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Does Latin America Have a Does Latin America Have a Does Latin America Have a Does Latin America Have a Growth GrowthImpairing Saving Gap? Impairing Saving Gap? Augusto de la Torre and Alain Augusto de la Torre and Alain Ize Ize World Bank World Bank – Bank of Spain Research Conference Bank of Spain Research Conference “Financing Growth: Levers, Boosters, and Brakes” “Financing Growth: Levers, Boosters, and Brakes” Madrid, 23 Madrid, 2324 June 2014 24 June 2014 1 1 Chief Economist Office Chief Economist Office Latin America and the Caribbean Region Latin America and the Caribbean Region The World Bank The World Bank

Growth Impairing Saving...… but now LAC is back to its traditional low growth, and this may silignal a new tdtrend (t(not jtjust a cycli llical sld )lowdown) The Great Deceleration

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Page 1: Growth Impairing Saving...… but now LAC is back to its traditional low growth, and this may silignal a new tdtrend (t(not jtjust a cycli llical sld )lowdown) The Great Deceleration

Does Latin America Have aDoes Latin America Have aDoes Latin America Have a Does Latin America Have a GrowthGrowth‐‐Impairing Saving Gap?Impairing Saving Gap?

Augusto de la Torre and Alain Augusto de la Torre and Alain IzeIze

World Bank World Bank –– Bank of Spain Research ConferenceBank of Spain Research Conference“Financing Growth: Levers, Boosters, and Brakes”“Financing Growth: Levers, Boosters, and Brakes”

Madrid, 23Madrid, 23‐‐24 June 201424 June 2014

11Chief Economist OfficeChief Economist OfficeLatin America and the Caribbean RegionLatin America and the Caribbean RegionThe World  BankThe World  Bank

Page 2: Growth Impairing Saving...… but now LAC is back to its traditional low growth, and this may silignal a new tdtrend (t(not jtjust a cycli llical sld )lowdown) The Great Deceleration

LAC’s longLAC’s long‐‐term term ggrowth record has been uninspiring, rowth record has been uninspiring, lth h th l t d d i d hlth h th l t d d i d halthough the last decade raised hopes… although the last decade raised hopes… 

Contrasting Convergence Paths in LAC andContrasting Convergence Paths in LAC and the Souththe South EastEast AsianAsian TTigersigersContrasting Convergence Paths in LAC and Contrasting Convergence Paths in LAC and the South the South East East Asian Asian TTigersigers(Per capita income as a percent of US per capita income)

2Note: The per capita GDP of regional country groups is a weighted average. The South East Asian Tigers include Hong Kong, Singapore, South Korea, and Taiwan. Sources: Authors’ calculations based on Penn World Tables, WDI, and Maddison (2009).

Page 3: Growth Impairing Saving...… but now LAC is back to its traditional low growth, and this may silignal a new tdtrend (t(not jtjust a cycli llical sld )lowdown) The Great Deceleration

… but now LAC is back to … but now LAC is back to its traditional low its traditional low growth, and growth, and thi i l t d ( t j t li l l d )thi i l t d ( t j t li l l d )this may signal a new trend (not just a cyclical slowdown) this may signal a new trend (not just a cyclical slowdown) 

The Great Deceleration

11.0

12.0

Weighted Averages

8.0

9.0

10.0

5.0

6.0

7.0

2.0

3.0

4.0

0.0

1.0

LAC SEA MICs EE MICs China

2003-2011 (excl. 2009) 2012 2013 2014

3Note: The 2014 forecasts for Latin America are from the World Bank’s Global Economic Prospects (GEP) of June 2014.  Sources: WEO (April 2014), Consensus Forecasts (May 2014), and GEP (June 2014). 

2003 2011 (excl. 2009) 2012 2013 2014

Page 4: Growth Impairing Saving...… but now LAC is back to its traditional low growth, and this may silignal a new tdtrend (t(not jtjust a cycli llical sld )lowdown) The Great Deceleration

Is the reemergence of low growth somehow related to the Is the reemergence of low growth somehow related to the i ’ titi l h t ?i ’ titi l h t ?region’s uncompetitive real exchange rates?region’s uncompetitive real exchange rates?

External Competitiveness Gap

80

External Competitiveness Gap(Big Mac Index residuals after controlling for GDP per capita)

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4Note: The real exchange rate gap is computed as the deviation from the mean Big‐Mac price index for the countries in the sample. Source: The Economist’s  Big Mac Index  (July 2013).

Page 5: Growth Impairing Saving...… but now LAC is back to its traditional low growth, and this may silignal a new tdtrend (t(not jtjust a cycli llical sld )lowdown) The Great Deceleration

…and are the uncompetitive real exchange rates somehow …and are the uncompetitive real exchange rates somehow l t d t th i ’ l d ti i t ?l t d t th i ’ l d ti i t ?related to the region’s low domestic saving rates? related to the region’s low domestic saving rates? 

Domestic Saving Gap

30

Domestic Saving Gap(Residuals after Controlling for GDP per Capita)

10

20

/GDP

‐10

0

Gross Saving/

‐30

‐20

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Page 6: Growth Impairing Saving...… but now LAC is back to its traditional low growth, and this may silignal a new tdtrend (t(not jtjust a cycli llical sld )lowdown) The Great Deceleration

Two levels of discussionTwo levels of discussion

A very practical issue (does LAC have a domestic saving problem?) A very practical issue (does LAC have a domestic saving problem?)... A hot regional debate – inward (domestic demand oriented) vs. 

outward looking (external demand‐oriented) strategies

How significant and widespread is the problem?

