Growth & Development of the Head and Neck

7/23/2019 Growth & Development of the Head and Neck

1/64

GROWTH & DEVELOPMENT OFTHE HEAD AND NECK PART 1

PRESENTED BY

SELVEN THIRUMALAI

MDS 1STYEAR

ON

DEPARTMENT OF ORAL &

MAXILLOFACIAL SURGERYCHRISTIAN DENTAL COLLEGE


2/64

Startin !r"# a $in% '%%( I )a$$* a

)ri"* "! #+ %i! ,it- i%% .$-+ $%it$in-rit* !r"# #+ .$-+ an'$tr+( t-n!"r a !, ,/$ $)"rt* a tai% & ,a$-ar* t" *i$tin0i$- !r"# an 0n"rn tr

$-r,22 W-+ t-in/ "! 3ir0$$ "r )r4Ca#rian "rani$#$ ,-n in$i* t-i$*%i'at ##ran "! #+ $/in( t-i$"0t%in "! an in*i3i*0a%( I 'arr+ t- ,-"%

-i$t"r+ "! #+ %i!2

5AC6UETTA HAWKES 1789


3/64

The aim of todays semia! is to st"dy a#o"t theit!a"te!ie de$e%o&met ad '!o(th of the head

ad e)* (ith em&hasis o the o!ofa)ia% !e'io+

G"a%$ "! t- S#inar-St"dy the de$e%o&met of the em#!yo ad the

&ha!y'ea% a!)hes

St"dy the de$e%o&met of the o!ofa)ia% !e'io

.o( a#o"t the $a!io"s de$e%o&meta% aoma%iesthat )a o))"! d"e to im&!o&e! it!a"te!iede$e%o&met+


4/64

A /e( De0itios

GROWTH-De$e%o&meta% i)!ease i mass Ste(a!d 12345

A i)!ease i si6e o! "m#e! P!o0tt 12375

No!ma% )ha'e i amo"t of %i$i' s"#sta)e Moye!s 12335

8!o(th si'i0es a i)!ease9 e:&asio o! e:tesio of ay 'i$e tiss"ePi*ham 122;5

DEVELOPMENT -De$e%o&met is a &!o'!ess to(a!ds mat"!ity Todd 12


5/64

/a)to!s a=e)ti' '!o(thHe!idity

N"t!itio

I%%ess

Ra)e

So)ioe)oomi) fa)to!s

/ami%y si6e ad #i!th o!de!

Se)"%a! t!eds>%imati) ad seasoa% e=e)ts

Psy)ho%o'i)a% dist"!#a)es

E:e!)ise


6/64

>ON>EPTS O/ 8RO?TH>o)e&t of o!ma%ity -No!ma%ity !efe!s to that (hi)h is "s"a%%y e:&e)ted9 is o!dia!i%y see o! is

ty&i)a%+ It sho"%d ot #e )of"sed (ith #ei' Idea%

Rhythm of 8!o(th -H"ma '!o(th is ot )ostat o! at the same !hythm+ The 0!st (a$e of

'!o(th is see i #oth se:es f!om #i!th to the @tho! 7thyea! of %ife+ This isfo%%o(ed #y a &e!iod of s%o( '!o(th that eds #y 1 y! i 'i!%s ad 1th14thyea! o #oys+ This is fo%%o(ed #y aothe! &hase of a))e%e!ated'!o(th that te!miates #y 1;thC17thyea! i 'i!%s ad 17thC13thyea! i#oys+

8!o(th S&"!ts -These a!e &e!iods of a))e%e!ated '!o(th ad o))"! at di=e!et a'es i i

ma%es ad fema%es -

/i!st S&"!t - "st #efo!e #i!th Se)od S&"!t - 1 yea! afte! #i!thThi!d S&"!t - Mi:ed Detitio '!o(th S&"!t

/ema%es - C2 yea!sMa%es - 3C11 yea!s

/o"!th S&"!t - P!e P"#e!ta% 8!o(th S&"!t - /ema%es - 11C1< yea!sMa%es - 1;C17 yea!s


