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7/31/2019 G.T.C Merged Presentation (3)
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G.T.C Merged Presentation
--By Ankit Agarwal
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ANILINE POINT
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The aniline point is the lowest
temperature at which equal volume ofaniline and oil are completely miscible
The value gives an indicationof the aromatic content of
diesel oil, since aniline is
an aromatic compound which
is dissolved on heating by the
aromatics in diesel oil.
Cetane number (define)
Q. Describe briefly about Aniline Point
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Importance
Aniline is an aromatic compound
It becomes miscible with an oil by
dissolving aromatic compounds
present in it.
So its give an idea
about the aromatic
contents of any fuel
or oil.
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Aniline
point aromaticcontents
Aromatic
contentsAniline
point
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Diesel Index
It is derivative of aniline point
It is defined as-
[0.018A.PoC+0.32]API
It is measure of ignition quality of fuel
All the diesel fuel are processed to have a dieselindex in the range of 45 to 55
High diesel index is not desirable(as a fuel rich inaromatics gives rise to better calorific value thanparaffin rich fuel for equal weights)
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Cetane number
It is defined as percentage volume of n-cetane
in a mixture of n-cetane and alfa methyl
napthalene which gives the same ignition
delay as the fuel under consideration, when
tested in a CFR engine.
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Significance of aniline point
High aniline point indicates that the fuel is highly paraffinicand hence has a high Diesel index and very good ignitionquality. In case of aromatics the aniline point is low and theignition quality is poor.
This test is useful for calculating Diesel Index. Diesel index is defined as:-
[0.018A.PoC+0.32]AP
It can also predict the amount of carbon present inmolecules and is given by the formula
%C=1039.4nD20 -470.4 d20-0.567 AP(oC)-1104.42where n
D20=refractive index at 20oC
d20
=density at 20oC
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ANTI-BIOTICS AND VITAMINES
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What is an Antibiotic?
Antibiotics are products of microorganisms thatreact with and inhibit the growth of other
microorganisms.
An antibiotic is a selective poison.
It has been chosen so that it will kill the desired
bacteria, but not the cells in your body. Each
different type of antibiotic affects different bacteria
in different ways.
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classification
Antibiotics can be classified in severalways. The most common methodclassifies them according to their actionagainst the infecting organism. Some
antibiotics attack the cellwall; somedisrupt the cell membrane; and themajority inhibit the synthesis ofnucleicacids andproteins, the polymers that
make up the bacterial cell.
http://localhost/var/www/apps/conversion/current/tmp/scratch_2/find/Concise.asp?z=1&pg=2&ti=761568585http://localhost/var/www/apps/conversion/current/tmp/scratch_2/find/Concise.asp?z=1&pg=2&ti=761568032http://localhost/var/www/apps/conversion/current/tmp/scratch_2/find/Concise.asp?z=1&pg=2&ti=761568032http://localhost/var/www/apps/conversion/current/tmp/scratch_2/find/Concise.asp?z=1&pg=2&ti=761565946http://localhost/var/www/apps/conversion/current/tmp/scratch_2/find/Concise.asp?z=1&pg=2&ti=761565946http://localhost/var/www/apps/conversion/current/tmp/scratch_2/find/Concise.asp?z=1&pg=2&ti=761568032http://localhost/var/www/apps/conversion/current/tmp/scratch_2/find/Concise.asp?z=1&pg=2&ti=761568032http://localhost/var/www/apps/conversion/current/tmp/scratch_2/find/Concise.asp?z=1&pg=2&ti=7615685857/31/2019 G.T.C Merged Presentation (3)
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classification
Antibiotics are also classified on the basisof chemical structure, as penicillins,cephalosporins, aminoglycosides,tetracyclines, macrolides, or
sulfonamides, among others.
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Vitamin Characteristics
Each vitamin has one or more specificpurposes.
Vitamins are essential to life processes.