What can policy do about it?

…confronts us with largely unresolved conceptual issues (when and why can saving be a problem for medium‐term growth?)why can saving be a problem for medium term growth?) What does the literature say?

What does theory say?

What do the data say?

6

Page 7: Growth Impairing Saving...… but now LAC is back to its traditional low growth, and this may silignal a new tdtrend (t(not jtjust a cycli llical sld )lowdown) The Great Deceleration

Structure of presentationStructure of presentationpp

Three channels linking saving and growth

Interpreting LAC’s growth experience in light of the channelsInterpreting LAC s growth experience in light of the channels

How to the channels interact? A minimalist formalization

Econometric estimation issues and strategy

Preliminary results

Next steps

7

Page 8: Growth Impairing Saving...… but now LAC is back to its traditional low growth, and this may silignal a new tdtrend (t(not jtjust a cycli llical sld )lowdown) The Great Deceleration

The three channels linking saving and growthThe three channels linking saving and growthg g gg g g

8

Page 9: Growth Impairing Saving...… but now LAC is back to its traditional low growth, and this may silignal a new tdtrend (t(not jtjust a cycli llical sld )lowdown) The Great Deceleration

Domestic saving would Domestic saving would notnotmatter for growth policy matter for growth policy ifif……gg g p yg p y ff

It is (constrained) optimal… If so, no need to bother

…or if it is fully growth‐elastic… If so, growth would raise saving sufficiently to finance itself

…or if it can be perfectly substituted with foreign saving…or if it can be perfectly substituted with foreign saving If so, foreign saving would compensate for any shortfall and…

… the composition of financing (foreign vs. domestic), demand (domestic vs. external) and output (tradables vs nontradables) would be of no consequenceexternal), and output (tradables vs. nontradables) would be of no consequence

Hence, saving can matter for growth via three channelsd h l ( f h l ) An endogenous saving channel ‐ SC (imperfect growth elasticity)

A real exchange rate channel ‐ EC (imperfect tradable/nontradable substitution)

An interest rate channel ‐ IC (imperfect foreign/domestic asset substitution)

9

Page 10: Growth Impairing Saving...… but now LAC is back to its traditional low growth, and this may silignal a new tdtrend (t(not jtjust a cycli llical sld )lowdown) The Great Deceleration

ECEC: it works : it works through the current through the current account, aggregate account, aggregate d dd d iti d th l h titi d th l h tdemand demand composition, and the real exchange ratecomposition, and the real exchange rate

Positive learning Positive learning li ili iexternalitiesexternalities

geI e

gIeSFeSFSD e gI

A A saving gap (a reduction in the supply of saving relative to the demand for saving) appreciates saving gap (a reduction in the supply of saving relative to the demand for saving) appreciates the the real real exchange exchange rate rate because it because it worsens the current account and raises the worsens the current account and raises the price price of of nontradablesnontradables relative to relative to tradablestradables

10

Page 11: Growth Impairing Saving...… but now LAC is back to its traditional low growth, and this may silignal a new tdtrend (t(not jtjust a cycli llical sld )lowdown) The Great Deceleration

What does the literature say?What does the literature say?yy

Two ways to generate learning spillovers via tradables production Tradables are more capital‐intensive  and, hence, enable learning‐by‐

investing externalities (Korinek and Serven, 2010)investing externalities (Korinek and Serven, 2010)

Tradables are special (Rodrik, 2008) – e.g., links to global value chains

Estimating the real exchange rate channel (Rodrik, 2008) More depreciated exchange rates lead to higher growth

Countries that save more have more depreciated exchange rates Countries that save more have more depreciated exchange rates• While there is no attempt to tease out a causal saving‐to‐growth linkage, is this a change of heart compared to Rodrik (2000)?

– His view then was that domestic saving is not a binding constraint; hence, “policies geared towards raising domestic saving do not deserve priority”

11

Page 12: Growth Impairing Saving...… but now LAC is back to its traditional low growth, and this may silignal a new tdtrend (t(not jtjust a cycli llical sld )lowdown) The Great Deceleration

ICIC: it works : it works through the through the capital account, foreign debt  capital account, foreign debt  build up the country risk premium and BOP crisesbuild up the country risk premium and BOP crisesbuild up, the country risk premium, and BOP crisesbuild up, the country risk premium, and BOP crises

Positive learning Positive learning externalitiesexternalities

geI e

gIeSFeSFSD e gI

g

e I

Negative crises Negative crises 

gr = + r*

externalitiesexternalities

AA saving gap leads to saving gap leads to a a debt build up, which can raise the debt build up, which can raise the risk risk premium and depreciates the premium and depreciates the exchange exchange rate.  rate.  If uncorrected it can lead to a BOP crisisIf uncorrected it can lead to a BOP crisis

12

If uncorrected, it can lead to a BOP crisisIf uncorrected, it can lead to a BOP crisis

