Guide to Career Choice - Ati Annang · Career is an occupation or major activity in one's life carried out to necessarily earn a living. Career is very important in our personal,

Guide to Career Choice

Authors Etim Uko Imeh Etukudoh Camillus Umoh Ime Ikono

Published by: Ati Annang Foundation, Port-Harcourt Printed by: Wegodin Global Resources, Port-Harcourt First published: April, 2019

All rights reserved, this book is copyright and so no part of it may be reproduced, stored in a retrieval system, or transmitted, in any form or by any means, electronic, mechanical, electrostatic, magnetic tape, photocopying, recording or otherwise, without the prior written permission of the copyright owner

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DEDICATION

This book is dedicated to all Annang sons and daughters.

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FOREWORD

Career is an occupation or major activity in one's life carried out to necessarily earn a living. Career is very important in our personal, social, economic and overall well-being. To make a good choice of career is to make a good choice for better life.

This book entitled, guide to career choice is a bold step intended to direct readers who are yet to choose a career in the right direction, provide in-depth knowledge and information that will help them to make informed and intelligent choices. The book has attracted contributions from seasoned scholars to enhance the quality of the material. It has covered topics on rationale for career counselling; factors influencing career choice; academic programs in the Universities and others.

The chapters are presented in a very simplistic but articulated manner, very instructive and direct to the point. In view of the sterling qualities of the book, I recommend it to every beginner as the book's intended goal of directing readers to making the best choice in terms of career selection will be achieved. Professor Idara Akpabio Dean, Faculty of Science, University of Uyo, Nigeria April, 2019

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PREFACE

Most of the content of this book originated from “Ati Annang Career Counselling Workshop Manual” intended for Career Counselling Instructors (teachers) for practical counselling and guidance of Annang youths in Secondary Schools in 2009. We realized we were not professionally competent to write a book on Teaching Methods (Manual) on Career Guidance and Counselling for instructors. The manual was turned into “Guide to Career Choice”. This book, greatly illustrated with pictorials of professionals, is for youths needing a guide in making career choice though the book is also useful to the professional counsellors.

The key word in the title of this book is “Guide” which means to direct, pilot, manage, know, inform, aid, lead and steer. Since a “Career” is a life-time work chosen by a person to use personal talent, provide some service or goods, earn money, and contribute to society, we felt strongly that our youths should be properly guided as we ourselves had gone through the difficult pathway of making decisions and choices. Guide to Career Choice will guide any reader in going through series of actions or steps and progressing towards achieving a specific career goal. We wish to thank and acknowledge the vision, foresight and commitment of Ati Annang Foundation founding fathers for enforcing as one of their tenets “To train, prepare, educate, direct and encourage its members towards placing themselves in all the strategic sectors of our community and the nation at large.” We appreciate and acknowledge all members, past and present executive officers at chapters and the international levels for pursuing peace, unity, educational advancement and strategic growth and development of Annang Nation in the

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ethno-local, national and international community, while sustaining our rich cultural heritage.

Many students and colleagues have helped us with this book either directly or by exerting some advisory influence. We are most grateful to them all. However some individuals have supported this book initiative that their names literally jump off the pages of this book and demand recognition. We appreciate Sir Emem Akpabio, Chairman Board of Trustees, Ati Annang Foundation; Engr. Etido Inyang, Vice Chairman Board of Trustees Ati Annang Foundation; Mr. Imoh Emeh, Secretary Board of Trustees Ati Annang Foundation. We also appreciate Engr. Isidore Akpakpan, former Chairman Ati Annang Foundation, Port Harcourt Chapter, and Sir Udo Kerian, International President Ati Annang Foundation. Professor Etim Uko Imeh Etukudoh Camillus Umoh Ime Ikono April, 2019

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TABLE OF CONTENT

DEDICATION................................................................. i

FOREWORD ................................................................. ii

PREFACE .................................................................... iii

OBJECTIVES OF THIS BOOK ............................................... 3 RATIONALE FOR CAREER COUNSELLING ......................... 3

CHAPTER TWO ............................................................. 6

FACTORS INFLUENCING CAREER CHOICE ........................ 6 RELATIONSHIP BETWEEN CAREER, VOCATION, WORK AND OCCUPATION ................................................. 6 CAREER DEVELOPMENT .................................................... 6 Fantasy Period 4 – 10 Years ............................................... 6 PSYCHOLOGICAL FACTORS ............................................... 7 PHYSIOLOGICAL FACTORS ................................................ 9

CHAPTER THREE ........................................................ 16

SOME ACADEMIC PROGRAMMES IN NIGERIAN UNIVERSITIES ................................................................... 16

COURSE REQUIREMENTS ............................................ 16 INFORMATION ON SOME SELECTED CAREERS ............. 16 ADMINISTRATION/MANAGEMENT ................................. 16

ADVERTISING ............................................................... 18 AUDITING ..................................................................... 19 BUSINESS ADMINISTRATION ...................................... 21 STATISTICS .................................................................... 25

AGRICULTURE .................................................................. 26 ARTS ................................................................................. 27

MUSIC ........................................................................... 27 COMMERCIAL ARTS ..................................................... 30

DENTISTRY ....................................................................... 34 EDUCATION ...................................................................... 35 ENGINEERING ................................................................... 36

CIVIL AND STRUCTURAL ENGINEERING ..................... 39

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ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCES ........................................... 46 LAW ................................................................................... 49 MEDICINE ......................................................................... 50 PHARMACY....................................................................... 56

PHARMACY ................................................................... 57 SOCIAL SCIENCES ............................................................. 67

PSYCHOLOOGY ............................................................ 69 MILITARY .......................................................................... 73 AIR FORCE ........................................................................ 73

ARMY. ............................................................................... 75 NAVAL FORCE ................................................................... 77 POLICE FORCE .................................................................. 78

VETERINARY MEDICINE ............................................... 79 CHAPTER FOUR .......................................................... 82

HINTS ON MENTAL AND EXAMINATION ADJUSTMENT ............................................................... 82 STUDY HABITS.............................................................. 85 EXAMINATIONS ............................................................ 89

REFERRENCES ........................................................... 94

INDEX ...................................................................... 112

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CHAPTER ONE

OBJECTIVES OF THIS BOOK To guide youths particularly from Annang nation on choice of courses for Post-Secondary education which will enable them take up lucrative and leadership positions in Government, Industries and Private sector of the economy after graduation.

It is hoped that by the time you finish reading this book, you will know:

i. Various courses available in Nigerian Universities, Colleges and Polytechnics

ii. Mandatory admission requirements, courses and entrance examinations for any course

iii. Mandatory subjects combination relevant to chosen Course

iv. Mandatory entrance and aptitude examinations to be taken for genuine admission

v. Factors influencing career choice vi. Some selected career job descriptions, training

required, natural personal qualities, employment opportunities

vii. How to choose a career

RATIONALE FOR CAREER COUNSELLING

1. Shortfall in the number of qualified Annang sons and daughters

ATI Annang realizes that job vacancies do come up in oil and gas, other industries, and government from to time, and there are no adequate number of qualified Annang sons and daughters to apply for such positions. There is need to bridge this gap.

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2. Suitable course choices Youths usually learn careers that appeal to them most. However they also consider which job pays the most and even organizations they should avoid. They learn about trends in different industries as well as projected future trends. Students, who are happy with their suggested career choices, and the required courses for that career, tend to do better in secondary and post- secondary schools.

3. Job satisfaction There's nothing worse than enrolling on a course or working at a job you don't enjoy

4. Steering in the right direction Every human being is faced with decision making every minute of his/her live, but the three major decision areas are: Who to marry? What to worship? What course of study leading to which career? This counselling will inspire students searching for post-secondary enrolment, and help strengthen decision skills. After this counselling you will be inspired to steer in the right direction.

5. Community development Society as a whole benefits when people are happy with their careers. Stress due to unhappiness in the workplace dissipates in domestic violence. Happy workers are also productive workers. Many business leaders now send promising employees to receive career counselling to determine where they would be the happiest, and subsequently do the most good, within their companies.

6. National economic development Career Counselling can benefit the national economy as well. Those who are happy with their jobs are less likely to become unemployed. This means there's a lower turnover

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rate among businesses that encourage career counselling for their students and employees

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CHAPTER TWO

FACTORS INFLUENCING CAREER CHOICE

CAREER DEFINED i. Career is the particular occupation for which you are

trained. ii. Occupation is the principal activity in your life that

you do to earn money; An activity or task with which one occupies oneself; usually specifically the productive activity, service, trade, or craft for which one is regularly paid.

iii. Vocation is career, a life-work chosen by a person to use personal talent, provide some service or goods, earn money, and contribute to society.

RELATIONSHIP BETWEEN CAREER, VOCATION, WORK AND OCCUPATION

i. Career and vocation is an occupation in your life ii. Career and vocation pertains to remunerative work

iii. Career and vocation are the sum total of your life experiences including education, paid and unpaid work, and community, volunteer and family activities.

CAREER DEVELOPMENT

Fantasy Period 4 – 10 Years Career or vocational development is a life-long process starting from the fantasy stage (4 - 10 years) which is during the primary/early junior secondary. This phase corresponds with the hidden period of development. This is the period when children only dream of careers they may want to take up in future.

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Tentative Period 11 - 18 Years This is the period or stage when a child begins to ask himself what he is interested in and what he likes to do. The child may make some decisions, but as soon as he realizes that some of his ideals are violated by the work activities he has chosen, he changes his mind and drops the job.

Realistic Stage Period 19 - 22 Years or Beyond This is the period when a child makes a realistic choice of an occupation having compared his personal characteristics and information about various occupations.

Therefore vocational development is the process of change due to acquisition of certain skills, knowledge, ideas, and attitudes about the world of work. Vocational development is not static but progressive; it involves process of building up of values, skills, and attitude and so on. It is the process of shaping, moulding and orienting the individual towards the world of work.

Originally emphasis of work was on choice but choice is static because it takes place at a time. Now the emphasis is not on choice, it is how the child grows up, make or build up his ideas, spirit and values about work. In addition to the main career path, one must be computer and safety literate, and security conscious.

PSYCHOLOGICAL FACTORS The individual's total personality certainly influences his career pattern and eventually leads to the choice of occupation. These factors include needs, values, interests, aptitudes, intelligence and self-concept.

Needs, values, interests and occupational choice Of all the motivational factors that have strong bearing on choice of occupations, needs, values and interests seem to

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be very significant. Motivation is a process in the determination of behaviour in addition to the effect of a stimulus perceived situation.

An individual's motive conditions his aspiration and inspiration, making him to act in a particular way. Thus, motivation is an important variable in an individual's career pattern and eventual choice of occupation.

An individual aspires to do certain things because of some basic needs, whether these needs are real or imagined. If a person has no need for a particular action, he may not worry himself about it. In the world of work, people engage in some occupations because they feel some lack of "something" which, if present, would give them satisfaction in an expected or anticipated direction. This "something" they feel they lack may be in terms of material wealth such a money, or influence, prestige, recognition and so on.

Value and need appear similar, yet they are not synonymous. Value means a concept of the desirable, thus, value may be a product of need, though need is not the only source of value. Values may result from cultural norms and standards as well as an individual's relationship to other people and his attraction to certain behaviours. The extent to which an individual's values anything would suggest the degree of his need of it. Some behaviours or conditions that attract some values do not arise in the great emphasis laid upon them. Such values do not arise from the person's personal needs per see but simply because the society has defined them as valuable. In cases like this some individuals are advised to engage in some occupational roles with hope that their need, though defined at the time, may in future be met by such activities.

