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Copyright © 2006 Huawei Technologies Co., Ltd. All rights reserved. Page1
Contents1. Frequency Plannings2. Normal Frequency Reuse Technology 3. Tight Frequency Reuse4. Multiple Reuse Pattern Technology 5. Concentric Cell Technology 6. Frequency Hopping
Copyright © 2006 Huawei Technologies Co., Ltd. All rights reserved. Page2
Contents1. Frequency Planning Basic
1.1 Frequency Resource of GSM System1.2 Concept of Frequency Reuse1.3 Reuse Density1.4 C/I Ratio
Copyright © 2006 Huawei Technologies Co., Ltd. All rights reserved. Page3
P-GSM 900 :
DCS 1800 :
1710 1785 1805 1880
Duplex distance : 95 MHz
890 915 935 960
Duplex distance : 45 MHz
Frequency Resource of GSM System
Copyright © 2006 Huawei Technologies Co., Ltd. All rights reserved. Page4
Frequency Resource of GSM SystemFrequency Spectrum
Range
(MHz)
Uplink
Frequency ValueARFCN
Downlink Frequency Value
P-GSM900890~915935~960
Fu(n)=890+0.2n 1≦n ≦ 124 Fd(n)=Fu(n)+45
E-GSM900880~915925~960
Fu(n)=890+0.2nFu(n)=890+0.2(n-1024)
0 ≦ n ≦ 124975 ≦ n ≦ 1023
Fd(n)=Fu(n)+45
R-GSM900876~915 921~960
Fu(n)=890+0.2nFu(n)=890+0.2(n-1024)
0 ≦ n ≦ 124955 ≦ n ≦ 1023
Fd(n)=Fu(n)+45
DCS1800
1710~17851805~1880
Fu(n)=1710.2+0.2(n-512) 512 ≦ n ≦ 885 Fd(n)=Fu(n)+95
PCS1900 1850~19101930~1990
Fu(n)=1850.2+0.2(n-512) 512 ≦ n ≦ 810 Fd(n)=Fu(n)+80
Copyright © 2006 Huawei Technologies Co., Ltd. All rights reserved. Page5
{fi,fj..fk}
{fi,fj..fk} {fi,fj..fk} {fi,fj..fk}.. ..
Macro-cell system
dMicro-cell system
Concept of Frequency Reuse
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Example of Frequency Reuse Frequency resource is limited. If there is 8MHz
frequency resource, 8 MHz = 40 channels × 8 timeslots = 320
Max. 320 users can access the network at the same time.
If every frequency is reused N times Max. 320×N uses can access the network at the same
time.
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The spectrum utilization ratio can be expressed by frequency reuse density (freuse), which reveals the tightness of the frequency reuse and can be expressed by the following equation
NARFCN is the total number of the available channel numbers, NTRX is the number of TRXs configured for the cell.
Reuse Density
TRX
ARFCNreuse N
Nf
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Question(1) Frequency bandwidth is 12MHZ, if frequency reuse
density is 4x3,each cell has how many TRX?(2) Frequency bandwidth is 6MHZ, if frequency reuse
density is 2x3,each cell has how many TRX?
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Looser reuse
Higher frequency reuse efficiency, but interference is serious. More technique is needed.
Tighter reuse
0 12 20
Little interference, but frequency reuse efficiency is low.
Reuse Density Reuse density is the number of cells in a basic reuse cluster.
For the n x m frequency reuse pattern,
n: The number of BTSs in the reuse clusters m: The number of the cells under each BTS.
