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The fantastic growth of broadband and ICT adoption in Atlantic Canada Dr. Gregory J. Fleet Associate Professor Faculty of Business University of New Brunswick Saint John 100 Tucker Park Road Saint John, New Brunswick Canada E2L 4L5 +1 (506) 648 5856 [email protected] http://www.unb.ca Daniel Doiron Senior Teaching Associate and Director Electronic Commerce Research and Training Center Faculty of Business University of New Brunswick Saint John 100 Tucker Park Road Saint John, New Brunswick Canada E2L 4L5 +1 (506) 648 5744 [email protected] http://www.unb.ca Micah Williamson Lead Research Assistant Faculty of Computer Science University of New Brunswick Fredericton P.O. Box 4400 Fredericton, New Brunswick Canada E3B 5A3 +1 (506) 6468321 [email protected] http://www.unb.ca Keywords SME ICT ADOPTION BROADBAND CANADA RURAL

Growth of Broadband and ICT in Atlantic Canadian SMEs

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A summary of research from 2004 to 2010

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Page 1: Growth of Broadband and ICT in Atlantic Canadian SMEs

The  fantastic  growth  of  broadband  and  ICT  adoption  in  Atlantic  Canada    

Dr.  Gregory  J.  Fleet    Associate  Professor    Faculty  of  Business    

University  of  New  Brunswick  Saint  John    100  Tucker  Park  Road    

Saint  John,  New  Brunswick    Canada  E2L  4L5    +1  (506)  648  5856    [email protected]    

http://www.unb.ca          

Daniel  Doiron    Senior  Teaching  Associate  and    

Director  Electronic  Commerce  Research  and  Training  Center    Faculty  of  Business    

University  of  New  Brunswick  Saint  John    100  Tucker  Park  Road    

Saint  John,  New  Brunswick    Canada  E2L  4L5    +1  (506)  648  5744    [email protected]    

http://www.unb.ca          

Micah  Williamson    Lead  Research  Assistant  

Faculty  of  Computer  Science    University  of  New  Brunswick  Fredericton    

P.O.  Box  4400  Fredericton,  New  Brunswick    

Canada  E3B  5A3    +1  (506)  646-­‐8321    [email protected]    

http://www.unb.ca          

Keywords  SME  ICT  

ADOPTION  BROADBAND  CANADA  RURAL  

                               

Page 2: Growth of Broadband and ICT in Atlantic Canadian SMEs

ABSTRACT  

Objectives:  In  early  2010,  a  survey  of  over  400  businesses  benchmarked  ICT  adoption  by  SMEs  in  Atlantic  Canada  documenting  the  role  of  marketing  and  export  on  ICT  usage  in  helping  to  create  growing  and  sustainable  business  opportunities.    Approach:  Over  11,000  SMEs  across  four  Canadian  provinces  were  invited  to  complete  a  web-­‐based  survey.  The  more  than  40  questions  covered  a  variety  of  topics  including  general  questions  about  their  business  and  their  Internet  use,  and  more  specific  questions  about  the  role  and  impact  of  the  Internet  and  eBusiness  on  their  business.    Results:  Despite  Atlantic  Canada’s  low  population  base  and  distance  to  major  population  centres,  SMEs  in  the  region  show  an  impressive  level  adoption  of  various  ICT  products  and  services.  Broadband  is  nearing  ubiquitous  use  (e.g.,  over  90%  of  SMEs  have  DSL,  cable  modem  or  satellite  access).  Website  adoption  similarly  shows  impressive  growth  with  94%  of  SMEs  with  less  than  5  employees  having  websites.  Adoption  increases  (over  previous  surveys)  were  also  noted  for  online  purchasing  (now  96%),  and  online  sales  (61%).  Questions  about  various  new  social  networking  services,  such  as  web  analytics,  search  engine  optimization,  and  the  use  of  Twitter  found  that  many  of  these  services,  despite  being  new,  are  being  adopted  by  as  many  of  44%  of  the  SMEs.  These  adoption  rates  will  be  compared  with  our  previous  studies  to  document  the  historical  growth  within  Atlantic  Canada,  as  well  as  compare  these  baseline  measures  to  other  regions  within  Canada,  as  well  as  studies  of  comparable  regions  worldwide.      Implications:  In  a  mostly  rural  part  of  Canada,  this  growth  in  adoption  has  many  implications:  for  example,  to  help  better  focus  education  and  training  of  SMEs,  to  help  SMEs  understand  their  competitive  environment,  and  for  the  planning  by  government  and  policy  makers.    Value:  An  understanding  of  which  technologies  and  services  are  growing  quickly  and  which  are  growing  slowly  helps  better  understand  models  of  adoption  including  isolating  specific  enablers  and  barriers  for  SMEs.      