Page 13: Growth Impairing Saving...… but now LAC is back to its traditional low growth, and this may silignal a new tdtrend (t(not jtjust a cycli llical sld )lowdown) The Great Deceleration

What does the literature say?What does the literature say?yy

Our world is very close to one of full capital market integration…y p g Risk‐adjusted marginal returns on capital are largely equalized across 

countries (Caselli and Feyrer, 2006)

I i ld i h f i ld Increases in world saving have a one‐for‐one impact on world investment (Feyrer and Shambaugh, 2009)

b hi d i l h f i d d i i … but this does not imply that foreign and domestic saving are perfect substitutes Foreign saving dependent countries grow less (Aizenman et al., 2004; Foreign saving dependent countries grow less (Aizenman et al., 2004; 

Prasad et al, 2007)

Countries that grow less “tax” saving (Gourinchas & Jeanne, 2011)

Negative externalities of high debt and BOP crises (Korinek, 2010)

Lasting adverse growth consequences of high debt and BOP crises (Reinhart and Rogoff, 2013)(Reinhart and Rogoff, 2013)

13

Page 14: Growth Impairing Saving...… but now LAC is back to its traditional low growth, and this may silignal a new tdtrend (t(not jtjust a cycli llical sld )lowdown) The Great Deceleration

SCSC: it works through saving itself: it works through saving itselfg gg g

Positive learning Positive learning externalitiesexternalities

geI e

gIeSFeSFSD e gI

g

e I

Negative crises Negative crises 

gr = + r*

SDg

externalitiesexternalities

Multiplier effectMultiplier effect

14

Page 15: Growth Impairing Saving...… but now LAC is back to its traditional low growth, and this may silignal a new tdtrend (t(not jtjust a cycli llical sld )lowdown) The Great Deceleration

What does the literature say?What does the literature say?yy

Many reasons for domestic saving to follow growthy g g Demographics (Modigliani, 1986)

Habits (Campbell and Cochrane, 1994)

Firms’ internal finance (Fazzari et al, 1988; Lewis, 1954)

Keynesian effects on steroids (Rowthorn, 1982)

Good empirical support Growth causes saving (Carroll and Weil, 1993; Loayza et al, 2000)

Countries with growth transitions save more durably (Rodrik, 2000)

China’s saving boom largely came from firms (Guariglia et al, 2008)

Yet, the key condition remains untested: does an autonomous increase in demand for domestic saving generate its own supply?

15

Page 16: Growth Impairing Saving...… but now LAC is back to its traditional low growth, and this may silignal a new tdtrend (t(not jtjust a cycli llical sld )lowdown) The Great Deceleration

LAC growth experience in light of the channelsLAC growth experience in light of the channelsg p gg p g

16

Page 17: Growth Impairing Saving...… but now LAC is back to its traditional low growth, and this may silignal a new tdtrend (t(not jtjust a cycli llical sld )lowdown) The Great Deceleration

During the last three decades, LAC’s growth bore the During the last three decades, LAC’s growth bore the f t i t f thf t i t f th ICICfootprints of the footprints of the ICIC

75

Country Risk Ratings Simple Averages

Lost Decade Washington Consens s Golden Decade

70

Incidence of Crises: Latin America and South East Asia

Lost Decade Washington Consensus Golden Decade

55

60

65

70Lost Decade Washington Consensus Golden Decade

40

50

60

ent

35

40

45

50

Inde

x

10

20

30Per

ce

25

30

1980

1982

1984

1986

1988

1990

1992

1994

1996

1998

2000

2002

2004

2006

2008

2010

2012

LAC1 SEA MICs LAC-IT

0

10

1980

1981

1982

1983

1984

1985

1986

1987

1988

1989

1990

1991

1992

1993

1994

1995

1996

1997

1998

1999

2000

2001

2002

2003

2004

2005

2006

2007

2008

2009

2010

LAC SEA

1980s and 1990s: Crises, capital flight => growth dip1980s and 1990s: Crises, capital flight => growth dipLast decade: Stabilization, low world interest rates => growth boostLast decade: Stabilization, low world interest rates => growth boost

17Source: Institutional Investor database

Page 18: Growth Impairing Saving...… but now LAC is back to its traditional low growth, and this may silignal a new tdtrend (t(not jtjust a cycli llical sld )lowdown) The Great Deceleration

Looking forward, even if the Looking forward, even if the ICIC reappears, the reappears, the recent shift recent shift f d bt t it h ld iti t it ff tf d bt t it h ld iti t it ff tfrom debt to equity should mitigate its effects…from debt to equity should mitigate its effects…

18Source: Milessi‐Ferreti.

Page 19: Growth Impairing Saving...… but now LAC is back to its traditional low growth, and this may silignal a new tdtrend (t(not jtjust a cycli llical sld )lowdown) The Great Deceleration

However, However, LAC’s LAC’s growth growth model is, structurally, a domestic model is, structurally, a domestic d dd d d id i (i(i t t ith th EAP MICt t ith th EAP MIC ))demanddemand‐‐driven driven one (in one (in contrast with the EAP MICscontrast with the EAP MICs)…)…

Domestic Demand External Demand

19Source: UN statistics. 

