potential that you could lose money.You can invest in property by buying a

property on a buy-to-let basis. However, the cost and complexity of owning and managing an individual property is high.

There are two ways to invest in property indirectly:

• Invest in shares of companies that own or develop properties

• Invest in a property fund which gives you exposure to a range of assets. These may include property company shares or commercial property, such as offices, shopping centres and warehousing

INFORMATION IS BASED ON OUR CURRENT UNDERSTANDING OF TAXATION LEGISLATION AND REGULATIONS. ANY LEVELS AND BASES OF, AND RELIEFS FROM, TAXATION ARE SUBJECT TO CHANGE.

THE VALUE OF INVESTMENTS AND INCOME FROM THEM MAY GO DOWN. YOU MAY NOT GET BACK THE ORIGINAL AMOUNT INVESTED.

PAST PERFORMANCE IS NOT A RELIABLE INDICATOR OF FUTURE PERFORMANCE.

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PORTFOLIO DIVERSIFICATIONSpreading your money between different kinds of investments

Cash you put into UK banks or building societies (that are authorised by the Prudential Regulation Authority) is protected by the Financial Services Compensation Scheme (FSCS).


Diversification, the spreading of your money between different kinds of investments (‘asset classes’) and different kinds of investment product, helps reduce the risk of your overall investments (referred to as your ‘portfolio’) under-performing or losing money.

Protection for your moneyCash you put into UK banks or building societies (that are authorised by the Prudential Regulation Authority) is protected by the Financial Services Compensation Scheme (FSCS). The FSCS savings protection limit is £85,000 (or £170,000 for joint accounts) per authorised firm. It is worth noting that some banking brands are part of the same authorised firm. If you have more than the limit within the same bank, or authorised firm, it’s a good idea to move the excess to make sure your money is protected.

Each kind of asset behaves differently. For example, when stock prices fall, the prices of bonds may go up. If you have a mix of investments in your portfolio, it will minimise the risk that they’ll all lose value at the same time.

Diversifying within an asset classThere are many opportunities for diversification, even within a single kind of investment.

For example, with shares, you can spread your investments between:• The UK and overseas markets• Different sectors (industrials, financials, oils, etc.)• Large and small companies

Do you need to improve your diversification?If all your cash is in a single savings account, you should think about spreading it between an instant access savings account and other alternatives, like cash bonds or an investment fund. You should also think about moving some of it where your cash within one particular UK bank or building society exceeds the FSCS protection limit of £85,000.

Consider if you have access to more than six months’ worth of living expenses putting some of that excess into investments like shares and bonds, especially if you’re looking to invest your money for at least five years and are

unlikely to require access to your capital during that time.

Also, if you’re heavily invested in a single company’s shares – perhaps your employer – start looking for ways to add diversification to your exposure.

Multi-asset funds Multi-asset or mixed investment funds invest in a range of assets, typically shares, bonds and cash, with the allocation between the different types of assets left to the discretion of the fund manager. The fund manager will aim to build a portfolio with a mix of assets that is consistent with an investor’s identified risk objective.

They are typically designed for investors with different risk appetites, for example, Cautious, Balanced and Adventurous. For those with smaller amounts of money to invest, or who do not have the time or expertise to structure their own portfolio, multi-asset funds may be an attractive option.

Investing in only a single type of asset, such as shares or bonds, can mean the value of your investment goes up and

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Asset class Example products Risk profile

Savings and current account balances, savings bonds, premium bonds and other NS&I products, Cash Individual Savings Accounts (ISAs) and any other cash you hold.

Gilts (Government bonds), overseas bonds, local authority bonds and corporate bonds (loans to companies).

You can hold shares directly or through an investment fund where you pool your money with other people’s, like with a unit trust, OEIC (open-ended investment company) or life fund.

Includes residential or commercial property and buy-to-lets, and investments in property companies or funds.

Includes gold, art, antiques, collectibles, fine wines and other investments that do not fall into the four main asset classes.

Low, but your money’s buying power is eroded over time if inflation is higher than the interest rates paid. Cash you put into authorised UK banks or building societies is protected by the Financial Services Compensation Scheme up to £85,000 per person.

Relatively low and returns predictable if held to maturity; however, traded prices can be volatile. Your money’s buying power can still be eroded over time if inflation is higher than the interest rate paid on the bond.

Investing in a single company is high risk. Investing in a fund provides more diversification, but risk levels will depend on the type of shares in the fund.

Price can vary and be more volatile than with bonds. Potential for gains but also losses. You may not be able to access your capital quickly if you have invested into property directly. Access to capital may also be restricted through property funds if closed to redemptions, meaning you will not have access until the redemption restriction has been lifted.

Risk profile unpredictable – very much depends on prevailing (niche) market conditions and quality of asset.

Cash

Fixed interest securities – also called ‘bonds’. Essentially a loan to a company or government for a fixed period.

Shares – also known as ‘equities’. A stake in a company.

Property

Alternative investments

These are the main asset classes, with the first four being the most common:

down more than if you spread your risk by investing in several types of assets. Multi-asset funds offer investors a portfolio with a spread of assets within a single fund.

Although multi-asset funds aim to spread risk across different types of assets, your

capital is still at risk. The value of your investment may go down as well as up and you may not get back the money you invested.

Some types of multi-asset funds buy and sell investments more often than other types of fund, which will cost the

fund more in dealing fees. Multi-asset funds may typically be offered through an Individual Savings Account (ISA) or as a default choice in a pension, or directly through a fund manager.

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APPETITE FOR RISKWhile diversification is important, you should keep in mind how much risk you are prepared to accept on your money. If it is important to you to avoid losses, you may want a portfolio that has less in shares and more in cash and fixed interest securities held to maturity, for example.

Know your risk appetiteSaving and investing involves a variety of risks, for example, the risk your money will not keep up with rising prices (inflation risk), the risk that comes with share prices going up and down (volatility risk), the risk that an institution will fail (default risk), and the risk that you could have earned better returns elsewhere (interest-rate risk).