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PHYSIOLOGICAL FACTORS

Physiological factors are the variables intrinsic in the individual which he has little or no control. No individual has much control over the physical structures he received through the genes of his parents. These genes determine many neural and physiological characteristics as sex, metabolism, visual acuity, nervous system, capacity or intensity of purpose. Some of these biological factors eliminate or at least modify potential occupational behaviour. However, God is bountiful in mercy. An individual, no matter their inherited or physical disability, may benefit from some kind of work. Sex and occupational choice There are different interest between males and females.

Most of the masculinity, femininity vocational interest tests are based on this knowledge.

Several studies have given ample evidence to show that vocation interests of boys and girls are generally characteristic of either sex. While engineering is almost exclusively a masculine vocation, nursing, on the other hand, is feminine job. With regards to teaching, greater percentage of girls than boys aspires to the profession.

Age and vocational choice Vocational interests usually change with the physical maturation of an individual. Before adolescence, vocational interest tends to change from one occupation to another as an individual is exposed to the world of work in the society.

Ability and occupational choice Generally, in Nigeria, it is a common observation that specialized vocational and educational interests have very

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little relation to specialized abilities. Many adolescents are interested in occupations which demand much intellectual and physical abilities, which they have little skill.

However, it cannot be ruled out that an individual is often forced, while making an occupational decision, to make an estimate of his own abilities. A student who knows he is deficient in both physical and logical science subjects can hardly aspire to train for medical profession though he may be very much interested in the field.

This notwithstanding, common experience shows that the relationship between general abilities and interest has little association. An individual with unusual ability in mathematics. Music or art may not have interest characteristic of those abilities.

In most cases, an individual's vocational interests are not necessarily related to his abilities. Though there may be some occasional relationship between the two factors but neither is a determining factor in individual's occupational choice. More potent determinants should be sought in other factors.

Family and vocational choice Of all the sociological forces shaping the career pattern of an individual the family has ever been among the most important. The family has the earliest influence on the psychological life of a child hence its role is very critical. Through family influence, everyone is exposed to values, relationships, attitudes, feelings and certain climate for learning. The family undoubtedly has profound influence upon the evaluative aspects of the child's development. His desires, his satisfactions, his dissatisfactions, his sense of values are all influenced by the educational and economic set up of the family.

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As the family is the social group with which the individual has direct contact, it determines not only the individual's personality but also his vocational interest to some extent. Therefore, it has precedence over other factors. In Nigeria, before the advent of western culture and formal education, the family used to play a critical role, often with veto powers, on the occupational decision of its members.

The family provides the child with his first social experiences which often persist and model his vocational behaviour. A child is born into a family where he is reared in accordance with the values of the family. The needs values, interests, interpersonal relationships, goals, orientation and life styles differ between one family and styles differ between one family and another and each child is brought up in a particular social construct. As he grows, he learns and internalizes and adopts the behavioural patterns. There is a relationship between children's early rearing experiences and their occupational choice.

Home climate and occupation choice As the child grows and matures, he spends most of his early years at home. He is influenced by whatever that happens in the family as he naturally regards the family as the significant figure. Parental work attitudes are reflected in the conversation engaged at home into four broad categories: (a) The silent attitude: families in this group rarely discuss

work openly. They are obviously not interested in the vocational life of their children. They think that when their children grow they will do whatever that interests them. This group makes no vocational plans for any of their children. They hardly discuss their own work and much less that of another.

(b) The resentful attitude: this category of families just makes incidental remarks about work. They of course,

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do not engage their children in any vocational discussion. To them occupational decision for their children is left between fate on the one hand and the school on the other.

(c) The participating type: This group describes those families in which parents are keen on their job and discuss them with obvious enthusiasm. As they discuss their work and those of others, their children are informally exposed to these occupations.

(d) The candid attitude: The families in this group openly and frankly discuss all aspects of work, the advantages and disadvantages. These different categories of homes would produce children with different attitudes towards work, assuming that other potent factors are kept constant. Children from the third and fourth categories would mature vocationally earlier than children from the first and second categories.

Parents' occupational, education and occupational choice The occupation of the parents may have some decided influence on the children's vocational interest. Children raised in a home dominated by a certain occupation are likely to be influenced by that occupation. A boy whose father and grandfather, uncles and brothers are physicians or lawyers will have different vocational interests from a boy raised in a family noted over the years as farmers, teachers, accountants or labourers. Studies of occupational mobility have demonstrated a tendency for families of remain on the same occupational level through three generations. In the early 1940s, scattered descriptions of family pedigrees tend to indicate that specific jobs tend to run in families. However, this tendency has dramatically changed. In Nigeria, no family or family of families has the prerogative for any occupational family. There is competition for prestigious as well as lucrative occupations between the rich and the poor

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families. The poor put in most of their resources on their children to see that they rise out of the poverty that has engulfed them.

The level of parental formal education is another factor influencing vocational interest of the children. Parental education determines the amenities and cultural level of the home. A child surrounded by good magazines, books, as well as intelligent discussions could be expected to develop different vocational interests from a child.

The provision of these amenities in the home is associated with the family income.

Religious affiliation and occupational choice Strong religious affiliation of parents often influences vocational behaviour of their children in particular directions. Some religions emphasize some vocations more than others. There are some occupations which some individuals in certain religious organizations will hardly accept as a life career because of their religious beliefs alone. The Calvinists, for instance, lay emphasis on individual responsibility and enterprise. Accordingly, this leads many of them to seek executive and professional positions as well as self-employment. On the other hand, Roman Catholic doctrines emphasize acceptance of authority and this makes some of the adherent to differ with the Calvinists in their vocational aspirations. Furthermore, while most of the Quakers, on the basis of their interpretation of Christian teaching, would prefer social work and teaching profession, most of the Moslems, in the light of their religious orientation, would express interest in military careers.

Today, in many parts of the world and in many individual lives, there is "Christ Revolution". Many individual lives are being transformed or regenerated spiritually. This often

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brings dramatic changes in people's vocational interests. In families where the parents have experienced this spiritual rebirth, they make sure that nether themselves nor their children engage in any occupation that would tarnish their Christian testimony, no matter how lucrative or prestigious the profession may be their aspiration is holiness and piety and their goal is heaven.

School and occupational choice The school inferences an individual's vocational choice in various ways. The school staff, career master, the school mates or the peers, the curriculum content and one's proficiency in school subjects all influence one's vocational behaviour in one form or the other.

The school curriculum can shape the goals of those who pass through it and it can influence the kind and range of information they possess about the world of work.

In most cases, the vocational perception and aspiration of some people are shaped by their best subjects. In the secondary school, students who excel in Arts or science subjects tend to apply to specialize in related areas when they are in institutions of higher learning like universities. Once they graduate in any of these areas which their best ordinary level subjects have led them, they are in most cases engaged in occupational roles where their preparation qualifies them.

Career guidance and counselling Several studies have shown that work experience or career programme as a part of the curriculum has important influence on an individual's career development which culminates in realistic vocational choice.

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Chance factors and vocational choice The influence of chance or accident factors on the occupational behaviour is evident and draws validity from both common sense and experience. Fundamentally there are several elements in an individual's life over which he has little or no control and which exert some influence on the course of his entire life, including his vocational development and occupational choice.

It is not necessary, if not unreasonable to underestimate the effects of chance in the life of an individual from the cradle to the grave. The life of a man may be properly said to be conditioned by historical accidents, modified by psychosocial factors. He is born into a particular family under a given circumstance ad this places him under a particular socio-economic status over which he has no immediate control. He is exposed to occupations available in the society and learns the values the culture provides.

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CHAPTER THREE

SOME ACADEMIC PROGRAMMES IN NIGERIAN UNIVERSITIES

Academic programmes are organized in the following 13 broad academic disciplines:

1. Administration/Management 2. Agriculture 3. Arts 4. Dentistry 5. Education 6. Engineering 7. Environmental Sciences 8. Law 9. Medicine 10. Pharmacy 11. Sciences 12. Social Sciences 13. Veterinary Medicine

COURSE REQUIREMENTS

1. Mandatory Requirements (Credit Grade minimum) at WAEC, NECO

2. Core Course and Related Subjects INFORMATION ON SOME SELECTED CAREERS

ADMINISTRATION/MANAGEMENT

1. ACCOUNTANCY

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A. JOB DESCRIPTION i. Control of all items of expenditure

ii. Preparing of annual accounts or budgets. Keeping adequate accounts and records.

iii. Receives, banks and accounts for all monies received and passes all accounts for payment

iv. He is responsible for payment of salaries and allowances to staff members.

B. TRAINING REQUIREMENTS

i. A period of four (4) years training is required to obtain a degree in Accountancy in a Nigerian University.

ii. To become a chartered accountant the professional examination of the Institute of Chartered Accountants of Nigeria (I.C.A.N.) must be passed.

C. EMPLOYMENT OPPORTUNITIES An accountant can be employed in almost every organization that handles money such as:

i. Banks ii. Commercial firms

iii. Government establishments iv. Private firms v. Non-profit organizations including churches.

D. CONDITIONS OF SERVICE i. A very good and attractive salary scale.

ii. A great deal of fringe benefits and allowances

E. ORDINARY LEVEL REQUIREMENTS Five ordinary level credits including English Language, Mathematics, Economics and any other two relevant

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F. INSTITUTIONS OFFERING ACCOUNTANCY IN NIGERIA Most of the Nigeria of Universities and Polytechnics do offer Accountancy and they include University of Uyo, Akwa Ibom state university, Delta State University, Ambrose Ali, University, UNAD, Ondo State University, UNILAG, UNILORIN. 2. ADVERTISING

A. JOB DESCRIPTION An advertising manager writes commercial or product promotional messages which people;

i. Read in magazines, newspapers, display brochures advertisements

ii. Hear through radio and TV commercials.

B. TRAINING REQUIREMENTS i. A period of 2 to 4 years required to obtain diploma or

university degree in the related discipline. ii. The professional examinations of the Institute of

purchasing and supplying could be taken after the university degree.

C. EMPLOYMENT OPPORTUNITIES An advertising manager can be employed in:

i. Media organization

ii. Commercial firms

iii. Advertising agencies

iv. Industries v. Government departments

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vi. Self-employment D. CONDITIONS OF SERVICE

i. A very good and attractive salary scale. ii. A great deal of fringe benefits and allowances

F. ORDINARY LEVEL REQUIREMENTS Five ordinary level credits including English Language, Mathematics, Economics and any other two relevant. G. INSTITUTIONS OFFERING ADVERTISING IN NIGERIA Most of the Nigeria of Universities and Polytechnics do offer Advertising and they include University of Uyo, Delta State University, Ambrose Ali, University, UNAD, Ondo State University, UNILAG, UNILORIN 3. AUDITING

A. JOB DESCRIPTION An auditor is concerned with the verification of the accounts of organizations. He checks the expenditures and incomes of an organization to ensure that the accounts are balanced

B. TRAINING REQUIREMENT i. A period of four (4) years training leading to a degree

in Auditing. ii. A period of in-service training to qualify as auditors.