INTRODUCTION    

Positive  growth  of  the  Atlantic  Canadian  economy  is  next  to  impossible  without  growth  at  the  small  and  medium  enterprise  (SME)  level,  where,  like  most  regions  of  the  world,  these  smaller  companies  make  up  over  99%  of  all  businesses  (Statistics  Canada,  2008).  Therefore,  researchers  have  been  tracking  the  performance  of  these  organizations  looking  for  ways  to  encourage  their  growth  and  thereby  stimulate  local  economies.  Much  of  the  recent  focus  of  this  research  has  been  on  the  adoption  of  Information  and  Communication  Technologies  (ICT)  for  SMEs  (e.g.,  Gafoor  &  Iqbbal,  2007;  Gray,  2009;  Hansen,  Rand  &  Tarp,  2004;  Kollmann  et  al.,  2009;  Levy  &  Powell,  2005;  Simmons,  et.  al.,  2008).  This  is  due  in  large  part  to  the  early  work  of  Porter  (2001),  who  showed  that  the  Internet  and  advanced  ICT  can  improve  operations  and  enhance  market  reach.      

The  realization  of  these  business  improvements  for  many  SMEs  is  constrained  by  basic  resource  issues  of  time,  money,  and  knowledgeable  personnel.  In  fact,  some  have  found  that  SMEs  are  generally  slower  at  adopting  ICT  than  their  larger  counterparts  (Burke,  2005).  This  has  lead  to  the  combined  effort,  over  the  past  10  years  by  governments,  universities,  and  regional  development  agencies,  to  seek  opportunities  to  research  and  train  these  SMEs  to  incorporate  more  ICT  into  their  operations.    

Within  Atlantic  Canada,  the  Electronic  Commerce  Research  and  Training  Centre  (ECRTC)  at  the  University  of  New  Brunswick  has  been  working  with  local,  provincial  and  national  government  organizations  to  understand  and  enhance  SMEs  use  of  ICT.  This  research  and  training  agenda  began  over  10  years  ago.  In  2004,  the  Centre  began  the  first  of  it's  SME  surveys,  that  for  the  past  6  years,  have  recorded  the  adoption  and  use  of  ICT  by  Atlantic  Canadian  businesses.  With  the  latest  completed  in  early  2010,  there  are  now  three  region-­‐wide  studies  of  ICT  adoption  by  SMEs  over  a  five  year  period.    

Page 3: Growth of Broadband and ICT in Atlantic Canadian SMEs

This  is  quite  unprecedented.  Similar  historic  views  of  SME  behaviour  have  relied  on  cross-­‐study  comparisons  from  different  researchers  and  different  institutions.  Still,  much  research  on  ICT  adoption  by  SMEs  spans  the  past  decade.  

Many  of  these  studies  focus  their  research  on  rural  and  less-­‐developed  regions,  where  ICT  is  perceived  to  help  level  the  playing  field  for  competition  against  larger  enterprises  as  well  as  against  global  businesses  (Arendt,  2008;  Chen  &  Wellman,  2003;  Wielicki  &Cavalcanti,  2006;  van  Dijk  &  Hacker,  2003).  MacGregor  et.  al.,  (2007,  2010)  have  looked  specifically  at  adoption  within  developed  versus  developing  regions  of  the  far  east  and  Europe,  finding  that  SMEs  in  developed  regions  were  more  likely  to  highlight  technology  barriers,  while  developing  region  SMEs  identified  organization  barriers  as  primary.    