7/64

Di=e!etia% 8!o(th -The h"ma #ody does ot '!o( at the same

!ate th!o"'ho"t %ife+ Di=e!et o!'as '!o( atdi=e!et !ates+ This is !e&!eseted #y 4)o)e&ts

S)ammos 8!o(th >"!$eThe #ody tiss"es a!e di$ided '!oss%y ito ;

ty&es of tiss"es - Ne"!a%9 Lym&hoid9 8ee!a%ad 8eeti)+ A%% '!o( at di=e!et !ates assho( -


8/64

>e&ha%oC>a"da% '!adiet of '!o(th

This meas that the!e is a a:is of i)!easi''!o(th e:tedi' f!om head to feet+


9/64

8ENERAL EMBRYOLO8Y -The &!e ata% %ife )a #e a!#it!a!i%y di$ided ito a!ti%a'e

Deti9 P"%&9 >emet"m9 Pe!iodota% %i'ametEdode!m -E&ithe%ia% %ii' of the 8IT

A%% o!'as


14/64

The )!aia% ed of the &!imiti$e st!ea*e%a!'es to fo!m the &!imiti$e *ot+ The )e%%sof the &!imiti$e *ot m"%ti&%y ad &ass)!aia%%y to fo!m the oto)ho!da% &!o)ess

The oto)ho!da% &!o)ess "de!'oes )ha'esad 'ets )o$e!ted ito the Noto)ho!d+

The e)tode!ma% )e%%s a#o$e the oto)ho!dfo!m the e"!a% &%ate (hi)h de$e%o& ito thef"t"!e #!ai ad s&ia% )o!d+

The em#!yoi) dis) (hi)h is at at 0!st9

"de!'oes fo%di' at the )!aia% ad )a"da%eds9 ad a%so %ate!a% fo%ds a!e fo!med+

Afte! the head fo%d is fo!med the '"t is )%osed)!aia%%y #y the #"))o&ha!y'ea% mem#!ae+


15/64


16/64

>LINI>AL >ORELATES -Pri#"r*ia% Gr# C%%$


17/64

Pha!y'ea% A!)hes

A%so *o( as the #!a)hia% a!)hes

They a!e !od %i*e thi)*ei's o! o"t '!o(ths ofthe mesode!m &!eset i the (a%% of the fo!e'"t+

O!i'ia%%y the!e a!e 7 a!)hes #"t the @tha!)hsoo 'ets o#%ite!ated ad is tho"'ht to #e f"sed(ith the 7tha!)h

Ea)h &ha!y'ea% a!)h )osists of )o!e of

mese)hyma% tiss"e )o$e!ed o o"tside #ys"!fa)e e)tode!m ad o iside #y edode!ma%o!i'i+


18/64

I additio to mese)hyme de!i$ed f!om &a!a:ia% ad

%ate!a% &%ate mesode!m9 the )o!e of ea)h a!)h !e)ei$ess"#statia% "m#e!s of n0ra% 'r$t '%%$9 (hi)hmi'!ate ito a!)hes to )ot!i#"te to skeletalcomponents of the fa)e

The o!i'ia% mesode!m of the a!)hes 'i$es !ise tom"s)"%at"!e of fa)e ad e)*+ Th"s ea)h &ha!y'ea%a!)h is )ha!a)te!i6ed #y its o( muscularcomponents.

The m"s)"%a! )om&oets of ea)h a!)h )a!!y thei! o(

e!$e9 (he!e e$e! the m"s)%e )e%% mi'!ate9 they)a!!y thei! cranial nerve component(ith them+

I additio ea)h a!)h has its o( arterialcomponents


19/64


20/64


21/64


22/64


23/64


24/64

PHARYN8EAL POU>HESI$a'iatio of the e)tode!m ad edode!m

i #et(ee the &ha!y'ea% a!)hes a!e *o(as &ha!y'ea% &o")hes o! )%efts+


25/64


26/64

FACE ;F"r#ati"n "! Fa'ia% Pr"'$$$ ;