C. EMPLOYMENT OPPORTUNITIES There are employment opportunities in:

i. Banks

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i. Commercial firms ii. Industries

iii. Institution of higher learning iv. Government establishments

D. CONDITIONS OF SERVICE

i. A very good and attractive salary scale. ii. A great deal of fringe benefits and allowances

F. ORDINARY LEVEL REQUIREMENTS Five ordinary level credits including English Language, Mathematics, Economics and any other two relevant. G. INSTITUTIONS OFFERING AUDITING IN NIGERIA Most of the Nigeria of Universities and Polytechnics do offer Auditing and they include Delta State University, Ambrose Ali, University, UNAD, Ondo State University, UNILAG and UNILORIN. 4. BANKING & FINANCE

A. JOB DESCRIPTION The main function of banking is to look after and handling customer's money. Banks give financial advice and PR number of different services. B. TRAINING REQUIREMENT

i. A period of 4 years training is required to obtain a degree in banking.

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ii. To become a fully qualified banker the professional examination of the Institute of bankers of Nigeria must be passed.

C. CONDITIONS OF SERVICE

i. A very good and attractive salary scale ii. A great deal of fringe benefits and allowances

iii. Promotion reward for hard work.

D. PERSONAL QUALITIES REQUIREMENT i. Accuracy

ii. Attention to detail iii. Business sense iv. Communication skills v. Computer skills

vi. Good with people Initiative E. ORDINARY LEVEL REQUIREMENTS Five ordinary Level credits including English relevant subjects. F. SOME NIGERIA UNIVERSITIES OFFERING BANKING AND FINANCE UNILAG, UNN, UNAD, Olabisi Onabanjo University, Unilorin, Delta State University, Imo State University, RSUST, UNIPORT etc. 5. BUSINESS ADMINISTRATION

A. DEFINITION Business Administration is concerned with the study of managerial techniques to increase the productivity of business organization or firm.

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B. JOB DESCRIPTION A business Administrator/Manager maintains the smooth running of a business organization and he/she is responsible for:

a) Planning b) Co-ordination c) Organizing d) Staffing e) Directing and decision making in the business

organization

C. TRAINING REQUIREMENTS i. A period of four (4) years training is required to

obtain a degree in Business administration. ii. 2 or 4 years of studying a polytechnic leads to an OND

or HND respectively. The fresh graduate is required to acquire some years of useful experience before qualifying for the post of administrative manager.

D. EMPLOYMENT OPPORTUNITIES

Employment opportunities are available in i. Industries

ii. Business organizations iii. Firms. iv. Private sector.

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E. ORDINARY LEVEL REQUIREMENTS Five ordinary level credits including English Language, mathematics, economics and any other two relevant subjects. 6. CONFIDENTIAL SECRETARY

A. JOB DESCRIPTION i. A confidential secretary or stenographer is one skilled

in the art of quick writing. ii. Having the ability to take notes in shorthand and

transcribing same in a readable form. iii. Ability to take minutes of meetings and maintain

most clerical activities in the office iv. Drafting letters and preparing documents.

B. TRAINING REQUIREMENTS.

i. A good secondary or commercial school education with passes at "O" Level in English, Mathematics, shorthand, typewriting or business method.

ii. Advance courses in shorthand and typewriting at the Polytechnic or private institution, which should lead to a diploma in Secretariat Studies.

C. EMPLOYMENT OPPORTUNITIES Stenographers are needed to serve the chief executives of:

i. Industries. ii. Private and public institutions.

iii. Corporations iv. Government departments and parastatals.

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7. ECONOMICS

A. DEFINITION An economist is one who makes the methods and problems of production and distribution of goods his major concern. G. JOB DESCRIPTION AN ECONOMIST

i. Is primarily concerned with the distribution and production of goods

ii. Performs work relating to money, banking, finance and industries.

H. REQUIRED PERSONAL QUALITIES i. Good bargaining skill

ii. Good human relations to make sale and to win customers and clients

iii. Ability to mix freely and make quick fiends.

I. ORDINARY LEVEL REQUIREMENTS Most Nigerian Universities, offer degree and post-graduate programmes in economics. A five credit pass in the ordinary level G.C.E or its equivalents, qualities a student for a four-year degree programme Nigeria Universities leading to the award of a Bachelor of Science in economics.

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8. MARKETING

A. JOB DESCRIPTION The marketing manager is responsible for planning and carrying into effect appropriate activities for assessment of markets and potential customer demand, the sale of the company products and the finished products and dispatch to customers. B. TRAINING REQUIREMENTS A period of 4 or 5 years of training in the University or Polytechnic leading to a degree or diploma in Marketing. C. EMPLOYMENT OPPORTUNITIES

Marketing managers are needed by: i. various industries involve in selling product or services.

ii. commercial organization D. ORDINARY LEVEL REQUIREMENTS Five ordinary level credits including English Language, Mathematics, Economics and any other two relevant subjects. 9. STATISTIC

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B. JOB DESCRIPTION A statistician is concerned with:

i. Collection, analyzing and reporting of data ii. Carrying out field surveys to gather the necessary

data for their job. iii. The periods of election or at the time of census iv. Conducting market surveys to determine the cost of

various commodities.

C. TRAINING REQUIREMENT A period of 4 years training in the University leading to a degree in Statistics, Mathematics or Economics D. EMPLOYMENT OPPORTUNITIES A statistician can be employed in:

i. Higher institutions ii. Government establishment and departments

iii. Commercial firms iv. Research centres

AGRICULTURE

10. AGRONOMY

A. JOB DESCRIPTION An agronomist is a person trained in a farm, from land preparation to storage of the farm produce.

Areas of Specialization are: a) Tree corps b) Plantation crops

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c) Field production d) Horticultural e) Corps production f) Pasture management

He carries out experiment and investigation leading to more efficient production, increased yields and improved quality of corps.

B. TRAINING REQUIREMENT

i. A period of 5yearstrainingisrequiredtoobtain B.Sc. degree in Agronomy.

ii. The trailing includes a period of industrial attachment.

C. EMPLOYMENT OPPORTUNITIES An Agronomist can be employed in:

i. Ministries of Agriculture ii. Private farms.

iii. Rivers Basin Authorities

iv. Research Institutes. v. Agricultural loans section in the Bank.

vi. Self-employment.

ARTS 11. MUSIC

E. JOB DESCRIPTION The musician plays, sings, composes, conducts or teaches music.

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F. TRAINING REQUIREMENT

i. While one may say that academic training in music is compulsory for successful career in music, it is necessary for successful career in the teaching of music.

ii. Practicing musicians may not have academic training but i need fairly long apprenticeship training with an established musical troupe. The apprentice musician needs outstanding talent, resources, fullness and a strong determination to succeed

iii. Most Nigerian Universities run first-degree music programmes, while some colleagues of education have programme leading to the award of National Certificate of music Education.

G. ORDINARY LEVEL REQUIREMENT FOR UNIVERSITY ADMISSION

iv. Five G.C.E. Passes or equivalents at a credit level in five subject including English and Music.

D. REQUIRED PERSONAL QUALITIES

i. A good voice to be a successful vocalist ii. Superior muscular coordination to succeed as an

instrumentalist iii. Excellent sense of pitch, rhythm, harmony and

sensitivity to variations in the loudness of sounds. iv. Ability to get along well with others.

E. EMPLOYMENT OPPORTUNITIES Musicians with necessary academic qualifications could be employed in public and private schools and in the universities to teach music.

i. Practicing musicians may find it very rewarding to set- up private musical troupes and be self-employed.

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ii. Musician interested in religious music may get employment in large churches or other well established religious bodies.

iii. Musicians may get employed in music industry or in musical instrument manufacturing establishments.

12. MASS COMMUNICATIONS

A. JOB DESCRIPTION i. A journalist is involved in interviewing people and

being present at events, incidents, or after math of accidents in order to report what has happened.

ii. A journalist working in radio and television need clear speaking voice and oral-presentation skills.

B. TRAINING REQUIREMENTS.

i. A period of 4 years training in the university to obtain a degree in Mass Communication

ii. 2 or 5 years of study in a Polytechnic leads to an OND or HND respectively.

C. EMPLOYMENT OPPORTUNITIES

i. Television houses ii. Radio Stations

iii. Print media (national, regional and local newspapers as well as general interest, specialist, consumer and trade magazine).

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D. ORDINARY LEVEL REQUIREMENT Five credits in English Language, English Literature, Government or History and any other three relevant subjects. 13. COMMERCIAL ARTS

A. JOB DESCRIPTION A commercial artist specializes in the creation and design of artwork meant to attract the attention of reader or viewers and arouse their interest. B. TRAINING OPPORTUNITIES Many Nigerian Universities sand polytechnics run degree and diploma programmes in fine and commercial arts. C. ENTRY REQUIREMENTS The entry requirement into degree programmes in this field is five credit level passes at G.C.E. Examination or equivalent with satisfactory performance in the Joint matriculation exam. D. REQUIRED PERSONAL QUALITIES

The prospective commercial artist should: i. Be naturally imaginative and creative

ii. Have a flair for artistic drawing iii. Have above average intelligence, patience and

persistence. iv. Have good vision and considerable finger dexterity.

E. EMPLOYMENT OPPORTUNITIES

i. Industries

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ii. Marketing firms iii. Media houses and Concerns that need marketing

publicity for the promotion of their products iv. Private practice.

14. HISTORY

A. DEFINITION History is the study of selected past events based on available information. Hence, an historian is somebody who engages in the academic recording of past development of man and his institutions. B. JOB DESCRIPTION

i. A historian teaches, writes and studies History. ii. He conducts researches into the activities of man in

time perspectives, iii. He locates the various possible sources of historical

information and thereafter subjects all his data to internal and external validation,

iv. He employs a scientific approach in the conduct of historical investigation and writes his report devoid of biases and sentiments.

C. PERSONAL REQUIREMENT

i. Effective handling of his communication language, ii. Effective narrative skill,

iii. Analytical skill.

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D. TRAINING REQUIREMENTS A period of four (4) years study in the university leading to a Bachelor of Arts degree in history. To qualify and teach history in the university, a higher degree of masters and doctorates are essential. E. EMPLOYMENT OPPORTUNITIES

i. Teaching work in schools and colleges ii. Teaching and research of history in the universities.

iii. Government agencies like National archive antiquities, museums and other related agencies.

iv. Historians could enter fields like diplomacy, civil service and journalism.

15. INTERNATIONAL RELATIONS (DIPLOMACY)

A. JOB DESCRIPTION Diplomacy involves the representation of one's country in another country or another international organization.

i. A diplomat guards and advances the interest of his country in the country to which he is designated,

ii. He protects its citizens, assisting them in solving their individual problems.

iii. The ambassador represents his country, iv. Negotiation is a basic function of the diplomat v. He observes and reports thus serving as his country's

ears and eyes abroad.

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B. EMPLOYMENT OPPORTUNITIES i. Employments are available at various embassies as

ambassadors through the world. ii. Diplomats can also get jobs with international

organizations without necessarily representing their country of origin.

C. TRAINING REQUIREMENTS A period of four (4) years training in the university is required to obtain a degree in International Relations.

D. ORDINARY LEVEL REQUIREMENTS Five ordinary level credits in English language, economics, government or history and any two relevant subjects. 16. DRAMATIC ARTS

A. JOB DESCRIPTION Dramatic Artistes are professional personnel, who are skilled in the art of writing, composing and staging plays. B. TRAINING OPPORTUNITIES Many Nigerian Universities run first degree and diploma course in dramatic arts.

C. ENTRY REQUIREMENTS The entry requirement for first degree training programmes in dramatic arts is five-credit level passes in G.C.E. Examination or equivalents which must include English

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language, Literature in English and other relevant arts subjects. D. REQUIRED PERSONAL QUALITIES The prospective dramatist should be:

i. Expressive and humorous ii. Naturally creative and imaginative

iii. Able to get along well with others.

