GUIDE: Latin American Approaches to Extractive Industry Conflict

7/30/2019 GUIDE: Latin American Approaches to Extractive Industry Conflict

1/14GLLF F_GF: GBMNMKAB CGXGLMYKGNS | GLLF SEGKG: GUS_FBSAXG ANCWRS_AGR FNC BMNHLABS KFNF@GKGNS 6

GLLF Frgf: Gbmnmkab Cgxglmykgns

GLLF Segkg: Gusrfbsaxg Ancwsrag fnc Bmnabs Kfnf`gkgns

@wacg

LFSAN FKG_ABFNFYY_MFBEGR SM GUS_FBSAXG

ANCWRS_Q BMNHLABSR

Seg rfyac guyfnamn m gusrfbsaxg ancwsrag an Lfsan Fkgrabf a

srfnmrkan` seg mbagsag fnc sgrrasmrag an peabe as a mbbwrran`.

Sea yegnmkgnmn ef yrmxmdgc mbafl fnc gnxarmnkgnsfl bmnabs,

gygbafllq anxmlxan` seg rwrfl fnc anca`gnmw bmkkwnasag sefs

frg kms akkgcafsglq fgbsgc. Emp frg Lfsan Fkgrabfn bmwnsrag

ggdan` sm kasa`fsg fnc fxmac wbe bmnlabs= Sea @wacg rgxagp

seg wncgrlqan` bfwg fnc fbsmr anxmlxgc an gusrfbsaxg ancwsrag

bmnlabs, segn fnflqg Lfsan Fkgrabfn bmwnsrag rgymng fnc

ymlabag an rgbgns qgfr. As flm fgg seg bmnsguswfl fnc msegrfbsmr sefs efxg gnfolgc segg ymlabag sm og akylgkgnsgc fnc

crfp mws seg kfan lgmn sm og bmnacgrgc an msegr rgàmn.

RWKKF_Q

Seg anbrgfg an mbafl fnc gnxarmnkgnsfl bmnabs

f f rgwls mh seg cgkfnc hmr gusrfbsan` nfswrflrgmwrbg ef yrggc Lfsan Fkgrabf sm

lmmd hmr ngp rgymng sm fccrg segg

bmnabs, `gngrfsan` ansgrgsan`

lgmn lgfrngc hmr msegr rgàmn.

BMKKMN Y_MOLGK FNC _GLGXFNBG

Seg guyfnamn m gusrfbsaxg ancwsrq fbsaxasag an seg lmofl mwse ef sra``grgc

f kqrafc m mbafl fnc gnxarmnkgnsfl bmnabs. An Frabf, segrg frg bmnabs mxgr

ymllwsamn, wbe f mxgr mal bmnsfkanfsamn an seg Na`gr _axgr Cglsf fnc kfll+bflg

kanan` bmnsfkanfsamn an Sfnzfnaf. Kmrgmxgr, segrg frg bmnlabs rglfsgc sm lmbfllaxglaemmc cg`rfcfsamn mr mrbgc caylfbgkgns, wbe f an Omspfnf, @efnf, Nfkaoaf

fnc Sfnzfnaf. Faf a emkg sm mbam+gnxarmnkgnsfl bmnabs an gxgrfl gusrfbsaxg

asg, wbe f an Ancmngaf, Yfywf Ngp @wangf, seg Yealayyang fnc Sefalfnc, fnc gxgn

srfnnfsamnfl frkgc bmnabs, f mr gufkylg an Ancaf, frmwnc mlc kanan`.6

An Lfsan Fkgrabf, bmnabs fmbafsgc pase gusrfbsaxg ancwsrq cgxglmykgns frg flm

pacgyrgfc, an yfrsabwlfr an gusrfbsaxg asg pegrg lmbfl ymywlfsamn efxg rgmrsgc sm

bmnrmnsfsamn pase seg sfsg mr yraxfsg bmrymrfsamn mxgr lfnc wg, gnxarmnkgnsfl

bmnsfkanfsamn fnc casraowsamn m rgmwrbg rgxgnwg. Emp sm wncgrsfnc, yrgxgns,

fnc kfnf`g bmnabs bgnfram an seg rgflk m gusrfbsaxg ancwsrq guyfnamn a f

bmkylgu fnc bmnsgus+ygbab awg Lfsan Fkgrabfn bmwnsrag frg srqan` sm fccrg.

6Yealayyang Kagrgmr Yfrsngreay, Anb. 29 Fyral ?96?.Yealayyang: Kanan`, Bmnabs Fnc Cgfse M Anca`gnmw Ygmylg An Sfkyfdfn. Glgbsrmnabywolabfsamn4 Ngk Ranè, J. 1 Jfnwfrq ?96?. Seg _gmwrbg Bwrg: @mxgrnan` Gusrfbsaxg Ancwsrag an seg @lmofl Rmwse. G+Ansgrnfsamnfl _glfsamn,glgbsrmnab kf`fzang4 Bemyrf, D. ?999.GnxarmnkgnsflAwg an Rmwse Faf: Segmrq, Ymlabq fnc Ansaswsamn mr @mxgrnfnbg. AG@ Pmrdan` Yfygr ?98.Ansaswsg m Gbmnmkab @rmpse, Cglea.

LGRRMNR LGF_NGC

DGQ

Yfrsabayfsmrq ymlabag fnc kgbefnak

hmr hmsgran` rwrfl cgxglmykgns ylfnnan`

frg dgq an bmnabs yrgxgnsamn.

Gsfolaean` f srfnyfrgns caflm`wg

fnc ng`msafsamn yrmbg a seg mnlq pfq

sm kfansfan bmnabs wncgr bmnsrml fnc

rgfbe mbafllq wsfanfolg f`rggkgns.

Lfsan Fkgrabfn bmwnsrag yrmxg sefs

bmnabs srfnhmrkfsamn a ymaolg an

seg gusrfbsaxg ancwsrag.
http://www.e-ir.info/2012/01/09/the-myth-of-the-resource-curse-governing-extractive-industries-in-the-global-south/http://www.e-ir.info/2012/01/09/the-myth-of-the-resource-curse-governing-extractive-industries-in-the-global-south/http://indigenouspeoplesissues.com/index.php?option=com_content&view=article&id=14821:philippines-mining-conflict-and-death-of-indigenous-peoples-in-tampakan&catid=32&Itemid=65http://iegindia.org/workpap/wp206.pdfhttp://iegindia.org/workpap/wp206.pdfhttp://iegindia.org/workpap/wp206.pdfhttp://iegindia.org/workpap/wp206.pdfhttp://iegindia.org/workpap/wp206.pdfhttp://iegindia.org/workpap/wp206.pdfhttp://iegindia.org/workpap/wp206.pdfhttp://iegindia.org/workpap/wp206.pdfhttp://www.e-ir.info/2012/01/09/the-myth-of-the-resource-curse-governing-extractive-industries-in-the-global-south/http://indigenouspeoplesissues.com/index.php?option=com_content&view=article&id=14821:philippines-mining-conflict-and-death-of-indigenous-peoples-in-tampakan&catid=32&Itemid=65http://ella.practicalaction.org/


2/14GLLF F_GF: GBMNMKAB CGXGLMYKGNS | GLLF SEGKG: GUS_FBSAXG ANCWRS_AGR FNC BMNHLABS KFNF@GKGNS ?

MXG_XAGP MH SEG LFSAN FKG_ABFN _GRYMNRG

An Lfsan Fkgrabf, seg gbmnmkab ommk rmk rgmwrbg

gusrfbsamn ef yrmcwbgc fn anbrgfg an seg nwkogr m mbaflfnc gnxarmnkgnsfl bmnlabs, yrakfralq ogspggn gusrfbsaxg

bmkyfnag fnc lmbfl bmkkwnasag, wbe f an Fr`gnsanf,

Omlaxaf, Bealg, Bmlmkoaf, Gbwfcmr fnc Ygrw. Seg Ygrwxafn

bfg a rgyrggnsfsaxg m kfnq bmwnsrag an seg rgàmn, pegrg

anbrgfan` kanan` yrmcwbsamn ef oggn kgs pase anbrgfan`

nwkogr m bmnabs, f seg befrs oglmp emp.

Mpn glfomrfsamn.Rmwrbg: Cfsf rmk seg Rmbagcfc Nfbamnfl cg Kangrf, Ygsrlgm q Gngr`f%Nfsamnfl Rmbagsq m Kanan`, Ygsrmlgwk fnc Gngr`q! fnc seg YgrwxafnMkowckfn.

Befrs 6: Gusrfbsaxg Anxgskgns fnc _gymrsgc Bmnabs an Ygrw?997+?969

3,799

3,999

2,799

2,999

?,799

?,999

6,999

6,799

799

9?997

9

?9

39

89

59

699

6?9

639

?998 ?990 ?995 ?991 ?969

Anxgskgns Bmnabs

WR#Kallamn

Nwkogrmbmnhabs

Gusrfbsaxg Anxgskgns fnc rgymrsgc bmnhabs an Ygrw ?997+?969

WNCG_RSFNCAN@ SEG BFWRGR MH GUS_FBSAXG

RGBSM_ BMNHLABSR AN LFSAN FKG_ABF

Sm ogssgr wncgrsfnc Lfsan Fkgrabf gmrs sm kfnf`g as

bmnlabs, ars pg yrggns fn fgkgns m seg mwr kfan

bfwg m wbe bmnlabs. Seg ars a seg bmnmlacfsamn m

f yrakfrq guymrs kmcgl sefs ef sra``grgc f ngp bqblg m

`gm`rfyeab guyfnamn m gusrfbsaxg yrmjgbs an seg rgàmn. Sea

guyfnamn ef oggn lgc oq f efncwl m gusrfbsaxg bmrymrfsamn,

kfanlq yraxfsg+gbsmr an kanan`, fnc ywolab+yraxfsg kau mr

sfsg+mpngc an mal fnc f. Seg rmpse an gusrfbsaxg fbsaxasag

an swrn ef anbrgfgc yrgwrg mn lmbfl, rwrfl fnc anca`gnmw

bmkkwnasag rgmwrbg. Bwrrgnslq, bmnbgamn mr gusrfbsaxg

yrmjgbs bmxgr xfs frgf m rwrfl lfnc, anblwcan` anca`gnmw

sgrrasmrag fnc frgf gs facg mr nfswrfl yrggrxfsamn.

Lfsan Fkgrabf a befrfbsgragc oq f bmnsangns+pacg ywe sm

mygn ngp rmnsagr mr gusrfbsamn.? Seg Fncgfn bmwnsrag +

Omlaxaf, Bmlmkoaf, Gbwfcmr, Ygrw fnc Xgngzwglf + frg f `mmc

gufkylg m seg f``rgaxg guyfnamn m gusrfbsaxg fbsaxasag.

An Ygrw, 83 eqcrmbfromn olmbd bmxgr kmrg sefn 09' m seg

bmwnsrq Fkfzmnafn sgrrasmrq, pase 66 olmbd mxgrlfqan`

yrmsgbsgc frgf fnc 75 mxgrlfyyan` anca`gnmw+saslgc

bmkkwnasag. An Gbwfcmr, spm+ searc m seg Fkfzmn a zmngc mr

eqcrmbfromn guyfnamn. An Omlaxaf, 77' m seg nfsamnfl sgrrasmrqa bmnacgrgc sm og zmng mr ymsgnsafl eqcrmbfromn guylmasfsamn

sefs ef oggn fa`ngc sm Omlaxaf sfsg+mpngc mal bmkyfnq

QYHO mr guylmrfsamn, mxgrlfyyan` nfswrfl yrmsgbsgc frgf fnc

anca`gnmw sgrrasmrag.2

Rgbmnc, seg rgàmn ef lmplq ggn seg gnc m mbafl cgfl an

peabe rgmwrbg wg fnc bmnsfkanfsamn pgrg ggn f m+gs

oq seg ymasaxg akyfbs m kfaxg lmbfl gkylmqkgns an mkg

gusrfbsaxg asg.3 Kmcgrn, lfr`g+bflg gusrfbsaxg yrmjgbs nmp

nggc mnlq f rglfsaxglq kfll fnc eaèlq vwflagc lfomwr mrbg,

m gusrfbsaxg bmkyfnag nm lmn`gr mgr seg fkg lgxgl

m lmbfl gkylmqkgns. An seg bfg m mygn+yas kang, peabe

rgvwarg f lfr`gr fkmwns m lmbfl nfswrfl rgmwrbg wbe f

pfsgr fnc lfnc, cwg sm segar bflg m yrmcwbsamn,7 pefs bfn

gusrfbsaxg bmkyfnag mgr an gubefn`g mr lmbfl rgmwrbg

wg= Rmkgsakg bmkyfnag mgr cgxglmykgns asgl, ows sea

a f rfsegr fkoa`wmw fnc efrc sm wll rgpfrc sefs bfn segn

ogbmkg fnmsegr mwrbg m sgnamn fnc ymsgnsafl bmnabs.