O)e the em#!yoi) dis) fo%ds9 ad the head fo%dfo!ms9 the de$e%o&i' #!ai ad &e!i)a!di"m fo!m t(o

&!omiet #"%'es o the $et!a% as&e)t of the em#!yoThese #"%'es a!e se&a!ated #y the stomatode"m+

The oo! of the stomatode"m is f!omed #y the#"))o&ha!y'ea% mem#!ae9 (hi)h se&a!ates it f!omthe fo!e'"t+

At the ed of the fo"!th (ee*9 !a'ia% )r"#inn'$)osisti' &!ima!i%y of e"!a% )!estCde!i$edmese)hyme ad fo!med mai%y #y the 0!st &ai! of&ha!y'ea% a!)hes a&&ea!+


27/64

The !r"nt"na$a% )r"#inn'( fo!med #y&!o%ife!atio of mese)hyme $et!a% to the

#!ai $esi)%es9 )ostit"tes the "&&e! #o!de! ofthe stomode"m2

The madi#"%a! &ha!y'ea% a!)h 'i$es o= a #"df!om its do!sa% ed+ This #"d is )a%%ed the

ma:i%%a!y &!o)ess it '!o(s $et!oCmedioC)!aia%to the mai &a!t of the a!)h (hi)h is o( themadi#"%a! &!o)ess+

O #oth sides of the f!otoasa% &!omie)e9

%o)a% thi)*ei's of the s"!fa)e e)tode!m9 thena$a% "%!a't"r+5 )%a'"*$(o!i'iate "de!id")ti$e i"e)e of the $et!a% &o!tio of thefo!e#!ai+


28/64


29/64

D"!i' the 0fth (ee*9 the asa% &%a)odes

i$a'iate to fo!m na$a% )it$2I so doi'9 they )!eate a !id'e of tiss"e that

s"!!o"ds ea)h &it ad fo!ms the na$a%)r"'$$$2

The &!omie)es o the o"te! ed'e of the &itsa!ethe %atra% na$a% )r"'$$$> those o theie! ed'e a!e the #*ia% na$a% )r"'$$2


30/64

F"r#ati"n "! t- L",r Li) ;

The madi#"%a! &!o)esses of #oth sides '!o( to(a!ds ea)h

othe! ad f"se i the mid%ie+ They fo!m the %o(e! #o!de! ofthe stomatode"m+ This %eads to the fo!matio of the %o(e!%i& ad Fa(

F"r#ati"n "! t- U))r Li);D"!i' the fo%%o(i' 4 (ee*s9 the ma:i%%a!y &!o)ess

)oti"e to i)!ease i si6e+ Sim"%taeo"s%y9 they '!o(media%%y9 )om&!essi' the media% asa% &!o)ess to(a!d themid%ie+ S"#seJ"et%y the )%eft #et(ee the media% asa%

&!o)ess ad the ma:i%%a!y &!o)ess is %ost9 ad the t(o f"se+He)e9 the "&&e! %i& is fo!med #y the t(o media% asa%&!o)esses ad the t(o ma:i%%a!y &!o)esses+ The %ate!a%asa% &!o)esses do ot &a!ti)i&ate i fo!matio of the "&&e!%i&+


31/64


32/64

F"r#ati"n "! t- La'ri#a% A))arat0$;

Iitia%%y9 the ma:i%%a!y ad %ate!a% asa% &!o)ess a!e

se&a!ated #y a dee& f"!!o(9 the na$"%a'ri#a% r""3+E)tode!m i the oo! of this '!oo$e fo!ms a so%id e&ithe%ia%)o!d that deta)hes f!om the o$e!%yi' e)tode!m+ Afte!)aa%i6atio9 the )o!d fo!ms the na$"%a'ri#a% *0't> its"&&e! ed (ides to fo!m the %a'ri#a% $a'2

F"r#ati"n "! t- C-/$ an* Ma?i%%a;