E. EMPLOYMENT OPPORTUNITIES i. Employment in departments of dramatic arts or

literature in various institutions of learning, ii. Employment in Governments Ministry of Sports,

Youths and Culture or the arts councils of various states.

iii. Employment in theatre companies or media houses or film making industries.

DENTISTRY

17. DENTISTRY

A. JOB DESCRIPTION Dentistry is a specialist for the cure and treatments of diseases of the mouth, teeth and jaws.

B. TRAINING REQUIREMENTS A period of six (6) years training in the university leading to either a Bachelor of Dental Surgery (B.D.S) or a Bachelor of Dental Medicine (B.D.M) Degree

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C. EMPLOYMENT OPPORTUNITIES A dentist can:

i. work as a full-time hospital staff ii. Engage in private practice.

iii. Combine private practice with part-time employment in a hospital or clinic.

EDUCATION

18. GUIDANCE AND COUNSELLING

A. JOB DESCRIPTION

i. The counsellor spends a great deal of his time conducting personal interviews with individual clients.

ii. He holds interviews with teachers, parents and other parties interested in student’s all-round development.

iii. He also provides career guidance for all youths irrespective of their educational attainment.

iv. The counselor provides personal, educational, development preventive, rehabilitative and crisis intervention counselling services to his clients.

v. The counsellor acts as advisor to the school principals' curriculum matters and school evaluation programmes.

vi. Counsellors undertake group and individual counselling, assistance for personal social concerns, consultation, referral, programme planning and co-ordination, orientation placement and follow up of graduates and information services which assist clients in decision-making programmes.

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B. REQUIRED PERSONAL QUALITIES A counsellor should possess the following qualities:

i. Natural keen interest in the welfare of mankind. ii. Stable personality disposition.

iii. Ability to inspire confidence in other people, as this makes clients trust him.

iv. A good listening skill. v. Natural sincerity and ability to keep confidence

vi. Desire to be of service to others vii. A man of integrity and morally above board.

C. TRAINING REQUIREMENTS

There are three levels of counselling training programmes in Nigeria.

i. Graduate levels training. ii. First degree training.

iii. NCE and diploma level training. D. EMPLOYMENT OPPORTUNITIES

i. Counsellors are needed in all strata of educational system.

ii. Counsellors could seek employment in non-school settings such as prisons, hospitals, youth centres, industries, ministries, and employment agencies,

iii. Counsellors may set up private practice

ENGINEERING

19. AERONAUTICAL ENGINEERING

A. JOB DESCRIPTION An Aeronautical Engineer

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i. Designs aeroplanes and aircrafts. ii. Constructs aeroplanes and aircrafts.

iii. Maintains aeroplanes and aircrafts B. TRAINING REQUIREMENTS In the United States of America the duration of study for a Bachelor degree in aeronautical engineering is 4 years. A post graduate study is required for more proficiency. C. EMPLOYMENT OPPORTUNITIES An aeronautical engineer could be employed as:

i. An engineer in aeroplane building company. ii. An engineer in the aeronautical department electronics

manufacturing company. iii. A maintenance engineer in Airways and private

airlines, iv. An airforce officer in the airforce v. A lecturer in aeronautical engineering.

20. AGRICULTURAL ENGINEERING

A. JOB DESCRIPTION

i. The agricultural engineer plans the clearing of the farmlands.

ii. He carries out the work of excavation and construction of fishpond

iii. He is involved in designing, construction and maintenance of farm houses and farm structures

iv. He is involved in the construction, use and maintenance of little equipment.

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v. He applies the principles of engineering to the problems of agriculture in the areas of production, processing, handling and transportation,

vi. Their main jobs are to plan better was of using soil and water and to design farm machinery to make work faster, easier and more efficient.


i. A period of 5 years training is required to obtain a degree in Agricultural Engineering.

ii. The five years include a year or less of industrial training.

B. EMPLOYMENT OPPORTUNITIES Vacancies exist for an agricultural engineer in:

i. Research Institutes. ii. State or federal ministry of agriculture

iii. Private or public commercial farms iv. Excavation of petroleum. v. Mining Corporations.

vi. Construction companies.

21. CHEMICAL ENGINEERING

A. JOB DESCRIPTION

i. The chemical engineers design chemical reactors. ii. They are capable of developing and manufacturing

synthetics, drugs, cosmetics, photographic materials reagents and even dyes.

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iii. They engage in quality control of the products in (ii) above,

iv. They are involved in processing of food; petroleum, polymers, sugar, textiles etc.

B. TRAINING REQUIREMENTS A period of five (5) years in the University is required to study and graduate in B.Sc. Chemical Engineering


A Chemical Engineer can work in:

i. Oil Company. ii. Oil boring and drilling sector.

iii. Mining industry. iv. Any organization that produces emollients, lubricants,

petroleum jelly etc. v. A university as a lecturer.

D. ORDINARY LEVEL REQUIREMENTS Five credits in English Language, Mathematics, Physics, and Chemistry any of Geography, Biology, Fine Art, Technical Drawing and Economics. 22. CIVIL AND STRUCTURAL ENGINEERING

A. JOB DESCRIPTION

i. They deal with design of civil or structural works, such as roads, bridges, dams building tunnels, pipelines, railways etc. they are the "earth changers"

ii. They supervise the construction of designed structure

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iii. They sometimes undertake the construction of the desk structure.

B. TRAINING REQUIREMENTS i. Five years of training in the University, which

include 6-8 months of industrial attachment leading to B.Eng. degree in Civil structural Engineering.

ii. Registration with the professional body as an engineer.

C. EMPLOYMENT OPPORTUNITIES A qualified civil/structural engineer could be employed as:

i. An engineer with the federal and state ministries of works.

ii. An engineer in construction companies that handle civil/structural works,

iii. A research fellow/official in a road and building research institute,

iv. A lecturer in Polytechnics, Colleges of technology and v. Universities.

23. COMPUTER ENGINEERING

A. JOB DESCRIPTION i. Repair/Maintenance of Computer system (hardware).

ii. Design of computer hardware systems and components, Implementing (construction) of the design in above

iii. Installation of computer systems where needed.

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B. TRAINING REQUIREMENTS A period of 5 years training in the University leads to B. Sc. In Computer Engineering. C. EMPLOYMENT OPPORTUNITIES A Computer Engineer can work:

i. In computer manufacturing company ii. In banks

iii. Commercial firms. iv. Government establishments v. As a private practitioner building and servicing

computers.

D. ORDINARY LEVEL REQUIREMENTS Five (5) credit at ordinary level in English Language, Mathematics, Physics, Chemistry and Any of Geography, Biology, Fine Art, Technical Drawing and Economics. 24. ELECTRICAL/ELECTRONIC ENGINEERING

A. JOB DESCRIPTION An electrical and electronic engineer is concerned with:

i. designing electrical and electronics equipment and appliances.

ii. Supervising the installation, maintenance and repair of these equipment and appliances.

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B. TRAINING REQUIREMENTS i. A period of 5 years training including 6-8 months of

industrial attachment leading to a B.Sc. or B.Eng. Degree in Electrical and Electronic Engineering.

ii. One year period of internship. C. EMPLOYMENT OPPORTUNITIES An electrical/electronic engineer can work in:

i. Companies and parastatals such as NEPA. ii. Steel companies

iii. Electronics manufacturing and assembly industries iv. Electrical engineering firm.

D. ORDINARY LEVEL REQUIREMENTS Five (5) credits at ordinary level in English Language, mathematics, physics, chemical, and ay of geography, biology, fine art, technical drawing and economics. 25. MARINE ENGINEERING

A. JOB DESCRIPTION i. A marine engineer engages in the planning, designing

and construction of drains, water storage vessels. ii. He can also handle oil spillage problems.

B. TRAINING REQUIREMENTS The training of marine engineers is done in polytechnic, college of technology, and universities as well as at the Nigerian institute of oceanography and maritime research, Nigerian institute of maritime studies.

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Duration of study is 2 years for OND, 5 years for HND ; 5 years for B. Tech or B.Eng. in Water Resource and Environmental Engineering, Marine Engineering or Soil and Water Engineering Technology. C. EMPLOYMENT OPPORTUNITIES A marine engineer can work in:

i. Companies that engage in dredging of waterways and canals.

ii. Water treatment stations where they help to maintain water quality, and also check water pollution,

iii. Research institutes like the Nigerian Institute for Marine and Oceanography Research (NIMOR).

iv. Oil exploration companies where they are employed to handle oil spillage problems.

26. MECHANICAL ENGINEERING

A. JOB DESCRIPTION i. Mechanical engineers design the engines and

machines the provide power for manufacturing, construction and transportation.

ii. They are the chief designer of steam engines, gasoline engines, diesel engines, rockets and jet engines etc.

B. TRAINING REQUIREMENTS Five to six years training in the university or polytechnic leading to B. Eng. or HND respectively

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C. ORDINARY LEVEL REQUIREMENTS Five (5) credit passes in Physics, Chemistry, Mathematics, English Language and one other related Science subject. D. CAREER OPPORTUNITIES Job opportunities await a qualified mechanical engineer in construction, mining, manufactory, agriculture and many more. 27. MINING ENGINEERING

A. JOB DESCRIPTION i. Exploration strategy

ii. Geo-physical and geochemical prospecting iii. Economic geology iv. Valuation and mining economies v. Oil reservoir engineer

vi. Rock physical and rock mechanics vii. Ventilation in mines

viii. Physical and chemical processing of ores and minerals ix. Pollution control.

B. TRAINING REQUIREMENT A period of 4-5 years of study and training in the university leading to B. Sc. or B. Tech. or B. Eng. in either Mining and Mining Engineering. C. JOB OPPORTUNITIES A mineral engineer can be employed in:

i. Mineral mining exploration and such as petroleum companies.

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ii. Iron and steel companies.

28. PETROLEUM ENGINEERING

A. JOB DESCRIPTION A petroleum engineer sees to:

i. The exploration and exploitation of petroleum ii. The refining of and separation of petroleum products

B. TRAINING REQUIREMENTS A period of 5 years training including industrial attachment leading to a B.Sc. or B.Tech. or B.Eng. in Petroleum Engineering. C. JOB OPPORTUNITIES A petroleum engineer can work in:

i. Any crude oil and natural gas company

ii. The oil boring and drilling sector

iii. Any organization that produces emollients, lubricants, petroleum jelly.

iv. A University as a lecturer.

D. ORDINARY LEVEL REQUIREMENTS Five credits in English Language, mathematics, physics chemistry and any of Geography, Biology, Fine Art, Technical Drawing and Economics.

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ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCES 29. ARCHITECTURE

A. JOB DESCRIPTION An architect deals with the production of designing for buildings either for residential, commercial or for public use B. TRAINING REQUIREMENT

i. A period of 5 years training leading to B.Sc. degree in Architecture

ii. Holders of M. Sc. degree are registered as architects. The M.Sc. degree takes additional one or two years after the first degree.

C. EMPLOYMENT OPPORTUNITIES Vacancies exist for an

architect in the: i. Ministry of land and housing

ii. Department of works in college and universities iii. Construction companies and as iv. Private consultant.

30. GEOGRAPHY

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A. DEFINITION Geography as a science studies the real relationship of the physical and cultural phenomena of the world. It aims at making aware of his environment. B. JOB DESCRIPTIONS

i. Gathering information for making maps ii. Handling, classifying and sorting maps

iii. Making or drawing maps iv. Writing textbooks and lecturing among numerous

others.