Gilmore  et  al.  (2007)  looked  at  European  SMEs  and  the  use  of  eMarketing  by  Irish  companies  between  2000  and  2004.  First  of  all,  they  grouped  reasons  for  pursuing  eMarketing  into  proactive  reasons  (e.g.,  eliminate  disadvantages  of  SMEs)  and  reactive  reasons  (e.g.,  competitive  pressures).  Then,  like  the  work  of  MacGregor,  they  looked  at  barriers  to  ICT  generally,  and  eMarketing  specifically,  grouping  into  three  broad  categories:  barriers  due  to  general  characteristics  of  SMEs  (lack  of  skills,  financial  support),  practical  implementation  and  maintenance  issues  (lack  of  focus  on  customer,  lack  of  sophisticated  websites),  and  more  organizational  barriers  (partners,  suppliers  not  up-­‐to-­‐date  with  technology).  Simmons  et  al.  (2008)  also  took  a  more  marketing  focus,  looking  at  determinants  for  SME  website  adoption.  They  argue  that  website  adoption  within  SMEs  is  unique,  and  cannot  be  informed  by  adoption  of  larger  organizations  or  current  marketing  models.  Proposing  a  new  model,  they  suggest  that  the  determinants  can  be  grouped  into  individual  factors  (such  as  the  SMEs  owners  or  managers),  and  external,  industry  and  business  factors.  

Kollmann  et  al.  (2009)  surveyed  the  literature  on  more  than  14,000  businesses  from  10  industry  sectors  and  29  European  countries  to  examine  eight  determinants  thought  to  be  factors  in  ICT  adoption  (from  compatibility  to  organizational  support  to  perceived  usefulness).  From  the  secondary  research  and  a  linear  regression  analysis  of  the  data,  they  found  organizational  readiness  (the  organization’s  financial  and  technological  resources)  as  a  dominant  predictor.  In  order  to  understand  these  differences  further,  the  authors  chose  Hofstede’s  (2001)  seminal  work  in  cultures,  and  found  that  three  cultural  dimensions  (power  distance,  masculinity  and  uncertainty  avoidance)  were  significant  modifiers  of  organizational  readiness.  

Closer  to  home,  the  work  of  Rosson  has  examined  the  role  of  the  Internet  for  exporting  SMEs  in  Atlantic  Canada  over  the  years(Rosson,  2000;  Donovan  &  Rosson,  2001;  Chrysostome  &  Rosson,  2004  and  2009),  but  the  ECRTC  work  is  the  first  long-­‐term  research  to  gather  and  maintain  a  consistent  (repeated)  survey  over  a  long  period  of  time.    

METHOD    

Each  of  the  three  Atlantic  Canada  studies  were  conducted  using  a  secure,  password-­‐controlled  web-­‐based  survey.  Unique  email  invitations  were  sent  to  thousands  of  SMEs  across  the  region  inviting  their  participation  by  completing  a  40-­‐plus  item  questionnaire.  The  email  addresses  were  culled  from  a  range  of  local  and  federal  government  and  business  sources.  The  most  recent  2010  study,  for  example,  created  an  email  database  of  over  11,000  businesses.      The  survey  was  available  for  completion  for  a  period  of  3  to  4  months.  Regular  reminders  were  sent  to  those  businesses  who  had  yet  to  participate.  Early  participation  prizes  were  used  as  incentives,  as  were  small  denomination  gift  cards  and  larger  technology  offerings  (e.g.,  iPod  touch,  Netbooks).      The  questions  in  the  survey  requested  information  on  Internet  use,  perceived  enablers  and  barriers  to  ICT  adoption,  marketing  and  export  factors,  and  general  business  details.      

Page 4: Growth of Broadband and ICT in Atlantic Canadian SMEs

The  purpose  of  each  of  these  surveys  was  to  provide  a  benchmark  of  technology  adoption  to  help  frame  a  series  of  subsequent  training  initiatives.  As  such,  the  questions  surveyed  this  range  of  issues  mostly  using  nominal  and  ordinal  `rating  scales  and  response  types.        In  order  to  ensure  comparability  between  studies,  the  large  majority  of  questions  remained  unchanged  in  the  second  and  third  studies.  Some  small  changes  did  occur.  Additional  questions  were  added  to  explore  the  role  of  Internet  marketing,  and  most  recently  (in  the  2010  study)  questions  were  asked  about  export  and  the  use  or  planned  use  of  social  media.  To  accommodate  these  additional  questions,  some  questions  from  the  original  surveys  were  removed  in  order  to  keep  the  completion  duration  similar  to  past  surveys  and  more  feasible  for  busy  participants.          RESULTS    