Vitamins are generally used by the body withvery minimal changes
Vitamins are usually required in only smallamounts
Most vitamins cannot be synthesized by thebody directly
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Catalytic reforming
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Define Catalytic reforming
1.{Catalytic reforming is a chemical process
used to convert petroleum refinerynaphthas, typically having low octane
ratings, into high-octane liquid products
called reformates which are componentsof high-octane gasoline (also known as
petrol). }
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Question she might ask1) Describe briefly about zeolites (2marks)answer is not in
the presentation **
2) Advantage & Disadvantage of Catalytic cracking
3) Describe FCC briefly4) Definition of Catalytatic reforming
**for any queries on the answers ask kali or prachee
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1. Fluid catalytic cracking (FCC):most important conversion process used in
petroleum refineries.
2. USE: converting the high-boiling, high-M.W.hydrocarbon fractions of
petroleum crude oils to more valuable gasoline, olefinic gases and other
products.
3. FEEDSTOCK: portion of the crude oil that has an initial boiling point of 340 C
or higher at atmospheric pressure and an avg. M.W. ranging about 200 to
600 or higher(heavy gas oil).
4. PROCESS: vaporizes and breaks the long-chain molecules of the high-boilinghydrocarbon liquids into much shorter molecules by contacting the
feedstock, at high temperature and moderate pressure, with a fluidized
powdered catalyst.
Describe briefly about FCC (3marks)
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Drugs
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Type of drug ? Antipyretics lower down temperature of body.
example aspirin , paracetamol etc.
Analgesics relieve or decrease pain of body.
these are of two types narcoticnon narcotic.
example morphine , codeine , heroin ,aspirin etc.
Antiseptics prevent the growth of bacteria.They do not harm to the living tissues .
example Dettol , Savlon , boric acid etc
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Disinfectants prevents the growth of bacteria
these are harmful to living tissues and can not be used on
the skin.used for sterilization of utensils , cloath , floors.
Example phenol , chlorine , hydrogen peroxide .
Antibiotics chemical substance produced by livingcells which is capable of inhibiting the life processes ofmicro-organism.
example penicillin
Sulpha drugs - contain -SO2NH2 group.
this was the first widely used chemotherapy for thecure of bacterial infection in human.
Example- sulphapyridine , sulphadiazine .
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Anesthetics drugs which produces insensibility to vital
functions to all type of cell especially of nervous
system.Example xylocaine , ethyl chloride , nitrous oxide etc.
Tranquillizer chemicals which reduces mental tension, without grossly altering the level of consciousness .
example luminal , seconal , librium etc.
Anti-malarials- drugs that are used to cure malaria.
example primaquine , chloroquine , etc.
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Importance of drugs
chemotherapy-chemotherapy is the use
chemicals(drugs) to selectively destroy
infectious micro-organisms without
simultaneously destroying the host.
A derivative of folic acid known as
methotrexate has proved effective in the
treatment of cancer.
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CELLULOSE
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Cellulose is an organic compound with
the formula (C6H10O5)n,
a polysaccharide consisting of a linear chain of
several hundred to over ten thousand (14)
linked D-glucose units.
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Derivatives of cellulose are compounds in
which the cellulose has reacted as an
alcohol, giving rise to ether and ester
linkage.There are two major derivatives of
cellulose, namely, cellulose ether and
cellulose ester.
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GLASS
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INTRODUCTION
GLASS IS ANY SUBSTANCE OR MIXTURE OF
SUBSTANCES THAT HAS SOLIDIFIED FROM THE
LIQUID STATE WITHOUT CRYSTALLIZATION.
IT IS REFERRED AS MATERIAL WHICH IS MADE BY THEFUSION OF MIXTURE OF SILICA, BASIC OXIDES AND
FEW OTHER COMPONENTS REACTIVE TOWARDS
THEM
IT IS HARD (TENSILE STRENGTH: 35 TO 70 N/mm2),
BRITTLE, TRANSPARENT, OR TRANSLUCENT
MATERIAL
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CLASSIFICATION
As per composition and properties
Soda lime or crown glass
Flint glass
Pyrex or heat resistance glass
Special types of Glasses
Lead glasses
Borosilicate glasses
High silica glasses
Colored glasses
Fibre glasses
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CONSTITUENTS
aX2O, bYO, 6SiO2X = atom of alkali metal.
Y= bivalent metal.eg: Ca,Pb.
Principle constituent is silica.