C. EMPLOYMENT OPPORTUNITIES i. Geographer who specializes in economic geography

which includes such aspects as fishing, forestry and farming constitutes about 33% of all professional geographers.

ii. Geographer may be government-employed iii. Physical geography like climate, vegetation, animals,

soils and all other related subjects iv. Geographers who are political and social specialists

may be employed to tackle national and international problems

v. Political geographers may act as consultant’s advisers vi. Other functions include teaching, research, library

and museum activity, administering or managing and planning.

vii. Most geographers who teach, work in colleges and universities

viii. Those engaged in research work are mostly employed by the Federal Government while some work in private industry and planning agencies.

D. PERSONAL REQUIREMENT

i. A high degree of intelligence and energy

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ii. Ability to adapt under primitive conditions or with other people

iii. Wide and varied interest with a depth of understanding of one particular branch

iv. No obsession with travelling v. Any individual teaching geography should be able to

have good communication skill. vi. They should have a good command of English

vii. Ability to work with others is essentials.

E. TRAINING REQUIREMENTS i. The bachelor's degree is considered the basic

educational requirement. ii. To become a professional geographer, work beyond

bachelor's degree is necessary. iii. For a geographer who wants to teach in a college or

university the minimum educational level is a master's degree.

iv. For secondary school teaching, the bachelor's degree is the minimum requirement.

v. For government work, the least requirement is a bachelor degree.

vi. Managerial or administrative positions require a Ph. Degree.

F. SUBJECT REQUIRED

Five (5) Credit passes in Mathematics, English language, and any other three subjects from natural Science, Statistics, History or Economics.

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LAW 31. LAW

A. JOB DESCRIPTION The job of a lawyer includes:

i. Advising people about laws ii. Representing people in law courts

iii. Assisting people in writing agreement or their wills. iv. It among the lawyers that magistrates and judges are

selected.

B. AREAS OF SPECIALIZATION

i. Civil law ii. Commercial law

iii. Private and property law iv. Common and Islamic law v. Public and international law

C. EMPLOYMENT OPPORTUNITIES i. As a lawyer in government/private establishments

ii. As a legal adviser to private and government organization

iii. Lawyer or solicitor of any company. iv. As a consultant on legal matters (private individuals) v. As a lecturer in law school.

D. TRAINING REQUIREMENTS i. 5 years in the University

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ii. It also involves taking professional examinations in courts and under the supervision of practicing legal professional

E. SKILLS AND PERSONAL QUALITIES REQUIRED

i. Analytical Ability ii. Communication skills

iii. Confidence iv. Critical thinking v. Attention to detail

vi. Decision making ability vii. Good with people

viii. Integrity ix. Persuasiveness x. Problem solving ability.

F. ORDINARY LEVEL REQUIREMENTS Five ordinary level credits in English language and any other relevant subjects from arts and social sciences. MEDICINE 32. MEDICINE AND SURGERY

A. JOB DESCRIPTION i. A doctor treats sick people

ii. He operates on patients iii. He may teach in a medical school.

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B. WORK ENVIRONMENT A doctor works in the hospital. He may choose to work for a government corporation or company or he may decide to go into private practice. C. PLEASANT SIDE OF MEDICAL PROFESSION

i. It is a prestigious profession that earns the practitioner respect of the populace.

ii. A doctor easily makes many friends from among his patients.

iii. It is a job that gives one the inner joy of being a saver of lives.

iv. It is a profession with a very wide marketable Employment is guaranteed at all-time including overseas.

D. REQUIRED SKILLS AND PERSONAL QUALITIES i. Fine hand coordination and finger dexterity (great

assets when operating on patients) ii. Ability to conceal personal emotions in grave

situations iii. Sympathy with and consideration for patients

iii. He must not be somebody who screams or panic or fear at the sight of blood.

iv. A doctor must be prepared to listen to and treat all patients

v. (neat, dirty, smelly and those with contagious diseases)

vi. A person who does not fear seeing and working on dead bodies both day and night.

vii. A very careful and mindful person who will not forget a pair of scissors in the womb of her female patient.

E. SOME AREAS OF SPECIALIZATION Ophthalmologist:

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He diagnoses and treats abnormalities of the eyes medically and surgically.

Gynaecologist:

A specialist whose specialty is pregnancy and childbirth. He manages the pregnancy of women Pediatrician: He cares and treats the diseases of children. Surgeon: A surgeon treats patients by carrying out surgical operations Anesthetist: A physician who is well trained in general medicine and surgery. F. ORDINARY LEVEL REQUIREMENT Five passes at credit level in Mathematics, Chemistry, Biology, Physics and English language. G. PROFESSIONAL TRAINING REQUIREMENT To be allowed to practice in Nigeria, a doctor must satisfy the following requirement;

i. Completion of five-year course or study in an accredited medical school.

ii. A degree of MBBS (e.g. Bachelor of surgery or medicine).

iii. After graduation he must spend one additional year of "Pre-registration" work in hospitals recognized for the purpose by the medical council.

H. PROFESSIONAL UNION The medical profession has a strong profession union known as the Nigerian Medical Council. Membership of this union is a must for all practicing doctors in Nigeria. The medical council sees to the question of discipline of offending practitioners.

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33. NURSING

A. JOB DESCRIPTION OF A NURSE i. Is responsible for the administration of drugs

prescribed by a doctor. ii. Has sole-charge of a patient in a hospital ward,

iii. Assist a patient to see a doctor.

B. TRAINING REQUIREMENTS A period of 3 years training in a school of Nursing (certificate) or a 4 years training in the University leads to B. Sc. degree in Nursing.

C. EMPLOYMENT OPPORTUNITIES A registered nurse can work as:

i. Midwife ii. Psychiatric nurse

iii. Nursing tutor iv. Operating theatre nurse v. District nurse

D. ORDINARY LEVEL REQUIREMENTS

Five passes at credit level in Mathematics, Chemistry, Biology, Physics and English language.

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35. NUTRITION

A. DEFINITION Nutrition is the science that deals with food and the way the body uses them. The science of nutrition overlaps into several other fields of science. B. JOB DESCRIPTION

i. Nutrition is part of medicine because nutritionists study diseases caused by malnutrition,

ii. Nutritionists study digestion as part of physiology, the science that deals with how the body works,

iii. They also study biochemistry, which is the science of various chemical reactions that take place in the body.

C. TRAINING REQUIREMENT

i. Many nutritionists work with community food programme.

ii. They may supervise the diets of patients in hospital and the food served to children in schools,

iii. Nutritionists also develop and test new foods, such as the food used in space exploration, foods made from algae (simple plants) and food made from chemicals

iv. Nutritionists could be found in hospitals, schools, hotels, food manufacturing companies,

v. They could also work in research centres and educational institutions.

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D. ORDINARY LEVEL REQUIREMENT Credit passes in English Language, Biology, Chemistry, Mathematics and either Economics or Geography at SSCE level. 36. PHYSIOTHERAPY

A. JOB DESCRIPTION A physiotherapist is concerned with helping people to help themselves through physical therapy. His duties may include:

i. Designing and construction of remedial aids ii. Leading group exercises in gymnastic movement

iii. Using hydrotherapy to treat their patients. iv. A devising attendant about postures of some

patients.

B. TRAINING REQUIREMENT A period of training leading to a diploma or a degree in physiotherapy is usually required to qualify as a physiotherapist. C. EMPLOYMENT OPPORTUNITIES A physiotherapist can work in:

i. Pediatric units ii. Maternity units

iii. Intensive care units iv. Schools for the physically handicapped v. Hospitals for the mentally ill and the handicapped

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PHARMACY

37. PHARMACOLOGY

A. DEFINITION Pharmacology is the study of the effects of drugs on living things. It deals with how drugs modify tissues and organs function. It is a recent science and started as branch of medicine, and is still firmly attached to it. B. JOB DESCRIPTION Pharmacy deals with the collections, preparation and compounding of drugs whereas pharmacology deals with the effect of drugs in modifying tissues and organ functions. C. TRAINING REQUIREMENT To become a pharmacologist, a person must graduate from an accredited university. D. EMPLOYMENT OPPORTUNITIES Government, non-governmental organizations and p: investments in research in such areas as cure for AIDS and cancer are expected to increase. Job opportunities or a pharmacologist abound in:

i. Educational institutions ii. Research centres

iii. Pharmaceutical industries and In the armed forces

E. ORDINARY LEVEL REQUIREMENT Five passes at credit level in mathematics, chemistry, biology, physics and English language.

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38. PHARMACY

A. JOB DESCRIPTION A pharmacist is an expert in drugs and horticultural products His duties includes:

i. Manufacturing ii. Advising doctors on drug use

iii. Preparation of sterile dressings and analyzing drug content


i. A period of 5 years training in the university leading to a bachelor's degree in pharmacy

ii. One year period of internship

C. EMPLOYMENT OPPORTUNITIES A pharmacist could be employed in:

i. A hospital or clinic ii. An industry or a pharmaceutical firm.

iii. A private chemist where he dispenses drugs recommended for patients.

D. ORDINARY LEVEL REQUIREMENTS Five passes at credit level in Mathematics, chemistry, biology, physics and English language.

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SCIENCES 39. MEDICAL LABORATORY TECHNOLOGY

A. JOB DESCRIPTION The duty of the medical laboratory technologist includes:

i. Helping the doctors in tracking down the particular cause of certain symptoms or exhibitions

ii. He carries out laboratory investigations to detect the causes of cell infections or diseases.

iii. He performs pregnancy tests through some uses of immune-chemical methods.

iv. They carry out blood test, blood grouping and cross marching of blood for person involved in the test.

v. They carry out urinary test, and treat infections vi. They are involved in the production of vaccines.


i. A period of 4 years training for a professional diploma and five years for a degree.

ii. In-service training and on-the-job training are beneficial.


i. His service is indispensable in the hospitals ii. He can be self-employed.

iii. He can be employed in some industries. iv. He can go into the production of some of the regents

used in test in the laboratories.

Why public health laboratory careers are so rewarding, appealing, and awesome and should not be overlooked:

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i. Public health is trendy: the top universities in the

country all have recently added public health undergraduate programs.

ii. Public health could save a life…or protect a whole community: newborn screening; Anthrax; stopping a deadly food-borne illness outbreak.

iii. You get to wear a lab coat. Extremely flattering. iv. Medical laboratory scientist jobs will be among the

fastest growing jobs in the next decade. v. Your vocabulary will improve.

vi. Demand – Public health laboratories are facing a workforce shortage which means you will be saving a crucial service to the community.

vii. Your mom/significant other/dad/cousin will be proud and ridiculously impressed.

viii. You can work in any state in the nation: Every US state, territory and the District of Columbia has a public health laboratory… even Hawaii and Puerto Rico!

ix. Scientists are cool! Look at Bill Nye and Mr. Wizard! Those are some cool dudes.

x. The people in the workforce are awesome, and the job satisfaction cannot be beat. Hear it from current public health lab scientists:

40. BIOLOGY

A. JOB DESCRIPTION i. A biologist deals with origin, structure physiology,

distribution, hereby, environment, inter-relationship,

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classification and other aspects of plant and animal life, and relate their studies to medical, industrial, agricultural and other activities of man.

ii. A Biologist also designs, conducts and analyses experiments about plants, and animals and their products.


i. A 2-year of 4-years of training in a Polytechnic or College of Technology leading to an OND or HND any of the Biological Science.

ii. 4-year training in a University leading to a B.Sc. degree in any of the Biological Science.