/o%%o(i' deta)hmet of the )o!d9 the ma:i%%a!y ad

%ate!a% asa% &!omie)es me!'e (ith ea)h othe!+ Theaso%a)!ima% d")t the !"s f!om the media% )o!e! of theeye to the ife!io! meat"s of the asa% )a$ity9 ad thema:i%%a!y &!o)esses e%a!'e to fo!m the '-/$ ad#a?i%%a2


33/64


34/64

F"r#ati"n "! t- N"$;

?he the media% ad %ate!a% asa% &!o)esses

f"se9 the asa% &its a!e )"t o= f!om thestomatode"m ad a!e o( )a%%ed e:te!a%a!es

As the ma:i%%a!y &!o)ess '!o(s9 the f!otoasa%&!o)ess #e)omes &!o'!essi$e%y a!!o(e! f!omside to side (ith the !es"%t that the t(o e:te!a%a!es )ome )%ose! to'ethe!

The n"$ is fo!med f!om 0$e fa)ia% &!o)esses-the f!ota% &!o)ess 'i$es !ise to the #!id'eK theme!'ed media% asa% &!o)ess &!o$ide the )!estad ti&K ad the %ate!a% asa% &!o)ess fo!m the

sides+


35/64


36/64


37/64

F"r#ati"n "! t- Pa%at;

As a !es"%t of media% '!o(th of the ma:i%%a!y&!o)ess9 the t(o media% asa% &!o)esses me!'eot o%y at the s"!fa)e #"t a%so at a dee&e!%e$e%+ The st!")t"!e fo!med #y the t(o me!'ed&!omie)es is the intr#a?i%%ar+ $#nt2

It is )om&osed of a5 a %aia% '"#)"nnt((hi)h fo!ms the &hi%t!"m of the "&&e! %i&K b5 a0))r @a, '"#)"nnt( (hi)h )a!!ies the fo"!i)iso! teethK ad c5 a )a%ata% '"#)"nnt(

(hi)h fo!ms the t!ia'"%a! &!ima!y &a%ate + Theite!ma:i%%a!y se'met is )oti"o"s (ith the!ost!a% &o!tio of the na$a% $)t0#( (hi)h isfo!med #y the f!ota% &!omie)e+


38/64

S'"n*ar+ Pa%at ;A%tho"'h the &!ima!y &a%ate is de!i$ed f!om the

ite!ma:i%%a!y se'metthe mai &a!t of the de0iti$e&a%ate is fo!med #y t(o she%i*e o"t'!o(ths f!om thema:i%%a!y &!o)ess+ These o"t'!o(ths9 the )a%atin$-%3$( a&&ea! i the si:th (ee* of de$e%o&met ada!e di!e)ted o#%iJ"e%ydo((a!d o ea)h side of the

to'"e+I the se$eth (ee*9 ho(e$e!9the &a%atie she%$es

as)ed to attai a ho!i6ota% &ositio a#o$e the to'"ead f"se9 fo!mi' the $'"n*ar+ )a%at2

Ate!io!%y9 the she%$es f"se (ith the t!ia'"%a! &!ima!y

&a%ate9 ad thein'i$i3 !"ra#n is the mid%ie%adma!* #et(ee the &!ima!y ad se)oda!y&a%ates+At the same time as the &a%atie she%$es f"se9 theasa% se&t"m '!o(s do( ad Fois (ith the )e&ha%i)as&e)t of the e(%y fo!med&a%ate+


39/64


40/64


41/64


42/64

CLINICAL CORELATES

Fa'ia% C%!t$>%eft %i& ad )%eft &a%ate a!e )ommo defe)ts that !es"%t

i a#o!ma% fa)ia% a&&ea!a)e ad defe)ti$e s&ee)h+

The i)isi$e fo!ame is )oside!ed the di$idi' %adma!*#et(ee the ate!io! ad &oste!io! )%eft defo!mities+