Sodium and potassium carbonate
Lime
Manganese dioxide
Cullet
Coloring substance
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MANUFACTURING (important acc. To mam)
The procedure adopted in manufacture of glass
may broadly be divided into following 5
stages:
Collection of raw materials
Preparation of batch
Melting in furnace
Fabrication
Annealing
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COLLECTION OF RAW MATERIALS
Various raw materials used are chalk, soda ash,clean sand, potassium carbonate, litharge, andcoke.
Raw materials generally contain traces of iron
compounds which imparts green color to glass.To avoid such effects, decolorizers are added(Arsenic oxide, cobalt oxide and Manganesedioxide)
Cullet: It indicates waste glasses. It increasesfusibility and prevents loss of alkali duringreaction and also reduces cost.
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PREPARATION OF BATCH AND
MELTING IN FURNACE
Raw materials, cullet and decolorizers are finely
powdered in grinding machine. Such a uniform
mixture is known as batch and it is taken for
further process of melting in furnace Batch is melted either in pot furnace or tank
furnace.
Batch is heated in large compartment and itcontains somewhat impure glass.
The furnace is heated by allowing producer gas .
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FABRICATION
Molten glass is given a suitable shape or form inthis stage.
It can either be done manually or by machines.
Different ways of Fabrication Blowing
Casting
Drawing
Pressing
Rolling
Spinning
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Schematic View Of Glass Manufacturing (flow diag. not imp)
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ANNEALING
The Glass after being manufactured is to be
cooled down slowly and gradually. This
process of slow and homogeneous cooling of
glass articles is known as annealing of glass.
It is very important process
Two methods of annealing
Flue treatment
Oven treatment
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TREATMENT OF GLASSES
Bending: The glass may bent in desired shape by placing inoven by suitable heating.
Cutting: The glass is cut in required sizes with help of
diamond or rough glasses.
Opaque making: The glass can be made impervious to light!It is done by grinding glass surface with emery
Silvering: This process consists in applying a very thin coat oftin on surface. The silver is then deposited on this layer oftin.
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POLYMER AND DETERGNETS
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POLYMER
MONOMER
She didnt ticked the other slides in classification so I
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CLASSIFICATION OF POLYMERS
BASED ON ORIGIN
NATURAL SEMI-SYNTHETIC SYNTHETIC(obtainedfrom
nature )(derived from naturally
occurring polymers by
chemical modifications.)
(prepared in the
laboratories )
VULCANISED RUBBER , CELLULOSE
DIACETATE
POLYTHENE , PVC
,TEFLON , NYLON
She didn t ticked the other slides in classification so I
guess she would like to know the name of others hence
other slides. so, you can refer the next slide in which all
classification is combined
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Acrylic fibers are high performance synthetic fibersthat are made from longchain synthetic polymer composed ofacrylonitrileunits.
Often used as a substitute forwool. Can be used all the year round due to theircomfort factor.
Acrylic Fabrics are mostly used to make such garments, that need to makethe wearer more and more comfortable through moisture management.
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Not only, the acrylic fabrics are high in performance butalso they have a luxurious feel.
They are lightweight.
They are comfortable to wear due to high moisturemanagement.
Dyes can be easily applied to them and they are colorfast.
In cold weather acrylics provide excellent insulation andwarmth without any extra weight.
Wh h i d ?
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What are synthetic detergents ?
Chemicals used to break up and remove grease and grime
essential constituents :
(surface active agents ie surfactants)
subsidiary constituents (builders and additives).
source is mineral oils (hydrocarbon compounds of petroleum or coal).
Molecules generally consist of two parts :
hydrophobic, non polar, long hydrocarbon chain tail attracted to particles of
oil or grease by dispersion forces (Van der Waals or London or Weak Intermolecular
Forces)
hydrophilic, charged or polar head attracted to water molecules.
less sensitive to the effects ofcalcium and magnesium ions in hard water.
Branched-chain are far less biodegradable than continuous-chain synthetic detergents.
How detergents work?
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How detergents work?Detergent shaken with water ,colloidal solutionformed
Solution agitated, gets concentrated and causesfoaming.
unimolecular film on the surface of water, penetratesthe fabric
hydrophobic (water-hating )ends surround the dirt
Hydrophilic (water-loving) ends face the water
mechanical action of rubbing or tumbling dislodges
dirt and grease from fabric.