mnfreuse
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4×3 Frequency ReuseA1
C1
B1D1
A2
A3B2
B3
C2
C3D2
D3
A1C1
B1
D1A2
A3B2
B3
C2
C3D2
D3
A1C1
B1D1
A2
A3B2
B3
C2C3
D2
D3 A1C1
B1D1
A2A3
B2
B3
C2
C3D2
D3
A1C1
B1D1
A2
A3B2
B3
C2
C3D2
D3
A1C1
B1D1
A2
A3B2
B3
C2
C3D2
D3
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Requirement for C/I Ratio All useful signals Carrier
All useless signals Interference=
Useful signal Noise from environment
Other signals
C/I =
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Requirement for C/I Ratio
Interference C/I C/I in Actual Project
(3 dB margin is needed )
Co-channel ≥ 9dB ≥ 12dB
Adjacent-channel ≥- 9dB ≥- 6dB
Carrier offset reaches 400 KHz
≥- 41dB
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Exercise
Cell A fre 5
Cell C fre 4
Cell D fre 3Cell B fre 5 ?dB<
?dB<
?dB<
-70dB
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Contents1. Frequency Planning2. Normal Frequency Reuse Technology 3. Tight Frequency Reuse4. Concentric Cell Technology 5. Multiple Reuse Pattern Technology 6. Frequency Hopping
Copyright © 2006 Huawei Technologies Co., Ltd. All rights reserved. Page15
Example of 4 x 3 Frequency Reuse Hereunder are several assumptions
The available bandwidth is 10MHz. The channel number is 45~94 BCCH 81~94 (14 channel numbers in total, 81~82 are
reserved) The other channel numbers are allocated to TCH
So the maximum base station configuration is S4/4/4, and the frequency reuse density is 12.5 (50/4 = 12.5)
Frequency group number A1 B1 C1 D1 A2 B2 C2 D2 A3 B3 C3 D3
Channel Number of Each
Frequency Group
94 93 92 91 90 89 88 87 86 85 84 83
80 79 78 77 76 75 74 73 72 71 70 69
68 67 66 65 64 63 62 61 60 59 58 57
56 55 54 53 52 51 50 49 48 47 46 45
Copyright © 2006 Huawei Technologies Co., Ltd. All rights reserved. Page16
4 x 3 Frequency Reuse Conclusion The 4 x 3 frequency reuse pattern is a basic technology applied in frequency
planning. Which must be applied to the BCCH in frequency aggressive reuse technologies
If the network capacity needs to be further expanded, the following measures can be taken:
Split a cell into smaller cells. Utilize new frequency resources. For example, you can establish a DSC 1800MHz
network. Under the current 900MHz network, use more tight frequency reuse technology to
expand the network capacity. At present, the tight frequency reuse technology works as the most economical and
convenient way to expand the network capacity, so it is also the most popular with carriers.
The typical frequency reuse technology includes 3 x 3, 2 x 6, 2 x 3, 1 x 3, and 1 x 1.
Copyright © 2006 Huawei Technologies Co., Ltd. All rights reserved. Page17
Contents1. Frequency Planning2. Normal Frequency Reuse Technology 3. Tight Frequency Reuse4. Concentric Cell Technology 5. Multiple Reuse Pattern Technology 6. Frequency Hopping
Copyright © 2006 Huawei Technologies Co., Ltd. All rights reserved. Page18
1 x 3 Frequency Reuse Pattern 1 x 3 frequency reuse pattern is also called
fractional reuse. For 1 x 3 or 1 x 1 frequency reuse pattern,
the reuse distance is quite small, so the interference in the network is quite great. Therefore, to avoid frequency collision, you must use RF hopping technology and set the parameters, including MA (mobile allocation), HSN (hopping sequence number), and MAIO (mobile allocation index offset). The ratio of number of the TRXs to that of the available frequency hopping is FR LOAD (generally, it is smaller than 50%).
A1 A2
A3
A1 A2
A3
A1 A2
A3
A1 A2
A3
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Example of 1 x 3 Frequency Reuse If the available bandwidth is 10MHz ,the channel numbers are 45~94
For BCCH carriers, channel numbers is 81~94, frequency reuse pattern is 4×3 For TCH carriers, channel numbers is 45~80, frequency reuse pattern is 1×3
Because FR LOAD 1 to 2, if the bandwidth is 10MHz, the maximum base station type can be configured as S7/7/7. In this case, the frequency reuse degree is 7.14
Frequency group number Channel number MAIO
A 80, 77, 74, 71, 68, 65, 62, 59, 56, 53, 50, 47 0, 2, 4,6, 8, 10
B 79, 76, 73, 70, 67, 64, 61, 58, 55, 52,49, 46 1, 3, 5, 7, 9, 11
C 78, 75, 72, 69, 66, 63, 60, 57, 54, 51, 48, 45 0, 2, 4, 6, 8, 10