Participants:  Participation  varied  from  study  to  study.  The  initial  survey  garnered  the  highest  response  rates  with  776  SMEs  completing  the  survey.  The  subsequent  surveys  resulted  in  a  smaller  yet  respectable  rates  of  400  and  432,  respectively.      

It  is  important  to  note  two  key  elements  of  these  participants.  First  of  all,  the  sample  was  a  non-­‐random,  self-­‐selected  group  of  internet  users.  As  such,  we  cannot  directly  assume  representativeness  for  all  Atlantic  Canadian  SMEs  without  verification  that  the  socio-­‐demographics  of  these  samples  mirror  the  characteristics  of  the  regional  population.  Second,  given  that  the  participants  needed  an  email  account  and  access  to  a  web-­‐based  terminal  to  complete  the  survey,  we  can  be  sure  that  our  sample  has  underestimated  those  businesses  currently  without  Internet  services.  This  last  issue  was  considered  low  risk  from  the  point  of  view  of  training,  since  the  goal  of  the  SME  education  was  to  reach  and  better  the  operations  of  those  SMEs  already  using  the  Internet.    

The  representativeness  of  our  samples,  on  the  other  hand,  was  appraised  by  comparing  a  number  of  socio-­‐demographic  properties.  Of  the  four  Atlantic  Canadian  provinces,  the  home  province  of  the  research  university  was  slightly  over-­‐represented  proportionally,  while  the  other  three  provinces  were  typically  slightly  under-­‐estimated  in  participation.  This  is  not  surprising  given  the  higher  brand  recognition  and  local  pride  in  the  New  Brunswick  university.  Industry  sector  participation  was  both  broad  and  varied,  with  strong  representation  from  all  20  sectors  that  "distinguish  the  structure  of  the  Canadian  economy"  (Industry  Canada,  2007).  Probably  the  most  dramatic  difference  between  our  data  sample  and  the  population  was  with  respect  to  the  size  of  the  SME.  Statistics  Canada  (2008)  indicates  that  nearly  80%  of  all  SMEs  in  Canada  have  4  employees  or  less.  Our  sample,  on  the  other  hand,  was  made  up  of  just  over  half  this  number  of  micro-­‐enterprises.  As  would  be  expected,  the  larger-­‐sized  SMEs  were  similarly  over-­‐represented.  Despite  these  differences,  there  are  two  important  facts  to  consider.  First,  these  differences  can  be  considered  when  summarizing  the  results,  and  appropriate  weights  assigned  to  better  reflect  to  the  population.  Second,  the  data  gathered  in  each  of  the  three  surveys  were  exceptionally  consistent  one  to  the  next,  suggesting  that  inter-­‐test  reliability  was  very  high,  and  that  with  careful  weighting,  our  results  could  truly  minimize  the  demographic  biases  in  the  sample.    

Adoption  of  ICT:  As  our  title  suggests,  one  of  the  more  dramatic  results  from  the  past  6  years  of  research  on  SMEs  in  Atlantic  Canada  is  the  adoption  of  broadband  internet.  This  adoption  is  clearly  seem  in  the  drop  in  numbers  of  those  connecting  to  the  Internet  using  traditional  narrowband  dial-­‐up  service.  In  2005,  this  number  was  31%.  In  2007,  it  dropped  to  14%,  while  this  year  the  numbers  are  as  low  as  5%.      

Less  substantial,  though  nonetheless  interesting,  are  other  increases  in  ICT  adoption.  Website  adoption  has  risen  from  71%  in  2005,  to  80%  in  2007  and  84%  in  2010.  If  we  isolate  only  those  businesses  who  export  products  or  services  (approximately  30%  of  our  sample),  then  we  find  that  90%  of  exporting  SMEs  have  websites.  Similarly,  if  we  look  only  at  micro  SMEs  (4  employees  or  less),  a  full  94%  of  the  sample  have  websites.  So,  given  the  under-­‐representation  of  micro-­‐enterprises  in  

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our  sample,  our  latest  2010  measure  of  84%  adoption  of  websites  clearly  underestimate  the  broader  pattern.  