These get detached and are washed away withexcess of water leaving the fabric clean.
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Disadvantages of detergents
resistant to the action of
biological agents and thus arenon biodegradable.Microorganisms in septic tanksand sewage-treatment plantscannot degrade branched chains.
tendency to produce stablefoams in rivers, causes waterpollution
tend to inhibit oxidation oforganic substances present inwastewaters
Modern-day detergents are designed to be
biodegradable. In some cases they are
manufactured from renewable plant-
derived resources such as carbohydrates
(sucrose, glucose) or plant oils (coconut or
palm oil).
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Advantages of detergents
clean effectively and lather well even in hard water and saltwater (sea water) ie. no scum formation
do not decompose in acidic medium
more soluble in water than soaps have a stronger cleansing action than soaps
As derived from petroleum, they save on natural vegetable
oils, which are important cooking medium.
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OCTANE NUMBER
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KnockingIt is defined as sharp sounds
caused by premature combustion of part of
the compressed air fuel mixture in an internal
combustion engine.
It may sometimes also cause damage to
engine parts.
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Definition: The octane number of a petrolsample is defined as the percentage of
isooctane(2,2,4-trimethyl pentane) in a mixture
of isooctane and n-heptane which matches thefuel under test in knocking characteristics.
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The knocking characteristics of petrol sample are described by the
octane number or antiknock value. Higher the octane number,
lower is the tendency to knock and better is the quality of petrol.Isooctane (2,2,4-trimethyl pentane) has the leat knocking
tendency and its octane number is arbitrarily fixed as 100.
n-Heptane, a straight chain hydrocarbon, has highest tendency to
knock and is assigned an octane number zero.
Octane rating does not relate to the energy content of the fuel(heating value). It is only a measure of the fuel's tendency to
burn in a controlled manner, rather than exploding in an
uncontrolled manner (knocking).
Measures the ability of a fuel to resist knocking when ignited in amixture with air in an engine.
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Effects of Octane Rating
Octane rating reflects the quality,
purity, refinement, efficiency and
heat bearing capacity of petrol.Hence we have different grades of
Petrol for different uses ranging for
your bikes to spacecrafts.
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POLYVINYL CHLORIDE
Polyvinyl chloride
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Polyvinyl chloride
# Polyvinyl chloride commonlyabbreviated PVC, is
a thermoplastic polymer. It is a vinyl
polymer constructed of repeating vinyl
groups (ethenyls) having one of
their hydrogen replaced with a chloridegroup.
Pipes
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Pipes
PVC pipes in use
with intumescent firestops at NortownCasitas, North York, Ontario.
Roughly half of the world's polyvinyl
chloride resin manufactured annually is
used for producing pipes for various
municipal and industrial applications.
Classification of polyethene
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Classification of polyethene Based on sales worldwide the most important polyethylene
grades are
# High density polyethylene (HDPE) 0.941 g/cm3
with low branching stronger intermolecular forces & high tensilestrength it find uses in products such as milk jugs, detergentbottles, margarine tubs, garbage containers and water pipes,one third of all toys are made of HDPE
# Low density polyethylene (LDPE) 0.9100.940 g/cm3
With high degree of short and long chain branching it has lessstrong intermolecular forces & therefore lower tensile strengthbut greater ductility, used for both rigid containers and plasticfilm applications
# Linear low density polyethylene (LLDPE) 0.9150.925 g/cm3with significant numbers of short branches ,compared to LDPE ithas higher tensile strength higher impact and punctureresistance it is used in making thin film packaging bags usedpredominantly in film applications for its toughness
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Applications
Grocery bags
Bottles
Children's toy
Bullet proof vests
Packaging
Piping
Containers
Industrial Applications Laminates
Wire & CableApplications
Blending
Plastic welding Adhesives
Appliances
AutomotiveApplications
Cosmetics
Fabrics
Flooring
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What is synthtetic rubber..??
Synthetic rubber is obtained by improving properties ofnatural rubber by treating chemically.