Page 20: Growth Impairing Saving...… but now LAC is back to its traditional low growth, and this may silignal a new tdtrend (t(not jtjust a cycli llical sld )lowdown) The Great Deceleration

…and this helps explain the significant appreciation of the …and this helps explain the significant appreciation of the l h t i th i th t d dl h t i th i th t d dreal exchange rate in the region over the past decadereal exchange rate in the region over the past decade

Real Effective Exchange Rates and International Reserves

125

130

LAC-IT

Real Effective Exchange Rates and International Reserves

2010 Dec2012 Dec

2013 Feb

110

115

120

ge R

ate

2013 Feb

2005 Sep

2008 Aug

2009 Feb100

105

110

Eff

ectiv

e E

xcha

ng

2008 Aug2010 Dec

2012 Dec

2013 Feb

East Asian MICsp 2009 Feb

90

95Rea

l E

2003 Jan 2005 Sep

2009 Feb

MICs

2003 Jan

80

85

0 0.05 0.1 0.15 0.2 0.25 0.3 0.35 0.4 0.45 0.5Total Reserves Excluding Gold (ratio to GDP)

20

Total Reserves Excluding Gold (ratio to GDP)

Notes: The lines represent simple averages. Total Reserves Excluding Gold are measured as a share of 2006‐2007 average GDP in Current US Dollars. Sources: IMF and Bank for International Settlements.

Page 21: Growth Impairing Saving...… but now LAC is back to its traditional low growth, and this may silignal a new tdtrend (t(not jtjust a cycli llical sld )lowdown) The Great Deceleration

Thus, the Thus, the ECECmay become a key constraint on growth going may become a key constraint on growth going f d i i f d i blf d i i f d i blforward, even more so in view of renewed saving problemsforward, even more so in view of renewed saving problems

D i S i

40

Domestic SavingSimple Averages

30

35

P

20

25

Perc

ent o

f G

DP

15

20P

10

1980

1982

1984

1986

1988

1990

1992

1994

1996

1998

2000

2002

2004

2006

2008

2010

2012

LAC1 SEA MICs

21Note: Domestic saving is calculated as GDP + Net Factor Payments + Net Transfers ‐ Total Consumption. Source: UN Statistics & WDI.

Page 22: Growth Impairing Saving...… but now LAC is back to its traditional low growth, and this may silignal a new tdtrend (t(not jtjust a cycli llical sld )lowdown) The Great Deceleration

A minimalist macro modelA minimalist macro model

22

Page 23: Growth Impairing Saving...… but now LAC is back to its traditional low growth, and this may silignal a new tdtrend (t(not jtjust a cycli llical sld )lowdown) The Great Deceleration

A minimalist macro model linking savings to growthA minimalist macro model linking savings to growthg g gg g g

Functional FormFunctional Form Linearized FormLinearized Form

SDt

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k St

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23

Page 24: Growth Impairing Saving...… but now LAC is back to its traditional low growth, and this may silignal a new tdtrend (t(not jtjust a cycli llical sld )lowdown) The Great Deceleration

SCSC: : if it is sufficiently powerful, if it is sufficiently powerful, ee can even depreciate can even depreciate as as d d f i (i t t) id d f i (i t t) idemand for saving (investment) risesdemand for saving (investment) rises

Saving underSaving under­­respondsresponds Saving overSaving over­­respondsresponds

e gg e gggg' gg'

gg pp gg pp

E 'E

IS

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24

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Page 25: Growth Impairing Saving...… but now LAC is back to its traditional low growth, and this may silignal a new tdtrend (t(not jtjust a cycli llical sld )lowdown) The Great Deceleration

ECEC: if strong enough, it can neutralize the growth impact : if strong enough, it can neutralize the growth impact f t i i i t tf t i i i t tof an autonomous increase in investmentof an autonomous increase in investment

TradablesTradables vs.vs. nontradablesnontradables TradablesTradables vsvs nontradablesnontradables

egg e gg

ppTradablesTradables vs. vs. nontradablesnontradablescomposition does not mattercomposition does not matter pp

TradablesTradables vs. vs. nontradablesnontradablescomposition composition mattersmatters

gg' gg'gg gg

E 'E '

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ge gI I e 0;gI SDg1 ge gI I e 0;gI SDg

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25

g e I e I Dg

Page 26: Growth Impairing Saving...… but now LAC is back to its traditional low growth, and this may silignal a new tdtrend (t(not jtjust a cycli llical sld )lowdown) The Great Deceleration

ICIC: depending on the relative strengths of : depending on the relative strengths of ICIC and and ECEC, a , a ii i d d d ti ii d d d ti i i l thi l thsavingsaving‐‐induced reduction in induced reduction in  can raise or lower growthcan raise or lower growth

Exchange rate Exchange rate  Interest rate Interest rate 

e gg e gggg' gg'

channel dominateschannel dominates channel dominateschannel dominates

gg e gg

E '

gg gg'

E

E 'IS'

IS'E E

gIS

gIS

g g I e (g g I ) 0 g g I e (g g I ) 0

26

g gg gI I e (ge gI I e) 0 g gI I e (ge gI I e) 0

Page 27: Growth Impairing Saving...… but now LAC is back to its traditional low growth, and this may silignal a new tdtrend (t(not jtjust a cycli llical sld )lowdown) The Great Deceleration