C. EMPLOYMENT OPPORTUNITIES There are vacancies for a biologist in:

i. Agricultural establishments. ii. Zoos

iii. Forestry departments iv. Hospitals v. Bottling and canning companies

vi. Drug companies

vii. Research stations viii. Educational institutions.

41. CHEMISTRY

A. JOB DESCRIPTION i. A chemist is an expert in Chemistry

ii. He is a dealer in medical goods (a druggist)

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iii. He is concerned with isolation, and synthesis of chemical compounds such as drugs and synthesis,

iv. Concerned with research work.

B. TRAINING REQUIREMENT A period of 4 years training leading to B.Sc. degree in Chemistry. C. EMPLOYMENT OPPORTUNITIES A Chemist can work in:

i. Pharmaceutical Industries ii. Chemical Industries.

iii. Breweries. iv. Oil Industries. v. Hospitals as chemotherapists

vi. Teaching.

42. COMPUTER SCIENCE

A. JOB DESCRIPTION His Duties Include: i. Development/maintenance of software of the

computer, analyzing the performance of the system in use.

ii. Training of personnel to acquaint them with software developed (i) above

B. TRAINING REQUIREMENTS A period of 4/5 years training in the University leading to B.Sc. in Computer Science

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C. EMPLOYMENT OPPORTUNITIES A Computer Scientist can work in:

i. Banks ii. Commercial Firms

iii. The higher institution as a lecturer.

D. ORDINARY LEVEL REQUIREMENTS Five credit at Ordinary level in English Language Mathematics, Physics, Chemistry and any of Geography, Biology and Economic 43. GEOLOGY/GEOPHYSICS

A. JOB DESCRIPTION i. A geologist finds out what materials the earth consist

of ii. He studies what make mountain change and the

nature iii. and appearance of rocks, iv. He studies the effects that the air, wind, rain, rivers,

forests and ice have no the earth surface v. He uses his knowledge to find mineral, such as metal

ores and petroleum vi. He can also help to plan engineering works such as

dams, roads, harbours, large buildings and tunnels.

B. TRAINING REQUIREMENT A period of 4 year of study, leading to a B. Sc. or B. Tech. in Geology or Applied Geology or Applied geophysics.

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D. EMPLOYMENT OPPORTUNITIES A geologist can work in:

i. Mining and mineral exploration and exploitation industries.

ii. Water resources establishments, iii. Bore-hole drilling companies

44. MICROBIOLOGY

A. JOB DESCRIPTION i. Microbiology is the study of microscopic organisms.

These organisms include algae bacteria, moulds, viruses and yeasts.

ii. Many microbiologists specialize in the study of certain kind of micro-organisms e.g. bacteriologists work with bacteria.

iii. Microbiologists study the relationship between microbes and people, animals and plants.

iv. Medical microbiologist investigates the role of microorganisms in human and animal disease and seeks ways to prevent and cure this disease.

v. Industrial microbiologists use microorganisms to produce such products as alcoholic beverage, amino-acids, antibiotics, citric acid and vitamin


i. The minimum educational requirement is a bachelor's degree with a major in microbiology.

ii. Students preparing for microbiology should study English Language, Mathematics, Chemistry, Biology and Physics.

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i. Microbiologists work in clinics, hospitals, research institutes, food and drugs manufacturing companies, and the National Food and Drug Administrative Control Agency (NAFDAC)

ii. They can also be found in an educational setting as lecturers.

45. PHYSICS

A. JOB DESCRIPTION A physicist is a person with an expert knowledge of the behaviour of matter. He is concerned with production and invention of equipment especially machines, such as computers B. TRAINING REQUIREMENT A period of 4 years training in the University leading to a B. Sc. degree in Physics. C. EMPLOYMENT OPPORTUNITIES A Physicist can work in:

i. Laboratories ii. Computer industries

iii. Oil industries iv. Breweries v. Universities as a lecturer.

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47. ZOOLOGY

A. JOB DESCRIPTION Zoology is the science that deals with animals. The aim of

Zoology is to understand the lives of animals. Human medicine is especially dependent on knowledge gained by zoologists. The rewards are in the work done rather than in fame or in large income.

B. TRAINING REQUIREMENT The minimum educational requirement for zoologists is a bachelor's degree in zoology at the University

C. ORDINARY LEVEL REQUIREMENT Students preparing to study zoology should obtain credit passes in English Language, Mathematics, Biology, Agricultural Science and two other subjects at SSCE level.


i. A zoologist may work as a technician, research assistant, inspector in a government office etc.

ii. Another possibility for a zoologist is the teaching field. However, for University teaching and or independent research work, higher training is essential.

iii. Government and private investments in research in such areas radiation and the control and the effects of radiation and the concentrated medical study of diseases are expected to grow.

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48. INDUSTRIAL PHYSICS/RENEWABLE ENERGY

A. INTRODUCTION This is the study of natural sources of energy. It affects every aspect of the study of matter and energy and forms the basis of cleaner practices of science, engineering and technology needed to foster a cleaner and safer global environment from the damages done by artificial means of technologies that releases dangerous gasses such as carbon monoxide etc. B. AREAS OF SPECIALIZATION

i. Hydroelectricity ii. Solar energy

iii. Biomass iv. Wind energy and v. Tidal turbines

C. TRAINING REQUIREMENT The minimum educational requirement for an industrial physicist in is a bachelor's degree in industrial physics- renewable energy at the University level. D. ORDINARY LEVEL REQUIREMENT Students preparing to study hydroelectricity, solar energy, biomass, wind energy and tidal turbines Candidates must possess credit pass in five (5) subjects including Mathematics, English Language, Chemistry, Physics and any other relevant Science or Technology Subject.

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E. EMPLOYMENT OPPORTUNITIES Solar Installer. As arrays of solar panels begin to cover more and more roofs, the demand for solar (PV) installers has never been greater.

i. Solar Manufacturing Technician.

ii. Wind Turbine Technician. iii. Wind Farm Site Manager. iv. Lineman. v. Electronics Technician.

vi. Energy Efficiency Specialist. vii. Power Plant Operator.

F. INSTITUTIONS OFFERING INDUSTRIAL PHYSICS- RENEWABLE ENERGY IN NIGERIA.

As of the time which this document was prepared it was found that only Convenant university, KM. 10 Idiroko Road, Canaan Land, Ota, Ogun State, Nigeria offers admission to study this course. SOCIAL SCIENCES 49. POLITICAL SCIENCE

A. JOB DESCRIPTION A political scientist takes part in the art of government as a career usually by belonging to a party B. TRAINING REQUIREMENT A period of 4 years training in the University is needed to obtain a degree in Political Science.

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C. EMPLOYMENT OPPORTUNITIES i. Local Government level

ii. At the state level and iii. At the Federal level

D. ORDINARY LEVEL REQUIREMENT Five credit at the ordinary level of equivalent in language and four other relevant subjects. 50. SOCIOLOGY

A. JOB DESCRIPTION

The sociologist:

i. Collects, organizes and interprets scientific data about human society and its social organizations.

ii. Studies human groups and the behaviour of human beings living together.

iii. Pre-occupies himself with in-depth studies and analyses of the structure and functions of human organizations.

iv. Is equally interested in studying the effects of social organizations on individual behaviour of group members.

v. Many undertake administrative and specialist duties in welfare agencies, marriage and family clinics and medical institutions.

B. REQUIRED PERSONAL QUALITIES

i. An intrinsic liking for people

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ii. Ability to get along well with people (his work involves a lot of interaction with people).

iii. Independent and inquiring mind. iv. Intelligence and a scientific frame of mind coupled

with a love for learning.

C. TRAINING REQUIREMENT Credit passes in five papers at the G.C.E. ordinary level or its equivalents with a good performance at J.M.E Qualifies a student for admission into four years programme leading to award of a bachelor's degree in sociology.

D. EMPLOYMENT OPPORTUNITIES Sociologists

i. With post-graduate qualifications could lecture in the higher institutions

ii. May work as administrators in welfare agencies, marriage and family clinics and community centres,

iii. Could work in government ministries and parastatals iv. Who specialize in criminology may work in the armed

forces especially the police force

v. May set-up private practice as consultants.

51. PSYCHOLOOGY

A. JOB DESCRIPTION Generally, a psychologist specializes in the scientific study of human behaviour, specifically.

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i. The experimental psychologist conducts experimental investigations into such areas like, sensation, learning perception and comparative physiology.

ii. The therapeutic psychologists (clinical, counselling and educational) are involved with treatment of human problems and enhancement of humans normal development with the application of psychological techniques and concepts.

iii. The applied Psychologists work in business industrial, armed forces and service oriented work settings.

B. REQUIRED PERSONAL QUALITIES.

i. Scientific frame of mind coupled with love of knowledge

ii. Keen and sincere interest in people. iii. Personal integrity and ability to inspire trust and

confidence from people. iv. Intelligence and stable emotion, v. Ability to get along well with others.

C. TRAINING REQUIREMENT The entry requirements for the 4 year first degree programme in Psychology in Nigerian Universities are five credit level passes including English Language, Mathematics, Biology or any other science subject.


i. Employable in industries, firms and government ministries and parastatals.

ii. Armed forces and private security organizations, iii. Those will postgraduate qualification could work as

lecturers in the Universities iv. Could set up private consultancy practice and be self-

employed.

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52. ANTHROPOLOGY.

A. DEFINITION Anthropology is the study of human beings and human cultures. B. JOB DESCRIPTION

i. The work of anthropologists often overlaps with that of an archaeologist.

ii. Knowledge of anthropology is useful to people in many professions.

iii. Almost anyone who deals with people can use some of the knowledge of various cultures prevents people from thinking that their way is the only way.

C. SUBJECT REQUIREMENT Credit passes in English Language Government/History and three other subjects. A pass in Mathematics is needed. D. EMPLOYMENT OPPORTUNITY Anthropologists may work in:

i. Museums ii. Ministry of culture and tourism

iii. Immigration offices Educational institution

53. SOCIAL WORK

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A. DEFINITION Social work is a professional discipline with the framework of

social welfare programmes and services, designed to

assist people in enhancing the quality of their lives and their social relationships. B. JOB DESCRIPTION AND OPPORTUNITIES

i. Social work is practical in a large variety of settings which include child welfare and family service agencies.

ii. Child welfare agencies provide services that supplement or substitute care in foster home or institution

iii. Family agency services include marital and family counselling.

iv. Schools employ social workers to help students who personal or family problems interfere with education.

v. Court and penal institutions utilize social workers in their rehabilitation efforts.

vi. Settlement houses, community centres and youth agencies employ social workers as group leaders and administrators.

vii. Employment opportunities for social workers are also available in civil rights and anti-poverty agencies and a host of others.

C. TRAINING OPPORTUNITY Professional education in offered at two levels in Nigeria.

i. A four-year programme in Nigerian Universities. ii. A two-year programme in colleges of

technology/polytechnics.

D. SUBJECT REQUIRED Credit passes in English Language and four other subjects from arts or the social sciences.

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MILITARY 54. AIR FORCE

A. JOB DESCRIPTION i. Complementing the military defense system in the air

and on the ground ii. Ensuring quick mobilization of the armed forces

iii. Providing coordinated support for the ground forces in operations

iv. Protecting the territorial integrity of the country

B. MODES OF ENTRY A civilian wishing to join the Nigeria Air force as a commissioned officer may do so through one of this mode entry

i. Potential Pilot entry ii. Nigerian Defense Academy entry

iii. University cadetship entry and iv. Graduate/ Professionally qualified officer entry

Potential Pilot Entry This programme is especially for those who want to fly one of aircraft or the other once in the Nigerian Air Force. Selected potential pilots candidates undergo military training at the Cadet school followed by pilot training at the Nigerian Air Force Flying Training School to qualify for appointment as a potential pilot a candidate must be medically fit and between the ages of 17 and 22 years. Academic qualification must include the W.A.S.C. or G.C.E, in at least five papers including

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credits in English language, Chemistry, Mathematics, Physics and Chemistry.