Sea ef kgfns sefs seg mbw m bmnlabs ef easgc rmk

lfomwr sm gnxarmnkgnsfl bmnbgrn. Pmrdgr wnamn efxg oggnrgylfbgc oq rwrfl mr anca`gnmw bmkkwnasag f yrmsf`mnas

m lmbfl bmnabs, anbg nmpfcfq bmkygsasamn a nms mr ogssgr

flfrag ows mr lmbfl lfnc fnc pfsgr rgmwrbg.8 F Ogooan`smn

fr`wg, seg gnxarmnkgns ef ogbmkg fn anbrgfan`lq akymrsfns

cmkfan m bmnsgnsamn fnc mbafl kmoalafsamn, ogbmkan` omse f

xgeablg fnc fn mojgbsaxg m bmnsgnsamw ymlasab, anwgnban` seg

pfq an peabe ymlasab a mr`fnagc fnc ygrmrkgc.0

?Ogooan`smn, F. ?991.Seg Ngp Gusrfbsamn: _gprasan` seg Ymlasabfl Gbmlm`q m seg Fncg. NFBLF _gymrs mn seg Fkgrabf3?%7! 6?+?9.2 Rgg kmrg anmrkfsamn an seg Guylmrfsamn Oaccan` _mwnc Omlaxafpgoasg. An ?96?, seg Omlaxafn mxgrnkgns yrmkmsgc fn guylmrfsamn oaccan` rmwnc

sm fg seg gnsarg eqcrmbfromn ymsgnsafl m seg bmwnsrq, an lang pase seg ylfnngc fbsamn m seg Eqcrmbfromn 2975 Lfp.3 Sm lgfrn kmrg fomws emp mbafl labgnbg pf fnc a nmp mosfangc an Lfsan Fkgrabf, gg seg GLLF Orag: Hrmk Guyrmyrafsamn sm Rmbafl Labgnbg:Fbbgan` Lfnc mr Gusrfbsaxg Ancwsrag.7 eWfllfbean, O., Kfssegp, _. 6118._gsrwbswran` m Yrakfrq Ancwsrag: Sgbenmlm`q, Lfomr, fnc Bmrymrfsg Rsrfsg`q fnc Bmnsrml an seg FrazmnfBmmygr Ancwsrq. Gbmnmkab @gm`rfyeq0?%?! 618+?67.8 Cfkmnsg, @. ?995. Seg Srfnnfsamnflazfsamn m seg Kanan` Ancwsrq an Ygrw fnc Omlaxaf. An: Cfkmnsg, @. Seg Bmnsaswsamn m Ymlasabfl Fbsmr: YgffnsBmkkwnasag, Kanan` fnc Kmoalazfsamn an Omlaxafn fnc Ygrwxafn Fncg. XCK Xgrlf`, Ogrlan.0Ogooan`smn, F., Ewkyergq Ogooan`smn, C., Owrq, J. ?969. Hgcgrfsan` fnc Cggncan`: Pfsgr, Sgrrasmrq fnc Gusrfbsamn an seg Fncg. An: Omglgn, _.,@gsbeg, C., @wgxfrf @al, F. %gc.! Seg Ymlasab m Pfsgr _aès fnc Acgnsasq an seg Fncg. Gfrsebfn, Lmncmn.
http://translate.google.com/translate?hl=en&sl=auto&tl=en&u=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.snmpe.org.pe%2Fportalhttp://translate.google.com/translate?hl=en&sl=auto&tl=en&u=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.defensoria.gob.pe%2Fhttp://translate.google.com/translate?hl=en&sl=auto&tl=en&u=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.defensoria.gob.pe%2Fhttp://translate.google.com/translate?sl=auto&tl=en&js=n&prev=_t&hl=en&ie=UTF-8&layout=2&eotf=1&u=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.ypfb.gob.bo%2Fhttp://www.sed.manchester.ac.uk/research/andes/publications/papers/Bebbington_NACLAReport.pdfhttp://www.sed.manchester.ac.uk/research/andes/publications/papers/Bebbington_NACLAReport.pdfhttp://www.boliviarondaexploracion.com/en/http://www.boliviarondaexploracion.com/en/http://www.boliviarondaexploracion.com/en/http://ella.practicalaction.org/node/990http://ella.practicalaction.org/node/990http://ella.practicalaction.org/node/990http://www.jstor.org/discover/10.2307/144266?uid=3738800&uid=2129&uid=2&uid=70&uid=4&sid=21101027346703http://www.jstor.org/discover/10.2307/144266?uid=3738800&uid=2129&uid=2&uid=70&uid=4&sid=21101027346703http://www.jstor.org/discover/10.2307/144266?uid=3738800&uid=2129&uid=2&uid=70&uid=4&sid=21101027346703http://people.ucsc.edu/~jbury/Publications/Bebbington%20et%20al,%202010,%20Federating%20and%20Defending.pdfhttp://people.ucsc.edu/~jbury/Publications/Bebbington%20et%20al,%202010,%20Federating%20and%20Defending.pdfhttp://www.jstor.org/discover/10.2307/144266?uid=3738800&uid=2129&uid=2&uid=70&uid=4&sid=21101027346703http://www.jstor.org/discover/10.2307/144266?uid=3738800&uid=2129&uid=2&uid=70&uid=4&sid=21101027346703http://ella.practicalaction.org/node/990http://ella.practicalaction.org/node/990http://www.boliviarondaexploracion.com/en/http://www.sed.manchester.ac.uk/research/andes/publications/papers/Bebbington_NACLAReport.pdfhttp://translate.google.com/translate?sl=auto&tl=en&js=n&prev=_t&hl=en&ie=UTF-8&layout=2&eotf=1&u=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.ypfb.gob.bo%2Fhttp://translate.google.com/translate?hl=en&sl=auto&tl=en&u=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.defensoria.gob.pe%2Fhttp://translate.google.com/translate?hl=en&sl=auto&tl=en&u=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.defensoria.gob.pe%2Fhttp://translate.google.com/translate?hl=en&sl=auto&tl=en&u=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.snmpe.org.pe%2Fportal



Omu 6: Seg Srfnnfsamnflafsamn m Kanan` fnc

Bmnhabs an Omlaxaf fnc Ygrw

Cwran` seg 6159 fnc 6119, seg Omlaxafn fnc Ygrwxafn`mxgrnkgns akylgkgnsgc f grag m kfrdgs+mragnsfsgc srwbswrfl rgmrk an mrcgr sm jwky sfrsseg gbmnmkq. Segg rgmrk fbalasfsgc seg gnsrq mkwlsanfsamnfl bmrymrfsamn ansm seg lmbfl gbmnmkag,pealg fs seg fkg sakg rgcwbgc seg sfsg yrggnbg fskanan` asg, fxmwran` seg akylgkgnsfsamn m bmrymrfsgymlabag ansgfc m ywolab mng.

Seg ymlabq yfbdf`g anblwcgc axg dgq rgmrk: 6!yraxfsafsamn m kang, mrg fnc mal cgymas4 ?! sfurgmrk, anblwcan` sfu sfoalafsamn, sfu emlacfq fnc f`gngrfl sfu rgcwbsamn mr anxgskgns4 2! ngp f`rfrafnlg`fl rfkgpmrd fakgc fs anbmrymrfsan` rwrfl fncanca`gnmw lfnc ansm lfnc kfrdgs4 3! cgrg`wlfsamn mlfomwr4 fnc anfllq, 7! ngp gnxarmnkgnsfl fnc mbaflrg`wlfsamn. Sea ngp bgnfram brgfsgc ymlasabflsgnamn anbg mrkfl gusrfbsaxg ancwsrq mbafl rwlgpgrg befn`gc pasemws ggbsaxg sfsg rg`wlfsamn.

Flmn` pase segg rgmrk, bmrymrfsamn ansrmcwbgc ngpcabmwrg fnc bmrymrfsg mbafl rgymnaoalasq %BR_!yrfbsabg f f srfsg`q sm rglgfg mbafl sgnamn pealgfxmacan` gkgràn` bmnlabs. Sea srfsg`q mbwgckfanlq mn sergg kgbefnak: yfqkgns mr seg wg mlmbfl rgmwrbg4 bmkygnfsamn mr ng`fsaxg akyfbs mnlmbfl laxglaemmc, anblwcan` gnxarmnkgnsfl cg`rfcfsamn4fnc yrmkmsan` lmbfl wsfanfolg cgxglmykgns, peabeakylagc bmkyfnag pmwlc rgylfbg seg yrmsf`mnas rmlgm seg sfsg. Empgxgr, BR_ ef nms lgc sm as guygbsgcmwsbmkg. Bmkyfnag efxg falgc sm wncgrsfnc lmbflbmnbgrn fnc ymlasab fnc segar bmnwlsfsamn yrmbggefxg nms oggn lgàsakfsgc oq lmbfl ymywlfsamn. Pasemwsfcgvwfsg sfsg rg`wlfsamn fnc lmbfl yfrsabayfsamn, BR_ymlabag efxg bgrsfan lakas an yrgxgnsan` bmnabs.

Rmwrbg: Cfkmnsg, @. ?995. Seg Srfnnfsamnflazfsamn m seg Kanan` Ancwsrq anYgrw fnc Omlaxaf. An: Cfkmnsg, @.Seg Bmnsaswsamn m Ymlasabfl Fbsmr: YgffnsBmkkwnasag, Kanan` fnc Kmoalazfsamn an Omlaxafn fnc Ygrwxafn Fncg. XCKXgrlf`, Ogrlan.

Searc, caf`rggkgns fomws emp sm casraowsg fnc wg seg ew`g

rgxgnwg gngrfsgc oq gusrfbsaxg yrmjgbs wgl bmnabs.5 Sfolg

6 %ngus yf`g! emp cagrgnbg an seg fllmbfsamn m gusrfbsaxg

rmqflsq yfqkgns fbbmrcan` sm sergg cagrgns `mxgrnkgns

fyyrmfbeg. Mng m seg kms nmsabgfolg gfswrg m sea sergg+

bmwnsrq bmkyframn a f kmrg ygbaagc fllmbfsamn m seg

rmqflsq yfqkgns fbbmrcan` sm cagrgns bgnsrfl `mxgrnkgns

gbsmr an Orfzal fnc Bealg. Ygrefy kms akymrsfnslq, seg

sfolg cgkmnsrfsg f kmrg rgcasraowsaxg kmcgl an Orfzal fnc

Ygrw, bmkyfrgc sm f kmrg bgnsrflagc fllmbfsamn yfssgrn an

Bealg bgnsrfl mxgrnkgns.

Bwrrgnslq, gusrfbsaxg ancwsrag f rg eaèlq yrmasfolg

owangg sefnd sm anbrgfan` yrmcwbsamn xmlwkg, fllan`

yrmcwbsamn bms fnc easmrabfllq eaè bmkkmcasq yrabg.

Rggan` seg eaè yrms m yraxfsg bmkyfnag, seg kmslq ymmr

frgf pegrg gusrfbsamn fbswfllq efyygn sraxg mr f ogssgr

efrg m gusrfbsaxg rmqflsag. Kmrgmxgr, f mkg fwsemr

fr`wg, seg srfsg`q wgc oq seg `mxgrnkgns sm casraowsgrmqflsag gnc wy befllgnàn` seg cgbaamn kfdan` bmnsgus m

cgxglmykgns yrmkmsamn an wonfsamnfl mxgrnkgns: an seg

fbg m anbrgfan` rmqflsq rgxgnwg, bmnabs fnc bmkygsasamn

sm bmnsrml segg rgxgnwg flm anbrgfg. Sea lgfc sm f

ymlfragc ymlasabfl `fkg, rgwlsan` an emrs+sgrk ymlabag

ansgfc m yrmkmsan` lmn`+sgrk lmbfl cgxglmykgns yrmbgg.1

Hmwrse, mkg bmnlabs frg fmbafsgc pase `mxgrnfnbg

pgfdngg wbe f lfbd m srfnyfrgnbq mr seg yrggnbg m

bmrrwysamn mr xamlgnbg an gusrfbsaxg yrmjgbs. Mn seg mng efnc,

rwlg frg nms flpfq pgll+cgngc, lgfxan` rmmk mr anmrkfl

cgfl mr xamlgns gyamcg ogspggn bmkyfnq mabgr, sfsg

rgyrggnsfsaxg fnc lmbfl baxal mbagsq lgfcgr. Mn seg msegr

efnc, falwrg sm bmkylq pase yrmkag mr f`rggkgns oq fnq m

seg yfrsag anxmlxgc an gusrfbsaxg yrmjgbs ef lgc sm bmnabs

kfanlq pegn segrg frg nms blgfr mr fbbgysgc rgfmn mr seg

lfbd m bmkylafnbg.

Hmr gufkylg, mng m seg kms gxgrg bfg m ymllwsamn an

Lfsan Fkgrabf, dnmpn f seg Fkfzmn Begrnmoql, pf

bmkymwncgc oq yrmolgk m srfnyfrgnbq fnc bmrrwysamn.Seg bfg `mg fll seg pfq ofbd sm 6183 pegn Sgufbm %lfsgr

ywrbefgc oq Begxrmn! fangc ygrkaamn sm gusrfbs mal an seg

Gbwfcmrafn Fkfzmn rgàmn. Flsemwè sea rgàmn pf emkg

sm anca`gnmw bmkkwnasag, segq pgrg nms gxgn anmrkgc

pegn seg anasafsamn m gusrfbsamn fbsaxasag og`fn. Hmr mxgr

29 qgfr, seg bmkyfnq cwkygc pfsg ansm mygn yas an seg

mrgs, gramwlq fgbsan` seg gnxarmnkgns fnc anca`gnmw

bmkkwnasag m seg rgàmn. _gbgnslq, an ?966, f jwc`g an

Gbwfcmr mwnc seg bmkyfnq lafolg mr WR #1 oallamn an blgfn+wy

bms, ows Begxrmn ef m fr rgwgc sm yfq.69

5 Hmr f kmrg cgsfalgc cabwamn m emp rgns casraowsamn a rglfsgc sm gusrfbsaxg ancwsrag bmnabs an Lfsan Fkgrabf, rgfc segGLLF Orag: _gnsCasraowsamn fnc Gusrfbsaxg Ancwsrq Bmnabs: Seg Lfsan Fkgrabfn Fyyrmfbeg.1Frgllfnm, J. ?966. Kangrf Ran Hrmnsgrf= Bmnabsm q Cgfrrmllm gn lf _gàmng Kangrf cgl Ygr %Kanan` Pasemws Omrcgr= Bmnabs fncCgxglmykgns an seg Kanan` _gàmn m Ygrw!. WF_K, AGY ( YWBY, Lakf.69Sm lgfrn kmrg fomws sea bfg, xaas segpgoasgm seg Begxrmn Smuabm Bfkyfa`n.
http://ella.practicalaction.org/node/1062http://ella.practicalaction.org/node/1062http://ella.practicalaction.org/node/1062http://chevrontoxico.com/about/http://chevrontoxico.com/about/http://ella.practicalaction.org/node/1062http://ella.practicalaction.org/node/1062



Sfolg 6: Bmkyfran` Fllmbfsamn m Gusrfbsaxg _mqflsag: Orfzal,Bealg fnc Ygrw

Ygrbgnsf`g m smsfl rgxgnwg

fllmbfsgc

Orfzal

%?99?+

?990!