The aim is to strike a balance between these different risks. What is a good balance for you will depend on:• Your personal circumstances – how much you can afford to lose (your capacity for loss)• Your investment goals, time frame and need for returns• Your personal attitude to risk

Taken together, these make up what’s called your ‘risk appetite’. Of these three things, your capacity for loss and your investment goals are most important.

Personal attitude to risk is hard to measure and can be changeable – what feels comfortable one day may not the next.

How to assess your risk appetite

The following steps should be considered when deciding your risk appetite:

Know what you can afford to loseAsk yourself what would happen if you lost some or all of the money you’re putting into investments. This will depend on your circumstances and how much of your money you’re investing.

Think about people who depend on you financially and any other important financial commitments you need to be sure of meeting.

Work out your goals and timingsYour saving and investing choices will depend on your goals and timescales. The bigger your goal in relation to the assets or income you wish to invest, the greater the rate of return required to beat inflation and hit your goal. Taking no volatility risk at all may make your goals impossible to achieve; taking too much may lose you your investment.

Short-term goals – under five years – such as a car or a house deposit are best saved for in cash. If you have a short-term goal, your appetite for volatility risk would usually be low, and cash products will be the best place to invest. You don’t want to be worrying about the state of the financial markets when you need your money to be readily accessible. However, cash savings run the risk of not keeping up with rising prices (inflation risk).

Inflation-beating returns With longer-term goals, it’s more usual to put your money into investments that have a better chance of giving you inflation-beating returns, such as shares, but which carry the risk of prices going down. A longer time frame gives your investment more time to recover if it falls in value. So if you have a long-term goal, it makes sense to be prepared to take on volatility risk for the opportunity of higher returns.

However, as a long-term goal moves closer, the risk balance should change. For example, you may want to start moving into less volatile assets a few years before the goal date, to start ‘locking-in’ gains, and to protect your investment against events like market falls. At any one time, you may have a mixture of short-term or critical goals

Striking the right balance is important to avoid losses

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for which you want low volatility (such as saving up to move house), and some non-critical or long-term goals for which you have a higher appetite for volatility (for example, saving towards retirement).

Understand your personal risk attitudeA good way to manage risk is to spread your money across a range of different investment types. Risk attitude is subjective and is likely to be influenced by current events or recent experiences. When stock markets are rising, we tend to feel comfortable with market risk; when they are falling, we do not.

Most people are not comfortable with the idea of losing money. On the other hand, we may regret it if we’ve been very cautious and our long-term investments don’t produce the returns we need. You can keep risks in line with your risk appetite by spreading your money across a range of different investments.

With longer-term goals, it’s more usual to put your money into investments that have a better chance of giving you inflation-beating returns, such as shares, but which carry the risk of prices going down.

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CHOOSING INVESTMENTSBefore you choose or make any investment decisions, you need to know that investing involves the possibility of loss. These key considerations help you become more confident about your investment decisions.

Review your needs and goalsIt’s well worth taking the time to think about what you really want from your investments. Knowing yourself, your needs and goals and your appetite for risk is a good start.

Consider how long you can investThink about how soon you need to get your money back. Time frames vary for different goals and will affect the type of risks you can take on.

For example, if you’re saving for a house deposit and hoping to buy in a couple of years, investments such as shares or funds will not be suitable because their value goes up or down. Keep to cash savings accounts like Cash Individual Savings Accounts (ISAs).

If you’re saving for your pension in 25 years’ time, you can ignore short-term falls in the value of your investments and focus on the long term. Over the long term, investments other than cash savings accounts tend to give you a

better chance of beating inflation and reaching your pension goal.

Make an investment planOnce you’re clear on your needs and goals – and have assessed how much risk you can take – you need to obtain professional advice to identify the types of product that could be suitable for you.

A good rule of thumb is to start with low-risk investments such as Cash ISAs. Then, add medium-risk investments like unit trusts if you’re happy to accept higher volatility. Only consider higher-risk investments once you’ve built up low- and medium-risk investments. Even then, only do so if you are willing to accept the risk of losing the money you put into them.

Diversifying to accept more riskIt’s an accepted rule of investing that to improve your chance of a better return, you have to accept more risk. But you can manage and improve the balance between risk and return by spreading your money across different investment types and sectors whose prices don’t necessarily move in the same direction. This helps you to smooth out the returns while still achieving growth and reduce the overall risk in your portfolio.

Decide how hands-on to beIf you need help understanding a financial product, it’s essential that you obtain professional financial advice before you proceed.

Investing can take up as much or as little of your time as you’d like. So if you want to be hands-on and enjoy making investment decisions, you might want to consider buying individual shares – but make sure you understand the risks.

If you don’t have the time or inclination to be hands-on – or if you only have a small amount of money to invest – then a popular choice is investment funds, such as unit trusts and Open Ended Investment Companies (OEICs). With these, your money is pooled with that of lots of other investors and used to buy a wide spread of investments.If you’re unsure about the types of investment you need, or which investment funds to choose, seek professional financial advice.

Higher-risk products have their place There’s no reason not to invest in higher-risk products if they suit your financial goals and attitude to risk and you already have a safety margin in low-risk investments such as a Cash ISA. But only consider higher-risk products once

What you need to know to become a more confident investor

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you’ve built up sufficient money in low- and medium-risk investments. Before investing, it’s essential that you fully understand their specific risks and are happy to take them on.

Review investments periodically Investors who watch their investments day to day could have a tendency to buy and sell too often and subsequently achieve poorer returns than investors who leave their money to grow for the long term.

Annual reviews will ensure that you keep track of how your investments are performing and adjust your savings as necessary to reach your goal. You will get regular statements to help you do this.

However, don’t be tempted to act every time prices move in an unexpected direction. Markets rise and fall all the time, and if you are a long-term investor you can just ride out these fluctuations.

Different ‘styles’ of investingSome assets are said to be ‘negatively correlated’, for instance, bonds and property often behave in a contrarian way to equities by offering lower but less volatile returns. This provides a ‘safety net’ by diversifying many of the risks associated with reliance upon one particular asset. It is also important to diversify across different ‘styles’ of investing, such as growth or value investing, as well as across different sizes of companies, different sectors and different geographic regions.