space grouping
Frequency group number Channel number MAIO
A 80, 79, 78, 77, 76, 75, 74, 73,72, 71, 70, 69 0, 2, 4, 6, 8, 10
B 68, 67, 66, 65, 64, 63, 62, 61, 60, 59, 58, 57 0, 2, 4, 6, 8, 10
C 56, 55, 54, 53, 52, 51, 50, 49, 48, 47, 46, 45 0, 2, 4, 6, 8, 10
sequence grouping
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Example of 1×3 Frequency Reuse Suppose 900 band: 96 ~ 124 BTS configuration: S3/3/3 BCCH layer: 96 ~ 109 reuse pattern: 4×3 TCH layer: 110 ~ 124 reuse pattern: 1×3
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TCH Consecutive Allocation Scheme
MAIO
CELL1(MA1)
110 111 112 113 114 0,2
CELL2(MA2)
115 116 117 118 119 0,2
CELL3(MA3)
120 121 122 123 124 0,2
MA1
MA2 MA3
Cell1
Cell2Cell3
MA1
MA2 MA3
Cell1
Cell2Cell3
MA1
MA2 MA3
Cell1
Cell2Cell3
(110,112)
(110,112)
(110,112)
(115,117)
(115,117)
(115,117)
(120,122)
(120,122)
(120,122)
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TCH Interval Allocation Scheme
MAIO
CELL1(MA1)
110 113 116 119 122 0,1
CELL2(MA2)
111 114 117 120 123 2,3
CELL3(MA3)
112 115 118 121 124 4,0
MA1
MA2 MA3
Cell1
Cell2Cell3
MA1
MA2 MA3
Cell1
Cell2Cell3
MA1
MA2 MA3
Cell1
Cell2Cell3
(110,113) (110,113)
(110,113)
(117,120) (117,120)
(117,120)
(124,112) (124,112)
(124,112)
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The Characteristics of the 1 x 3 The frequencies are more tightly reused, so the network capacity is great. When planning a network, only need to plan BCCH, while it’s unnecessary
to re-plan frequencies. So the efficiency for network planning is high. Wideband combiner must be used, but the cavity combiner with frequency
selectivity is inapplicable. Co-channel and neighbor channel interference increases as the frequency
reuse distance decreases. RF hopping must be used, and the channel numbers participating frequency
hopping is twice that of the number of carriers at least. In actual conditions, BCCH cannot take measures, such as RF hopping, DTX,
and power control, therefore, in order to ensure network quality, BCCH can only use the looser 4 x 3 frequency reuse pattern.
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Example of 1 x 1 Frequency Reuse One cell of one base station forms a frequency reuse cluster If the available bandwidth is 6MHz ,the channel numbers are 96~124
For BCCH carriers, channel numbers is 111~124, frequency reuse pattern is 4×3 For TCH carriers, channel numbers is 96~110, frequency reuse pattern is 1×1
the maximum base station type can be configured as S4/3/3 under 1 x 1 frequency reuse pattern. In this case, the frequency reuse degree is 7.25/9.67/9.67, so the average value is 8.86.
Therefore, the maximum base station configuration under 1 x 1 frequency reuse pattern is the same as that under 1 x 3 frequency reuse space grouping pattern, so is the network capacity.
Frequency group number Channel number MAIO
A 96,97,98,99,100,101,102,103,104,105,106,107,108,109,110 0,2,4
B 96,97,98,99,100,101,102,103,104,105,106,107,108,109,110 6,8
C 96,97,98,99,100,101,102,103,104,105,106,107,108,109,110 10,12
Copyright © 2006 Huawei Technologies Co., Ltd. All rights reserved. Page25
BCCH14+TCH36:
1BCCH+3TCH
1BCCH+3TCH 1BCCH+3TCH
1BCCH+12TCH
1BCCH+12TCH 1BCCH+12TCH
4×3
1×3
1×3 and 1×1
1BCCH+TCH
1BCCH+36TCH 1BCCH+36TCH
1×1
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TRX1 TRX2 ... TRX7
TRX8 TRX9... TRX14 TRX15 TRX16...TRX21
TRX1 TRX2 ... TRX7
TRX8 TRX9... TRX14 TRX15 TRX16...TRX21
The red items are BCCH RCs
Illustration of 1×3 or 1×1
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Contents1. Frequency Planning2. Normal Frequency Reuse Technology 3. Tight Frequency Reuse4. Concentric Cell Technology 5. Multiple Reuse Pattern Technology 6. Frequency Hopping
Copyright © 2006 Huawei Technologies Co., Ltd. All rights reserved. Page28
Conception of MRP Technology According to multiple reuse pattern (MRP), the
carriers are divided into several groups. The carries in each group work as an independent
layer, and each layer uses a different frequency reuse pattern.
During frequency planning, configure the carriers layer by layer, with reuse density increases layer by layer, as shown in the next slide.
