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Pe rsonality: Group of physical, psychological, social and cultural elements lodged in an individual.Current and potential patterns of behavior, which reside in a person and alternate between nature andnurture.Characteristics:

y M anifested through behaviory S tability and changey Consistencyy D istinctive identity and individual differencesy B iological and social influence

Tempe ra me nt: It s the innate and inherited disposition which induces us to react emotionally in acertain way towards environmental stimuli .

y Intensityy D urationy Latencyy T reshold

Ch aract e r: Part of personality acquired, formed throughout the course of life, psychologically, sociallyand culturally influenced; it includes values, environment and culture. D eveloped by learning.

Pe rsonal Id e ntity: Characteristics that make usunique and independent.Through the interaction withother people, we discovercharacteristics that make usdifferent from others.Therefore, we search for asense of identity to feelunique.

Freu d.Id: It is present from birth, it sformed by instincts and basic

drives that search forimmediate gratification ,

independently of the consequences.Ego: It begins to develop during the first year of life. It is made up by mental processes, the c apacity of reasoning and common sense, which help the Id to find its own expression avoiding problems.S uper Ego: It develops as a result of parental and societal teachings. It represents the social values

incorporated to the personalitystructure of the child.

D efense M echanisms:y R epressiony R egressiony D enialy R eactive Formationy Projectiony R ationalization

Psyc h os exu al Th e ory of D eve lo pme ntO ral Stage: T he satisfaction centers onthe lips, the tongue and afterwards, theteeth. Anal Stage: It is between two and fouryears old. There is control of the analand bladder sphincter, which

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constitutes a source of pleasure.Ph allic Stage: T he child concentrates in the genital areas of the body.Latency Stage: T he child leads all its energy towards its friends, school or sports; sexual desire isrepressed.Genital Stage: It appears in puberty; the sexual energy returns to the sexual organs, looking to satisfy itserotic and interpersonal needs.

Sk inn e r

Band u ra:It states that people learn from observing and imitating other people s behaviors. Learning whileobserving and imitating other s behavior is called modelling . Once a behavior is imitated, it can bestrenghtened or weakened, through reinforcers and punishments. We can think about what we see andimitate. Not mechanical.V icario u s R e inforc e r: It is the possibility that your own behavior increases, when you observe the modelto imitate has positive consequences.V icario u s P u nis h me nt: It is the possibility that your own behavior decreases or is eliminated, when youobserve the model to imitate has negative consecuences.Piag e t: Learning theory. S cheme: represents a mental structure, a thought pattern that a person uses tounderstand or act upon an environmental situation.Adaptation: they are adjustments of thought to new conditions or situations and are given by:Assimilation: Consists in acquiring new information and incorporating them to the existent schemes.Accommodation: Consists in adjusting new information, enriching a previous scheme, creating others ordiscarding others when they don t work anymore.Equilibrium: it is the balance between the scheme and the information adjustment. Imbalance ariseswhen there is a conflict between reality and comprehension.

S tag e Ch aract e ristics

S ensorimotor(0 to 2 years)

Children learn to coordinate sensoria l experiences with motor activity. They learnhow far a ball is in order to reach and touch it, to move their eyes and head to follow

an object (Is the conquest of the object)

Preoperational(3 to 7 years)

It is the stage of thought and language that determines their capacity for symbolicthinking, imitating behavior, symbolic games, drawing, mental imagery and thedevelopment of spoken langauge.

ConcreteOperations(8 to 11 years)

In this stage, they show a bigger capacity for logical reasoning, limited to things thatare actually experimented.

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E ri k son s p syc h osocial d eve lo pme nt t h e ory:S tage 1- B asic T rust vs. M istrustS tage 2 - Autonomy vs. S hame and D oubt (become dependent) (1 to 3 yrs old) S tage 3 Initiative(confidence about capacities) vs. Guilt (feel like a burden) (3 to 7 yrs old)S tage 4 - Industry (pride, confidence, good workers) vs. Inferiority ( 6 yrs old to puberty)S tage 5 - Identity vs. R ole Confusion (or " D iffusion") (adolescence)S tage 6 - Intimacy vs. Isolation (commitment issues)S tage 7 Generativity (productive, belong) vs. S tagnation (apathy) (Intermediate Adult h ood )S tage 8 - Ego Integrity (fulfilled with life achievements) vs. D espair (feel like it wasn t woth it) (Late A dult h ood) Fo u r stag e s of Id e ntity:1. Identity Acquistion

D ecisions are made about beliefs and goals. It s a personal decision.(D emocratic parents)

2. Identity ExclusionT hey opt for an identity that people offers them and they become what other people want

them to be.(Authoritative parents)

3. M oratoriumIs the process of examining various role options, but without adopting one.(Permissive Parents)

4. Identity D ifussionIt is to avoid analyzing role options in a conscious way. M any are insatisfied with their situation,

but they are incapable of starting the search to find themselves .

T o solve an identity crisis:T he adolescent shuold develop three aspects:1. S exual Identity (a mature concept of a sexual role)2. Occupational Identity3.Ideological Identity

S tag e s of adol e sc e nc e Early adolescence : 12 to 15 years

Feelings of emptiness.Establishing of new relationships.S elf-control threatens to break down.Erotism and idealization in friendship.

Adol e sc e nc e : 16 to 18 y e arsGrief and infatuation .

D evelopment of interests and capabilities.T his is me .

Consolidation of sexual orientation andpreference.Further objective and analytical thinking

Late Adolescence (19-21)

B etter emotional stability.

Capability for intimacy is developed.S ocial Integration.Identity is achieved.Election of ideals.Critical attitude towards the world.

Post Adolescence (21-24)S ocial role with defined goals.Consolidation of values with past and future

experiences.Personal permanent relationships.S election of environment to interact

An emotion is an answer to an external or internal relevant stimulus, that includes organical(physiological and endocrine) and behavioral changes that help in the adaptation of the organism

FormalOperations(12 years toadulthood)

They go from real concrete experiences to thinking in abstract logical terms. T hey canthink in what could be, projecting the future and making plans. T hey can usemetaphoric language.

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to the environment. generally includes a group of thoughts, attitudes and beliefs about the world,that we use to assess a concrete situation, and therefore, influences on how a specific situation isperceived.FEAR: Anticipation of a threat or danger, that produces anxiety, insecurity.SUR P RISE: Astonishment, confusion and uncertainty. It is transitory. It can give a cognitiveaproximation of what is going on. AVERSION: Displeasure, disgust, we move away from the object that causes us aversion.

ANGER: Wrath, resentment, fury, irritability and rage.JOY: Fun, euphoria, gratication, happiness, well-being and security.SADNESS: Grief, solitude, pessimism.