Growth stocks are held as investors believe their value is likely to grow significantly over the long term, whereas value shares are held because they are regarded as being cheaper than the intrinsic worth of the companies in which they represent a stake. By mixing styles that can out- or under-perform under different economic conditions, the overall risk rating of the investment portfolio is reduced. Choosing the right combination of these depends on your risk profile, so it’s essential to seek professional advice to ensure that your investment portfolio is commensurate with your attitude to investment risk.

Currency riskYou should also be aware of currency risk. Currencies (for example, sterling, euros, dollars and yen) move in relation to one another. If you are putting your money into investments in another country, then their value will move up and down in line with currency changes as well as the normal share price movements.

If you don’t have the time or inclination to be hands-on – or if you only have a small amount of money to invest – then a popular choice is investment funds.

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INVESTMENT FUNDS

You can invest directly in investments, like shares, but a more popular way to invest in them is indirectly through an investment fund. Individual investors do not make decisions about how a fund’s assets should be invested.

Once you choose which fund to invest in based on your goals, risk, fees and other factors, a fund manager actually oversees the fund and decides which securities it should hold, in what quantities and when they should be bought and sold.

There are many different ways to investment. Opposite are some examples.

Expanding your investment opportunities

Direct investments How they work

Shares

Unit trusts and open-ended investment companies (OEICs)

Investment trusts

Insurance company funds

Tracker funds

Real estate investment trusts (REITs)

Shares offer you a way of owning a direct stake in a company – also known as ‘equities’. Their value rises and falls in line with a number of factors which may include the company’s performance or outlook, investor sentiment, and general market conditions.

Funds managed by a professional investment manager. There are lots of different strategies and risk levels to choose from, and they can invest in one or more different asset classes.

Investment trusts are companies quoted on the stock exchange whose business is managing an investment fund, investing in shares and/or other types of investment. You invest in the fund by buying and selling shares in the investment trust either directly or through the products listed in the next table. Once again, there are lots of different strategies and risk levels to choose from.

Investment funds run by life insurance companies. When you invest through an insurance or pension product, you often choose how your money is invested. The choice may be from the insurance company’s own funds or investment funds, such as unit trusts, run by other managers.

Some investment funds adopt a ‘tracker’ strategy. The value of the fund increases or decreases in line with a stock market index (a measure of how well the stock market is doing). Tracker funds often have lower charges than other types of fund.

REITs are a special type of investment trust that invests in property. Similar OEICs are called ‘property authorised investment funds’ (PAIFs).

Investment funds (indirect) How they work

Direct investments How they work

You can invest directly in investments, like shares, but a more popular way to invest in them is indirectly through an investment fund.

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WHAT INVESTMENT APPROACH IS RIGHT FOR YOU?Should you invest all of your money in one go or drip-feed it into the stock market over time? The answer will ultimately depend on whether you have a lump sum to invest or not, but it can have a big impact on your returns. Your decisions will invariably be based around your circumstances, attitude to risk and where you are investing your money and why.

If, for example, you’re comfortable with the risks and have strong conviction in your choices, you may want to invest a lump sum. However, if you don’t have a lump sum, or if you’re cautious about going all in, you might prefer to adopt a regular savings strategy. Investing a lump sumIf you have, for example, £100,000 to invest and you invest all of it straight into the stock market, your capital has the greatest potential for growth, as it’s immediately fully exposed to the market.

The assets in which you invest, be they shares, bonds or units in a fund such as a unit trust, are bought at the same price, and you can benefit from any price increases straight away.

The potential downside of investing a lump sum is that you’re exposed to potential downward movements in the market. So, if you invested all of your money in the FTSE 100 (the stock market index that tracks share performance of the top 100 companies in the UK), for example, and it dropped by 20%, your investment would follow suit. Staying invested in the stock market over a long period gives you the opportunity for your money to recover – but this could take a long time and would require a lot of nerve and patience on your part as an investor.

You also have to think about market timing – are you investing at a peak or at a low?

Regular savings and ‘pound cost averaging’Regular savings offers the opportunity to make market fluctuations work in your favour. This approach is known as ‘pound cost averaging.’

Pound cost averaging describes the process of regularly investing the same amount, usually on a monthly basis, to smooth out the impact of the highs and lows of the price of your chosen investment.

The effect of pound cost averaging is that you’re buying assets at different prices on a regular basis, rather than buying at just one price. And while riding out the movements of the market, you could also end up better off than if you invested with a lump sum.

Your decision can have a big impact on your returns

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TAKING A LONG-TERM VIEWStock markets can be unpredictable. They move frequently – and sometimes sharply – in both directions. It is important to take a long-term view (typically ten years or more) and remember your reasons for investing in the first place.

Be prepared to view the occasional downturns simply as part of a long-term investment strategy, and stay focused on your goal.

Historically, the longer you stay invested, the smaller the likelihood you will lose money and the greater the chance you will make money. Of course, it’s worth remembering that past performance is not a guide to what might happen in the future, and the value of your investments can go down as well as up.

Time to growGive your money as much time as possible to grow – at least 10 years is best. You’ll also benefit from ‘compounding’, which is when the interest or income on your original capital begins to earn and grow too.

Staying invested There will be times of market volatility.

Market falls are a natural feature of stock market investing. During these times, it is possible that emotions overcome sound investment decisions – it is best to stay focused on your long-term goals.

Don’t try to time the market Resist the temptation to change your portfolio in response to short-term market movement. ‘Timing’ the markets seldom works in practice and can make it too easy to miss out on any gains.

The golden rule to investing is allowing your investments sufficient time to achieve their potential.

Warren Buffett, the American investor and philanthropist, puts it very succinctly: ‘Our favourite holding period is forever.’ Over the long term, investors do experience market falls which happen periodically. Generally, the wrong thing to do when markets fall by a reasonable margin is to panic and sell out of the market – this just means you have taken the loss. It’s important to remember why you’re invested in the first place and make sure that rationale hasn’t changed.