In  each  survey  we  asked  businesses  what  technologies  and  services  they  currently  use.  Table  1  shows  how  17  technologies  and  services  ranked  year  over  year.  This  table  reveals  that  SMEs  have  ubiquitously  adopted  basic  technolgy  and  Internet  behaviour  (PC  worksations,  Web  site  and  email  use).  The  remaining  14  services,  on  the  other  hand,  saw  adoption  rates  from  1%  to  94%.  

   

Table  1.  The  percentage  of  Atlantic  Canadian  SMEs  that  currently  use  a  variety  of    technologies                                                                                                                      and  services  for  their  business  (from  studies  in  2005,  2007  and  2010).  

When  asked  whether  they  used  the  Internet  (email  and/or  website)  for  selling  goods  and  services,  we  see  strong  year-­‐over-­‐year  growth  from  46%  in  2005,  to  53%  in  2007  and  most  recently  61%  in  2010.      

Exporters:  The  first  study  in  2005  isolated  export  as  a  key  characteristic  of  those  SMEs  shown  to  be  higher  adopters  of  ICT.  Therefore,  in  2007  we  added  some  additional  questions  about  export  behaviours.  On  the  one  hand,  there  was  no  growth  in  the  number  of  SMEs  who  export  good  and/or  services,  yet  at  the  same  time,  there  was  a  huge  increase  in  the  number  of  SMEs  indicating  they  see  the  global  market  as  realistic  for  their  businesses,  and  many  more  see  the  North  American  and  global  markets  as  the  context  for  their  eBusiness  offerings  (e.g.,    82%  said  they  see  the  Internet  as  key  to  reaching  beyond  local  markets,  a  number  that  was  only  40%  in  2007).    

This  finding  was  supported  by  other  data.  When  asked  to  choose  from  a  variety  of  factors  that  played  a  role  in  their  export  business,  the  Internet,  as  a  factor,  has  consistently  been  rated  as  high  as  30%,    while  the  role  of  individuals  (personal  contacts  and  contact  with  agents  or  distributors)  has  been  noted  for  a  similarly  strong  role  in  their  export  business.    

Future  technology  adoption:  Finally,  we  also  see  some  considerable  changes  in  opinion  about  what  technologies  and  services  SMEs  plan  to  use.  When  comparing  the  current  survey  results  with  the  previous  two  surveys  (see  Table  2),  it  can  be  noted  that    interest  in  many  of  these  14  services  has  doubled  since  the  2007  survey.  While  website  design  interest  only  grew  6%  between  2005  and  2007,  it  jumped  to  12%  between  2007  and  2010).  In  fact,  three  services  (website  development,  

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promotional/Internet  marketing  services,  and  customer  support)  grew  by  14%  and  15%  after  showing  only  a  3%  to  5%  interest  previously.  This  growth  in  optimism  is  mirrored  by  the  answer  to  the  question  option  'I  have  no  plans  in  this  regard'.  In  2005  over  1/3  of  the  sample  failed  to  see  these  technologies  as  part  of  their  companies  near-­‐term  plans;  but  this  year,  only  13%  voted  this  way.  

 

Table  2.  The  percentage  of  Atlantic  Canadian  SMEs  that  indicated  they  plan,  in  the  near  future,  to  use  a                                                                                                      variety  of  technologies  and  services  for  their  business  (from  studies  in  2005,  2007  and  2010).  

DISCUSSION  AND  IMPLEMENTATION    

As  stated  earlier,  this  study  is  quite  unique,  providing  a  view  of  ICT  adoption  by  SMEs  across  Atlantic  Canada  over  the  past  5  years.  The  re-­‐use  of  the  survey  each  year,  and  the  high  degree  of  inter-­‐test  reliability  provide  a  unique  look  at  the  changing  landscape  of  this  part  of  (mainly  rural)  Eastern  Canada.      