Synthetic rubber is any type of artificial elastomer,invariably a polymer.
An elastomer is a material with the mechanical (ormaterial) property that it can undergo much more elasticdeformation
under stress than most materials and still return to itsprevious size without permanent deformation.
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Application of synthetic rubber Polyurethane rubber are one of the best rubbers for
abrasion resistance and are therefore used inreciprocating seals.
Some synthetic rubber is used for vibration absorption.
Due to good ozone resistance. Polychloroprene rubber
is used with mineral oils and greases and dilute acidsand alkalis, but is unsuitable in contact with fuels
Chloroinated polyethylene rubber is used for hoselinings.
Polyolefin Elastomers are compatible with mostolefinic materials, are an excellent impact modifier forplastics, and offer unique performance capabilities forcompounded products.
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Currently synthetic polyisoprene is being usedin a wide variety of industries in applicationsrequiring low water swell, high gum tensile
strength, good resilience, high hot tensile, andgood tack.
Butyl rubber is widely used in manymanufacturing process.
POLYBUTADIENE also has a major applicationas an impact modifier for polystyrene
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Urea Formaldehyde Resin
Urea-formaldehyde, also known as urea-
methanal. urea-formaldehyde resin, any of a class of
synthetic resins obtained by chemical
combination of urea (a solid crystal obtained
from ammonia) and formaldehyde (a highly
reactive gas obtained from methane).
Uses and its application
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Uses and its application Urea-formaldehyde resins are mostly used as
adhesives for the bonding of plywood,particleboard, and other structured woodproducts.
It is used in decorative laminates, textiles,
paper, foundry sand molds, wrinkle resistantfabrics, cotton blends, rayon, corduroy, etc.
Urea formaldehyde is used in agriculture as acontrolled release source of nitrogenfertilizer.
Urea-formaldehyde polymers are also used totreat textile fibres in order to improve wrinkle
and shrink resistance
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UNIT OPERATIONS
Chemical engineering unit
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Chemical engineering unit
operations
Consist of five classes: Fluid flow processes:
1. Fluidized Bed
Heat transfer processes:
1. Convection2. Condensation
3. Radiation
Mass transfer processes:
1. Principle
2. Applications: astrophysics Thermodynamic processes:
1. Gas liquefaction
Mechanical processes:
1. Crushing and pulverization
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Fluid Flow Processes
A fluidized bed is formed when a quantity of
a solid particulate substance is placed under appropriate
conditions to cause the solid/fluid mixture to behave as
a fluid.
Pressurized fluid through the particulate medium.
Results in the medium then having many properties and
characteristics of normal fluids.
The resulting phenomenon is called fluidization.
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Fluid Flow Processes
Consists of fluid-solid mixture that exhibits fluid-like
properties.
Inhomogeneous mixture of fluid and solid
Objects with different densities compared to the bed can, by
altering either the fluid or solid fraction, be caused to sink or
float.
Enables good thermal transport inside the system and good
heat transfer between the bed and its container.
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Mechanical Processes
Cornish stamps A portable rock crusher
mine rock crusher Mobile crusher
Types Of Crushers
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Heat Transfer
Exchange of thermal energy from one physical systemto another.
Classified into various mechanisms
1. Heat conduction2. Convection
3. Thermal radiation
4. Phase-change transfer.
Because of a temperature-difference.
Path Function
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Mass Transfer
Net movement of mass from one location to another.
Mass remains conserved.
Difference in concentration between two points.
Area of high concentration to an area of low concentration.
Thermodynamics : extent of separation .
Mass transfer : rate at which the separation will occur.
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What are Pharmaceuticals ???
A pharmaceuticals are also referred to
as medicine, medication or medicament.
They are loosely defined as any chemicalsubstance intended for use in the medical
diagnosis, cure, treatment
or prevention of disease
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Antibiotics/ Antibacterial :C d th t kill l d th th f b t i b t th
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Compound that kills or slows down the growth of bacteria but they
now denote many antimicrobial compounds.