Those ate!io! to the i)isi$e fo!ame i)%"de %ate!a%)%eft %i&9 )%eft "&&e! Fa(9 ad )%eft #et(ee the &!ima!yad se)oda!y &a%ates+ S")h defe)ts a!e d"e to a &a!tia%o! )om&%ete %a)* off"sio of the ma:i%%a!y &!omie)e(ith the media% asa% &!omie)e o oe o! #oth sides+

Those that %ie &oste!io! to the i)isi$e fo!ame i)%"de)%eft se)oda!y5 &a%ate ad )%eft "$"%a+


43/64

>%eft &a%ate !es"%ts f!om a %a)* of f"sio of the &a%atieshe%$es9 (hi)h may #e d"e to sma%%ess of the she%$es9fai%"!e of the she%$es to e%e$ate9 ihi#itio of the f"sio&!o)ess itse%f9 o! fai%"!e of the to'"e to d!o& f!om#et(ee the she%$es #e)a"se of mi)!o'athia+

The thi!d )ate'o!y is fo!med #y a )om#iatio of )%efts

%yi' ate!io! as (e%% as &oste!io! to the i)isi$efo!ame+

Ate!io! )%efts $a!y i se$e!ity f!om a #a!e%y $isi#%edefe)t i the $e!mi%io of the %i& to e:tesio ito theose+ I se$e!e )ases the )%eft e:teds to a dee&e!

%e$e%9 fo!mi' a )%eft of the "&&e! Fa(9 ad the ma:i%%ais s&%it #et(ee the %ate!a% i)iso! ad the )aie tooth+/!eJ"et%y s")h a )%eft e:teds to the i)isi$e fo!ame+


44/64

Li*e(ise9 &oste!io! )%efts $a!y i se$e!ity f!om )%ea$a'e of theeti!e se)oda!y &a%ate to )%ea$a'e of the "$"%a o%y+ O#%iJ"efa)ia% )%efts a!e &!od")ed #y fai%"!e of the ma:i%%a!y&!omie)e to me!'e (ith its )o!!es&odi' %ate!a% asa%

&!omie)e+ ?he this o))"!s9 the aso%a)!ima% d")t is "s"a%%ye:&osed to the s"!fa)e+

Media )%eft %i&9 a !a!e a#o!ma%ity9 is )a"sed #y i)om&%eteme!'i' of the t(o media% asa% &!omie)es i the mid%ie+

This aoma%y is "s"a%%y a))om&aied #y a dee& '!oo$e#et(ee the !i'ht ad %eft sides of the ose+

Ifats (ith mid%ie )%efts a!e ofte meta%%y !eta!ded ad mayha$e #!ai a#o!ma%ities that i)%"de $a!yi' de'!ees of %oss

of mid%ie st!")t"!es+ Loss of mid%ie tiss"e may #e soe:tesi$e that the %ate!a% $et!i)%e ho%o&!ose)e&ha%y5+ Thesedefe)ts a!e id")ed $e!y ea!%y i de$e%o&met9 at the#e'ii' of e"!"%atio days 12415 (he the mid%ie of thefo!e#!ai is #ei' esta#%ished+


45/64


46/64


47/64


48/64


49/64

H#i!a'ia% #i'r"$"#ia "'0%"a0ri'0%"3rtra% $)'tr0#G"%*n-ar $+n*r"#5 This i)%"des a "m#e! of )!aiofa)ia% a#o!ma%ities that "s"a%%y i$o%$e

the ma:i%%a!y9 tem&o!a%9 ad 6y'omati) #oes9 (hi)h a!e sma%% ad at+

Ea! aotia9 mi)!otia59 eye t"mo!s ad de!moids i the eye#a%%59 ad$e!te#!a% f"sed ad hemi$e!te#!ae9 s&ia #i0da5 defe)ts a!e )ommo%yo#se!$ed i these &atiets+ Asymmet!y is &!eset i 7@ of the )ases9

(hi)h o))"! i 1@7 #i!ths+ Othe! ma%fo!matios9 (hi)h o))"! i @ of)ases9 i)%"de )a!dia) a#o!ma%ities9 s")h as tet!a%o'y of /a%%ot ad