Econometric issues and strategyEconometric issues and strategygygy

27

Page 28: Growth Impairing Saving...… but now LAC is back to its traditional low growth, and this may silignal a new tdtrend (t(not jtjust a cycli llical sld )lowdown) The Great Deceleration

Benchmarks and gapsBenchmarks and gapsg pg p

Benchmark: where a country is expected to be given its per capitaBenchmark: where a country is expected to be, given its per capita income, structural features, and “typical” peer policies Benchmarks facilitate cross‐country comparisons

Gap: the deviation from benchmark, i.e., from “typical” peer policies Ensures that countries “taxing” their savings show a saving gap

Equilibrium benchmarks and gaps: based on equilibrium model solutions, reflect cross‐correlations across endogenous variables, g Where the EC dominates, countries that under‐save should be overvalued and 

grow slower

Where the IC dominates countries that under save should be undervalued and Where the IC dominates, countries that under‐save should be undervalued and grow slower

The SC explains part of the correlation between the saving and growth gaps

28

Page 29: Growth Impairing Saving...… but now LAC is back to its traditional low growth, and this may silignal a new tdtrend (t(not jtjust a cycli llical sld )lowdown) The Great Deceleration

EndogeneityEndogeneityg yg y

Obvious, major problem, j p Saving growth

Real exchange rate saving

Real exchange rate        growth

Determination of the country premium?

On‐going effort to instrument the equations

H d i i d l i h i li i d Here, endogeneity is dealt with in a limited way Use three‐year averages

Approximate the OLS bias for e Approximate the OLS bias for

Use Var‐Covar matrix of residuals to estimate the relative contribution of each channel in explaining the correlation between macro variables

eSF

29

Page 30: Growth Impairing Saving...… but now LAC is back to its traditional low growth, and this may silignal a new tdtrend (t(not jtjust a cycli llical sld )lowdown) The Great Deceleration

(Very) (Very) ppreliminary resultsreliminary results( y)( y) pp yy

30

Page 31: Growth Impairing Saving...… but now LAC is back to its traditional low growth, and this may silignal a new tdtrend (t(not jtjust a cycli llical sld )lowdown) The Great Deceleration

OLSOLS‐‐based estimated based estimated elasticitieselasticities and their significanceand their significancegg

SDgeSF I e gIge e I gIe g

RFE .013** .08*** ‐.05 ‐3.2*** 3.8*** ‐.22*** ‐.19*** ‐0.8*

TFE .023*** .04*** ‐.33*** ‐2.9*** 3.9*** ‐.18*** ‐.26*** ‐0.8***

31

Page 32: Growth Impairing Saving...… but now LAC is back to its traditional low growth, and this may silignal a new tdtrend (t(not jtjust a cycli llical sld )lowdown) The Great Deceleration

Estimated strengths: all three channels support a positive Estimated strengths: all three channels support a positive li k b t i d thli k b t i d thlink between saving and growthlink between saving and growth

RFE RFE* TFE TFE*

0.05 0.05 0.09 0.09gI SDgSC :

0.55 0.94 0.36 1.20gs**

eSF(ge gI I e)

1 eSFI e SDg

eSF(ge gI I e)EC :

0.72 0.72 1.04 1.04g gI I e (ge gI I e)IC :

*/With adjustment for OLS error in estimating **/Calculated for a ten percentage points of GDP autonomous increase in savings */With adjustment for OLS error in estimating **/Calculated for a ten percentage points of GDP autonomous increase in savings 

eSF

32

Page 33: Growth Impairing Saving...… but now LAC is back to its traditional low growth, and this may silignal a new tdtrend (t(not jtjust a cycli llical sld )lowdown) The Great Deceleration

LAC 4 country groupings based on domestic saving and LAC 4 country groupings based on domestic saving and l h t ( l ti t b h k)l h t ( l ti t b h k)real exchange rate gaps (relative to benchmark)real exchange rate gaps (relative to benchmark)

Exchange controls Exchange controls EC low 

savingEC low saving countriescountriessaving 

countriessaving 

countries

EC high savingEC high saving

IC countriesIC countries

saving countriessaving 

countries

33

Page 34: Growth Impairing Saving...… but now LAC is back to its traditional low growth, and this may silignal a new tdtrend (t(not jtjust a cycli llical sld )lowdown) The Great Deceleration

Contrasting country experiences in LAC of underContrasting country experiences in LAC of under‐‐ and and i i t t ith th ECi i t t ith th ECoverover‐‐saving consistent with the ECsaving consistent with the EC

0.2

.4e

Rat

e

0.5

Savi

ng

-.4-.2

0Exc

hang

e

-.50

Dom

estic

0 2 4 6 8 10 123 Year Period

0 2 4 6 8 10 123 Year Period

.2 2

-.10

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vest

men

t

6-4

-20

GD

P pc

Gro

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-.2

0 2 4 6 8 10 123 Year Period

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0 2 4 6 8 10 123 Year Period

34

RED: LAC1-OU (Chile, Panama, Mexico, Peru); BLUE: LAC1-UO (Costa Rica, Barbados, Bahamas, Brazil, Uruguay)

Page 35: Growth Impairing Saving...… but now LAC is back to its traditional low growth, and this may silignal a new tdtrend (t(not jtjust a cycli llical sld )lowdown) The Great Deceleration