Most of these are chemically semisynthetic modifications of various
natural compounds. Antibacterial are classified
on the basis of origin as :
biosynthetic
semisynthetic synthetic
according to biological activity,
bactericides
bacteriostatic
Beta-lactams - Penicillin
Aminoglycosides
Sulphonamides
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IMPORTANCE OF GCT
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INTRODUCTION
Gen. chem. Technology is a subject which give us insightto the various chemical industries adding value to life.
It can be treated as a tool helping in efficient use ofresources while increasing productivity of industries.
As the importance of industries to human life is enormousso the role of GCT in Industries.
The sound knowledge of it is must for chemical engineersto perform better and efficiently in industries.
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STRENGTH & WEAKNESSES
Strength Weakness
Large and very fast growing
petroleum market.
A huge pool of trainedtalent .
Competitive labour cost.
Fifth biggest in context of
distillation capacity
Insufficient baseinfrastructure.
High feedstock cost
compared to middle eastcountries.
Prevalence and use of oldtechnology.
Less oil reserves ascompared to Middle eastand American continent.
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MEPS
The extraction becomes difficult at some oil reservesduring bad climatic conditions in certain regions
during some part of year.
It heavily reduces the productivity and concur
losses.(Tomsk in Russia).
Pipeline passes through the caprice climatic
condition resulting disruptions in oil transport.
.
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MEPS
Refineries usually at small scale are built usually tohandle certain crude types.
Venezuelan crude cant be handled by refinerieshandling Middle east crude.
To enhance productivity and profit refineries need to
be located near to reserves which is not possible in
most cases.
hl lk l d
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MEPS in chlor-alkali industry
Caustic soda- Chlorine Production
Corrosion
Choice of Cell Design
Purification of Brine
Environmental concern
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MEPS
Solvay Process-Production of Na2Co3
Ammonia Recovery
Development of suitable Calcining Equipment
Waste Disposal
Economic Balance on tower Design
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CEMENT
Q i h i h k
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Questions she might ask
What is cement and types of cement
Describe briefly about portland cement
Use of cement
WHAT IS CEMENT????
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WHAT IS CEMENT????
Material with adhesive and cohesive
properties
Any material that binds or unites -
essentially like glue
Definition: Cement is a crystalline
compound of calcium silicates and other
calcium compounds having hydraulicproperties (Macfadyen, 2006).
FUNCTION OF CEMENT
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FUNCTION OF CEMENT
to bind the sand and coarse aggregate
together
to fill voids in between sand and coarse
aggregate particle
to form a compact mass
T f C t
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Types of Cement
2 types of cement normally used in buildingindustry are as follows:
a) Hydraulic Cement
b) Nonhydraulic Cement
H d li C t
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Hydraulic Cement
Hydraulic Cement sets and hardens by
action of water. Such as Portland Cement
In other words it means that hydrauliccement are:
Any cements that turns into a solid product
in the presence of water (as well as air)resulting in a material that does not
disintegrate in water.
N h d li C t
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Nonhydraulic Cement
Any cement that does not require water totransform it into a solid product.
2 common Nonhydraulic Cement are
a) Lime
- derived from limestone / chalk
b) Gypsum
PORTLAND CEMENT
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PORTLAND CEMENT
Chemical composition of Portland Cement:
a) Tricalcium Silicate (50%)
b) Dicalcium Silicate (25%)
c) Tricalcium Aluminate (10%)
d) Tetracalcium Aluminoferrite (10%)
e) Gypsum (5%)
FUNCTION :TRICALCIUM SILICATE
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FUNCTION :TRICALCIUM SILICATE
Hardens rapidly and largely responsible forinitial set & early strength
The increase in percentage of this compound
will cause the early strength of Portland
Cement to be higher.
A bigger percentage of this compound will
produces higher heat of hydration and
accounts for faster gain in strength.
FUNCTION :DICALCIUM SILICATE
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FUNCTION :DICALCIUM SILICATE
Hardens slowly It effects on strength increases occurs at ages
beyond one week .
Responsible for long term strength
FUNCTION :TRICALCIUM ALUMINATE
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Contributes to strength development in the
first few days because it is the first compound
to hydrate .
It turns out higher heat of hydration andcontributes to faster gain in strength.
But it results in poor sulfate resitance and
increases the volumetric shrinkage upon drying.