Remember your reasons for investing in the first place

Be prepared to view the occasional downturns simply as part of a long-term investment strategy, and stay focused on your goal.

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POUND-COST AVERAGINGIt’s natural to be looking for ways to smooth out your portfolio’s returns. Investing regularly can smooth out market highs and lows over time. In a fluctuating market, a strategy known as ‘pound-cost averaging’ can help smooth out the effect of market changes on the value of your investment, and is one way to achieve some peace of mind through this simple, time-tested method for controlling risk over time.

It enables investors to take advantage of stock market corrections, and, by using the theory of pound-cost averaging, you could increase the long-term value of your investments. There are, however, no guarantees that the return will be greater than a lump sum investment, and it requires discipline not to cancel or suspend regular Direct Debit payments if markets continue to head downwards.

Regular intervalsThe basic idea behind pound-cost averaging is straightforward: the term simply refers to investing money in equal amounts at regular intervals. One way to do this is with a lump sum that you’d prefer to investgradually – for example, by taking £50,000 and investing £5,000 each month for 10 months.

Alternatively, you could pound-cost average on an open-ended basis by investing, say, £5,000 every month. This principle means that you invest no matter what the market is doing. Pound-cost averaging can also help investors limit losses, while also instilling a sense of investment discipline and ensuring that you’re buying at ever-lower prices in down markets.

Market timing Investment professionals often say that the secret of good portfolio management is a simple one – market timing. Namely, to buy more on the days when the market goes down, and to sell on the days when the market rises.

As an individual investor, you may find it more difficult to make money through market timing. But you could take advantage of market down days if you save regularly, by taking advantage of pound-cost averaging.

Savings habitRegular savings and investment schemes can be an effective way to benefit from pound-cost averaging, and they instil a savings habit by committing you to making regular monthly contributions. They are especially useful for small investors who want to put away a little each month.

Investors with an established portfolio might also use this type of savings scheme to build exposure a little at a time to higher-risk areas of a particular market.

The same strategy can be used by lump sum investors too. Most fund management companies will give you the option of drip-feeding your lump sum investment into funds in regular amounts. By effectively ‘spreading’ your investment by making smaller contributions on a regular basis, you could help to average out the price you pay for market volatility.

Pound-cost averagingAny costs involved in making the regular investments will reduce the benefits of pound-cost averaging (depending on

the size of the charge relative to the size of the investment, and the frequency of investing).

As the years go by, it is likely that you will be able to increase the amount you invest each month, which would give your savings a valuable boost. No matter how small the investment, committing to regular saving over the long term can build to a sizeable sum. The key to success is giving your investment time to grow. Choose the amount you want to invest and set up automatic deposits. Once this is up and running, the chances are you won’t even notice it going out of your monthly budget.



PAST PERFORMANCE IS NOT A RELIABLE INDICATOR OF FUTURE PERFORMANCE.

A time-tested method for controlling risk over time

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POOLED INVESTMENT SCHEMESInvesting in funds provides a simple and effective method of diversification. Because your money is pooled together with that of other investors, each fund is large enough to diversify across hundreds and even thousands of individual companies and assets. A pooled (or collective) investment is a fund into which many people put their money, which is then invested in one or more asset classes by a fund manager.

There are different types of pooled investment but the main ones are: • Open-ended investment funds• Unit trusts• Investment trusts • Investment bonds

Good return for investorsMost pooled investment funds are actively managed. The fund manager

researches the market and buys and sells assets to try and provide a good return for investors.

Trackers, on the other hand, are passively managed; they simply aim to track the market in which they are invested. For example, a FTSE100 tracker would aim to replicate the movement of the FTSE100 (the index of the largest 100 UK companies).

Trackers might do this by buying the equivalent proportion of all the shares in the index. For technical reasons, the return is rarely identical to the index, in particular because charges need to be deducted.

Actively managed fundTrackers tend to have lower charges than actively managed funds. This is

because a fund manager running an actively managed fund is paid to invest so as to do better than the index (to beat the market) or to generate a steadier return for investors than tracking the index would achieve. Of course, the fund manager could make the wrong decisions and under-perform the market. And there is no guarantee that an actively managed fund that performs well in one year will continue to do so. Past performance is no guarantee of future returns.

Trackers do not beat or under-perform the market (except as already noted), but they are not necessarily less risky than actively managed funds invested in the same asset class. Open-ended investment funds and investment trusts can both be trackers.

Investing in one or more asset classes

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OPEN-ENDED INVESTMENT FUNDS Open-ended investment funds are often called ‘collective investment schemes’ and are run by fund management companies.

There are many different types of fund. These include: • Unit trusts • OEICs (Open-Ended Investment Companies, which are the same as ICVCs – Investment Companies with Variable Capital) • SICAV (Société d’Investissement à Capital Variable)• FCPs (Fonds Communs de Placement)

This list includes certain European funds, which are permitted under European legislation to be sold in the UK.

Open-ended fundsThere are many funds to choose from, and some are valued at many millions of pounds. They are called ‘open-ended funds’, as the number of units (shares) in issue increases as more people invest and decreases as people take their money out.

As an investor, you buy units/shares in the hope that the value rises over time as the prices of the underlying investments

increase. The price of the units depends on how the underlying investments perform.

You might also get income from your units through dividends paid by the shares (or income from the bonds, property or cash) that the fund has invested in. You can either invest a lump sum or save regularly each month.

Different asset classesOpen-ended investment funds generally invest in one or more of the four asset classes – shares, bonds, property and cash. Most invest primarily in shares, but a wide range also invest in bonds. Few invest principally in property or cash deposits. Some funds will spread the investment and have, for example, some holdings in shares and some in bonds. This can be useful if you are only taking out one investment and, remembering that asset allocation is the key to successful investment, you want to spread your investment across different asset classes.

The level of risk will depend on the underlying investments and how well diversified the open-ended investment fund is. Some funds might also invest in derivatives, which may make a fund more

risky. However, fund managers often buy derivatives to help offset the risk involved in owning assets or in holding assets valued in other currencies.