The savingThe saving‐‐real exchange rate linkreal exchange rate link(E ilib i l ti t ilib i b h k )(E ilib i l ti t ilib i b h k )(Equilibrium gaps relative to equilibrium benchmarks)(Equilibrium gaps relative to equilibrium benchmarks)

.5

LAC1LAC1LAC1LAC1LAC1LAC1LAC1LAC1LAC1LAC1LAC1LAC1LAC1LAC1LAC1LAC1LAC1LAC1LAC1LAC1LAC1LAC1LAC1LAC1LAC1LAC1LAC1LAC1LAC1LAC1LAC1LAC1LAC1LAC1LAC1LAC1LAC1LAC1LAC1LAC1LAC1LAC1LAC1LAC1LAC1LAC1LAC1LAC1LAC1LAC1LAC1LAC1LAC1LAC1LAC1LAC1LAC1LAC1LAC1LAC1LAC1LAC1LAC1LAC1LAC1LAC1LAC1LAC1LAC1LAC1LAC1LAC1LAC1LAC1LAC1LAC1LAC1LAC1LAC1LAC1LAC1LAC1LAC1LAC1LAC1LAC1LAC1LAC1LAC1LAC1LAC1LAC1LAC2LAC2LAC2LAC2LAC2LAC2LAC2LAC2LAC2LAC2LAC2LAC2LAC2LAC2LAC2LAC2LAC2LAC2LAC2LAC2LAC2LAC2LAC2LAC2LAC2LAC2LAC2LAC2LAC2LAC2LAC2LAC2LAC2LAC2LAC2LAC2LAC2LAC2LAC2LAC2LAC2LAC2LAC2LAC2LAC2LAC2LAC2LAC2LAC2

LAC1-UOLAC1-UOLAC1-UOLAC1-UOLAC1-UOLAC1-UOLAC1-UOLAC1-UOLAC1-UOLAC1-UOLAC1-UO

LAC1-OULAC1-OULAC1-OULAC1-OULAC1-OULAC1-OULAC1-OULAC1-OULAC1-OULAC1-OULAC1-OU

0Rat

e

EAPEAPEAPEAPEAPEAPEAPEAPEAPEAPEAPEAPEAPEAPEAPEAPEAPEAPEAPEAPEAPEAPEAPEAPEAPEAPEAPEAPEAPEAPEAPEAPEAPEAPEAPEAPEAPEAPEAPEAPEAPEAPEAPEAPEAPEAPEAPEAPEAPEAPEAPEAPEAPEAPEAPEAPEAPEAPEAPEAPEAPEAPEAPEAPEAPEAPEAPEAPEAPEAPEAPEAPEAPEAPEAPEAPEAPEAPEAPEAPEAPEAPEAPEAPEAPEAPEAPEAPEAPEAPEAPEAPEAPEAPEAPEAPEAPEAPEAPEAPEAPEAPEAPEAPEAPEAPEAPEAP

5Exc

hang

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-.5-1

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35

Page 36: Growth Impairing Saving...… but now LAC is back to its traditional low growth, and this may silignal a new tdtrend (t(not jtjust a cycli llical sld )lowdown) The Great Deceleration

The real exchange rateThe real exchange rate‐‐growth linkgrowth link(E ilib i l ti t ilib i b h k )(E ilib i l ti t ilib i b h k )(Equilibrium gaps relative to equilibrium benchmarks)(Equilibrium gaps relative to equilibrium benchmarks)

.5

LAC1LAC1LAC1LAC1LAC1LAC1LAC1LAC1LAC1LAC1LAC1LAC1LAC1LAC1LAC1LAC1LAC1LAC1LAC1LAC1LAC1LAC1LAC1LAC1LAC1LAC1LAC1LAC1LAC1LAC1LAC1LAC1LAC1LAC1LAC1LAC1LAC1LAC1LAC1LAC1LAC1LAC1LAC1LAC1LAC1LAC1LAC1LAC1LAC1LAC1LAC1LAC1LAC1LAC1LAC1LAC1LAC1LAC1LAC1LAC1LAC1LAC1LAC1LAC1LAC1LAC1LAC1LAC1LAC1LAC1LAC1LAC1LAC1LAC1LAC1LAC1LAC1LAC1LAC1LAC1LAC1LAC1LAC1LAC1LAC1LAC1LAC1LAC1LAC1LAC1LAC1LAC1LAC2LAC2LAC2LAC2LAC2LAC2LAC2LAC2LAC2LAC2LAC2LAC2LAC2LAC2LAC2LAC2LAC2LAC2LAC2LAC2LAC2LAC2LAC2LAC2LAC2LAC2LAC2LAC2LAC2LAC2LAC2LAC2LAC2LAC2LAC2LAC2LAC2LAC2LAC2LAC2LAC2LAC2LAC2LAC2LAC2LAC2LAC2LAC2LAC2