Bealg

%?969!

Ygrw

%?969!

Bgnsrfl

`mxgrnkgns

kanasrag-

f`gnbag

Rbagnbg %_(C! 7.7 + 8.7 6.7 +

Cggnbg 9 + 2.2 62.?** +

Gnxarmnkgns-Kasa`fsamn

3.5 + 7.8 + +

Kang ( Gngr`q61.6 +??.7

+ +

Msegr 9 + 6.0* 6?.8*** +

Nmn+ygbagc Rgbsmr + 06.5 38.9

Cgbgnsrflagc

`mxgrnkgns

wnas mrf`gnbag

Yrmcwban` Rsfsg-_gàmn

36.1 +3?.9

9.8 60.8

Yrmcwban`Kwnabayflasag

1.9 + 1.2 + 3.9

Fgbsgc Kwnabayflasag 8.? + 0.3 + +

Wnaxgrasag rmkYrmcwban` Rsfsg-

_gàmn

+ + 3.3

Kwnabayflasag paseanseg yrmcwban` Rsfsg-

_gàmn2.5 + 3.7 + +

Kwnabayflasag paseanseg yrmcwban` Yrmxanbg

+ + ?5.9

Msegr Rsfsg-_gàmn + 9.2 +

Yraxfsg Yraxfsg Lfncmpngr ?.8 + 3.3 + +

SMSFL gusrfbsaxg rgxgnwg 699' 699' 699'

Nmsg: Orfzal fllmbfsg _mqflsag fnc Rygbafl Yfrsabayfsamn %fkmwnsgc sm 691' m

_mqflsag ?99?+90!. Seg fllmbfsamn begkg cgygnc mn pegsegr seg glc a mnemrgmr memrg.* Sea `mg sm f Rygbafl Hwnc sm og casraowsgc fkmn` fll gnsasag pegn yrmcwbsamna memrg.** Seg lfp peabe gs gusrfbsaxg rgns fllmbfsamn ansm seg cggnbg gbsmr ef oggnrgygflgc sea qgfr.*** Sfug fnc caxacgnc rmk ywolab gvwasq rk `m sm seg Gbmnmkab fnc RmbaflRsfoalafsamn Hwnc %GRRH! fbbmrcan` sm fygbab rwlg, fnc a segn wgc sm yrgyfqywolab cgos.

Mpn Glfomrfsamn.Cfsf Rmwrbg: Kmr`fnca, K. ?995._gxgnwg Casraowsamn fs seg Rwo+Nfsamnfl Lgxgl: SegGuygragnbg an Rgxgn _gmwrbg+_abe Bmwnsrag. _gxgnwg Pfsbe Ansaswsg, Ngp Qmrd.

Mxgrfll, Lfsan Fkgrabf bwrrgns gusrfbsaxg guyfnamn ef

`gngrfsgc bmnlabs mxgr bmnsrml fnc wg m rgmwrbg. Seg

bfwg m myymasamn sm gusrfbsaxg ancwsrq yrmjgbs frg nms

mnlq rglfsgc sm lfnc mpngreay fnc gnxarmnkgns yrmsgbsamn,

ows flm sm ygmylg nggc sm bmnsrml segar rgmwrbg fnc cgbacg

mn seg bmwrg m segar laxg.66

An sea gng, Ogooan`smn fr`wgsefs mbafl bmnabs kfdg gxacgns emp bmkygsan` kmcgl fnc

bmnbgys mcgxglmykgns asglbmguas an rglfsamn m bmnabs mr

qngr`q. Seg cgxglmykgns kmcgl eglc oq mbafl kmxgkgns

nggc sm og sfdgn ansm fbbmwns an mrcgr sm wncgrsfnc fnc

rgymnc wbbgwllq sm bmnabs.6? An Lfsan Fkgrabf, segg

bmnlabs efxg segrgmrg ylfbgc seg rglfsamneay ogspggn

gbmnmkab cgxglmykgns, gnxarmnkgnsfl vwflasq, lfnc fnc

ewkfn raès mn seg ywolab f`gncf an ngp fnc ympgrwl

pfq.62

DGQ FBSM_R AN LFSAN FKG_ABFN BMNHLABSR

Bwrrgns bmnlabs efxg rgxmlxgc frmwnc sergg kfan gs m

fbsmr: seg sfsg, seg gusrfbsaxg ancwsrq bmrymrfsamn fnc seg

lmbfl ymywlfsamn. Ansgrgsan`lq, an Lfsan Fkgrabf gfbe m segg

fbsmr ef cgxglmygc cagrgns ymasamn fnc xmabg cwran` seg

wnmlcan` m bmnabsaxg bgnfram.

@mxgrnkgns: Rsfsg efxg sragc sm yrggns bmegrgns ymlabag

fnc ymlasabfl ymasamn pegn fban` mbafl bmnabs, ows segq

efxg nms oggn xgrq bfyfolg m kfansfanan` sefs bmegrgnbg.

Mn seg mng efnc, segrg frg bmkkmn ymlasabfl rfbswrg fkmn`

sfsg fbsmr. Pealg fbsmr an sfsg kanan` fnc mal gbsmr

sgnc sm og bmnasgnslq wyymrsaxg m gusrfbsaxg yrmjgbs,

gnxarmnkgnsfl f`gnbag fnc mkowckfn mbg mkgsakg

efxg oggn lg wyymrsaxg cwran` fn mn`man` bmnlabs. Sea

bfn lgfc sm bmnabs pasean seg mxgrnkgns asgl. An mng sgllan`

gufkylg, bmnsrfcabsmrq myanamn fomws seg bmnsrmxgrafl

Gnxarmnkgnsfl Akyfbs Fgkgns %GAF! mr seg Bmn`f kanan`

yrmjgbs lgc sm fn gusgnaxg rgewhg m Ygrw bfoangs an ?96?.

Bmkyfnag: Seg bmrymrfsamn, f pgll f as woacafrag fncwobmnsrfbsgc bmkyfnag, frg dgq fbsmr an fll gusrfbsaxg

bmnabs. Seg kfan bmrymrfsamn srq sm emp f an`lg bmrymrfsg

bwlswrg ofgc mn bmrymrfsg mbafl rgymnaoalasq %BR_!

yranbaylg. Empgxgr, an mkg bfg nms fll woacafrag efxg

mllmpgc seg fkg mbafl ymlabq, gngrfsan` anbmnasgnbag

ogspggn bmrymrfsg cabmwrg fnc woacafrq bmkyfnag

fbswfl yrfbsabg. An Ygrw, Ngpkmns Kanan` sfncfrc

fnc cabmwrg rglfsan` sm seg yrfbsabg m as woacafrq

kanan` bmkyfnq Qfnfbmbef a fn gufkylg m sea. Pegn

seg Bemrmyfkyf kgrbwrq yall efyygngc %gg Omu ?!,

66 Lfylfnsg, L., Rygfr, R. ?995. Mws m seg Bmnabs Zmng: Seg Bfg mr Bmkkwnasq Bmngns Yrmbgg an seg Gusrfbsaxg Rgbsmr.Qflg Ewkfn _aèsfnc Cgxglmykgns Lfp Jmwrnfl66 81+668.6? Ogooan`smn, F., gs fl. ?995. Kanan` fnc Rmbafl Kmxgkgns: Rsrw``lg Mxgr Laxglaemmc fnc _wrfl Sgrrasmrafl Cgxglmykgns an seg Fncg.PmrlcCgxglmykgns28 %6?! ?555?197.62 Ogooan`smn ?991, fomxg n ?.
http://www.minhda.cl/english/sovereign-wealth-funds/economic-and-social-stabilization-fund.htmlhttp://www.minhda.cl/english/sovereign-wealth-funds/economic-and-social-stabilization-fund.htmlhttp://www.revenuewatch.org/sites/default/files/Extractive%20Industries%20Revenues%20Distribution%20at%20the%20Sub-National%20Level.pdfhttp://www.revenuewatch.org/sites/default/files/Extractive%20Industries%20Revenues%20Distribution%20at%20the%20Sub-National%20Level.pdfhttp://www.revenuewatch.org/sites/default/files/Extractive%20Industries%20Revenues%20Distribution%20at%20the%20Sub-National%20Level.pdfhttp://papers.ssrn.com/sol3/papers.cfm?abstract_id=1288105http://enviro.lclark.edu/resources/ecuador/MiningAndOil/Mining.pdfhttp://enviro.lclark.edu/resources/ecuador/MiningAndOil/Mining.pdfhttp://papers.ssrn.com/sol3/papers.cfm?abstract_id=1288105http://www.revenuewatch.org/sites/default/files/Extractive%20Industries%20Revenues%20Distribution%20at%20the%20Sub-National%20Level.pdfhttp://www.revenuewatch.org/sites/default/files/Extractive%20Industries%20Revenues%20Distribution%20at%20the%20Sub-National%20Level.pdfhttp://www.minhda.cl/english/sovereign-wealth-funds/economic-and-social-stabilization-fund.html



bmnsrfcabsgc seg bmkyfnq sfsgkgns mn segar mygrfsamn

bmkylafnbg pase WR gnxarmnkgnsfl sfncfrc. Fbswfllq,

fbbmrcan` sm Dwrlfncgr, Qfnfbmbef pf nms gxgn bmkylqan`pase Ygrwxafn sfncfrc, fnc seg bmkyfnq yrfbsabg

pgrg m gramw sefs gnamr gugbwsaxg bmwlc og wojgbs sm

brakanfl yrmgbwsamn fnc akyramnkgns.63 An fccasamn, BR_

yranbaylg pgrg nms bmkkmnlq fcmysgc fnc yrfbsabgc oq

wobmnsrfbsgc bmkyfnag. Rwbe bmnsrfcabsmrq cabmwrg

fnc yrfbsabg efxg rgvwgnslq kfrrgc bmkkwnabfsamn fnc seg

ymlasabfl rglfsamneay ogspggn bmkyfnq mbafl fnc seg lmbfl

ymywlfsamn, brgfsan` f grsalg yfbg mr bmnabs sm frag.

Lmbfl fbsmr: Fs sea lgxgl, seg lmbfl ymywlfsamn, f pgll

f baxal mbagsq lgfcgr, frg seg kfan fbsmr an gusrfbsaxg

ancwsrq bmnabs. Seg lmbflasq, an kfnq gng, ef nm blgfr

omwncfrag fnc bfnnms og blgfrlq cgangc. Lmbflasag kfq

gnbmkyf gsenab rmwy, rwrfl bmkkwnasag, frkgr mr basq

cpgllgr. Ladgpag, lmbfl ymywlfsamn bfn mr`fnag segkglxg

an kfnq lmbfl, nfsamnfl mr gxgn srfnnfsamnfl ansaswsamn mr

mr`fnafsamn, wbe f anca`gnmw mr ygffns bmkkwnasag,

rwrfl mr wrofn mr`fnafsamn, wnamn, ymlasabfl yfrsag fnc

rglaàmw rmwy, fkmn` msegr. Kmrgmxgr, seg lmbfl ymywlfsamn

bfn og ymlasabfllq rgyrggnsgc oq mrkfl mr anmrkfl lgfcgr.

An fnq bfg, semwè, gmrs kws og kfcg sm cgang fnc

wncgrsfnc lmbflasag mr gfbe ygbaab gusrfbsaxg yrmjgbs. Sm

wncgrsfnc seg lmbflasq an ymlasabfl sgrk, as a wncfkgnsfl sm

acgnsaq lmbfl ymlasabfl ansgrgs, mwrbg m ympgr fnc srw``lg

rmk f easmrabfl ygrygbsaxg. Kmrgmxgr, bwrrgns lmbfl srw``lg

kws og bmnsguswflazgc pasean f ormfcgr lmofl kmxgkgns sefs

brmg seg omrcgr m Lfsan Fkgrabf, wbe f seg gnxarmnkgnsfl

jws abg kmxgkgns. 67 Semg srfnnfsamnfl fllafnbg efxg

srgn`segngc mbafl kmxgkgns, owalcan` fnc cgxglmyan`

bfyfbasag, yrmxacan` kmrg lgàsakfsg fr`wkgns fnc smml, fncgugrsan ansgrnfsamnfl yrgwrg mn seg sfsg fnc bmkyfnag.

LFSAN FKG_ABFN _GRYMNRGR: H_MK Y_MSGRSR

FNC XAMLGNBG SM CAFLM@WG

Lfsan Fkgrabfn `mxgrnkgns srfsgàg sm rgymnc sm fnc

kfnf`g bmnabs efxg xfragc mxgr sakg fnc fbbmrcan` sm msegr

mbam+ymlasabfl xfrafolg. Ofabfllq, segrg efxg oggn spm pfq

m fyyrmfbean` bmnabs rmk f `mxgrnkgnsfl ygrygbsaxg:

bmnrmnsfsamn fnc caflm`wg.

Omu ?: Lfbd m Srfnyfrgnbq an seg _gymng sm

Bmnhabs Kgrbwrq Ryall an Bemrmyfkyf, YgrwMn Jwng ?nc, ?999, f srwbd srfnymrsan` kgrbwrq smQfnfbmbef, seg lfr`gs `mlc kang an Rmwse Fkgrabf,lmbfsgc an Bfjfkfrbf, Ygrw, yallgc 676 dalm`rfk mlavwac kgrbwrq mxgr f ?7+kalg lmn` frgf, bmnsfkanfsan`seg smpn m Bemrmyfkyf fnc spm ngaèomwran` xallf`g.Seg xallf`gr akkgcafsg rgymng pf sm bmllgbs segkgsfl, wnfpfrg m as ymsgnsafl cfn`gr. Mxgr seg ngusgp cfq, Qfnfbmbef eargc xallf`g qmwse sm blgfn segeaèpfq fnc yfac xallf`gr sm rgswrn kgrbwrq. F frgwls, fbbmrcan` sm f mxgrnkgns gsakfsg, kmrg sefn

199 ygmylg pgrg ymamngc, fnc bmnsanwgc wgran` seg`rfxg ggbs kfnq qgfr fsgr.