Trustee or depository protectionAny money in an open-ended investment fund is protected by a trustee or depository, who ensures the management company is acting in the investors’ best interests at all times.

For income, there is a difference in the tax position between funds investing in shares and those investing in bonds, property and cash. Whichever type of open-ended investment fund you have, you can reinvest the income to provide additional capital growth, but the taxation implications are as if you had received the income.

No Capital Gains Tax (CGT) is paid on the gains made on investments held within the fund. But, when you sell, you may have to pay CGT.

THE FINANCIAL CONDUCT AUTHORITY DOES NOT REGULATE TRUSTS, TAX PLANNING OR CASH FLOW MODELLING.

Acting in the investors’ best interests at all times

For income, there is a difference in the tax position between funds investing in shares and those investing in bonds, property and cash.

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OPEN-ENDED INVESTMENT COMPANIESOpen-Ended Investment Companies (OEICs) are stock market–quoted collective investment schemes. Like investment trusts and unit trusts, they invest in a variety of assets to generate a return for investors. They share certain similarities with both investment trusts and unit trusts, but there are also key differences. Pooled collective investment vehicleOEICs are a pooled collective investment vehicle in company form and were introduced as a more flexible alternative to established unit trusts. They may also have an umbrella fund structure, allowing for many sub funds with different investment objectives. This means you can invest for income and growth in the same umbrella fund, moving your money from one sub fund to another as your investment priorities or circumstances change. By being ‘open ended’, OEICs can expand and contract in response to

demand, just like unit trusts. The share price of an OEIC is the value of all the underlying investments divided by the number of shares in issue. As an open-ended fund, the fund gets bigger and more shares are created as more people invest. The fund shrinks and shares are cancelled as people withdraw their money. Share allocationYou may invest into an OEIC through a Stocks & Shares Individual Savings Account (ISA). Each time you invest in an OEIC fund, you will be allocated a number of shares. You can choose either income or accumulation shares, depending on whether you are looking for your investment to grow or to provide you with income, providing they are available for the fund you want to invest in. Like unit trusts, OEICs provide a mechanism for investing in a broad selection of shares, thus aiming to reduce the risks of investing in individual shares.

Therefore, you have an opportunity to share in the growth potential of stock market investment. However, do remember that your capital is not secured and your income is not guaranteed. Investment objectivesEach OEIC has its own investment objectives, and the fund manager has to invest to achieve these objectives. The fund manager will invest the money on behalf of the shareholders. The value of your investment will vary according to the total value of the fund, which is determined by the investments the fund manager makes with the fund’s money. The price of the shares is based on the value of the investments in which the company has invested.

Expanding and contracting in response to demand

Each OEIC has its own investment objectives, and the fund manager has to invest to achieve these objectives. The fund manager will invest the money on behalf of the shareholders.

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UNIT TRUSTSUnit trusts are collective investments that allow you to participate in a wider range of investments than can normally be achieved on your own with smaller sums of money. Pooling your money with others also reduces the risk.

A unit trust fund is divided into units, each of which represents a tiny share of the overall portfolio. Each day, the portfolio is valued, which determines the value of the units. When the portfolio value rises, the price of the units increases. When the portfolio value goes down, the price of the units falls.

Investment decisionsThe unit trust is run by a fund manager, or a team of managers, who will make the investment decisions. They invest in stock markets all round the world and, for the more adventurous investor, there are funds investing in individual emerging markets, such as China, or in the so-called BRIC economies (Brazil, Russia, India and China).

Alternatively, some funds invest in metals and natural resources, and many put their money into bonds. Some offer a blend of equities, bonds, property and cash and are known as ‘balanced funds’. If you wish to marry your profits with your principles, you can also invest in an ethical fund.

Multi-manager fundsSome funds invest not in shares directly but in a number of other funds. These are known as ‘multi-manager funds’. Most fund managers use their own judgement to assemble a portfolio of shares for their funds, which are known as ‘actively managed funds’. However, a sizeable minority of funds simply aim to replicate a particular index, such as the FTSE All-Share Index. These are known as ‘passive funds’ or ‘trackers’.

Participating in a wider range of investments

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INVESTMENT TRUSTSAn investment trust is a company with a set number of shares. Unlike an open-ended investment fund, an investment trust is closed ended. This means there are a set number of shares available, which will remain the same no matter how many investors there are. This can have an impact on the price of the shares and the level of risk of the investment trust. Open-ended investment funds create and cancel units depending on the number of investors.

The price of the investment trust shares depends on two main factors:• The value of the underlying investments (which works in the same way as open- ended investment funds)• The popularity of the investment trust shares in the market

Closed-ended fundsThis second point applies to investment trusts but not to open-ended investment funds or life assurance investments. The reason is because they are closed-ended funds. The laws of economics say that if there is a high demand for something, but limited supply, then the price goes up. So, if you own some investment trust shares and there are lots of people queuing up to buy them, then you can sell them for more money. On the other hand,

if nobody seems to want them, then you will have to drop the price until someone is prepared to buy.

The result is that investment trust shares do not simply reflect the value of the underlying investments: they also reflect their popularity in the market. The value of the investment trust’s underlying investments is called the ‘net asset value’ (NAV). If the share price is exactly in line with the underlying investments, then it is called ‘trading at par’. If the price is higher because the shares are popular, then it is called ‘trading at a premium’, and if lower ‘trading at a discount’. This feature may make them more volatile than other pooled investments (assuming the same underlying investments).

Improving performanceThere is another difference that applies to investment trusts: they can borrow money to invest. This is called ‘gearing’. Gearing improves an investment trust’s performance when its investments are doing well. On the other hand, if its investments do not do as well as expected, gearing lowers performance.

Not all investment trusts are geared, and deciding whether to borrow and when to borrow is a judgement the investment

manager makes. An investment trust that is geared is a higher-risk investment than one that is not geared (assuming the same underlying investments).

Split-capital investment trustsA split-capital investment trust (split) is a type of investment trust that sells different sorts of shares to investors depending on whether they are looking for capital growth or income. Splits run for a fixed term. The shares will have varying levels of risk, as some investors will be ahead of others in the queue for money when the trust comes to the end of its term.