$et!i)"%a! se&ta% defe)ts+ >a"ses of hemifa)ia% mi)!osomia a!e "*o(+

/a)ia% Hemihy&e!t!o&hy - It is a "i%ate!a% asymmet!i)a% o$e!'!o(th of

the tiss"es of the fa)e+

T!ea)he! >o%%is Syd!ome - Tra'-r C"%%in$ $+n*r"##an*i0%"!a'ia% *+$"$t"$i$5 is )ha!a)te!i6ed #y ma%a! hy&o&%asia

d"e to "de!de$e%o&met of the 6y'omati) #oes9 madi#"%a!hy&o&%asia9 do(Cs%ati' &a%&e#!a% 0ss"!es9 %o(e! eye%id )o%o#omas9

ad ma%fo!med e:te!a% ea!s+ T!ea)he! >o%%is is ihe!ited as a

a"tosoma% domiat t!ait9 (ith 7 a!isi' as e( m"tatios+

La#ia% Pits


50/64

La#ia% &its a!e sma%% m")osa% i$a'iatios &!eset at the )o!e!s ofthe mo"th o the $e!mi%%io #o!de!+ They o))"! d"e to fai%"!e ofo!ma% f"sio of the ma:i%%a!y ad madi#"%a! &!o)esses

De$e%o&meta% >ysts -These a!e fo!med i the %ie of f"sio d"e to e&ithe%ia% !emats

that a!e t!a&&ed i the %ie of f"sio #et(ee the $a!io"s fa)ia%&!o)esses+ E:+ 8%o#"%oma:i%%a!y )yst9 E&steis &ea!%s9 BohsNod"%es9

Pie!e Ro#i SeJ"e)e-

May o))"! ide&edet%y o! i asso)iatio (ith othe! syd!omes adma%fo!matios+ Li*e T!ea)he! >o%%is syd!ome9 Ro#i seJ"e)e a%te!s0!stCa!)h st!")t"!es9 (ith de$e%o&met of the madi#%e most se$e!e%ya=e)ted+ Ifats "s"a%%y ha$e a t!iad of mi)!o'athia9 )%eft &a%ate ad'%osso&tosis &oste!io!%y &%a)ed to'"e5+ Ro#i seJ"e)e may #e d"e to

'eeti) ado! e$i!ometa% fa)to!s+ It may a%so o))"! as a defo!matio9as fo! e:am&%e (he the )hi is )om&!essed a'aist the )hest i )ases ofo%i'ohyd!amios+ The &!ima!y defe)t i)%"des &oo! '!o(th of themadi#%e ad9 as a !es"%t9 a &oste!io!%y &%a)ed to'"e that fai%s to d!o&f!om #et(ee the &a%ata% she%$es9 &!e$eti' thei! f"sio+ Ro#iseJ"e)e o))"!s i a&&!o:imate%y 13@ #i!ths+


51/64

T"n0


52/64

T"n0The to'"e a&&ea!s i em#!yos of a&&!o:imate%y ; (ee*s i

the fo!m of t(o %ate!a% %i'"a% s(e%%i's ad oe media%

s(e%%i'9 the t"#e!)"%"m im&a!These th!ee s(e%%i's o!i'iate f!om the 0!st &ha!y'ea%

a!)h+

A se)od media s(e%%i'9 the )o&"%a9 o! hy&o#!a)hia%emie)e9 is fo!med #y mesode!m of the se)od9 thi!d9 ad&a!t of the fo"!th a!)h+

/ia%%y9 a thi!d media s(e%%i'9 fo!med #y the &oste!io! &a!tof the fo"!th a!)h9 ma!*s de$e%o&met of the e&i'%ottis+

Immediate%y #ehid this s(e%%i' is the %a!y'ea% o!i0)e9

(hi)h is a*ed #y the a!yteoid s(e%%i'sAs the %ate!a% %i'"a% s(e%%i's i)!ease i si6e9 they

o$e!'!o( the t"#e!)"%"m im&a! ad me!'e9 fo!mi' theate!io! t(oCthi!ds9 o! #ody9 of the to'"e