Pegn seg qkysmk m ymamnan` fyygfrgc fnc ygmylgog`fn sm bmkylfan, seg bmkyfnq rgymncgc oq cgnqan`bwlyfoalasq. An fbs, sea a mng m seg kms flfrkan` bfgan Lfsan Fkgrabf pegrg f bmkyfnq rs rgymng smbmnabs pf kfrdgc oq f cglaogrfsg bmnbgflkgns fnckfnaywlfsamn m anmrkfsamn. Seg bmkyfnq gxgn eargcfn ansgrnfsamnfl smuabmlm`q guygrs, Cr. Kabefgl Dmngss,sm fr`wg sefs kgrbwrq bmwlc og glakanfsgc an f gppggd, pase nm lmn`+sgrk rad.

Sea aswfsamn pf pmrgngc oq bmrrwysamn, kfnagsgcoq seg bmkylabasq m mkg sfsg fnc baxal mbagsq fbsmrpase seg bmkyfnq ymasamn. Egflse yrmgamnfl frgfn wnmrswnfsg gufkylg, rmk semg pmrdan` an seg lmbflegflse yms fll seg pfq sm seg egfc m seg rgàmnfl emyasflm Bfjfkfrbf pem anasafllq cgnagc sefs kgrbwrq bmwlc ogefrkwl. BF_G, fn N@M pmrdan` an Bfjfkfrbf, yrmxacgcormbewrg pase anmrkfsamn sefs fwrgc ygmylg sefskgrbwrq bmwlc og nfswrfllq glakanfsgc, anmrkfsamn sefspf flg an seg fbg m seg gxacgnbg m eaè lgxgl mkgrbwrq an seg omcag m seg fgbsgc ygmylg.

Sm lgfrn kmrg fomws sea bfg, gg seg emrs cmbwkgnsfrqBemrmyfkyf: Seg Yrabg m @mlc, yrmcwbgc oq@wfrfn`mHalk fnc Xacgm, Ygrw, ?99?. Seg yrmcwbgr efxg flmkfcg sea @wacg sm seg Cmbwkgnsfrq pase fccasamnflofbd`rmwnc anmrkfsamn fnc rgmwrbg fomws sea fncmsegr Ygrwxafn gusrfbsaxg ancwsrag bmnabs.

63 Ygrlgz, J., Lmpgll, O. 68 Nmxgkogr ?997. Seg Bms m @mlc: Srgfwrg m Qfnfbmbef Sfn`lgc Rsrfnc an Haès Mxgr Ygrw @mlc Kang. Regll sm RgfGlgbsrmnab Kf`fzang.67 Bfrrwsegr, C. %gc.!. ?995 Gnxarmnkgnsfl Jwsabg an Lfsan Fkgrabf: Yrmolgk, Yrmkag, fnc Yrfbsabg. Bfkorac`g, KAS Yrg, Omsmn.

Lfprgnbg Dwrlfncgr, f gnamr gugbwsaxg m Ngpkmns an seg

Wnasgc Rsfsg, pf gns sm bmncwbs fn gnxarmnkgnsfl fwcas

m seg kang. Eg mwnc egflse, pfsgr fnc lfnc yrmolgk sefs
http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=dW7zn0SbrV4http://guarango.org/index2.htmlhttp://guarango.org/index2.htmlhttp://guarango.org/index2.htmlhttp://www.guarango.org/downloads/The-Price-of--gold-booklet-eng.pdfhttp://www.shelltosea.com/node/592http://mitpress.mit.edu/books/chapters/0262533006intro1.pdfhttp://mitpress.mit.edu/books/chapters/0262533006intro1.pdfhttp://www.shelltosea.com/node/592http://www.guarango.org/downloads/The-Price-of--gold-booklet-eng.pdfhttp://guarango.org/index2.htmlhttp://guarango.org/index2.htmlhttp://www.youtube.com/watch?v=dW7zn0SbrV4



Yrmsgs

An seg yfs, sfsg fnc bmkyfnag rgymncgc pase xamlgnbg sm

yrmsgsgr an bmnabs frmwnc gusrfbsaxg yrmjgbs. Segrg frgkfnq smrag m bmkyfnag gbwrasq ygrmnngl gugrbaan`

ancabrakanfsg xamlgnbg f`fans lmbfl yrmsgsgr fnc sfsg

mrbg rgyrgan` kangr wnamn an seg kanan` asg m seg

?9se bgnswrq. Empgxgr, nmp bmkyfnag fnc sfsg mrbg rfrglq

frg folg sm wg ancabrakanfsg xamlgnbg f`fans yrmsgsgr,

kfanlq ogbfwg cgkmbrfsab rwlg cglgàsakag ancabrakanfsg

xamlgnbg, baxal mbagsq `rmwy frg srmn`gr, fnc nmng m seg

fbsmr bmncmng xamlgnbg, fs lgfs nms mygnlq.

Bwrrgnslq, bmnlabs frg kmrg xaaolg pealg guyrgan`

cabmnsgns sermwè ywolab cgkmnsrfsamn, peabe a sqyabfllqbmnacgrgc f lgàsakfsg guyrgamn an Lfsan Fkgrabfn

mbagsag. As a bmkkmn sm gg ygffns mr basq cpgllgr

kmoalaan` an seg srggs an myymasamn sm kanan` mr mal yrmjgbs,

gasegr kfrbean`, olmbdan` fbsaxasag mr jws kggsan`. An

yfrsabwlfr, an Omlaxaf, Bmlmkoaf, Gbwfcmr fnc Ygrw, kfaxg

srggs kmoalafsamn f`fans gusrfbsaxg yrmjgbs bfn og guygbsgc

a seg yrmolgk a nms rgmlxgc, pealg seg cgkmnsrfsamn a nmn+

xamlgns. An Fr`gnsanf fnc Bealg, cgkmnsrfsmr sgnc sm wg lg

lfr`g+bflg kmoalafsamn, fnc kmrg m msegr fbsamn wbe f

raswflagc qkomlab yrmsgs, mxgrnaès `fsegran` mr xarswfl

cgkmnsrfsamn xaf mbafl ngspmrd.

Rmkgsakg yrmsgs bfn yrgfc ogqmnc seg lmbflasq, fbvwaran`

f yrmxanbafl, rgàmnfl, nfsamnfl mr gxgn srfnnfsamnfl

cakgnamn sefnd sm ymlasabfl frsabwlfsamn, fcxmbfbq ngspmrd

fnc kgcaf bmxgrf`g %gg Omu 2!. An sea gng, kanan` asg

efxg ogbmkg srfnnfsamnfl lmbfsamn m bmnsgnsamn.

Caflm`wg

An bmnsrfs sm xamlgns mrk m guyrgan` fnc rgmlxan`

bmnlabs, kmrg cgkmbrfsab rgymng efxg flm sfdgn

ylfbg an Lfsan Fkgrabf, mbwan` mn fbalasfsan` caflm`wg fnc

yrmkmsan` bmnwlsfsamn yrmbgg. _gbgnslq, Lfsan Fkgrabfn

bmwnsrag efxg ggn seg rag m seg wg m bmkkwnasq

rggrgncwk mn kanan` yrmjgbs f f kgfn m guyrgan`

fnc fgan` myymasamn sm segk. Hmr kfnq fbfcgkab, segg

xmsan` gugrbag frg f kgfn m cgkmbrfsaan` rgmwrbg

`mxgrnfnbg. Hmr gufkylg, Rbeallan`+Xfbflmr, ofgc mn

seg fnflqa m gxgrfl bmnwlsfsamn yrmbgg an Omlaxaf

eqcrmbfromn gbsmr, fr`wg sefs bmnwlsfsamn frg akymrsfnsmr cgkmbrfsafsamn f segq bfn axg xmabg sm ygrmn fnc

Omu 2: Srfnnfsamnfl Bmnhabs rmk Bealg fnc Ygrw

Seg Yfbwf+Lfkf bmnlabs, mraànfsan` an Bealg, a fsqyabfl gufkylg m fnsa+kanan` kmoalafsamn sfdgnsm fn ansgrnfsamnfl bflg. Sea kanan` yrmjgbs m segBfnfcafn Ofrrabd @mlc Bmrymrfsamn ef oggn ylfnngcanbg 6116, pegn seg ars swcag m `lfbagr pgrgbfrragc mws, semwè seg bmnabs mnlq rgfbegc as ygfdan ?997. Yrmsgsgr rmk omse bmwnsrag gfrgc seggramw gnxarmnkgnsfl efrk sefs bmwlc og bfwgcoq seg fnnmwnbgc srfnylfnsfsamn m sergg lfbagran mrcgr sm fan fbbg sm seg cgymas ogngfse segk.Flsemwè seg bmkyfnq befn`gc as mraànfl ylfn fnckfcg f bmkyrmkag sm nms kmxg fnq abg mr `lfbagr,

lmbfl bmkkwnasag nm lmn`gr srwsgc seg bmkyfnq, fncseg bmnlabs bmnsanwgc. Oq ?998, kfnq ansgrnfsamnflmr`fnafsamn jmangc lmbfl rgasfnbg kmxgkgns fncog`fn fcxmbfsan` f`fans seg yrmjgbs, gxgn ywssan`yrgwrg mn seg Bfnfcafn mxgrnkgns.

Kmrg rgbgnslq, Bmn`f, fnmsegr kanan` yrmjgbs, pf ywsmn emlc fsgr ansgng mbafl kmoalafsamn an seg nmrsegrnFncg m Ygrw. Sea yrmjgbs, pemg kfan efrgemlcgra Ngpkmns Kanan` Bmrymrfsamn, seg pmrlc gbmnclfr`gs `mlc yrmcwbgr, ef ggn mbafl wnrgs anbg?966. Seg craxan` mrbg m seg yrmsgs a kmslq seg rad

m cfkf`g sm seg gnxarmnkgns fnc pfsgr rgmwrbg. SegBmn`f bmnabs ef rgbgaxgc nfsamnfl fnc ansgrnfsamnfllgxgl m kgcaf bmxgrf`g fnc fcxmbfbq, gngrfsan` fyrmmwnc brasabak m seg mxgrnkgns ymlabag fncrgfbsamn smpfrc kanan` fbsaxasag fnc mbafl bmnabs.

Rmwrbg:Gsrfcf, C. 6?se Nmxgkogr ?997. Yfbwf+Lfkf Bmnabs _gfbeg f Blakfu.Kang fnc Bmkkwnasag Glgbsrmnab Kf`fzang.4 WrdacaFzdfrrf`f, L. ?995.Kmxakagnsm Fnsa+kangrm: Gl Bfm cg Yfbwf+Lfkf gn Bealg %Fnsa+Kanan`Kmxgkgns: Seg Bfg m Yfbwf+Lfkf an Bealg!. _gxasf Aogrmfkgrabfnf cgGbmnmkf Gbmlàbf5 82+00.4 Beayfnf, B. ?3Jwng ?96?.Seg Bmn`f Yrmjgbs:@mlc mr Pfsgr=Seg Yrakf Glgbsrmnab Ngpyfygr.

`rmwy mxgr cgbaamn sefs pall cggylq akyfbs segar pfq m

lag. Empgxgr, seg ymasaxg akyfbs mn cgkmbrfsafsamn bfn

mnlq og fbeagxgc wncgr bgrsfan bmncasamn sefs rgcwbg seg

cglaogrfsaxg angvwflasag ogspggn seg sfsg, bmrymrfsamn

fnc bmkkwnasag, wbe f yrm`rgaxg lg`fl rfkgpmrd,

kmoalafsamn bfyfbasq, bmkkwnasag fbbg sm guygrs fnc

rglafolg dnmplgc`g, fnc seg srfnyfrgnbq m seg yrmbg,

fkmn`s msegr.68

Kb@gg flm fr`wg sefs bmkkwnasq rggrgncwk rgyrggns fnfbbwrfsg fnc cgkmbrfsab pfq sm yrmxacg + mr nms sm yrmxacg + rgg,

68 Rbeallan`+Xfbfmr, F. ?96?.Cgkmbrfsazan` _gmwrbg @mxgrnfnbg sermwè Yramr Bmnwlsfsamn= Lgmn rmk Omlaxaf Eqcrmbfromn Rgbsmr. @A@FPmrdan` Yfygr Nm. 653. @grkfn Ansaswsg m @lmofl fnc Frgf Rswcag %@A@F!, Efkowr`.
http://www.minesandcommunities.org/article.php?a=476http://www.minesandcommunities.org/article.php?a=476http://ddd.uab.cat/pub/revibec/13902776v8p63.pdfhttp://www.theprisma.co.uk/2012/06/24/the-conga-project-gold-or-water/http://www.theprisma.co.uk/2012/06/24/the-conga-project-gold-or-water/http://www.theprisma.co.uk/2012/06/24/the-conga-project-gold-or-water/http://www.giga-hamburg.de/dl/download.php?d=/content/publikationen/pdf/wp184_schilling.pdfhttp://www.giga-hamburg.de/dl/download.php?d=/content/publikationen/pdf/wp184_schilling.pdfhttp://www.theprisma.co.uk/2012/06/24/the-conga-project-gold-or-water/http://www.theprisma.co.uk/2012/06/24/the-conga-project-gold-or-water/http://ddd.uab.cat/pub/revibec/13902776v8p63.pdfhttp://www.minesandcommunities.org/article.php?a=476



yramr fnc anmrkgc bmngns %HYAB!, f rgvwargc oq ansgrnfsamnfl

lfp an bgrsfan aswfsamn.60Mosfanan` f bmkkwnasq bmngns a f

bmkygsasaxg fcxfnsf`g omse mr bmkyfnag fnc seg bmkkwnasq,

f as gnfolg segk sm gsfolae fn f`rggc rfkgpmrd sefs ef f`rgfsgr befnbg m yrgxgnsan` wswrg bmnabs.65

Sm lgfrn kmrg fomws seg cagrgns bmnwlsfsamn srfsgàg

wgc an seg rgàmn, rgfc seg GLLF Orag: Kfnfàn` Bmnabs

Sermwè Bmnwlsfsamn: Lfsan Fkgrabf Guygragnbg .