The tax position is largely the same as for open-ended investment funds, but an investment trust will only be paying income as dividends whereas an OEIC/UT could pay dividend or interest income depending on the fund. You should be aware that tax legislation changes constantly, and you should find out the most current position.

Reflecting popularity in the market

A split-capital investment trust (split) is a type of investment trust that sells different sorts of shares to investors depending on whether they are looking for capital growth or income.

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INVESTMENT BONDS Investment bonds are designed to produce medium- to long-term capital growth, but can also be used to give you an income. They also include some life cover. There are other types of investment that have ‘bond’ in their name (such as guaranteed bonds, offshore bonds and corporate bonds) but these are very different. With an investment bond, you pay a lump sum to a life assurance company, and this is invested for you until you cash it in or die.

Medium- to long-termMost investment bonds are not designed to run for a specific length of time, but they should be thought of as medium-to-long-term investments, and you’ll often need to invest your money for at least five years. There will usually be a charge if you cash in the bond during the first few years.

The bond includes a small amount of life assurance and, on death, will pay out slightly more than the value of the fund. Some investment bonds offer a guarantee that you won’t get back less than your original investment, but this will cost you more in charges.

Range of fundsYou can usually choose from a range of

funds to invest in, for example, UK and overseas shares, fixed interest securities, property and cash. Investment bonds can also offer a way of investing in funds managed by other companies, but this may lead to higher charges. Investment risk can never be eliminated, but it is possible to reduce the ups and downs of the stock market by choosing a range of funds to help you avoid putting all your eggs in one basket. Different investment funds behave in different ways and are subject to different risks. Putting your money in a range of different investment funds can help reduce the loss should one or more of them fall.

Tax paymentsDepending on your circumstances, the overall amount of tax you pay on investment bonds may be higher than on other investments (such as a unit trust, for instance). But there may be other reasons to prefer an investment bond. Or you may want to set up the investment within a trust as part of your Inheritance Tax planning (but note that you normally lose access to at least some of your money if you do this).

You can normally withdraw up to 5% of the original investment amount each

year without any immediate Income Tax liability. The life assurance company can pay regular withdrawals to you automatically. These withdrawals can therefore provide you with regular payments, with Income Tax deferred, over 20 years if less than 5% pa is withdrawn, i.e. any term until 100% of the original capital has been withdrawn.

A range of funds for the medium to long term

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NEW TAX YEAR, NEW ISA ALLOWANCEEach tax year, we are each given an annual Individual Savings Account (ISA) allowance. The new ISA limit for 2017/18 is £20,000. It is a ‘use it or lose it’ allowance, meaning that if you don’t use all or part of it in one tax year, you cannot take that allowance over to the next year.

An ISA is a tax-efficient investment wrapper in which you can hold a range of investments, including bonds, equities, property, multi-asset funds and even cash, giving you control over where your money is invested tax-efficiently.

Sheltering your money from tax ISAs are becoming an integral part of financial planning. However, it is important to remember that an ISA is just a way of sheltering your money from tax – it’s not an investment in its own right.

ISAs offer a unique range of benefits, as there is no Income Tax on interest payments (which are made by bond funds) or dividends (which are paid by equity funds), and you don’t lock your money away, so you can still access it whenever you need to.

Withdrawals to increase your incomeIncome from an ISA doesn’t affect your personal allowance or age-related allowance, and there’s no Capital Gains Tax (CGT) payable on any growth you may achieve. This means you could use withdrawals to increase your income

when necessary. However, any losses made in the ISA cannot be used to offset gains made elsewhere.

When you invest through an ISA, you don’t have to pay personal Income Tax on any interest you receive from your investments. In a Stocks & Shares ISA, interest is generated by bond funds, which many investors choose because they offer the potential for a regular lower-risk income, compared with equities.

Particularly useful in retirement This feature of an ISA is particularly useful in retirement, as it means you can hold your money in bond funds and generate a tax-efficient income on top of the payments you receive from your pension. It is also very beneficial if you want to generate long-term capital growth from your funds but prefer to take a cautious approach to investing.

When your investments are held in ISAs, you don’t have to pay any CGT on the growth. Of course, this may seem like a minimal benefit if your profits are well within the current £11,300 threshold for CGT, but it’s worth remembering that stocks and shares investments are for the long term. If your funds perform particularly well for several years, holding them in ISAs will mean you have full access to your money at all times without having to worry about managing a potential tax burden.

Simplifying your financial administration You don’t have to declare any investments held in ISAs on your tax return. This may not seem like much, but, if you have to file an annual tax return, you’ll know that any way of simplifying your financial administration can be very helpful.

If you feel that your existing ISA provider is no longer appropriate for your needs or you are looking to consolidate your investments under one roof, with an ISA you are free to transfer your investment between providers to suit your individual needs. Please note: your current provider may apply a charge when you transfer your investment. While your investment is being transferred, it may be out of the market for a short period of time and may not lose or gain in value.

Withdrawals from an ISA are tax-efficient ISAs can give you control over your retirement income. If you are a pension saver, you can generally also take out as much money as you like, whenever you want, from age 55. However, at present only up to 25% of the pension can be withdrawn tax-efficiently, with withdrawals taxed at the applicable marginal rate of Income Tax. Separately, a test against the Lifetime Allowance may also be applied, which could result in additional tax becoming payable.

Taking control over where your money is invested tax-efficiently

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Types of ISAs and allowances

Cash ISAAnyone over the age of 16 can put their cash savings into a Cash ISA. Accounts can be either instant access, have notice periods or have fixed terms.

The annual allowance for a Cash ISA is currently £20,000. You can invest up to this full amount in your Cash ISA, or you can share this allowance between a Cash, Stocks & Shares, and Innovative Finance ISA.

Many Cash ISAs are now flexible. If the ISA provider offers them and you withdraw from one, you can put it back into the same account in the same tax year without affecting your allowance. It works on money in old Cash ISAs and cash you’ve deposited this tax year. This can apply equally to stocks and shares ISAs as long as the assets are turned into cash before withdrawal

Stocks & Shares ISAAnyone over the age of 18 can put individual shares or managed funds into a Stocks & Shares ISA.