EAPEAPEAPEAPEAPEAPEAPEAPEAPEAPEAPEAPEAPEAPEAPEAPEAPEAPEAPEAPEAPEAPEAPEAPEAPEAPEAPEAPEAPEAPEAPEAPEAPEAPEAPEAPEAPEAPEAPEAPEAPEAPEAPEAPEAPEAPEAPEAPEAPEAPEAPEAPEAPEAPEAPEAPEAPEAPEAPEAPEAPEAPEAPEAPEAPEAPEAPEAPEAPEAPEAPEAPEAPEAPEAPEAPEAPEAPEAPEAPEAPEAPEAPEAPEAPEAPEAPEAPEAPEAPEAPEAPEAPEAPEAPEAPEAPEAPEAPEAPEAPEAPEAPEAPEAPEAPEAPEAP

LAC1-UOLAC1-UOLAC1-UOLAC1-UOLAC1-UOLAC1-UOLAC1-UOLAC1-UOLAC1-UOLAC1-UOLAC1-UO

LAC1 OULAC1 OULAC1 OULAC1 OULAC1 OULAC1 OULAC1 OULAC1 OULAC1 OULAC1 OULAC1 OU

0Rat

e

EAPEAPEAPEAPEAPEAPEAPEAPEAPEAPEAPEAPEAPEAPEAPEAPEAPEAPEAPEAPEAPEAPEAPEAPEAPEAPEAPEAPEAPEAPEAPEAPEAPEAPEAPEAPEAPEAPEAPEAPEAPEAPEAPEAPEAPEAPEAPEAPEAPEAPEAPEAPEAPEAPEAPEAPEAPEAPEAPEAPEAPEAPEAPEAPEAPEAPEAPEAPEAPEAPEAPEAPEAPEAPEAPEAPEAPEAPEAPEAPEAPEAPEAPEAPEAPEAPEAPEAPEAPEAPEAPEAPEAPEAPEAPEAPEAPEAPEAPEAPEAPEAPEAPEAPEAPEAPEAPEAPLAC1-OULAC1-OULAC1-OULAC1-OULAC1-OULAC1-OULAC1-OULAC1-OULAC1-OULAC1-OULAC1-OU

5Exc

hang

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-5 0 5 10 15GDP pc Growth

36

Page 37: Growth Impairing Saving...… but now LAC is back to its traditional low growth, and this may silignal a new tdtrend (t(not jtjust a cycli llical sld )lowdown) The Great Deceleration

Putting it together: saving and growthPutting it together: saving and growth(Equilibrium gaps relative to equilibrium benchmarks)(Equilibrium gaps relative to equilibrium benchmarks)(Equilibrium gaps relative to equilibrium benchmarks)(Equilibrium gaps relative to equilibrium benchmarks)

15101

Gro

wth

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5G

DP

pc G

LAC1LAC1LAC1LAC1LAC1LAC1LAC1LAC1LAC1LAC1LAC1LAC1LAC1LAC1LAC1LAC1LAC1LAC1LAC1LAC1LAC1LAC1LAC1LAC1LAC1LAC1LAC1LAC1LAC1LAC1LAC1LAC1LAC1LAC1LAC1LAC1LAC1LAC1LAC1LAC1LAC1LAC1LAC1LAC1LAC1LAC1LAC1LAC1LAC1LAC1LAC1LAC1LAC1LAC1LAC1LAC1LAC1LAC1LAC1LAC1LAC1LAC1LAC1LAC1LAC1LAC1LAC1LAC1LAC1LAC1LAC1LAC1LAC1LAC1LAC1LAC1LAC1LAC1LAC1LAC1LAC1LAC1LAC1LAC1LAC1LAC1LAC1LAC1LAC1LAC1LAC1LAC1LAC2LAC2LAC2LAC2LAC2LAC2LAC2LAC2LAC2LAC2LAC2LAC2LAC2LAC2LAC2LAC2LAC2LAC2LAC2LAC2LAC2LAC2LAC2LAC2LAC2LAC2LAC2LAC2LAC2LAC2LAC2LAC2LAC2LAC2LAC2LAC2LAC2LAC2LAC2LAC2LAC2LAC2LAC2LAC2LAC2LAC2LAC2LAC2LAC2

LAC1-UOLAC1-UOLAC1-UOLAC1-UOLAC1-UOLAC1-UOLAC1-UOLAC1-UOLAC1-UOLAC1-UOLAC1-UO

LAC1 OULAC1 OULAC1 OULAC1 OULAC1 OULAC1 OULAC1 OULAC1 OULAC1 OULAC1 OULAC1 OU

0-5

-1 -.5 0 .5 1Domestic Saving

37

Page 38: Growth Impairing Saving...… but now LAC is back to its traditional low growth, and this may silignal a new tdtrend (t(not jtjust a cycli llical sld )lowdown) The Great Deceleration

Next steps and policy discussionNext steps and policy discussionp p yp p y

38

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Before one can formulate firm policy recommendations, Before one can formulate firm policy recommendations, f th h i l l d df th h i l l d dfurther research is clearly needed…further research is clearly needed…

Endogenizing the country risk premium How much of the risk premium reflects saving?

What is the dynamic link between saving, debt, and the risk premium?

h l h ? What else is in there?