60 Kb@gg, O. ?991.Seg Bmkkwnasq _ggrgncwk: Yfrsabayfsmrq Cgkmbrfbq fnc seg _aès sm Hrgg, Yramr fnc Anmrkgc Bmngns sm Cgxglmykgns.Ogrdglgq Jmwrnfl m Ansgrnfsamnfl Lfp?0%?! 709+827.65 Lfylfnsg, Rygfr ?995, fomxg n 66.61 Ogooansmn, F., Ewkyergq Ogooan`smn, C. ?969.Fn Fncgfn Fxfsfr: Yms+Ngmlaogrfl fnc Ngmlaogrfl Rsrfsgàg mr Yrmkmsan` Gusrfbsaxg Ancwsrag.Ormmd Pmrlc Ymxgrsq Ansaswsg Pmrdan` Yfygr 660, Pfean`smn, CB.?9 Sm lgfrn kmrg fomws lfnc wg ylfnnan` an Lfsan Fkgrabf, rgfc seg GLLF Orag: Lfnc Wg Ylfnnan` mr Gusrfbsaxg Ancwsrag. Hmr fn mxgrxagp m msegrlfnc wg awg an seg rgàmn, gg seg GLLF @wacg: Fbbgan` Lfnc mr Gusrfbsaxg Ancwsrag: Rmbafllq fnc Gnxarmnkgnsfllq Rwsfanfolg Fyyrmfbeg.?6Ogooan`smn, Ewkyergq Ogooan`smn, Owrq ?969, fomxg n 0.

Omu 3: F Bfg m Rwbbg: Seg Omlaxafn @mxgrnkgns

Bmnwlsfsamn pase @wfrfn Anca`gnmw Ygmylg

Omlaxaf mgr fn gufkylg m emp bmnwlsfsamn bfn og

cmng pgll. Sea wbbgwl bmnwlsfsamn yrmbg pfbfrragc mws sm cgbacg pegsegr mr nms sm akylgkgnsf yrmymgc eqcrmbfromn guylmrfsamn yrmjgbs oqseg Fr`gnsangfn Bmkyfnq Ylwygsrml mn @wfrfnanca`gnmw ygmylg fnbgsrfl sgrrasmrq %SBM! bfllgcBefrf`wf Nmrsg fnc Amm. Seg yrmjgbs frgf m cargbsanwgnbg anblwcgc ?9 m seg 22 bmkkwnasag m seg SBMfnc mng ygffns frkan` sgrrasmrq. Pegn ng`msafsamnpase seg bmkkwnasag og`fn an ?991, anmrkfsamnpmrdemy pgrg bmncwbsgc oq seg bmkyfnq, semwèanmrkfsamn pf cglaxgrgc an f sgbenabfl pfq fnc

empgc oafg smpfrc seg bmkyfnq ygrygbsaxg. SegKanasrq m Eqcrmbfromn fnc Gngr`q %KEG! ansgrxgngc,cgbacan` sm rgcargbs seg bmnwlsfsamn yrmbg oqfcfysan` as sm seg srfcasamnfl mrk m cgbaamn kfdan`fnc yfrsabayfsamn m seg @wfrfn anca`gnmw ygmylg.Seg bmnwlsfsamn yrmbg rgwlsgc an fn f`rggkgnsogspggn seg anca`gnmw bmkkwnasq fnc seg Omlaxafn`mxgrnkgns sm fllmp Ylwygsrml sm ogàn guylmrfsamnfbsaxasag. Sea bfg cgkmnsrfsg sefs fn fssaswcg mrgygbs smpfrc srfcasamnfl ansaswsamn fnc qsgka ggnsafl pegn gfrbean` mr f cgkmbrfsab fncg`flasfrafn ng`msafsamn ogspggn sfdgemlcgr.

Rmwrbg: Ofbmy, A. ?969.Bfg Rswcq: Omlaxafn @mxgrnkgns Bmnwlsfsamn paseseg @wfrfn Anca`gnmw Ygmylg m Befrf`wf Nmrsg fnc Amm. MUHFK fncBGJAR, Lf Yfz.

Rmbafl mr bwlswrfl raxflrag, gublwamn, angvwflasag fnc

kfrànflafsamn, fkmn` msegr srwbswrfl mbafl yrmolgk

flrgfcq cabwgc, frg msgn fs seg bmrg m gncwran`

bmnrmnsfsamnfl bgnfram. Rsrwbswrfl yrmolgk wsfanlfsgns bmnabsaxg gnxarmnkgns, pegrg gxgns bfn yrmxmdg

mbafl wnrgs gbflfsan` ansm f xaaolg bmnabs mxgr f bgrsfan

cgxglmykgns anasafsaxg, wbe f fn gusrfbsaxg yrmjgbs.

An Lfsan Fkgrabf, mbafl angvwflasag fnc kfrànflafsamn

efxg brgfsgc grsalg yfbg mr seg yrmlagrfsamn m mbam+

gnxarmnkgnsfl bmnlabs an seg rgflk m gusrfbsaxg ancwsrq

guyfnamn. As a pmrse kgnsamnan` sefs flsemwè mkg lgs+

m+bgnsrg mxgrnkgns an seg rgàmn, ygbaabfllq Omlaxaf

fnc Gbwfcmr, efxg sraxgc mr f befn`g an seg rglfsamneay

ogspggn gusrfbsaxg ancwsrq fnc cgxglmykgns, seg lmàb

fnc bmngvwgnbg m gusrfbsamn mn seg yrmlagrfsamn m

bmnlabs, mr gufkylg, ef oggn xgrq akalfr sm semg

m msegr bmwnsrag an seg rgàmn pase ca grgns ymlasabfl

acgmlmàg.61

Sew, bmnlabs bfn og caabwls sm rgmlxg, ows segq bfn og

yrgxgnsgc, kfnf`gc fnc gxgn srfnmrkgc ansm myymrswnasag

sm rgxaas, fnc emygwllq ogàn sm mlxg srwbswrfl ymlabq fnc

mbafl yrmolgk. Sea gbsamn cgbraog gfbe m segg +

yrgxgnsamn, kfnf`gkgns fnc srfnmrkfsamn + an swrn.

Bmnhabs Yrgxgnsamn Ymlabag

Lfsan Fkgrabfn bmwnsrag efxg akylgkgnsgc f xfragsq

m ymlabag sefs gasegr cargbslq mr ancargbslq fak sm

yrgxgns bmnlabs ogmrg segq ogàn. Hmr gufkylg, seg

akylgkgnsfsamn m f Lfnc Wg Ylfnnan` Rqsgk %LWYR! ef

oggn f dgq ymlabq kgbefnak sm msgr kmrg mbafllq fnc

gbmnmkabfllq wsfanfolg rwrfl cgxglmykgns, anblwcan`

gusrfbsaxg cgxglmykgns, an gxgrfl Lfsan Fkgrabfn

bmwnsrag.?9

Semwè seg kfan fak m LWYR a nms bmnlabsyrgxgnsamn, as bfn og mng m as oq+yrmcwbs . Empgxgr,

fcmysamn m sea ymlabq ef oggn pacglq rgasgc oq seg

gusrfbsaxg gbsmr. Seg gbsmr ef an asgc sefs seg sfsg

emwlc nms, gu+fnsg, cgang bgrsfan frgf f m+lakas

sm gusrfbsaxg ancwsrq, f segq bmnacgr sefs rgàmnfl

cgxglmykgns emwlc og ofgc mn kanan` guyfnamn, m sefs

lfnc ylfnnan` emwlc nms gsfolae kanan` rgsrabsamn msegr

sefn seg nm+`m zmng fbbgysgc oq seg ancwsrq.?6

OGHM_G FNC FHSG_: RS_FSG@AGR SM Y_GXGNS,

KFNF@G FNC S_FNRHM_K BMNHLABS

_gmlxan` bmnl abs a f ca abwls sfd, àxgn seg

srwbswrfl mwncfsamn fs seg egfrs m kms bmnlabs.
http://ella.practicalaction.org/node/1013http://ella.practicalaction.org/node/1013http://www.boalt.org/bjil/docs/BJIL27.2_McGee.pdfhttp://www.bwpi.manchester.ac.uk/resources/Working-Papers/bwpi-wp-11710.pdfhttp://www.bwpi.manchester.ac.uk/resources/Working-Papers/bwpi-wp-11710.pdfhttp://www.bwpi.manchester.ac.uk/resources/Working-Papers/bwpi-wp-11710.pdfhttp://ella.practicalaction.org/node/1004http://ella.practicalaction.org/node/996http://ella.practicalaction.org/node/996http://ella.practicalaction.org/node/996http://ella.practicalaction.org/node/996http://www.oxfamamerica.org/files/oxfam-bolivia-consultation-process-nov-2010-final.pdfhttp://www.oxfamamerica.org/files/oxfam-bolivia-consultation-process-nov-2010-final.pdfhttp://www.oxfamamerica.org/files/oxfam-bolivia-consultation-process-nov-2010-final.pdfhttp://www.oxfamamerica.org/files/oxfam-bolivia-consultation-process-nov-2010-final.pdfhttp://www.oxfamamerica.org/files/oxfam-bolivia-consultation-process-nov-2010-final.pdfhttp://ella.practicalaction.org/node/996http://ella.practicalaction.org/node/1004http://www.bwpi.manchester.ac.uk/resources/Working-Papers/bwpi-wp-11710.pdfhttp://www.boalt.org/bjil/docs/BJIL27.2_McGee.pdfhttp://ella.practicalaction.org/node/1013http://ella.practicalaction.org/node/1013



?? Sm lgfrn kmrg fomws bmnwlsfsamn f f bmnabs kfnf`gkgns srfsg`q, rgfc seg GLLF Orag: Kfnfàn` Bmnabs sermwè Bmnwlsfsamn: LfsanFkgrabf Guygragnbg.

OMU 7: Rkfll+Rbflg Kanan`: F Oa` Yrmolgk mr seg Rsfsg

Semwè sea @wacg kfanlq cgfl pase bmnabs fraan` rmk lfr`g+bflg, mrkfl gusrfbsaxg ancwsrq yrmjgbs, fs seg fkgsakg, kfll+bflg fnc anmrkfl kanan` a flm gngrfsan` mbafl fnc gnxarmnkgnsfl bmnabs an seg rgàmn. Rkfll+bflg

kanan` ef ogbmkg f ew`g fnc wnkfnf`gfolg yrmolgk mr Lfsan Fkgrabfn sfsg. Fsgr flkms spm cgbfcg m yfrsafl

kgfwrg sm bmnsrml sea danc m kanan`, seg wr`g an `mlc yrabg ef fssrfbsgc f xfs fkmwns m ygmylg sm kfll+bflg

kanan`, fnc ef srfnmrkgc seg gbsmr ansm mng pase kwbe kmrg anmrkflasq, fnc anbrgfgc as ymsgnsafl sm gngrfsg fnc

gbflfsg bmnabs.

Pefs frg mkg m seg bmkkmn bmnhabs sgkkan` rmk kfll+bflg kanan`=

Lfbd mh bmnsrml fnc hmrkflasq hmsgr seg fyygfrfnbg mh ngp fbsmr sefs srq sm bfyswrg seg rgxgnwg gngrfsgc an mrcgr sm

nfnbg segar anmrkfl fnc allg`fl fbsaxasag. As a bmkkmn sm nc wgrrallf rmwy fnc crw` cgflgr gusmrsan` yrms rmk

kfll+bflg kangr.

Seg hfalwrg mh mxgrnkgns sm ggbsaxglq rg`wlfsg fbbg sm lfnc fnc kangrfl rgmwrbg brgfsg bmnabs cwg sm

mxgrlfyyan` lfnc raès. Sea a f kfjmr bmnbgrn an frgf ymywlfsgc oq anca`gnmw ygmylg.

Kms mh seg kfll+bflg kanan` ogbmkg anhmrkfl ogbfwg as a bfrragc mws an frgf pegrg kanan` ygrkas frg rfnsgc

sm searc yfrsag rmk mwsacg seg lmbfl frgf. Bmnabs kfq og dgys fs seg lmbfl lgxgl pegn segq anxmlxg kanan` bmkyfnag

fnc seg kfll+bflg kangr, ows bfn flm rgfbe seg nfsamnfl lgxgl pegn `mxgrnkgns ansgrxgng fnc gnc gbwrasq mrbg

sm rgkmxg kangr.

Pefs frg mkg wbbgwl fyyrmfbeg rmk Lfsan Fkgrabf=

Nfrrmp+mbwgc yrmjgbs sm mlxg mng fygbs m kfll+bflg kanan`, bmkoangc pase kmrg ansg`rfl fyyrmfbeg. Seg

@FKF yrmjgbs an Ygrw fakgc sm akyrmxg seg gnxarmnkgnsfl ygrmrkfnbg m seg gbsmr oq yrmxacan` sgbenabfl mlwsamn,

ows cac m wan` fn ansg`rfl, bmkkwnasq+mragnsfsgc fyyrmfbe, mbwan` mn fll rglgxfns mbafl, bwlswrfl, mr`fnafsamnfl,egflse+rglfsgc, gbmnmkab fnc lg`fl awg.

@mxgrnkgns ansgrxgnsamn an cagrgns land m seg mlc xflwg befan kfdg rg`wlfsamn gfagr. An Bealg, seg Nfsamnfl

Kanan` Bmkyfnq %Gkyrgf Nfbamnfl cg Kangrf+ GNFKA! ywrbefg kangrfl rmk seg kfll kangr, segn yrmbgg

segk an mrcgr sm fcc xflwg. An sea pfq, GNFKA yrgxgns seg bmkkgrbaflafsamn m kangrfl mn seg olfbd kfrdgs.

Bgrsahbfsamn sm ofbd wy xflwg+fccgc fnc fbalasfsg gnsrq ansm wyygr+gnc kfrdgs. Seg Hfarsrfcg fnc Hfarkangc

bgrsahbfsamn qsgkef `rfnsgc sergg kanan` mr`fnafsamn %Bmsfyfsf Kanan` Bmmygrfsaxg an Omlaxaf, Mrm Xgrcg an

Bmlmkoaf fnc RMS_FKA an Ygrw! seg raès sm efxg segar yrmcwbs lfogllgc f Hfarsrfcg fnc Hfarkangc gbmlmàbfl `mlc.