The current annual allowance for a Stocks & Shares ISA is £20,000. You can invest up to this full amount in your Stocks & Shares ISA, or you can share this allowance between a Cash, Stocks & Shares, and Innovative Finance ISA.

Lifetime ISAThis ISA will be available for those aged between 18 and 39 from 6 April 2017 (if you turned 40 on or before 6 April 2017, you won’t be eligible).

Announced in the 2016 Budget, this new tax-efficient savings or investments account is designed to help under-40s purchase their first home or save for retirement.

For every £4 you save, the Government will add £1 (worth up to £1,000 a year), paid at the end of tax year, up to the age

of 50. Up to £4,000 a year is eligible for the 25% bonus (you can add more, but it won’t receive a government contribution). In the first year, it will be paid annually, but from the 2018/19 tax year onwards the bonus is paid every month, so that you benefit from compound growth. You can invest in either cash or stocks and shares.

Innovative Finance ISAThis ISA is for investments in peer-to-peer lending platforms such as Zopa, Ratesetter and Funding Circle. You must be over the age of 18 to invest.

The current annual allowance for an Innovative Finance ISA is £20,000. You can invest up to this full amount in your Innovative Finance ISA, or you can share this allowance between a Cash, Stocks & Shares, and Innovative Finance ISA.

These are generally considered higher-risk investments and may not be considered suitable for all types of investors. You could lose some or all of your capital.

Help to Buy: ISAThis ISA has been introduced to help first-time buyers over the age of 16 get on the property ladder. You have to choose between either a Cash ISA or a Help to Buy: ISA, but you can have a Help to Buy and a Stocks & Shares ISA in the same tax year.

You can start your Help to Buy: ISA with a lump sum deposit of up to £1,200. You can then save up to £200 a month.

For every £200 you save, the Government will add 25% up to a maximum bonus of £3,000. However, the government bonus on a Help-to-Buy: ISA can only be applied at completion by the solicitor as the final part of the property purchase payment. As such, the monies cannot be used to help fund the deposit element of a property purchase.

Junior ISACash or investments can be wrapped in

this ISA on behalf of children under the age of 18. The Junior ISA has an annual allowance of £4,128. You must be a UK resident or crown employee to invest in any type of ISA (with the exception of the additional permitted subscription ISA allowance).

Expert professional investment advice Choosing between a Cash ISA and an investment ISA such as Stocks & Shares will depend on the level of risk you are comfortable taking with your money, as well as factors such as how soon you will need to access your money. Please contact us to review the most appropriate options for your particular situation – we look forward to hearing from you.



STOCKS & SHARES AND INNOVATIVE FINANCE ISA INVESTMENTS DO NOT INCLUDE THE SAME SECURITY OF CAPITAL WHICH IS AFFORDED WITH A CASH ISA.

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OFFSHORE BONDSFinding the right offshore investments can be a key factor in making the most of your wealth, and it’s not only for the wealthiest of investors. With a few well-advised decisions, you could broaden your investment portfolio.

If appropriate, offshore bonds may provide an opportunity for your assets to grow in a tax-free environment. They also allow you to choose when any tax liability becomes payable. There are a number of other tax benefits with offshore bonds, especially if you have spent time living abroad. But they are complex structures that require professional financial advice.

International finance centresWhile many investors will be aware that investing in an Individual Savings Account (ISA) or pension can help reduce their tax bill, you may be less familiar with offshore bonds. Like pensions and ISAs, offshore bonds are effectively ‘wrappers’ into which you place your investments, for example, funds or cash. They are offered by life insurance companies which operate from international finance centres.

The main tax benefit of investing in an offshore bond is gross roll-up. This means that any underlying investment

gains are not subject to tax at source – apart from an element of withholding tax. With an onshore bond, life fund tax is payable on income or gains made by the underlying investment. This means your offshore investment has the potential to grow faster than one in a taxed fund.

Tax deferralAs long as investments are held within the offshore bond wrapper, you don’t pay any Income Tax or Capital Gains Tax (CGT) on them, and you can switch between different funds tax-free. While you do have to pay tax on any gains when you withdraw assets, there are a number of ways you can potentially reduce the amount you pay.

New owner’s tax rateYou can assign (transfer ownership) an offshore bond – or parts of it – as a gift without the recipient incurring any Income Tax or CGT, although this may cause an Inheritance Tax (IHT) liability if you were to die within seven years. All future tax on withdrawals will be charged at the new owner’s tax rate, if any. This can be a tax-efficient way to help fund your children’s university fees, for example, since your children are likely to be low or non-earners as students. Putting an offshore bond in a trust could help your family

reduce or avoid IHT, provided you live for seven years after setting it up.

Understand each jurisdictionInvestor compensation schemes tend not to be as developed as in the UK, so you should always obtain professional advice to ensure that you fully understand each jurisdiction. It is also important to ensure that you are investing in an offshore investment that is appropriate for the level of risk you wish to take.

If you are an expatriate, you should make sure that you are aware of all the investment opportunities available to you and that you are minimising your tax liability. Investing money offshore is a very complex area of financial planning, and you should always obtain professional advice. Currency movements can also affect the value of an offshore investment.

THE FINANCIAL CONDUCT AUTHORITY DOES NOT REGULATE SOME OFFSHORE INVESTMENTS.

Utilising tax deferral benefits to minimise tax liabilities

As long as investments are held within the offshore bond wrapper, you don’t pay any Income Tax or Capital Gains Tax (CGT) on them, and you can switch between different funds tax-free.

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INVESTING FOR INCOMEHow do you generate a reliable income when interest rates are stuck at all-time lows and the Bank of England’s quantitative easing policy of ‘printing’ money is squeezing yields on government bonds (gilts) and other investments? Investors today can still rely on a well-balanced portfolio to meet their needs for income. However, they must be open-minded about the sources of that income and recognise that low-risk income generation is a thing of the past.If you are an income seeker, much will come down to your attitude to risk for return. If you want no or very low risk, you may wish to consider a traditional cash bank account and accept that income levels are likely to remain low for the foreseeable future. However, if you’re further up the risk scale, you may wish to opt for some of these other alternatives.

