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I. GROWING FOOD SUPPLY
A. USING HORSEPOWER1. IMPROVEMENT – USE OF THE COLLAR HARNESS2. EFFECT
a. COULD PLOW TWICE AS MUCH LAND
b. INCREASED FOOD SUPPLY
II. TRADE AND FINANCE EXPAND
A. ECONOMIC EFFECTS OF THE CRUSADES1. INCREASED DEMANDS FOR MIDDLE EASTERN GOODS
...CRUSADES
2. INCREASED PRODUCTION OF EUROPEAN GOODS FOR TRADE
3. ENCOURAGED USE OF CREDIT AND BANKING
B. FAIRS AND TRADE
1. WHO AND WHERE – PEASANTS TRAVELED TO TOWNS
2. WHAT – BACON, SALT, HONEY, CHEESE, CLOTH
...FINANCES
b. USURY – LENDING MONEY AT INTEREST – SIN ACCORDING TO THE CHURCH
c. MERCHANTS TURNED TO JEWISH MONEY LENDERS
2. EFFECTS
a. CHURCH OPPOSITION TO USURY HELPED SECULARIZE EUROPE
b. LETTERS OF CREDIT EXPANDED TRADE & MONEY SUPPLY
2. EFFECTS OF TOWN GROWTH ON FEUDALISM
a. TOWNS ATTRACTED PEASANTS FROM THE MANOR
b. SERFS LEFT MANORS TO LIVE IN TOWNS
3. MEDIEVAL TOWN DEVELOPMENT & LIFE
a. NARROW STREETSb. WASTE DUMPED INTO STREETSc. PEOPLE DID NOT BATHd. HOUSES – WOOD WITH THATCH
ROOFS, CONSTANT FIRE HAZARD
B. VERNACULAR
1. EVERYDAY LANGUAGE OF HOMELAND
2. EFFECT – BROUGHT LITERATURE TO MANY PEOPLE
3. SHIFT IN LANGUAGE FROM LATIN TO VERNACULAR
C. MUSLIM CONNECTION
1. REVIVAL EFFECTS (CRUSADES)a. RENEWED INTEREST IN ANCIENT SCHOLARSb. INCREASED TRADE FROM CRUSADES LED TO STUDY IN MUSLIM WORLD
...REVIVAL
c. EUROPEANS ACQUIRED NEW KNOWLEDGE
d. NEW TECHNOLOGY FROM MUSLIMS – SHIPS, NAVIGATION, WEAPONS
D. AQUINAS & MEDIEVAL PHILOSOPHY
1. THOMAS AQUINASa. WROTE “SUMMA THEOLOGICA”b. ARGUED THAT RELIGIOUS TRUTH COULD BE PROVEN BY LOGICAL REASONING
2. EFFECT
a. SCHOLASTICS – SCHOOLMEN VERSED IN THE CLASSICS
b. TEACHINGS INFLUENCED DEVELOPMENT OF EUROPEAN GOVERNMENT
...WILLIAM
b. DESCENDED FROM VIKINGS ADOPTED FRENCH CULTURE
c. CLAIMED ENGLISH CROWN AND INVADED ENGLAND
V. ENGLAND’S EVOLVING GOVERNMENT
A. INTRODUCTION1. GOALS OF WILLIAMS DESCENDENTS
a. HOLD & ADD FRENCH LANDS
b. STRENGTHEN POWER OVER NOBLES & CHURCH
B. MONARCHS, NOBLES, & COMMON LAW
1. ELEANOR OF AQUITAINEa. HUSBANDS
1.) LOUIS VII – FRANCE2.) HENRY II - ENGLAND
2. EFFECTS OF MARRIAGE TO HENRY II
a. ADDED TERRITORY IN FRANCE
b. MADE HIM A VASSAL TO THE FRENCH KING
3. HENRY RULES ENGLAND - ACCOMPLISHMENTS
a. STRENGTHENED ROYAL COURTSb. INTRODUCED USE OF JURYc. ESTABLISHED COMMON LAW –
BASED ON JUDICIAL OPINION
2. PARLIAMENT – LEGISLATIVE GROUP
a.) TWO BURGESSES FROM EACH COUNTY
b. TWO KNIGHTS FROM EACH COUNTY
VI. CAPETIAN DYNASTY RULES FRANCE
A. INTRODUCTION1. FRANCE AFTER CHARLEMAGNE
a. DIVIDED INTO 30 FEUDAL TERRITORIES
b. CAROLINGIAN DYNASTY ENDED WITH LOUIS THE SLUGGARD
2. HUGH CAPET
a. SMALL KINGDOM THAT INCLUDED PARIS
b. BEGAN CAPETIAN DYNASTY WHICH GAINED CONTROL OVER FRANCE
B. FRANCE BECOMES A SEPARATE KINGDOM
1. IMPORTANCE OF CAPETIAN LOCATIONa. CONTROLLED EUROPEAN TRADE ROUTESb. CONTROL OF FRANCE SPREAD FROM PARIS
C. PHILLIP II EXPANDS HIS POWER
1. PHILLIP’S GOALSa. WEAKEN THE POWERS OF THE ENGLISH KINGS IN FRANCE
2. FAILURES & SUCCESSES
a. LITTLE SUCCESS AGAINST HENRY II OR RICHARD THE LIONHEARTED
b. GREATLY INCREASED TERRITORY AGAINST JOHN
3. CENTRALIZING GOVERNMENT
a. ESTABLISHED COURTS CALLED BAILIFFS
b. PRESIDED OVER COURTS AND COLLECTED TAXES
...HEIRS
b. CREATED FRENCH APPEALS COURTS
1.) COULD OVERTURN LOCAL COURT DECISIONS
2.) STRENGTHENED MONARCHY & WEAKENED FEUDALISM
c. ESTATES GENERAL
1.) 1ST ESTATE – CHURCH LEADERS
2.) 2ND ESTATE – GREATER LORDS
3RD ESTATE - COMMONERS
...FERDINAND & ISABELLA
2. EXPELLED THE MOORS FROM SPAIN
3. BEGAN EXPANSION OF SPANISH EMPIRE IN AMERICAS
4. EXPANSION CONTINUED UNDER PHILLIP II