Segg mr`fnafsamn, an rgswrn mr nms wan` fnq begkabfl fnc efxan` eaè gnxarmnkgnsfl sfncfrc, rgbgaxg yrgkawk

yrabg mr segar mlc.

Sm lgfrn kmrg fomws emp seg rgàmn a bmnrmnsan` seg befllgn`g m bmnabs an kfll+bflg fnc frsafnfl kanan`, rgfc seg

GLLF Orag: Rkfll+bflg fnc Anmrkfl Kanan`: F Oa` Yrmolgk mr Lfsan Fkgrabfn Rsfsg.

Lfsan Fkgrabfn bmwnsrag efxg flm lgfrngc sefs mkg ymlabag

fnc yrmbgcwrg nggc sm fbbmkyfnq LWYR akylgkgnsfsamn

an mrcgr sm fxmac bmnabs mxgr bmnsgnsamw lfnc wg ylfn.

Hars, sfsg efxg mrkflagc lfnc raès oq gsfolaean`

blgfr lfnc sgnwrg qsgk sefs `rfns lfnc raès rgbm`naan`

omse bwsmkfrq lfnc wg fnc fnbagns lfnc raès, wbe f

anca`gnmw raès. Rgbmnc, sfsg efxg gsfolaegc f mrkfl

yfrsabayfsamn yrmbg mr lfnc ylfnnan` xflacfsamn. Searc, an

bmwnsrag wbe f Ygrw, Hrgg Yramr fnc Anmrkgc Bmngns

yrmbgcwrg fnc rg`wlfsamn rg`frcan` anca`gnmw ymywlfsamn

fnc sgrrasmrag efxg oggn yws an ylfbg.??

F fnmsegr ymlabq sm yrgxgns ymsgnsafl bmnabs an gusrfbsaxg

yrmjgbs, kms bmwnsrag efxg akylgkgnsgc Gnxarmnkgnsfl

Rqsgk sm yrgxgns bmnlabs mxgr gnxarmnkgnsfl bmnbgrn.
http://ella.practicalaction.org/node/1013http://ella.practicalaction.org/node/1013http://ella.practicalaction.org/node/1013http://www.gama-peru.org/gama/tiki-index.phphttp://www.enami.cl/english-overview/english-overview.htmlhttp://www.enami.cl/english-overview/english-overview.htmlhttp://www.fairgold.org/http://www.fairgold.org/http://ella.practicalaction.org/node/1074http://ella.practicalaction.org/node/1074http://www.fairgold.org/http://www.fairgold.org/http://www.enami.cl/english-overview/english-overview.htmlhttp://www.enami.cl/english-overview/english-overview.htmlhttp://www.gama-peru.org/gama/tiki-index.phphttp://ella.practicalaction.org/node/1013http://ella.practicalaction.org/node/1013



Segg qsgk anblwcg ygbab mxgrnkgns gnxarmnkgnsfl

rg`wlfsamn f pgll f seg yrgyfrfsamn fnc yfrsabayfsmrq

xflacfsamn m Gnxarmnkgnsfl Akyfbs Fgkgns %GAF!. Hmrgufkylg, an Orfzal, Bealg fnc Bmlmkoaf, ancgygncgns sfsg

gnxarmnkgnsfl f`gnbag frg an befr`g m fyyrmxan` seg GAF.

An fccasamn, mkg bmwnsrag, wbe f Ygrw fnc Bmlmkoaf,

efxg gsfolaegc qsgk m gusrfbsaxg rmqflsq casraowsamn

sefs rgpfrc seg yrmcwban` sgrrasmrafl wnas + og sefs casrabs,

yrmxanbg, mr rgàmn pegrg gusrfbsaxg yrmjgbs frg lmbfsgc +

pase lfr`gr rmqflsq efrg. Sea a oglagxgc sm nms mnlq msgr

cgxglmykgns, ows flm wncgrkang f yrmjgbs lmbfl myymasamn.

Hanfllq, gxgrfl sfsg efxg akylgkgnsgc srfnyfrgnbqymlabag sefs rgvwarg bmrymrfsamn sm cablmg anfnbafl

anmrkfsamn sm fxmac bmnlabs mxgr bmrrwysamn blfak. Hmr

gufkylg, Ygrw ef fbvwargc f bmkylafns sfsw an segGusrfbsaxg

Ancwsrag Srfnyfrgnbq Anasafsaxg %GASA!, pealg msegr bmwnsrag

efxg gnfbsgc ygbaab srfnyfrgnbq lfp fnc ymlabag.

Ladgpag, kmrg rgymnaolg yraxfsg gusrfbsaxg bmrymrfsamn

efxg `mng ogqmnc bmkylqan` pase sfsg rg`wlfsamn sm

akylgkgns fccasamnfl ymlabag fakgc fs yrgxgnsan` bmnabs

rmk gkgràn`. An seg rgflk m BR_ yranbaylg, gxgrfl

bmrymrfsamn msgr lmbfl cgxglmykgns fnc srfnyfrgnbq.

Rmkg m seg lfr`gs bmrymrfsamn ywolae gusgnaxg

anmrkfsamn mn segar pgoasg fnc an msegr bmrymrfsg

cmbwkgns. An fccasamn, gxgrfl bmrymrfsamn + f`fan

sqyabfllq seg lfr`gs + efxg brgfsgc mbafl wnc sm akylgkgns

cgxglmykgns yrmjgbs an segar frgf m anwgnbg. Segg wnc

frg cargbslq kfnf`gc oq bmkyfnag cgxglmykgns mabg

mr ancargbslq sermwè mwncfsamn mr N@M wyymrsgc oq seg

bmrymrfsamn. Hmr gufkylg, Fn`lm Fkgrabfn ef wyymrsgc

Bfrg an Orfzal fnc lfwnbegc segGkgr`g Anasafsaxg an Bealg, fnc

Fnsfkanf brgfsgc segFnbfe Hmwncfsamn an Ygrw.

Ymlabag mr Bmnhabs Kfnf`gkgns

Rsfsg fnc bmrymrfsamn efxg cgxglmygc cagrgns ymlabag

sm kfnf`g bmnlabs mnbg segq gkgr`g. Pegn bmnlabs frg

an segar rs sf`g, kgfnan` segrg a mkg rgasfnbg sm seg

yrmjgbs ows sall nms sm seg gusgns m ywolab cgkmnsrfsamn, seg

sfsg mr seg bmrymrfsamn efxg rgmrsgc sm anasafsan` mr rgygfsan`

bmnwlsfsamn yrmbgg. Mnbg seg bmnabs cgxglmy fnc seg

yfrsag efxg sfsgc segar ymasamn ywolabfllq, seg guygbsgc

sfsg rgfbsamn a sm gs wy caflm`wg yrmbgcwrg mllmpan`

Omu 8: Anxmlwnsfrq _ggsslgkgns, Bmnlabs fnc

Ansgrnfsamnfl @wacglang

Seg cgxglmykgns m f lfr`g+bflg gusrfbsaxg yrmjgbs kfqgnsfal caylfbgkgns m seg bwrrgns mpngr, mbbwyagrmr wgr m seg nggcgc lfnc. Sea a rfrglq f kfssgr mrgg fnc anmrkgc bemabg mn seg yfrs m semg pem frgcaylfbgc. Lg`fl ansrwkgns frg sqyabfllq fxfalfolgsm bmkygl mr bmgrbg lfnc srfngr, fnc caylfbgcbmkkwnasag xgrq msgn lfbd seg ympgr, anmrkfsamn,fnc lg`fl sfncan` sm yrmsgbs segar ansgrgs. Rswcagefxg rgygfsgclq empn sefs an seg mxgrpeglkan`kfjmrasq m bfg, caylfbgkgns anbrgfg ymxgrsq

fkmn` flrgfcq ymmr ygmylg4 mng m seg akyfbs m sea aseg sra``gran` m wswrg bmnabsaxg aswfsamn.

Bmngvwgnslq, sfsg, kwlsalfsgrfl f`gnbag fncgusrfbsaxg bmrymrfsamn frg kfdan` ngp gmrs smkasa`fsg seg ng`fsaxg akyfbs m caylfbgkgns. Anyfrsabwlfr, seg Pmrlc Ofnd @rmwy ef rggfrbegcfnc yrmxacgc `wacglang mr wbe yrmbgg, wbef seg Pmrlc Ofnd Mygrfsamnfl Ymlabq %PO! M.Y. 3.6?mn Anxmlwnsfrq _ggsslgkgns fnc seg AnsgrnfsamnflHanfnbafl Bmrymrfsamn %AHB! Ygrmrkfnbg Rsfncfrc7 mn Lfnc Fbvwaasamn fnc Anxmlwnsfrq _ggsslgkgns.

Ladgpag, kms Lfsan Fkgrabfn bmwnsrag rgvwargbmkyfnag sm anbmrymrfsg f rggsslgkgns ylfn ansm segarGAF pegn caylfbgkgns a ylfnngc. Seg kfan `mflm segg ylfn fnc wacglang a sm akyrmxg mr fs lgfsrgsmrg caylfbgc ygmylg laxan` bmncasamn.

An Lfsan Fkgrabf, bmkyfnag sefs efxg mllmpgcansgrnfsamnfl wacglang efxg fbeagxgc seg ogs rgwls.Hmr gufkylg, seg Usrfsf Bmrymrfsamn ef fbeagxgcfn f`rggkgns pase fn anca`gnmw bmkkwnasq mr asrggsslgkgns an seg Lf Ofkofyrmjgbs an Ygrw. Seganfl rgwls, empgxgr, rgkfan sm og ggn, f seg dgq

awg a emp sm fwrg fnc kgfwrg seg akyrmxgkgnsm caylfbgc ygmylg laxan` sfncfrc. F lgmn rmkseg Lfsan Fkgrabfn guygragnbg a sefs wacglang bfn ogxgrq wgwl sgkylfsg, semwè segq efxg sm og fcjwsgcsm ygbab ymywlfsamn fnc befnàn` bmnsgus.

Rmwrbg: Bgrngf, K. ?993.Akymxgraekgns _ad, _ad Kfnf`gkgnsfnc _gbmnsrwbsamn Kmcgl: F Kmcgl mr Ymywlfsamn Caylfbgkgns fnc_ggsslgkgns. WN Rqkymawk mn Eqcrmympgr fnc Rwsfanfolg Cgxglmykgns.Ogajan`, ?0se+?1se Mbsmogr ?993.4 Bgrngf, K. ?999. _ad, Rfg`wfrc, fnc_gbmnsrwbsamn: F Kmcgl mr Ymywlfsamn Caylfbgkgns fnc _ggsslgkgns.An: Bgrngf, K., KbCmpgll, B. %gc.! _ad fnc _gbmnsrwbsamn: Guygragnbg m_ggsslgr fnc _gw`gg. Pmrlc Ofnd, Pfean`smn, CB.4 KbCmpgll, B. %gc.!

6118.Wncgrsfncan` Akymxgraekgns: Seg Bmngvwgnbg m Cgxglmykgns+ancwbgc Caylfbgkgns. Ogrèfk Ommd, Mumrc.
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cagrgns mrkfs, wbe f kwlsa+yfrsq rmwncsfolg, searc+

yfrsq kgcafsamn mr sfsg eaè+lgxgl caflm`wg bmkkaamn.

An sea bmnsgus, rgymnaolg bmrymrfsamn fnc cgkmbrfsab`mxgrnkgns efxg lgfrngc fsgr cgbfcg m bmnlabs

sefs mkgsakg as a ngbgfrq sm àxg mkg bmnbgamn

fnc sefs srfnyfrgnbq an ng`msafsamn a wncfkgnsfl

sm `gngrfsg f`rggkgns fkmn`s myyman` acg. Seg

sgkymrfrq wygnamn mr lmp+cmpn m f yrmjgbs bfn fbalasfsg

bflkgr ng`msafsamn4 sea a `gngrfllq seg rs sfsg mgr an

ng`msafsamn. Segn, sfsg efxg fbbgysgc sm rgxagp GAF,

anbrgfg lmbfl rgxgnwg efrg fnc akymg ngp gnxarmnkgnsfl

mr mbafl bmncasamn mn seg yrmjgbs.

Pegn caflm`wg fnc ng`msafsamn yrmbgg fal, mkg sfsg

sall rgmrs sm rgyrgan` lmbfl myymasamn cargbslq mr ancargbslq,

wbe f oq anbasan` bmwnsgr+myymasamn cgkmnsrfsamn, f f

lfs rgmrs sm rgsmrg mrcgr. Empgxgr, sea lfs xamlgns rgfbsamn

ef kmslq ywrrgc yarfl m xamlgnbg, wlsakfsglq kfdan` seg

gusrfbsaxg yrmjgbs mbafllq wngfaolg. Sew seg lgmn lgfrngc

egrg a sefs caflm`wg fnc ng`msafsamn frg seg mnlq wsfanfolg

pfq sm mxgrbmkg bmnabsaxg bgnfram.

Kmrgmxgr, f rgkfrdfolg ansaswsamnfl akyrmxgkgns rglfsgc sm

bmnabs kfnf`gkgns ef oggn seg brgfsamn m mkowckfnmabg an kfnq Lfsan Fkgrabfn bmwnsrag an seg lfs ?7

qgfr. Lfsan Fkgrabfn mkowckfn mabg efxg oggn

efygc oq f bmnsgus m gublwamn, angvwflasq fnc bmnsfns

bmnabs4 segrgmrg, wnladg seg Gwrmygfn kmcgl, bgnsrgc mn seg

wygrxaamn fnc bmnsrml m ywolab fckanasrfsamn, seg Lfsan

Fkgrabfn mkowckfn ef oggn kwbe kmrg bmnbgrngc

pase seg cggnbg m ewkfn raès fnc pase fasan` an fnc

kgcafsan` bmnabs rgmlwsamn.?2

Mng m seg Lfsan Fkgrabfn bmwnsrag pegrg sea ansaswsamnfl

yrm`rg ef sfdgn ylfbg a Ygrw. Seg Mkowckfn

Mabg %Cggnmrf cgl Ywgolm! ef ogbmkg f srmn` fnc

ancgygncgns `mxgrnkgns f`gnbq sefs ef ylfqgc f xasfl

rmlg f f kgcafsmr an bmnlabs, sfdan` bmnbrgsg ymasamn

mn emp `mxgrnkgns ymlabq fnc yrfbsabg emwlc befn`g.