C. INTERVIEW WITH THE AIR FORCE SELECTION BOARD Generally, all candidates will be required to attend an interview with the Air Force Selection Board irrespective of educational qualification or entry examination passed or mode of entry. This board determines the suitability and unsuitability of candidates for employment. D. TRAINING PERIODS FOR COMMISSIONED OFFICERS These depend on type of commission. For NDA cadets the duration of military training is about 3 years. For short service commission officers the training lasts for between 2 and 6 months.

E. LENGTH OF SERVICE This may also very according to the type of commission held. Officers, on Regular commission will normally be expected to serve for at least 15 years. For officers on short service commission (SSC) it is between 3 and 10 years. After a 10 years’ service as SSC, the officer has a choice of either changing has type of commission or leaving the services. G. DUTIES PERFORMANCE BY COMMISSIONED OFFICERS

i. Operations ii. Logistics

iii. Administration iv. Inspections and safety

H. NON-COMMISSIONED OFFICERS Entry into the Nigeria Air Force at the level of a Non- Commissioned Officer is referred to as enlistment. A candidate for this must meet the following requirements

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i. He must be a Nigerian not less than 17 and not more than 25 years of age.

ii. In addition to meeting the NAF medical standards he must possess the required academic or trade qualifications

iii. The minimum entry educational qualification is secondary class

I. TRAINING REQUIREMENT Candidates or recruits will undergo training lasting 6 months on enlistment. Air craft man (ACM) is the rank offered recruits after their 6-month training. 55. ARMY

A member of the army is referred to as a soldier. A soldier is professionally trained and equipped to safeguard the territorial integrity of the nation in times of peace and war. A. MODE OF ENTRY Annual recruitment exercises are normally undertaken by the Nigerian Armed Forces at all state capitals. B. REQUIRED PERSONAL QUALITIES Physical fitness and mental alertness

i. Age- between 18 and 30 years ii. Height not below 1.64 meters

iii. Expanded chest measurement of not less than 86cm iv. Medical fitness certified by a government medical

officer. v. Good eyesight.

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vi. Above average intelligence vii. Patience

viii. Ability to work under pressure ix. Orderliness and for regimentation.

C. NIGERIAN DEFENCE ACADEMY (NDA) KADUNA It is an institution offering combination of academic and military education. With stress on the military, degree courses are offered in the three facilities as follows: Faculty of Arts and Social Science

a) Accounting b) Arabic c) Economics d) French e) Geography f) History g) Political Science and defence studies

Faculty of Science a) Biological b) Sciences c) Chemistry d) Computer e) Mathematics f) Physics

Faculty of Engineering

a) Civil Engineering b) Mechanical Engineering c) Electrical/ Electronic Engineering

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57. NAVAL FORCE

A. MODE OF ENTRY i. Through cadetship training at Nigerian Naval College

or through Nigerian defense Academy ii. Through the Grant of Direct short service commission

iii. Through university Graduate scheme iv. Through promotion of suitable ratings to commission

officers cadre

B. GROUP OF PERSONAL i. Commissioned officer

ii. Warrant /Technician Cadre. iii. Junior ratings

C. PERSONAL REQUIREMENTS Candidates seeking recruitment into the Nigerian Navy must be:

i. Above voting age ii. Aged between 18 and 22 years (the age limits of

graduates seeking recruitment are between and 22and 30 years)

iii. Must be of height 1.64 meters iv. Physically and mentally fit and be certified medically

fit by a government medial officer. Candidates should also have good eyesight, above average intelligence, patience and ability to work under pressure.

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E. TRAINING OPPORTUNITIES i. From joining to discharge the naval officer is given

training from time-to-time to improve his efficiency. ii. Such officer may join the Naval College with at least

West African School Certificate as cadet iii. Two years academic and military training at the Naval

College. iv. He may register for degree programmes at the

Nigerian Defense Academy (3 years). 58. POLICE FORCE

A. JOB DESCRIPTION i. Protection of life and property.

ii. Prevention and detection of crime. iii. Apprehending and Prosecuting offenders

Maintenance of law and public order. B. ENTRY POINTS

i. Cadet assistant superintendent ii. Cadet inspector of police

iii. Recruit constable iv. On transfer from civilian departments or agencies

C. ENTRY REQUIREMENTS

i. To enter the Nigerian Police Force as a Cadet Assistant Superintendent, the individual needs a degree in any discipline from a University

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ii. Entry points below that of cadet assistant superintendent of Police do not require university degree

iii. Candidates must be certified physically and mentally fit by a government medical officer

iv. They must be above voting age. v. They are expected to be of exemplary character

vi. The height requirement for make candidates is at least 1.67

vii. Meters while that of female candidates is at least 1.68 meters.

viii. The expanded chest measurement of not less than 86cm is required for male candidates

D. TRAINING OPPORTUNITIES

i. Six-month programme-men and women are recruited into the police force and start them with the rank of constable. At least an attempt in the SSCE is needed to qualify for recruitment

ii. Two-year programme-young men and women are trained as cadet-inspectors. Five credits at SSCE or equivalents are required for cadet inspectorships.

iii. Two-year graduate programme young graduates from Nigerian Universities/ Polytechnics in various disciplines are employed into the police force as cadet ASP (Assistant Superintendent of Police).

VETERINARY MEDICINE

59. VETERINARY MEDICINE

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A. INTRODUCTION Veterinary medicine is the branch of medicine that deals with the diseases of animals. Animal doctors are called veterinarians. Their work is especially valuable because many animal diseases can be transmitted to human beings.

B. JOB DESCRIPTIONS i. Many animal hospitals contain equipment like that

used in hospitals for human beings. Their animals may be cared for during illnesses, and surgery may be performed if necessary.

ii. Veterinarians play an important role in the control of rabies

iii. Veterinarians may inspect meat and meat products or iv. Direct some of the operations in slaughtering houses. v. They may work in laboratories testing milk or other

dairy products, or preparing serums and vaccines. C. TRAINING REQUIREMENT A period of five years of study in a college of medicine (veterinary medicine). D. EMPLOYMENT OPPORTUNITIES

i. The veterinarian may go into private practice. ii. He/she may be employed in government service

iii. A veterinarian interested in private service may want to work with the public health service, department of agriculture, an agricultural experimental station, or a college,

iv. Some teach at a college of veterinary medicine or work in commercial laboratories that produce serums and vaccines

v. Other career opportunities include working at animal shelters, zoos or programmes sponsored by such agencies as the World Health Organization.

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E. ORDINARY LEVEL REQUIREMENT Five passes at credit level in Mathematics, chemistry, biology, physics And English language.

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CHAPTER FOUR

HINTS ON MENTAL AND EXAMINATION ADJUSTMENT Good mental health promotes quick and easy adjustment effective participation in our environment. This is no less the case school setting. Mental health, here means a condition of the mind characterized by positive and objective thinking, lack of unusual fears, acceptance of self and being at peace with one's self and with the environment. Mental health is a critical factor in student's success in success in students. Students can be helped to develop it. When this is done, students go through their school experiences with a minimum of strain and stress. Consequently they become assured of their success in school. The following are some hints on how students can enhance their mental health. Do not be preoccupied by a desire to avoid failure. Fear of failure is a negative approach to resolving one's problems. It keeps the individuals constantly under tension, which disrupts the organization of his or her thought and actions. Talk out your problems. Consult with your school guidance counsellor, your teacher or your close friends for help with your problems. Do not bottle up your worries. Doing so impairs your psychological health. Avoid suspecting that someone is planning against you. Sometimes the mind imagines things without any concrete basis for them. When such imaginations are given our attention, they tend to appear real and arose negative feelings in us. These feelings can disorganize our thoughts and our actions.

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Be as objective and as far as possible in your dealings with everyone. Speak the truth at all times. A lot of psychic energy is often wasted trying to defend the untruth, which we had earlier spoken. On the other hand, little or no energy is spent in restating the truth. When we are fair in our relationship with others we keep our minds free of anxiety.

Always expect that the best for you will happen. This will encourage you to explore the future and to make discoveries. However, know your limits. Inability to recognize danger signals may lead to failures and regrets. Do not set too high a goal or standard for yourself. Failure brings frustration. Successions of failures darken one's general outlook on life. Do not try to change what cannot be changed. In each person's circumstances there are certain conditions that cannot be changed. Such conditions must be accepted as they are. You must therefore avoid wasting time and arousing frustration by not trying to change the unchangeable. Accept failures, if they come your way. Do not always rationalize them. Too much of rationalization or trying to defend our ego by presenting socially acceptable explanations for our failure, gradually leads us to the avoidance of reality. When we cannot accept the reality, we fail to confront the challenges of our lives. It is mentally unhealthy to think that we must always succeed in everything we do. It is a helpful practice to escape for a while from a tense situation. The escape can be physical or psychological.

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Where you can, move away from the problem situation. You may go to play on the field, visit a friend or go for a walk. Where you cannot move away physically from the situation, try an imaginary escape by entering into a dream world where you can relive some happy and exciting past experiences.

Always make yourself available. This helps to draw people's attention towards you. By so doing you will be identified and Always make yourself available. This helps to draw people's attention towards you. By so doing you will be identified and recognized. You can make yourself available through greetings, volunteering to help, contributing to discussions, expressing concern and enthusiasm in various other forms. Students who feel that they are not recognized or appreciated suffer greatly from emotional isolation. Their problem is caused by their inability to make themselves available to others.

Doing something for others gives joy and is a relief from tension. The idea that we have done something for someone is satisfying and mind enriching. Doing something for others endears us to those other people; they become our friends and increase our sense of belonging. Students who can forgive the wrongs done to them help to preserve their mental well-being. Forgiving others enables us to enjoy peace of mind. With peace of mind the student can concentrate on his studies. Moreover, students who can forgive others stand a fair chance of being forgiven when they themselves hurt others. Never think of yourself as a passive object to which bad things just happen. Think of yourself as an active agent who changes the direction of your entire life. People become

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what they choose to be. Others will also see you in terms of what you choose to show them. Successful students do not resign themselves to fate. They believe that they are always in control of the things that happen to them. Be encouraged always by the fact that there is hope for a better life. Be optimistic that the future will be brighter and more rewarding. Consequently, regard any present failures and difficulties as preparations for a better future and accept them with joy and hope. STUDY HABITS

Study habits are those strategies, which a learner applies in the process of acquiring knowledge, ideas and skills. Study habits can be bad or good. Bad study habits make the process of acquiring knowledge/ideas or skills very rigorous and painful. They also waste the learner's effort, energy and time. They do not help the learner to retain what he or she has learned for a long time.

Good study habits, on the other hand, make the learner to acquire learning with ease. They conserve the learner's effort, energy and time, helping to retain learning outcomes. Most students who succeed in school utilize good study habits. The following therefore, are some good study habits, which students should acquire and apply in school in order to ensure their success. Write while you read. Memory is made stronger when what is learned is acquired through several senses. Reading alone does not build up a strong memory. It requires other activities through other senses to do so. When we read and write, the image that is built through reading is strengthened by the impression which writing produces.