53/64

Si)e the m")osa )o$e!i' the #ody of the to'"e o!i'iatesf!om the 0!st &ha!y'ea% a!)h9 seso!y ie!$atio to thisa!ea is #y the madi#"%a! #!a)h of the t!i'emia% e!$e+

The #ody of the to'"e is se&a!ated f!om the &oste!io! thi!d#y a VCsha&ed '!oo$e9 the te!mia% s"%)"s

The &oste!io! &a!t9 o! !oot9 of the to'"e o!i'iates f!om these)od9 thi!d9 ad &a!t of the fo"!th &ha!y'ea% a!)h+

The fa)t that seso!y ie!$atio to this &a!t of the to'"e is

s"&&%ied #y the '%osso&ha!y'ea% e!$e idi)ates that tiss"eof the thi!d a!)h o$e!'!o(s that of the se)od+

The e&i'%ottis ad the e:t!eme &oste!io! &a!t of the to'"ea!e ie!$ated #y the s"&e!io! %a!y'ea% e!$e9 !ee)ti'thei! de$e%o&met f!om the fo"!th a!)h+

Some of the to'"e m"s)%es &!o#a#%y di=e!etiate i sit"9#"t most a!e de!i$ed f!om myo#%asts o!i'iati' i o))i&ita%somites+ Th"s9 to'"e m"s)"%at"!e is ie!$ated #y thehy&o'%ossa% e!$e+


54/64


55/64

C%ini'a% C"r%at ;

An/+%"%"$$ia

I a*y%o'%ossia to'"eCtie5 the to'"e isot f!eed f!om the oo! of the mo"th+No!ma%%y9 e:tesi$e )e%% de'ee!atio o))"!s9ad the f!e"%"m is the o%y tiss"e that

a)ho!s the to'"e to the oo! of the mo"th+I the most )ommo fo!m of a*y%o'%ossia9the f!e"%"m e:teds to the ti& of the to'"e+

Trat#nt ; Frn't"#+

D3%")#nt "! t- Para4T-+r"i*


56/64

) +G%an*$

The ife!io! &a!athy!oid '%ads a!e de!i$edf!om the edode!m of the thi!d &ha!y'ea%&o")h

The s"&e!io! &a!athy!oid '%ads a!e de!i$ed

f!om the edode!m of the fo"!th &ha!y'ea%&o")h

?he the thym"s de)eds to(a!ds thetho!a:9 the ife!io! &a!athy!oid '%ads a!e

)a!!ied )a"da%%y (ith it fo! some dista)eThe s"&e!io! &a!athy!oids )aot de)ed

#e)a"se of the )%ose !e%atio of the ;th&o")h(ith the de$e%o&i' thy!oid '%ad+


57/64

D3%")#nt "! t- T-+r"i* G%an*The thy!oid '%ad de$e%o&s &a!t%y f!om the thy!o'%ossa% d")t+

Pa!afo%%i)"%a! )e%%s a!e de!i$ed f!om the ;thad @th&ha!y'ea% &o")hes

The media% eds of the t(o madi#"%a! a!)hes a!e se&a!ated#y the t"#e!)"%"m im&a!

"st #ehid the t"#e!)"%"m9 the oo! of the &ha!y: sho(s athi)*ei' i the mid%ie+ This !e'io 'ets de&!essed #e%o(the s"!fa)e fo!mi' a di$e!ti)"%"m )a%%ed the thy!o'%ossa%d")t+

The site of o!i'i of the di$e!ti)"%"m is o( see as a

de&!essio )a%%ed the fo!ame )ae)"mThe di$e!ti)"%"m '!o(s do( i the mid%ie of the e)*+ Its

ti& #if"!)ates a &!o%ife!atio of the )e%%s 'i$es !ise to the t(o%o#es of the thy!oid '%ad+


58/64


59/64

C%ini'a% C"r%at$Li'"a% Thy!oid - The thy!oid may %ie "de! the m")osa of the

to'"e ad )a"se di)"%ty i s(a%%o(i'