One  of  the  most  dramatic  findings  in  our  study  is  the  adoption  of  broaband  Internet.  Because  of  the  way  we  asked  our  question  concerning  how  they  connect  to  the  Internet,  the  most  direct  way  to  demonstrate  the  growth  in  broadband  is  to  look  at  the  decrease  in  traditional  dial-­‐up  (narrowband)  access.  In  2005,  over  3  of  10  in  our  sample  were  still  using  dial-­‐up  Internet  access.  This  past  January  (2010),  our  Atlantic  Canadian  sample  indicated  that  number  was  now  only  1  in  20.  In  parallel  with  this  growth  in  broandband  adoption,  has  been  the  continued  effort  of  governments  and  service  provides  to  reach  100%  broadband  penetration  for  all  residents  of  this  region.  And  only  12  months  ago,  the  government  of  one  of  the  four  provinces  announced  that  by  July  2010  'all  New  Brunswick  residents  will  have  high-­‐speed  Internet  access'  (Business  New  Brunswick,  2009).  Certainly  our  sample  mirrors  this  growth.  

Our  data  also  demonstrates  some  other  areas  of  considerable  growth  in  adoption:  use  of  business  websites,  wireless  Internet  (WiFi),  secure  online  customer  transactions,  as  well  as  a  number  of  operational  areas  (intranets,  remote  data  storage,  hosted  software,  video  conferencing),  each  showing  from  12%  to  14%  growth  in  the  past  two  years  (Table  1).  

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Similarly,  patterns  around  those  technologies  and  services  SMEs  plan  to  adopt  in  the  near  future  reveal  areas  of  notable  interest:  the  focus  on  more  website  development  and  design,  on  Internet  marketing  services  and  customer  support  all  saw  growth  of  12%  to  15%  since  2007  (Table  2).    

On  the  other  hand,  we  can  also  examine  the  absolute  numbers  for  adoption  and  use  of  these  technologies  and  services.  First,  let  us  look  at  a  comparison  of  these  numbers  with  other  regions.  Across  Canada,  Industry  Canada  and  Statistics  Canada  has  been  making  similar  measurements.  Neogi  &  Brocca  (2007)  summarized  the  growth  over  the  first  six  years  since  2000  of  Canadian  businesses  large  to  small.  Despite  differences  in  definitions  of  firm  size,  our  data  often  present  a  more  positive  or  optimistic  view  of  ICT  adoption,  with  Atlantic  Canadian  companies  in  our  sample  indicating  higher  use  and  employment  of  technologies  and  services  than  our  Canadian  counterparts.  While  analysis  is  still  ongoing,  these  differences  are  likely  the  result  of  two  factors:  (i)  sampling,  methodology  and  analysis  differences  between  the  studies;  but  also  (ii)  real  regional  differences  that  in  the  national  study  may  be  masked  by  their  sample,  and  possibly  over-­‐estimated  by  our  sample.  Unfortunately  for  Canada,  the  SECT  (Survey  of  Electronic  Commerce  and  Technology)  survey  has  not  been  conducted  since  2007,  so  our  comparison  with  national  data  is  lacking  up-­‐to-­‐date  numbers.  

Comparisons  with  other  regions  worldwide  can  be  equally  difficult  given  similar  issues  as  well  as  country,  cultural  and  enterprise  factors.  All  the  same,  when  comparing  our  Atlantic  Canada  data  with  those  in  other  regions,  it  isn't  surprising  to  see  slightly  higher  levels  of  adoption  again  in  our  findings  than  has  been  reported  by  others  (Gray,  2009;  Harindranath  et.  al.,  2008;    ).  