An fbs, mng m seg kfjmr befllgn`g mr mkowckfn

mabg an Lfsan Fkgrabf ef oggn seg foalasq sm kfansfan

akyfrsaflasq fnc fxmac ymlasabfl yrgwrg an mrcgr sm yrggrxg

mbafl lgàsakfbq: seg Ygrwxafn bfg a f yfrfca`kfsab

gufkylg m fn mabg sefs ef wbbgwllq fbeagxgc

ymlasabfl ancgygncgnbg. An sea rg`frc, Ogooan`smn sfsg

as blgfrlq: bm+mysgc Mkowckfn mabg cm nms egly.?3

Fnmsegr wbbgwl gufkylg m fwsmnmkmw mkowckfn

ansgrxgnsamn bfn og mwnc an Bmsf _abf, ygbaabfllq an

seg pfsgr fnc mal bmnsfkanfsamn bfg fssraowsgc sm seg

Gl Ygcrg`fl kanan` bmkyfnq.?7 Egrg, seg mkowckfn

bmncwbsgc gramw anxgsa`fsamn sm cgkmnsrfsg seg ng`lgbs

m sfsg ansaswsamn rgymnaolg mr gnwran` gnxarmnkgnsfl

yrmsgbsamn. Segg fbsamn bmnsraowsgc sm gkympgran` baxal

mbagsq fnc fxg kmrg bmnasgnbq sm segar cgkfnc.

Bmnhabs Srfnmrkfsamn: Fn Gkgràn` Rsrfsg`q

An seg lfs gp qgfr, mkg bemlfr efxg og`wn sm yrmymg

srfnmrkan` bmnabs aswfsamn ansm pancmp m myymrswnasq

mr akyrmxan` sfsg ymlabag f pgll f sfbdlan` seg srwbswrfl

yrmolgk sefs wncgryan seg bmnlabs. Ranbg bmnlabs frg

kfaxg gxgns sefs crfp seg fssgnsamn m nms mnlq seg fbsmr

cargbslq anxmlxgc an seg bmnabs, ows flm rgàmnfl fnc nfsamnfl

mbafl fbsmr fnc seg ywolab, segq bfn brgfsg seg ygrgbs yfbg

sm rgxaas ywolab ymlabag fnc cabw rglfsgc srwbswrfl mbafl

yrmolgk wbe f ymxgrsq, kfrànflafsamn, bmrrwysamn fnc

gnxarmnkgnsfl cg`rfcfsamn.

Seg fcxmbfsg m bmnlabs srfnmrkfsamn ymlabag yrmymg

`gngrfsan` f kmrg ansg`rfl ygrygbsaxg mn bmnlabs

kfnf`gkgns sefs sfr`gs seg bfwg, ansgfc m srqan` sm cgfl

pase seg akkgcafsg bmngvwgnbg. Hrmk sea ygrygbsaxg,

seg brgfsamn m f bmnmlacfsgc Nfsamnfl Rqsgk m Bmnlabs

Kfnf`gkgns sefs a folg sm srfnmrk + fnc nms jws fckanasgr

+ bmnabs a nggcgc %gg Omu 0!. Bmnabs srfnmrkfsamn an

Lfsan Fkgrabf a sall kmrg m f yrmymfl sefn f ymlabq, ows as

mwncfsamn lag mn lgmn lgfrngc rmk f kqrafc m mbaflbmnabs an seg rgàmn.

Empgxgr, as a akymrsfns sm kgnsamn sefs a ymlabag mr

bmnabs srfnmrkfsamn frg nms rfkgc pasean f yrfbsabg m

mxgrga`nsq + wncgrsmmc f seg rgygbs mr seg fwsmnmkq

m seg rg`wlfsamn fnc fwcas wnbsamn m seg sfsg mn seg mng

efnc, fnc mr seg mojgbsamn fnc xflacfsamn begkg yrmymgc

oq akyfbsgc bmkkwnasag mn seg msegr + segrg a f rad sefs

segq pall rgcwbg as cgkmbrfsab ggbs.?8

?2 Sm lgfrn kmrg fomws seg ewkfn raès mbw m mkowckgn mbg an Lfsan Fkgrabf, anblwcan` an frgf msegr sefn gusrfbsaxg ancwsrag, rgfc segGLLF Orag: Lfsan Fkgrabf Nfsamnfl Ewkfn _aès Ansaswsamn: Hmsgran` Cgkmbrfsab Srfnasamn fnc @wfrfnsggan` Ewkfn _aès.?3 Ogooan`smn ?991, fomxg n ?, 62.?7 Vwgfcf, K.H., @fkomf, B. ?997.Gl Cggnmr cgl Ywgolm gn Lfsanmfkrabf: wn Fnlaa Bmkyfrfsaxm%Seg Mkowckfn an Lfsan Fkgrabf: FBmkyfrfsaxg Fnflqa!. Wnaxgrasq m Bmsf _abf, Rfn Jm.?8 Bangrm, Y. ?966. Bkm g Bmnsrwqg lf Rwsgnsfoalacfc Fkoagnsfl= Guygragnbaf Bmnabsaxf cg lf Ancwsraf Kangrf gn Gbwfcmr%Emp aGnxarmnkgnsfl Rwsfanfoalasq Bmnsrwbsgc= Bmnabsaxg Guygragnbg m seg Kanan` Ancwsrq an Gbwfcmr!. HLFBRM, Vwasm.
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Omu 0: Owalcan` f Ngp Bmnhabs Srfnmrkfsamn Yfrfca`k

_gbmkkgncfsamn mr f Nfsamnfl Rqsgk m Bmnhabs Kfnf`gkgns

Ofgc mn f yrgxamw fnflqa m seg bwrrgns ansaswsamnfl srgfskgns m bmnabs an Ygrw + kfanlq befrfbsgragcf rgymncan` sm braa + seg cmbwkgns wkkfragc egrg yrmymg sm brgfsg f nfsamnfl qsgk m bmnabskfnf`gkgns sefs ef seg bfyfoalasq sm srfnbgnc seg fckanasrfsamnyfrfca`k m bmnabs kfnf`gkgns sm fsrfnmrkfsamn yfrfca`k mbwan` mn srwbswrfl fnc ansaswsamnfl befn`g.

6. Seg qsgk emwlc og rwn oq fn ancgygncgns nfsamnfl fwsemrasq sefs fyyrmfbeg bmnlabs rmk f`mxgrnfnbg ygrygbsaxg. Sea ygrygbsaxg akylag seg foalasq sm frsabwlfsg seg myanamn fnc ansgrgs mfll sfdgemlcgr rmk cagrgns lgxgl + nfsamnfl, rgàmnfl fnc lmbfl + fnc sm owalc bmkkmn `wacglang smfbalasfsg caflm`wg.

?. Ymlasabfl cgbgnsrflafsamn a nggcgc sm mxgrbmkg seg xgrsabfl fnc gbsmrafl befrfbsgr m bmnlabskfnf`gkgns. Bgnsrfl mxgrnkgns nggc sm srfngr wnbsamn fnc bmkygsgnbg, wbe f gnxarmnkgnsflrg`wlfsamn, sm rgàmnfl fnc lmbfl mxgrnkgns.

2. Rsfsg fwsemrasag emwlc sfdg ansm fbbmwns rgbmkkgncfsamn rmk mkowckfn mabg fnc baxalmbagsq rmwy.

3. Fwsemrasag efxg sm wncgrsfnc nms mnlq cagrgns fbsmr cgkfnc ows flm bwlswrfllq gkogccgc pmrlcxagp, anblwcan` kfrànfl ymywlfsamn fnc anca`gnmw kanmrasag. An sea gng, ansrwkgns wbe flmbfl bmnwlsfsamn bfn grxg f kgfn sm gkympgr lmbfl fbsmr.

7. Fnmsegr ofab bmkymngns m f nfsamnfl qsgk m bmnabs kfnf`gkgns a srfnyfrgnbq. As a xasfl smcgxglmy kgbefnak sm kmnasmr sfsg fbsamn, ng`msafsamn yrmbg fnc mwsbmkg, anblwcan` kgbefnaksm fllmp lmbfl ymywlfsamn sm lmc`g bmkylfans fnc cgnmwnbg ofc yrfbsabg.

8. Hanfllq, srwbswrfl bfwg m seg gkgr gnbg m bmnlabs kws flm og sfr`gsgc. seg Lfsan Fkgrabfnguygragnbg a sefs `wacglang bfn og xgrq wgwl sgkylfsg, semwè segq efxg sm og fcjwsgc sm ygbabymywlfsamn fnc befnàn` bmnsgus.

Rmwrbg: Ewfkfna, @.gs fl. ?96?. Efbaf wnf Kgjmr @gsan cg lm Bmnabsm Rmbamfkoagnsflg gn gl Ygr%Smpfrc f Ogssgr Kfnf`gkgns m Rmbam+gnxarmnkgnsfl Bmnabs an Ygrw!.BAGR, Lakf.
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12/14GLLF F_GF: GBMNMKAB CGXGLMYKGNS | GLLF SEGKG:GUS_FBSAXG ANCWRS_AGR FNC BMNHLABS KFNF@GKGNS 6?

GNFOLAN@ LFSAN FKG_ABFR

RWBBGRRHWL _GRYMNRG

Segrg frg sergg ansgrrglfsgc gnfolan` fbsmr sefs efxg rfkgc

gmrs sm yrgxgns fnc kfnf`g gusrfbsaxg ancwsrq bmnabs an

Lfsan Fkgrabf.

Hars, Lfsan Fkgrabf mn`man` fnc gngrflagc cgkmbrfsafsamn

yrmbg ef efc ymasaxg ymlasabfl fnc ansaswsamnfl ggbs an

seg rgàmn. Cgkmbrfsab, rgg fnc kmslq srwspmrseq glgbsamn

efxg fwrgc seg wrxaxfl m cgkmbrfsab ansaswsamn sefs efxg

`rmpn an kms bmwnsrag. Seg brgfsamn m mkowckfn mhbg an

gxgrfl bmwnsrag a f blgfr ymasaxg mwsbmkg. An gngrfl sgrk,

Lfsan Fkgrabfn sfsg efxg cgkmbrfsagc fnc srgn`segngc seg

sfsg fyyfrfsw, kfdan` ywolab ansaswsamn kmrg srfnyfrgns,

bfyfolg fnc rglafolg. Ancggc, segq frg kmrg fcgys fs kfnfàn`

bmnabs sefn ogmrg.

Rgbmnc, baxal mbagsq anbrgfan` yfrsabayfsamn an bmnlabs ef

brgfsgc kmrg rmmk mr grsalg caflm`wg fnc seg ymaoalasq m

bmnlabs srfnmrkfsamn. Baxal mbagsq rmwy efxg lmwraegc an

seg rgflk m nfsamnfl cgkmbrfsafsamn fnc lmoflafsamn. Segg

`rmwy frg nmp xaaolg fnc bgrsfanlq mwsymdgn. An gxgrfl

bfg segq efxg ansgrnfsamnfl bmnngbsamn fnc anbrgfan`

kmoalafsamn bfyfbasag: mr`fnafsamnfl fnc annmxfsaxg

kgsemc sm ywe mr befn`g. An bmwnsrag pegrg ymlasabfl

yfrsag efxg lms ymlasabfl blmws, `rfrmms mr`fnafsamn

flmng mr sermwè mbafl kmxgkgns efxg rgylfbgc segk f

ymlasabfl rgyrggnsfsaxg. An fnq bfg, sfsg fnc bmkyfnag

nmp efxg ymlasabfllq srmn` bmwnsgryfrs peabe bgrsfanlq

fbalasfsg caflm`wg, kfdan` ymaolg seg mrkwlfsamn m rgflasab

flsgrnfsaxg sm bmnlabs.

Hanfllq, rgg kgcaf fnc seg cgxglmykgns m flsgrnfsaxg kgfn

m bmkkwnabfsamn efxg fbalasfsgc rgàmnfl, nfsamnfl fnc gxgn

ansgrnfsamnfl ywolab brwsanq m gusrfbsaxg bmnabs. Ywolab

myanamn a segrgoq kmrg gcwbfsgc fnc anwgnsafl sefn ogmrg,fnc bfn yrgxgns mr fs lgfs ywolablq bmncgkn ymaolg xamlfsamn

m cgkmbrfsab yrfbsabg an mn`man` bmnabs. An sea rg`frc, as

a pmrse nmsan` seg anbrgfan` wg m seg ansgrngs fnc mbafl

ngspmrd sm yrggns flsgrnfsaxg anmrkfsamn, f an seg Bmn`f mr

Yfbwf Lfkf bmnabs cabwgc fomxg. Bmnabsaxg bgnfram

fnc mygn bmnabs bfn nm lmn`gr og eaccgn rmk seg ywolab, m

sefs yraxfsg, sfsg fnc baxal mbagsq fbsmr an bmnabs sgnc sm srq

sm bmnsrml segar ogefxamwr, bmncwbsan` segkglxg an f kmrg

mbafllq fbbgysfolg pfq.

BMNSGUSWFLHFBSM_R

Lfsan Fkgrabfn bmwnsrag efxg lgfrngc

sefs srwbswrfl mbafl yrmolgk wbe

f angvwflasq fnc kfrànflafsamn

efxg brgfsgc hgrsalg yfbg hmr bmnabs

aswfsamn an seg rgflk mh gusrfbsaxg

ancwsrq guyfnamn. Sea kgfn sefs

bmnabs bfn og cahbwls sm rgmlxg an

seg emrs+sgrk. Empgxgr, segq efxg flmlgfrngc sefs bmnabs bfn og yrgxgnsgc,

kfnf`gc fnc gxgn srfnhmrkgc ansm

myymrswnasag sm rgxaas fnc emyghwllq

sfrs sm mlxg srwbswrfl mbafl fnc ymlabq

yrmolgk.