Cements with low Tricalcium Aluminate
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Cements with low Tricalcium Aluminate
contents usually generate less heat,
develop
higher strengths and show greater
resistance to sulfate attacks.
It has high heat generation and reactive
with soils and water containing moderate
to high sulfate concentrations so its least
desirable.
FUNCTION : TETRACALCIUM
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ALUMINOFERRITE
Assist in the manufacture of Portland Cementby allowing lower clinkering temperature.
Also act as a filler
Contributes very little strength of concrete
eventhough it hydrates very rapidly.
Also responsible for grey colour of Ordinary
Portland Cement
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MANUFACTURING OF PORTLAND
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CEMENT
The 3 primary constituents of the raw
materials used in the manufacture of
Portland Cement are:a) Lime
b) Silica
c) Alumina Lime is derived from limestone or chalk
Silica & Alumina from clay, shale or bauxite
There are 2 chief aspects of the
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manufacturing process:
FirstTo produce a finely divided mixture of raw
materials chalk / limestone and clay / shale
Second
To heat this mixture to produce chemical
composition
There 2 main process that can be used in
manufacturing of Portland Cement that is
i) wet process ii) dry process
WET PROCESS
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WET PROCESS
Raw materials are homogenized by crushing,grinding and blending so that approximately
80% of the raw material pass a No.200 sieve.
The mix will be turned into form of slurry by
adding 30 - 40% of water.
It is then heated to about 2750F (1510C) in
horizontal revolving kilns (76-153m length
and 3.6-4.8m in diameter.
Natural gas petroluem or coal are used for
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Natural gas, petroluem or coal are used for
burning. High fuel requirement may make it
uneconomical compared to dry process.
DRY PROCESS
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DRY PROCESS
Raw materials are homogenized by crushing,grinding and blending so that approximately
80% of the raw material pass a No.200 sieve.
Mixture is fed into kiln & burned in a dry state
This process provides considerable savings in
fuel consumption and water usage but the
process is dustier compared to wet process
that is more efficient than grinding.
DRY PROCES & WET PROCESS
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In the kiln, water from the raw material isdriven off and limestone is decomposed into
lime and Carbon Dioxide.
limestone lime + Carbon Dioxide In the burning zone, portion of the kiln, silica
and alumina from the clay undergo a solid
state chemical reaction with lime to producecalcium aluminate.
silica & alumina + lime calcium aluminate
DRY PROCES & WET PROCESS
The rotation and shape of kiln allow the
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The rotation and shape of kiln allow the
blend to flow down the kiln, submitting it to
gradually increasing temperature.
As the material moves through hotter
regions
in the kiln, calcium silicates are formed
These products, that are black or greenish
black in color are in the form of small
pellets, called cement clinkers
Cement clinkers are hard, irregular and ball
shaped particles about 18mm in diameter.
The cement clinkers are cooled to about
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The cement clinkers are cooled to about
150F (51C) and stored in clinker silos.
When needed, clinker are mixed with 2-5%
gypsum to retard the setting time of
cement
when it is mixed with water.
Then, it is grounded to a fine powder and
then the cement is stored in storage bins or
cement silos or bagged.
Cement bags should be stored on pallets in
a dry place.
Uses
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Uses
Cement mixed with water is virtually a plastic stone, and it canbe used for many purposes in place of stone with economy in
shaping to the form required.
It may be used for shop floors, buildings, foundations for
heavy machinery, bridge piers, walks, waterworks dams,reservoirs, walls, dry-docks, culverts, etc.
A concrete casing will protect iron or timber structures from
corrosion in air or in water, and will protect exposed iron work
of structures from effects of conflagration.
The most common use for Portland cement is in the
d f l
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production of Concrete. Concrete is a composite material
consisting of aggregate (gravel and sand), cement, and
water. Portland cement is also used in mortars (with sand and
water only) for plasters and screed, and in grouts
(cement/water mixes squeezed into gaps to consolidate
foundations, road-beds, etc.).
Cement has advantage in securing a hard, fire-proof
material
In marine use, concrete is limited because of its weight. It
may be used as permanent ballast in the bilges of steel
ships, and is an effective protection from corrosion.
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FERTILIZERS- SCANNED PICTURES
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