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Conception of MRP Technology
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Capacity increase when reuse density is multiplied: Supposing there are 300 cells Bandwidth: 8 MHz (40 frequency)
Normal 4×3 reuse: reuse density=12 Network capacity = (40/12)×300 = 1000 TRX
Multiple reuse: BCCH layer: re-use =12, (14 frq.) Normal TCH layer: re-use =10, (20 frq.) Aggressive TCH layer: re-use = 6, (6 frq.) Network capacity = (1 +2 +1)×300 = 1200 TRX
Example of MRP
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Example of MRP Capacity increase when reuse density is multiplied:
Supposing there are 300 cells Bandwidth: 8 MHz (40 frequency)
Normal 4×3 reuse: reuse density=12 Network capacity = (40/12)×300 = 1000 TRX
Multiple reuse: BCCH layer: reuse density=12, (14 frequency) Normal TCH layer: reuse density=10, (20 frequency) Aggressive TCH layer: reuse density= 6, (6 frequency) Network capacity = (1 +2 +1)×300 = 1200 TRX
Copyright © 2006 Huawei Technologies Co., Ltd. All rights reserved. Page32
Contents1. Frequency Planning2. Normal Frequency Reuse Technology 3. Tight Frequency Reuse4. Concentric Cell Technology 5. Multiple Reuse Pattern Technology 6. Frequency Hopping
Copyright © 2006 Huawei Technologies Co., Ltd. All rights reserved. Page33
Conception of Concentric Cell Technology In the GSM network, concentric cell technology is used to divide
the service area into two parts: overlaid and underlaid. Essentially, the concentric cell technology concerns channel
allocation and handover, but when combining this technology with various frequency planning technologies, both expand network capacity can be improved network quality.
Overlaid-cell
Underlaid-cell
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Overlaid/Underlaid Frequency Configuration
Super fnRegular fm Regular fm Regular fm
Super fn
BCCH 15f Regular 24f Super 12f
BCCH TRX reuse density: 12
Regular TCH TRX reuse density: 12
Super TCH TRX reuse density: 6
Super fn
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Conception of Concentric Cell Technology Generally, 4 x 3 frequency reuse pattern is used for the
underlaid. For overlaid, the frequency reuse patterns, such as 3 x 3, 2 x 3, or 1 x 3, are used. Therefore, all carriers can be divided into two groups, one for underlaid, and the other one for overlaid.
Underlaid Overlaid
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Contents1. Frequency Planning2. Normal Frequency Reuse Technology 3. Tight Frequency Reuse4. Concentric Cell Technology 5. Multiple Reuse Pattern Technology 6. Frequency Hopping
Copyright © 2006 Huawei Technologies Co., Ltd. All rights reserved. Page37
Contents6. Frequency Hopping
6.1 Classification of hopping6.2 Advantages of hopping6.3 Parameter of hopping6.4 Collocation of hopping data
Copyright © 2006 Huawei Technologies Co., Ltd. All rights reserved. Page38
Frequency Hopping
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Advantages of Hopping Get an agreeable radio environment.
Provide a similar communication quality for every user.
Tighter reuse patterns are possible to be used for larger capacity.
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Smoothen the rapid fading (Rayleigh fading)
Frequency Diversity of Hopping
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Smoothen and average the interference
Interference Diversity of Hopping
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Classification of Hopping According to implementation mode
Base-band hopping RF hopping
According to the minimum hopping time unit Timeslot hopping Frame hopping
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Base Band Hopping Principle
FH bus
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Base Band Hopping Principle BCCH carrier attends hopping, on which TS0 can not attend hopping
No HoppingTRX0
TRX1
TRX2
TRX3
TS 0 TS 1 TS 2 TS 3 TS 4 TS 5 TS 6 TS 7 ARFCN
5(BCCH carrier)
10(TCH carrier)
15(TCH carrier)
20(TCH carrier)
MA={5,10,15,20}MA={10,15,20}
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Base Band Hopping Principle BCCH carrier does not attends hopping
TRX0
TRX1
TRX2
TRX3
TS 0 TS 1 TS 2 TS 3 TS 4 TS 5 TS 6 TS 7
MA={10,15,20}
ARFCN
5(BCCH carrier)
10(TCH carrier)
15(TCH carrier)
20(TCH carrier)
No Hopping No Hopping No Hopping No Hopping No Hopping No Hopping No Hopping No Hopping
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RF Hopping Principle
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RF Hopping Principle BCCH carrier does not attends hopping
TRX0
TRX1
TRX2
TRX3
TS 0 TS 1 TS 2 TS 3 TS 4 TS 5 TS 6 TS 7
No Hopping No Hopping No Hopping No Hopping No Hopping No Hopping No Hopping No Hopping
MA={10,15,20}
MA={10,15,20}
MA={10,15,20}
(BCCH carrier)
(TCH carrier)
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Classification of Hopping Frame hopping
Frequency changes every TDMA frame. The different channel of one TRX uses the same MAIO.