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Before you read any topic ask your-self the question: "What does this topic entail?" Try to give as many answers to this question as you can quickly thin of Read the topic and as you do, try to find out if it relates to any of the answers you had given. Do not read any topic without first having a tentative idea of what the topic is all about. As you read any material, try to build up a picture of the ideas contained in it in your mind. This picture, which you form in your mind, represents the symbol of the written materials. At any time, you cannot build up this picture, stop further reading and try again. Reading without forming an image of what you read does not produce learning. Rather time and energy are wasted.

Every paragraph of a reading material discusses one major idea. Read the paragraph through and then try to find out what the major idea of the paragraph is. Do not go further in your reading until you have, at least had a faint idea of what the paragraph entails.

The ideas expressed in a good reading material are usually presented in sequence. After reading any paragraph of a material try to find out how the ideas expressed therein relate to those earlier expressed. Then ask yourself, "Does this ideal logically follow the preceding one(s)?" This question and answer exercise will help you to get a clearer picture of the ideas in the reading material. As you read, try to relate the ideas you acquired from the material to your past experiences. Are there experiences in your life, which are similar to those presented in this material? Any similarities established will guide you in categorizing the new idea acquired. Appropriate categorization of knowledge enhances memory.

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Successful students budget their time appropriately. They distribute their time fairly equally over the subjects. They map out specific time for studying specific subjects. In this way, they ensure that no subject is given more attention than the other. Time budgeting helps successful students to maintain a steady expectation for something to be studied. No time is left unoccupied. Time budgeting motivates the student, enabling him or her to focus his or her mind on a specific subject at a specific time. Through time budgeting, successful students also avoid wasting their time on previously learned materials and rather move ahead.

Through time budgeting, successful students avoid boredom. By changing subjects from time to time, these students introduce variety in their study process and thereby prevent repetition and thus boredom. There is excitement and sustained interest in the learning process, these being ingredients for success in school.

Student who succeed in school, carry out their homework and assignments as and when due. Homework and assignment provide opportunities for them to rehearse what they learned. Through this practice they strengthen their memory and are therefore able to retain learning longer and recall it with ease as the need arises. Successful students take lesson notes. They do not depend only on what the teacher teaches in the classroom. They read the textbooks and add information, which they gather from them to the teacher's notes. Through note-taking, successful students are able to reorganize the learning material to suit their individual styles of perception. When they do this, their learning begins to make more meaning to

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them. Taking notes therefore help successful students to achieve greater familiarity with what they learn. Successful students consult with their teachers. These students known that their teachers should closely and regularly guide them in their school activities. By consulting with their teachers, successful students are regularly kept on the right path to success. Students who succeed in school do not take any knowledge, ideas or skills, which they possess for granted. They consult with their teachers to validate or confirm the correctness of the knowledge, ideas and skills. Through teacher consultation, successful students make it possible for the former to penetrate them and become aware of their strengths and weaknesses and assists them more effectively.

Successful students are aware that success in examinations does not depend only on their brilliance and level of motivation. They know that different examinations require different degrees of preparations and approaches. They therefore consult with their school guidance counsellors or teachers to ascertain the appropriate preparations and approaches applicable in each case.

Successful students study their lesson notes regularly. As they do so they draw up brief summaries of the ideas contained in the notes and write these on the margin beside the paragraphs. These summaries serve as clues reminding them of the ideas contained in the body of the notes. When preparing for examinations, successful students concentrate on summaries, using them to recall the ideas in the note. This process of recall strengthens their memory and also conserves their energy.

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Successful students involve themselves in the learning process. They do not wait passively for learning to take place. They are active in it. They ask questions, write, draw, paint, listen, discuss and participate actively in various other forms during the learning process. Through their active participation in the learning process, successful students make a lot of discoveries by themselves. Such self-directed learning remains long with them. Through the process of participation, successful students also build up clues, which they can use to quickly recall what they have learned. Group discussions are very useful to students. Many ideas are generated in the course of group discussions. Every member of the group gains from the contributions of others. Group discussions also serve as convenient forum for students to validate the ideas, which they privately hold about certain subject contents. Because several ideas are generated during each discussion period, group discussions help to conserve time for students. Ideas are generated during each discussion period, group discussions help to conserve time for students. Students who wish to succeed in school should be involved in study groups and participate actively in them.

EXAMINATIONS Examinations are an integral aspect of school

experiences. They play an important role in the school learning processes. However, many students dread examinations and see them as threats to their ego. This need not be.

The following are some hints on school examinations and how students who wish to succeed in their examinations should approach them. Mastery of these hints and their application by students have been found to improve students' attitude towards examination, increase their

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confidence in themselves and earn them better performance. Students who wish to perform well in their examinations should study these hints thoroughly and apply them. Develop and maintain positive attitude towards examinations. Regard examinations as an essential aspect of the whole of studying. They are, indeed a means of finding out how much has been retained of what we have learned. Prepare adequately for your examination. Use your summary sheets to guide you in recalling the idea contained in the various contents and topics of your school subjects. The use of summary sheets also saves your time. You no longer have to read entire lesson notes but the summaries of the ideas raised in the notes. Adequate preparation for examinations will make you feel confident to take the examinations. Confidence in your ability to do well will remove nervousness from you. Nervousness generates tension in a person and disrupts the organization thought and action. Students who are nervous during examinations often forget the things they had studied very well.

It is necessary that you sleep well and have enough rest before any examination. This keeps you mentally alert throughout the duration of the examination. Lack of sleep and rest causes both physical and mental fatigue; the body and mind become tired. When the mind is dull, it cannot perform effectively any longer.

Preserve you mental set for examination by not engaging in thoughts or activities, which are unrelated to the examination. Your review of the subject and your provisional answers to certain questions as well as your plans to

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approach the examination constitute your mental set for the examination. This state of readiness should be preserved until the examination is over. Get up early enough in the morning of the examination. This prevents the need for you to rush your bath, food, etc. because you are running out of time, which results in anxiety. Getting up early in the morning will leave you with enough time to take last glance at your summary sheets. Eat food that contains plenty of protein to keep you alert throughout the period of the examination. Arrive early at the examination centre. This gives you enough time to find out if there have been recent notices about the conduct of the examination. It also helps you to become more familiar with the general atmosphere of the examination centre. All these contribute to your peace of mind. Spend the last few minutes before the examination starts in mentally recalling your summary contents. If you have a choice, do not sit close to a friend. Friends constitute distractions during examinations. There may also be the temptation to collude with a friend by either asking or answering questions from him or her. This can lead to very unpleasant consequences. Of ten too, when friends sit together in examinations, if one leaves the room early there is the temptation for the other to leave almost immediately after even if he/ she is not yet through.

In all examinations, read the instruction first and do so carefully. Note specifically the time allocated to the examination, and if there are compulsory questions; note also how many questions you are expected to answer. Then decide on how much time you should spend on each question and endeavour to keep to this time specification.

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Read all the questions first before you begin to answer them. Then select the ones, which you feel make the most sense to you and for which you are best prepared. Resist the temptation to begin answering a question ever before you have finished reading all of them. Begin with the question which appears most familiar to you. The advantage of doing this is that your confidence increases as you answer this question. With increased confidence your thinking becomes sharper and your organization of your mind becomes more effective. Jot down every bit of idea that comes to your mind beside the relevant question while you respond to the questions. You may not remember them again if you do not write them down as they come. If you run out of time, simply itemize the points, which you have not already covered. This will convince the examiner that you know the correct answers but could not put them all down owing to lack of time. Such jottings usually attract some marks. In essay examinations, express each idea, which you want to present in paragraph. Traditionally, any good writing paragraph contains an idea. Do not sandwich an idea into a paragraph that begins with another idea. Doing this hides the second idea. Most examiners look for ideas in your answers. Any one that is sandwiched may be missed.

When taking objective examination, a successful student should be time conscious, not waste it as 'time means points'. You should get started promptly and not waste time over any difficult questions. Any question, which proves

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difficult to you, should be marked, left and returned to after all easy questions have responded to.

In both essay and objective examinations, find time to go over your work after you have finished. Do not hurry to hand in your script if you still have some time left. Use the time to go through your answers to ensure that you have not made any obvious mistakes. Feeling very tense in an examination may produce nervousness and mental blocking. If you feel very tense is an examination, take several slow deep breaths and exhales softly. Let your shoulders drop in a relaxed manner.

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INDEX

Accountancy, 25, 26, 27, 28, 114, 116, 118 accountant, 25 accounts, 25, 27 Administration, 24, 30, 88, 113 advertising, 26 agronomist, 35 ambassador, 42 An agronomist, 35 Anthropology, 84 anxiety, 97, 107 architect, 57 army, 89 artist, 39 Artistes, 42 aspires, 14, 16 auditor, 27 banking, 29, 33, 118 biologist, 71, 72 Biology, 49, 51, 56, 63, 64, 66, 74, 76, 78, 83 Business, 29, 30, 31, 113, 114, 115, 120, 128, 130, 132 characteristic, 16, 17 Chemical, 49, 73 chemist, 69, 72 company, 33, 47, 51, 56, 60, 61 Computer, 29, 51, 73, 74, 77, 90 counsellor, 44, 45, 96 counsellors, iv, 104

decision, 10, 16, 18, 19, 30, 45 Dentistry, 24, 44 Diplomacy, 41 doctor, 61, 62, 63, 64 economics, 31, 32, 33, 42, 52 economy, 9, 11 electrical, 52 electronic, i, 52 engineer, 47 Geography, 49, 51, 56, 57, 66, 74, 90 geologist, 74, 75 Geo-physical, 55 Gynaecologist, 63 habits, 100 health, 70, 71, 95, 96 historian, 40 History, 38, 40, 59, 84, 90 HND, 31, 38, 53, 54, 72 I.C.A.N., 25 influence, v, 14, 17, 19, 21, 22 inspired, 10 journalism, 41 journalist, 38 laboratory, 69, 70, 71 lawyer, 60 lucrative, 9, 20, 21 Mandatory, 9, 24 marine, 53 marketing, 33, 40 Mechanical, 54, 90

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Memory, 100 Mental, 96 metabolism, 15 Microbiologists, 75, 76 Microbiology, 75 military, 21, 86, 87, 90, 92 mineral, 55, 74, 75 motive, 14 musician, 36 musicians, 36, 37 Naval, 91, 92 Navy, 91 nurse, 64, 116 Nutrition, 65 Nutritionists, 65, 66 organization, 25, 26, 27, 30, 34, 41, 49, 56, 60, 96, 107, 109 Pediatrician, 63 pharmacist, 68, 69 Pharmacology, 67 physiotherapist, 66, 67 Police, 92, 93 pregnancy, 63, 70 process, 12, 13, 14, 100, 102, 104, 114, 130

profession, 16, 21, 62, 63 psychologist, 82 psychologists, 83 religious, 20, 37 scientist, 71, 80 Secretary, v skills, 10, 13, 29, 38, 61, 100, 103 Social, 24, 85, 90, 111, 112, 114, 116, 121, 122, 128, 131 Society, 10, 114 sociologist, 81 statistician, 34 structural, 49 Surgeon, 63 system, i, 15, 46, 51, 73, 86 technology, 53, 78, 86, 129 therapeutic psychologists, 83 unhappiness, 10 Veterinary, 94 vocational, 12, 13, 16, 17, 18, 19, 20, 21, 22, 129, 131 welfare, 45, 81, 82, 85 Zoology, 77

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