_g`frcan` bmnabs yrgxgnsamn, sfsg

efxg lgfrngc sefs segq nggc sm cgxglmy

yfrsabayfsmrq ymlabag fnc kgbefnak

6

?

23

LGRRMNR

LG

F_NGC

hmr hmsgran` rwrfl cgxglmykgns ylfnnan`

sefs anblwcg acgnsahqan` zmng hmr

gusrfbsamn. An sea rg`frc, blgfr lfnc

raès, f srfnyfrgns fnc yfrsabayfsmrq

yrmbg, fnc srmn`, blgfr fnc pgll+

gsfolaegc mbafl fnc gnxarmnkgnsfl

rg`wlfsamn fnc BR_ hrfkgpmrd frg

nggcgc.

_g`frcan` bmnabs kfnf`gkgns, Lfsan

Fkgrabfn baxal mbagsq fbsmr efxg

lgfrngc sefs gsfolaean` srfnyfrgns

caflm`wg fnc ng`msafsamn yrmbgg

a seg mnlq pfq sm kfansfan bmnabs

wncgr bmnsrml fnc sm rgfbe mbafllq

wsfanfolg f`rggkgns an seg rgflk mh

mn`man` bmnabs. Hmr sea, sfsg nggc

sm cgxglmy blgfr yrmbgcwrg, brgfsg fnc

srgn`segn ancgygncgns ansaswsamn,

gfrbe hmr lgàsakfsgc rgyrggnsfsaxg

fnc kgcafsmr, fnc fomxg fll fxmac

xamlgns gyamcg.

Hanfllq, gxgrfl Lfsan Fkgrabfn sfsg,

baxal mbagsq rmwy fnc gxgn gusrfbsaxg

bmrymrfsamn pmrdan` an seg rgàmn efxg

lgfrngc sefs segrg a rmmk hmr bmnabs

srfnhmrkfsamn. Hrmk sea ygrygbsaxg

bmnabs bfn flm og ggn f pancmp

mh myymrswnasq hmr akyrmxan` sfsg

ymlabag f pgll f sfbdlan`, fs lgfs sm

mkg gusgns, seg srwbswrfl yrmolgk

sefs frg seg wlsakfsg bfwg mh kms

bmnabsaxg aswfsamn.



DNMPLGC@G YF_SNG_R

Sea a f fkylg m mkg m seg dgq mr`fnafsamn pmrdan` mnGusrfbsaxg Ancwsrag fnc Bmnabs Kfnf`gkgns awg an Lfsan

Fkgrabf. Hmr fccasamnfl anmrkfsamn fomws segg fnc msegr

mr`fnafsamn pmrdan` mn segg segkg, rgfc segGLLF Rymslaès

mn Mr`fnafsamn: Gusrfbsaxg Ancwsrag fnc Bmnabs Kfnf`gkgns.

F yfrs m seg Bfsemlab Wnaxgrasq m Ygrw %Ymnsahbaf Wnaxgracfc

Bfslabf cgl Ygr!, seg Bgnsrg mr Fnflqa fnc _gmlwsamn m

Bmnabs %Bgnsrm cg Fnlaa q _gmlwban cg Bmnabsm! a

cgcabfsgc sm fnflqan`, yrgxgnsan` fnc kfnfàn` bmnabs

sermwè srfanan`, rggfrbe fnc bmnwlsfnbq grxabg. Seg Bgnsrg

anblwcg f srmn` mbw mn mbam+gnxarmnkgnsfl bmnabs rglfsgc

sm nfswrfl rgmwrbg. Seg Bgnsrg pgoasg mgr anmrkfsamn

fomws bmwrg fnc bmngrgnbg fnc yrmxacg fbbg sm segar

ywolabfsamn, wbe f segar Froasrf`g %Froasrfjg! Jmwrnfl.

Seg Lfsan Fkgrabfn Mogrxfsmrq m Gnxarmnkgnsfl Bmnabs

%Mogrxfsmram Lfsanmfkgrabfnm cg Bmnabsm Fkoagnsflg!

kfansfan fn guefwsaxg cfsfofg m anmrkfsamn mn bmnabs

rglfsgc sm gusrfbsaxg fbsaxasag fbrm Lfsan Fkgrabf. An fccasamn

sm kmnasmran` bmnabs, seg Mogrxfsmram+ ofgc an Bealg + flm

yrmxacg bfyfbasq owalcan` sm bmkkwnasag anxmlxgc an bmnabsrglfsgc sm cggncan` segar gnxarmnkgnsfl raès, fnc bmncwbs

rggfrbe fnc efrg dnmplgc`g fomws kgsemcmlmàg mr

kfnfàn` bmnabs.

Kang fnc Bmkkwnasag %KFB! a f ngspmrd yrmxacan` wy+sm+

cfsg anmrkfsamn fomws seg mbafl, gbmnmkab fnc gnxarmnkgnsfl

akyfbs m kanan`, pase f yfrsabwlfr mbw mn akyfbs mr

anca`gnmw fnc lfnc+ofgc ygmylg. Seg pgoasg anblwcg kwbe

anmrkfsamn fomws Lfsan Fkgrabfn bmwnsrag, anblwcan` fbmwnsrq

gfrbe smml.

Sgrrasmrq, Bmnabs fnc Cgxglmykgns an seg Fncg a f _ggfrbe

Yrm`rfkkg m seg Rbemml m Gnxarmnkgns fnc Cgxglmykgns fs

seg Wnaxgrasq m Kfnbegsgr an seg Wnasgc Dan`cmk. As mbwg

mn wncgrsfncan` seg ymlasabfl gbmlm`q m mbafl bmnabs fraan`

an rwrfl frgf m Lfsan Fkgrabf Fncgfn rgàmn f f rgwls m seg

ansgrylfq ogspggn nfswrfl rgmwrbg gusrfbsamn, lmbfl f`rabwlswrfl

fbsaxasag fnc cgxglmykgns yrmbgg, pase f ygbafl mbw mn

baxal mbagsq fnc mbafl kmxgkgns.

Seg ywrymg m seg Wnasgc Nfsamn Anca`gnmw Ygmylg

Yfrsngreay %WNAYY! a sm yrmxacg wyymrs sm ogssgr fccrg

anca`gnmw ygmylg raès fs seg bmwnsrq lgxgl pasean seg WN

qsgk. As bmxgr frgf anblwcan` bwlswrg, gbmnmkab, ymlasab,

bmkkwnabfsamn fnc ansgrnfsamnfl awg rglgxfns mr fnqmng

ansgrgsgc an rggfrbean` anca`gnmw awg fnc bmnabs an Lfsan

Fkgrabf.

_GBMKKGNCGC _GFCAN@

Seg mllmpan` a f glgbsamn m mkg m seg dgq ywolabfsamn rglfsgc

sm gusrfbsaxg ancwsrq bmnabs an Lfsan Fkgrabf. Hmr fccasamnfl

anmrkfsamn fomws segg fnc msegr akymrsfns pmrd, rgfc segwll GLLF Rymslaès mn Ywolabfsamn: Gusrfbsaxg Ancwsrag fnc

Bmnabs Kfnf`gkgns.

Ogooan`smn, F. ?969.Gusrfbsaxg Ancwsrag fnc Rswnsgc Rsfsg:

Bmnabs, _gymnaoalasq fnc Ansaswsamnfl Befn`g an seg Fncg.

An: _fkfn, _. %gc.! Bmrymrfsg Rmbafl _gymnaoalasq: Cabmwrg,

Yrfbsabg fnc Ygrygbsaxg. Yfl`rfxg KfbKallfn, Lmncmn.

Hwlkgr, F. ?966.Seg Ymlasab m f Rsrfn`g _aès: Bmnwlsfsamn,

Kanan` fnc Anca`gnmw Kmoalazfsamn an Lfsan Fkgrabf. ?966 Fnnwfl

Kggsan` Yfygr, Fkgrabfn Ymlasabfl Rbagnbg Fmbafsamn%FYRF!,Rgfsslg.

Eall, B., Lallqpeasg, R., Rakmn, K. ?969. @wacg Sm Hrgg Yramr fnc

Anmrkgc Bmngns. Mufk Fwsrflaf, Xabsmraf.

Lfsan Fkgrabfn Yrg-BmkwnabfbamngFlafcf. Jwng ?966.Yramr

Bmnwlsfsamn: F Hwncfkgnsfl _aès mr Anca`gnmw Ygmylg.

BmkwnabfbamngFlafcf, Lakf.

Kmr`fnca, K. ?995.Gusrfbsaxg Ancwsrag _gxgnwg Casraowsamn fs

seg Rwo+Nfsamnfl Lgxgl: Seg Guygragnbg an Rgxgn _gmwrbg+rabe

Bmwnsrag. _gxgnwg Pfsbe Ansaswsg, Ngp Qmrd.

Rfpqgr, R., @mkgz, G. ?995. Srfnnfsamnfl @mxgrnkgnsflasq

fnc _gmwrbg Gusrfbsamn: Anca`gnmw Ygmylg, Kwlsanfsamnfl

Bmrymrfsamn, Kwlsanfsamnfl Ansaswsamn fnc seg Rsfsg. Wnasgc

Nfsamn _ggfrbe Ansaswsg mr Rmbafl Cgxglmykgns, @gngxf.

Pfrc, O., Rsrmn`kfn, J. ?966.@gncgr+gnasaxg Fyyrmfbeg mr

seg Gusrfbsaxg Ancwsrq an Ygrw: Akyrmxan` seg Akyfbs mn Pmkgn

an Ymxgrsq fnc Segar Hfkalag. Pmrlc Ofnd, Pfean`smn, CB.
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-GuideToFreePriorInformedConsent-0610.pdfhttp://resources.oxfam.org.au/filestore/originals/OAUs-GuideToFreePriorInformedConsent-0610.pdfhttp://papers.ssrn.com/sol3/papers.cfm?abstract_id=1902259http://papers.ssrn.com/sol3/papers.cfm?abstract_id=1902259http://www.sed.man.ac.uk/research/andes/publications/papers/Bebbington-InRamanBook.pdfhttp://www.sed.man.ac.uk/research/andes/publications/papers/Bebbington-InRamanBook.pdfhttp://ella.practicalaction.org/node/1038http://ella.practicalaction.org/node/1038http://mptf.undp.org/factsheet/fund/IPP00http://mptf.undp.org/factsheet/fund/IPP00http://www.sed.manchester.ac.uk/research/andes/http://www.minesandcommunities.org/list.php?f=3http://www.minesandcommunities.org/list.php?f=3http://www.minesandcommunities.org/http://olca.cl/oca/index.htmhttp://consensos.pucp.edu.pe/http://translate.google.com/translate?sl=auto&tl=en&js=n&prev=_t&hl=en&ie=UTF-8&layout=2&eotf=1&u=http%3A%2F%2Fconsensos.pucp.edu.pe%2Fhttp://translate.google.com/translate?sl=auto&tl=en&js=n&prev=_t&hl=en&ie=UTF-8&layout=2&eotf=1&u=http%3A%2F%2Fconsensos.pucp.edu.pe%2Fhttp://ella.practicalaction.org/node/1036http://ella.practicalaction.org/node/1036


14/14

LGF_N KM_G H_MK SEG GLLF O_AGHR

Segg mwr GLLF Orag mbw an mn mkg m seg kms akymrsfnsGusrfbsaxg Ancwsrag fnc Bmnabs Kfnf`gkgns awg an Lfsan

Fkgrabf.

Kfnfàn` Bmnlabs Sermwè Bmnwlsfsamn: Lfsan Fkgrabf

Guygragnbg

Lfsan Fkgrabf ef ggn f wr`g an bmnwlsfsamn yrmbgg

sfdan` f xfragsq m mrk fnc ywegc oq cagrgns fbsmr rmk

seg sfsg, yraxfsg bmkyfnag fnc baxal mbagsq.

Anca`gnmw Ygmylg, Bmnlabs fnc Gusrfbsaxg Ancwsrag: Lfsan

Fkgrabfn Fyyrmfbeg

An Lfsan Fkgrabf, rgbm`naan` anca`gnmw bwlswrfl, lfnc fnc

bmnwlsfsamn raès a man` f lmn` pfq smpfrc rgcwban` bmnabs

mxgr gusrfbsaxg ancwsrq yrmjgbs.

_gns Casraowsamn fnc Gusrfbsaxg Ancwsrq Bmnlabs: Seg Lfsan

Fkgrabfn Fyyrmfbe

Bfn rgns casraowsamn rgcwbg gusrfbsaxg ancwsrag bmnabs= F

mbw mn seg Ygrwxafn bfg egly eaèlaès emp fnc a segg

begkg bmwlc yrmxg ggbsaxg an kfnfàn` bmnabs.

Rkfll+bflg fnc Anmrkfl Kanan`: F Oa` Yrmolgk mr Lfsan Fkgrabfn

Rsfsg

Lfsan Fkgrabf ef guygragnbgc fn fkfzan` `rmpse fnc

srfnmrkfsamn m kfll+bflg kanan` m sefs as a nm lmn`gr kfll

mr frsafnfl, ogbmkan` ansgfc yfrfkmwns an anmrkflasq fnc f

ew`g befllgn`g mr mxgrnkgns an seg rgàmn.

HANC MWS KM_G H_MK GLLFSm lgfrn kmrg fomws Gusrfbsaxg Ancwsrag fnc Bmnhlabs Kfnf`gkgns anLfsan Fkgrabf, rgfc seg rgs mh segGLLF dnmplgc`g kfsgraflmn sea segkg. Smlgfrn kmrg fomws msegr GLLF cgxglmykgns awg, ormpg msegr GLLF Segkg.

BMNSFBS @_FCGSm lgfrn kmrg fomws seg awg yrggnsgc an sea @wacg, bmnsfbs seg fwsemr,@grfrcm Cfkmnsg, Yranbayfl _ggfrbegr, @_FCG,`cfkmnsgI`rfcg.mr`.yg.

GLLF a wyymrsgc oq:
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Documents

GUIDE: Latin American Approaches to Extractive Industry Conflict