Timeslot hopping
Frequency changes every timeslot. The different channel of one TRX uses the different
MAIO.
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Frame Hopping
f 0
Frame 0
f 1
f 2
f 3
f 4
Frame 1 Frame 2 Frame 3 Frame 4 ……
One TRX (none BCCH carrier) hopping on 5 frequencies
•RF hopping and baseband hopping without BCCH carrier
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Timeslot Hopping
f 0
Frame 0
f 1
f 2
f 3
f 4
Frame 1 Frame 2 Frame 3 Frame 4 ……
•5 timeslots on 1 TRX hopping on 5 frequencies
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Hopping Parameters All the parameters which are related to hopping
are configured in Cell Attributes/Frequency Hopping.
Hopping mode: the mode used by the BTS system
No hopping Base band hopping RF hopping
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Hopping Parameters HSN : Hopping Sequence Number ( 0 ~ 63)
HSN=0 : cycle hopping. HSN≠0 : random hopping. Every sequence number
corresponds a pseudo random sequence.
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Hopping Parameters MA (Mobile Allocation Set):
MA is the set of available RF bands when hopping, containing at most 64 frequency carriers. The frequency being used must be those of the available frequency
MAIO (Mobile Allocation Index Offset) MAIO is used to define the initial frequency of the hopping. Be careful to configure the MAIO of same timeslot in all channels, otherwise
interference occurs. MAI (Mobile Allocation Index)
At the air interface, the frequency used on a specific burst is an element in MA set. MAI is used for indication, referring to a specific element in the MA set.
MAI is the function of TDMA FN, HSN and MAIO.
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Example of MAIO
No Hopping
0 2
1 2
2 2
3 2
0 2
1 2
2 2
0 1
1 2
2 2
3 2
0 2
1 2
2 2
3 2
1 1
2 2
3 2
0 2
1 2
2 2
3 2
0 2
2 1
3 2
0 2
1 2
2 2
3 2
0 2
1 2
TRX0
TRX1
TRX2
TRX3
TS 0 TS 1 TS 2 TS 3 TS 4 TS 5 TS 6 TS 7 ARFCN
5(BCCH carrier)
10(TCH carrier)
15(TCH carrier)
20(TCH carrier)
MA2={5,10,15,20}MA1={10,15,20}MAIO 0 1 2 MAIO 0 1 2 3
MAIO MAI
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Example of MAIONo
Hopping0 2
1 2
2 2
3 2
0 2
1 2
2 2
0 1
1 2
2 2
3 2
0 2
1 2
2 2
3 2
1 1
2 2
3 2
0 2
1 2
2 2
3 2
0 2
2 1
3 2
0 2
1 2
2 2
3 2
0 2
1 2
0 3
1 3
2 3
3 3
0 3
1 3
2 3
3 3
1 3
2 3
3 3
0 3
1 3
2 3
3 3
0 3
2 3
3 3
0 3
1 3
2 3
3 3
0 3
1 3
3 3
0 3
1 3
2 3
3 3
0 3
1 3
2 3
TRX0
TRX1
TRX2
TRX3
TS 0 TS 1 TS 2 TS 3 TS 4 TS 5 TS 6 TS 7 ARFCN
5(BCCH carrier)
10(TCH carrier)
15(TCH carrier)
20(TCH carrier)
MA2={5,10,15,20}MA1={10,15,20}
MA3={510,515,520,525}
510(TCH carrier)
515(TCH carrier)
520(TCH carrier)
525(TCH carrier)
TRX4
TRX5
TRX6
TRX7
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Example of MAIO
5Frame 0
10
15
20
25
Frame 1 Frame 2 Frame 3 Frame 4 ……
MA={5,10,15,20,25}
• 5 TRXs separately belongs to the same MA hopping on 5 frequencies, and uses same HSNs
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Example of Hopping Parameters
f 0
Frame 0
f 1
f 2
f 3
f 4
Frame 1 Frame 2 Frame 3 Frame 4 ……
• 8 timeslots of 1 TRX separately belongs to different MAs hopping on 5 frequencies, and uses different HSNs.
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Example of Hopping Parameters
f 0
Frame 0
f 1
f 2
f 3
f 4
Frame 1 Frame 2 Frame 3 Frame 4 ……
• 5 TRXs separately belongs to different MAs hopping on 5 frequencies, and uses different HSNs
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