Instrumenting the endogenous variablesInstrumenting the endogenous variables We made a head start with the saving‐exchange rate link, based on 

Rodrik’s formulation

But there is a long road ahead…

39

Page 40: Growth Impairing Saving...… but now LAC is back to its traditional low growth, and this may silignal a new tdtrend (t(not jtjust a cycli llical sld )lowdown) The Great Deceleration

Tentative policy implicationsTentative policy implicationsp y pp y p

There is little or no support for the spend your way to growth strategy Condition for growth to finance itself is far from fulfilled

Instead, efforts to raise saving rates are likely to make sense for many LAC countries as part of a comprehensive growth strategy

But countries should mitigate the risk of a low‐demand Keynesian trap By improving countercyclical policy capacity (monetary, fiscal)

By changing the macro policy mix towards easier monetary/tighter fiscal

P d ti it ( l id ) f i l t th i l Productivity (supply side) reforms are crucial to square the circles To raise fiscal saving without undermining social equity objectives

To offset via productivity gains the adverse effects of the EC

An emphasis on equity over debt in the use of foreign saving can mitigate external viability problems (the adverse effects of the IC) 

40

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Thank youThank youyy

41

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EEXTRAXTRA SSLIDESLIDES

42

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Saving regressionsSaving regressionsg gg g

43

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Exchange rate regressionsExchange rate regressionsg gg g

44

Page 45: Growth Impairing Saving...… but now LAC is back to its traditional low growth, and this may silignal a new tdtrend (t(not jtjust a cycli llical sld )lowdown) The Great Deceleration

Investment regressionsInvestment regressionsgg

45

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Growth regressionsGrowth regressionsgg

46

Page 47: Growth Impairing Saving...… but now LAC is back to its traditional low growth, and this may silignal a new tdtrend (t(not jtjust a cycli llical sld )lowdown) The Great Deceleration

RodrikRodrik (2008) estimation 2.0(2008) estimation 2.0IV

Rodrik Results (0) (1) (2) (3)

Domestic saving as a share of GDP 0.492*** 0.430*** 0.430*** 0.449+(0.0965) (0.0771) (0.156) (0.279)

OLSDEPENDENT VARIABLE: ln Undervalue*

(0.0965) (0.0771) (0.156) (0.279)pvalue for Domestic saving 2.76e-08 0.00659 0.108

ln Terms of trade -0.115*** -0.161*** -0.161*** -0.159***(0.0402) (0.0259) (0.0569) (0.0586)

Government expenditure as a share of GDP -0.045*** -0.427*** -0.427 -0.449(0 1957) (0 163) (0 395) (0 412)(0.1957) (0.163) (0.395) (0.412)

Capital account openness -0.031*** -0.0171*** -0.0171 -0.0166(0.0052) (0.00655) (0.0190) (0.0173)

ln (1+ inflation rate) 0.039 0.0335*** 0.0335** 0.0309*(0.0355) (0.00775) (0.0162) (0.0162)

FDI inflows as a share of GDP -0.382*** 0.0629 0.0629 0.0805(0.1257) (0.0745) (0.0851) (0.0868)

Exchange rate regime dummies: Crawl or managed float 0.071*** 0.0575*** 0.0575 0.0497

(0.0146) (0.0218) (0.0585) (0.0472)Float 0.026 -0.0627 -0.0627 -0.102+

(0 0317) (0 0461) (0 0779) (0 0701)(0.0317) (0.0461) (0.0779) (0.0701)Currency in free fall 0.162*** 0.139*** 0.139* 0.146**

(0.0338) (0.0407) (0.0805) (0.0638)Dual market with missing parallel market data 0.021 -0.156** -0.156* -0.197**

(0.0538) (0.0607) (0.0835) (0.0855)

Observations 2,757 2,701 2,701 2,573R-squared 0.290 0.290 0.137Number of id 160Kleibergen-Paap rk LM pvalue (Underidentification) 0.00381Kleibergen-Paap Wald rk F stat (Weak Identification) 30.32Hansen Jstatistic (Overidentification of all instruments) 3

Notes: *The dependent variable is ln Undervalue, calculated as the gap between the ln RER and the fitted ln RER, estimated as a function of GDP per capita. All regressions include country and yeareffects. Standard errors in parentheses. Specification (O) is Rodrik’s (2008),. Specification (1) reruns Rodriks estimation, which has robust standard errors that are not valid asymptotically in a large "n"panels. In specifications (2) and (3) the standard errors are clustered at the country level. In (3) the instruments included are domestic saving as a share of GDP lagged 2 years, speed of aging growth,fertility rate, and young dependency ratio. Significance levels: *** p<0.01, ** p<0.05, * p<0.10, + p<0.15. Source: Authors calculations based on Rodrik (2008).

Hansen J statistic (Overidentification of all instruments) 3

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Breaking down the savingsBreaking down the savings‐‐toto‐‐exchange rate link exchange rate link g gg g gg

48*/With adjustment for OLS error in estimating  eSF

Page 49: Growth Impairing Saving...… but now LAC is back to its traditional low growth, and this may silignal a new tdtrend (t(not jtjust a cycli llical sld )lowdown) The Great Deceleration

Breaking down the Breaking down the exchange exchange rate rate to growth link to growth link gg gg gg

49eSF*/With adjustment for OLS error in estimating  eSF

Page 50: Growth Impairing Saving...… but now LAC is back to its traditional low growth, and this may silignal a new tdtrend (t(not jtjust a cycli llical sld )lowdown) The Great Deceleration

Breaking down the Breaking down the saving to growth link saving to growth link gg g gg g

50*/With adjustment for OLS error in estimating  eSF