GiltsIf you’re willing to take on a slightly higher degree of risk and you need the extra income, you may wish to consider gilts (or gilt-edged stocks), which are bonds issued by the Government that pay a fixed rate of interest twice a year. Gilts involve more risk than cash, because there’s a chance the Government won’t be able to pay you back. It’s highly unusual for a government to default on a debt or default on the interest payments, so they have been considered safe. But, in this current economic climate, this risk increases.

You are not guaranteed to get all your capital back under all circumstances. Not all gilts are bought from the Government and held to maturity; some are bought and sold along the way, so there’s a chance for their value, and the value of gilt funds, to rise and fall. There are other

types, such as index-linked gilts, which form the largest part of the gilt portfolio after conventional gilts. Here the coupon is related to movements in the Retail Prices Index (RPI) and is linked to inflation.

Corporate bondsNext along the risk scale, if you are looking for a higher yield, are corporate bonds. These are issued by companies and have features that are exactly the same as gilts except that, instead of lending money to the Government, you’re lending to a company. The risk lies in the fact that companies may go bust and the debt may not be repaid. They have a nominal value (usually £100), which is the amount that will be returned to the investor on a stated future date (the redemption date). They also pay a stated interest rate each year, usually fixed. The value of the bonds themselves can rise and fall; however, the fact that bonds are riskier at the moment means companies are paying more in order to induce people to buy their debt. There are an increasing number of global bond funds entering the market that may enable you to get value from a lot of different markets.

Equity incomeIf your primary objective is the preservation of income, you may not consider the stock market as the obvious place for your money. However, for investors who are prepared to see their investments fluctuate in value while hopefully providing a stable income that grows over time, you may wish to consider equity income funds. These invest in shares, focusing on the big blue-chip firms that have a track record of good dividend payments. The dividends will be your income.

Global equity income fundsFurther up the risk scale are global equity income funds. These are similar to UK funds, except that there are only a handful of the big blue-chip firms that pay reliable dividends in the UK, whereas global diversification offers a significant range of companies to choose from. Investing in other currencies brings an added level of risk, unless the fund hedges the currency.

Equity income investment trustsEquity income investment trusts are higher risk but similar to other equity income investments. They are structured differently from unit trusts and open-ended investment companies. Investment trusts are closed ended. They are structured as companies with a limited number of shares. The share price of the fund moves up and down depending on the level of demand, so the price of the trust depends not only on the value of the underlying investments but also on the popularity of the trust itself. In difficult times, when investors are selling up, trusts are likely to see their share price fall more than the value of their underlying investments. This means they also have more potential for greater returns once better times resume. Investment trust share prices are therefore often at a ‘discount’ or ‘premium’ to the value of the assets in the fund.

Safeguarding your money at a time of low interest rates

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SOCIALLY RESPONSIBLE INVESTINGFor investors concerned about global warming and other environmental issues, there are a plethora of ethical investments that cover a multitude of different strategies. The terms ‘ethical investment’ and ‘socially responsible investment’ (SRI) are often used interchangeably to mean an approach to selecting investments whereby the usual investment criteria are overlaid with an additional set of ethical or socially responsible criteria.

Ethical criteriaThe Ethical Investment Research Service (EIRIS) defines an ethical fund as ‘any fund which decides that shares are acceptable, or not, according to positive or negative ethical criteria (including environmental criteria)’.

Funds that use negative screening, known as ‘dark green funds’, exclude companies that are involved in activities that the fund manager regards as unethical. Each fund group has a slightly different definition of what is unethical, but this typically includes gambling, tobacco, alcohol and arms manufacturing. It could also cover pollution of the environment, bank lending to corrupt regimes and testing of products on animals.

Positive screening funds Positive screening funds use positive criteria to select suitable companies. Funds that take this approach look for companies that are doing positive good, such as those engaged in recycling, alternative energy sources or water purification. So an ethical fund of this type might buy shares in a maker of wind turbines or solar panels.

Engagement funds Engagement funds take a stake in companies and then use that stake as a lever to press for changes in the way that the company operates. This could mean persuading oil and mining companies to take greater care over the environmental impact of their operations or pressing companies to offer better treatment of their workers.

In addition, this process may involve making judgements regarding the extent to which such investments are perceived to be acceptable and about the potential for improving through engagement the ethical performance of the party offering the investment.

Best financial returnsEthical investors will believe that they should not (or need not) sacrifice their life

principles in exchange for chasing the best financial returns, with some arguing that in the long term ethical and SRI funds have good prospects for outperforming the general investment sectors.

Since ethical investment by definition reduces the number of shares, securities or funds in which you can invest, it tends to increase the volatility of the portfolio and therefore the risk profile. This can be mitigated by diversifying between funds, and between different styles of funds and fund managers. Like their non-ethical equivalents, some ethical funds are much higher risk than others.

Not sacrificing your life principles in exchange for chasing the best financial returns

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Engagement funds take a stake in companies and then use that stake as a lever to press for changes in the way that the company operates.

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The content of this guide is for your general information and use only and is not intended to address your particular requirements. The content should not be relied upon in its entirety and shall not be deemed to be, or constitute, advice. Although endeavours have been made to provide accurate and timely information, there can be no guarantee that such information is accurate as of the date it is received or that it will continue to be accurate in the future. No individual or company should act upon such information without receiving appropriate professional advice after a thorough examination of their particular situation. We cannot accept responsibility for any loss as a result of acts or omissions taken in respect of the content. Thresholds, percentage rates and tax legislation may change in subsequent Finance Acts. Levels and bases of, and reliefs from, taxation are subject to change, and their value depends on the individual circumstances of the investor. The value of your investments can go down as well as up, and you may get back less than you invested.

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GUIDE TO INVESTMENT PLANNING - Mansion Park · In this Guide to Investment Planning, we consider the process of organising investments as a whole and explore the key principles and