We  might  also  explore  the  differences  in  the  growth  trends  of  our  data  set;  for  example,  how  fast  or  slow  adoption  is  occurring  year-­‐over-­‐year,  or  in  our  case,  from  study  to  study.  Tables  1  and  2  show  some  interesting  trends.  There  are  a  few  of  technologies  and  services  that  demonstrate  a  steady  growth  over  the  fives  years  of  our  studies,  but  the  majority  of  ICT  adoption  shows  either  fast  growth  between  2005  and  2007,  and  slower  growth  since,  or  one  of  the  other  three  combinations  (fast-­‐fast,  slow-­‐fast,  slow-­‐slow).  Seeing  or  analyzing  the  pattern  in  these  results  has  not  been  successful  as  yet.  We  have  been  exploring  whether  these  numbers  support  models  such  as  proposed  by  Gray  (2009),  who  uses  Roger's  (1995)  diffusion  of  innovations  framework  and  Venkatraman's  (1994)  business  strategy/transformation  approach.  Gray  suggests  that  while  many  of  the  mass  market  or  commodity  ICT  services  within  SMEs  (e.g.,  broadband  Internet,  website  adoption)  maybe  be  explained  by  social,  imitative  or  deterministic  behaviour,  the  adoption  of  more  complex  ICT  (an  adoption  that  produces  higher  business  benefits  and  more  significant  business  transformation)  requires  a  deliberate,  intentional,  and  often  strategic  decision  on  the  part  of  the  SME.  Gray  suggests  this  helps  explain  the  much  slower  (and  in  some  cases)  stalled  growth  of  E-­‐Commerce  and  E-­‐Business.  

In  Figures  1  and  2  we  have  plotted  the  data  found  in  Tables  1  and  2  in  order  to  look  at  both  trends  (slopes)  and  groupings  or  clusters.  All  data  curves  have  been  fit  with  2nd  order  polynomial  equations.  In  Figure  1,  we  can  clearly  see  how  wide  the  range  of  adoption  is  for  the  17  Internet  technologies  and  services.  In  addition,  it  seems  to  show  that  these  services  fall  into  groups  of  services  that  have  similar  growth  curves  and  absolute  adoption  levels.  At  the  highest  level  is  PCs,  email  and  web  surfing,  which  all  have  reached  nearly  100%  adoption  since  2007.  The  next  group,  security  and  functional  software  have  growth  to  near  or  over  90%  adoption.  In  total,  this  group  of  17  technologies  visually  seems  to  fall  into  6  groups  with  adoption  ranging  from  5%  to  100%.  Growth  within  these  groups  is,  at  present,  difficult  to  determine.  Growth  is  a  mixture  of  fast-­‐slow  or  slow-­‐fast,  even  within  the  six  groups.  

Figure  2  plots  those  technologies  that  SMEs  plan  to  adopt  in  the  near  future.  (Note:  the  y-­‐axis  is  now  show  only  0%  to  50%.  Presented  in  this  way,  the  data  from  Table  2  might  be  seen  as  falling  into  two  groups  of  technologies:  the  top  five  (website  design,  website  content  development,  marketing,  payment  and  customer  support)  with  strong  adoption  interest,  and  the  bottom  eight  (hosting,  shopping  cart,  consulting,  order-­‐delivery,  security  management,  business  processes,  and  catalogue  management)  showing  a  moderate  adoption  interest.  And  one  might  argue  the  difference  between  

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these  two  broad  groups  may  be  reflection  of  the  ease  with  which  these  technologies  can  be  integrated  within  the  organization  (using  easy-­‐to-­‐use  and/or  inexpensive  software,  the  availability  of  internal  and  external  expertise,  or  the  ease  of  operational  or  organizational  integration).  It  is  this    

   

Figure  1.  The  percentage  of  Atlantic  Canadian  SMEs  that  currently  use  a  variety  of    technologies                                                                                                                      and  services  for  their  business  (from  studies  in  2005,  2007  and  2010)  –  see  data  in  Table  1.  

             

Figure  2.  The  percentage  of  Atlantic  Canadian  SMEs  that  indicated  they  plan,  in  the  near  future,  to  use  a                                                                                                      variety  of  technologies  and  services  for  their  business  (from  studies  in  2005,  2007  and  2010)  –  see  data  in  Table  2.  

last  point  that  brings  researchers  such  as  Arendt  (Arendt,  2008;  Wielicki  &  Arendt,  2010)  to  argue  the  following:  "...  the  allocation  of  government  resources  to  eliminate  the  business  digital  divide  in  less  advanced  countries  should  not  evolve  around  merely  providing  SMEs  with  more  access  to  technology,  but  rather  concentrate  on  providing  access  to  training,  education  and  creation  of  organizational  knowledge  among  SMEs".  

 

 

 

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