It!a Li'"a% Thy!oid - The thy!oid may %ie i the m"s)"%a! s"#sta)eof the to'"e

S"&!ahyoid Thy!oid - The '%ad may %ie i the mid%ie of the e)*a#o$e the hyoid #oe

It!a Tho!a)i) Thy!oid- The eti!e '%ad o! &a!t of it may %ie i thetho!a:+

E)to&i) Thy!oid tiss"e - Sma%% masses of thy!oid may %ie i a#o!ma%sites s")h as %a!y:9 t!a)hea9 oeso&ha'"s9 &os9 &%e"!a9&e!i)a!di"m9 o$a!ies+

Thy!o'%ossa% )yst- may %ie at ay &oit a%o' the mi'!ato!y &ath(ayof the thy!oid '%ad #"t is a%(ays ea! o! i the mid%ie of the e)*+It is a )ysti) !emat of the thy!o'%ossa% d")t+ Sometimes athy!o'%ossa% )yst is )oe)ted to the o"tside #y a 0st"%o"s )aa%9 athy!o'%ossa% 0st"%a+ S")h a 0st"%a "s"a%%y a!ises se)oda!i%y afte!

!"&t"!e of a )yst #"t may #e &!eset at #i!th


60/64

D3%")#nt "! t- E?trna% Ear


61/64

D3%")#nt "! t- E?trna% Ear

De!i$ed f!om the do!sa% &a!t of the 0!st

e)tode!ma% )%eftThe &!o%ife!atio of the %ii' e&ithe%i"m of

the )%eft '!o(s to(a!ds the midd%e ea! adfo!ms the dee&e! %aye!

This &!o%ife!atio is 0!st a so%id )o!d (hi)h%ate! )aa%i6es+

The &ia o! a"!i)%e is fo!med #y si:mesode!ma% thi)*ei's )a%%ed t"#e!)%es o!hi%%o)*s that a&&ea! a!o"d the o&ei' of thee:te!a% a"dito!y meat"s o the madi#"%a!ad hyoid a!)hes (hi)h f"se to'ethe!+

D3%")#nt "! t- E+


62/64

D3%")#nt "! t- E+/!om the )!aia% most &a!t of the de$e%o&i' fo!e#!ai 9 a &ai! of

&!oFe)tios )a%%ed the Te%e)e&ha%o a!ise+ /!om this the o&ti) s"%)"s

a!ises as a a!ea of de&!essioThese de&!essios e%o'ate to f!om the o&ti) $esi)%es (hi)h a!e

)oe)ted to the de$e%o&i' fo!e#!ai #y a sta%* )a%%ed the o&ti) sta%*

The o&ti) $esi)%es '!o( %ate!a%%y to )ome i )ota)t (ith the e)tode!ma%thi)*ei' of the Les &%a)ode

D"e to di=e!etia% '!o(th the o&ti) $esi)%es 'et )o$e!ted ito o&ti)

)"&sThe %es &%a)ode &!o%ife!ates sim"%taeo"s%y ito the o&ti) )"&9

se&a!ati' f!om the s"!fa)e fo!mi' the Les+

The %es is iitia%%y a )a$itated st!")t"!e+ The )e%%s o the &oste!io! (a%%e%o'ate9 o#%ite!ati' the )a$ity+

The o&ti) )"& fo!ms the eye#a%% &!o&e!9 the o&ti) sta%* fo!ms the o&ti)

e!$eThe o&ti) )"& a%so 'i$es !ise to the !etia

The eye%ids a!e fo!med f!om the s"!fa)e e)tode!m+

As these e)tode!ma% fo%ds e%a!'e9 thei! ma!'is f"se ad fo!m the)oF")ti$a% sa)+

D3%")#nt "! t- Lar+n?


63/64

D3%")#nt "! t- Lar+n?The ite!a% %ii' of the %a!y: o!i'iates f!om edode!m9 #"t the

)a!ti%a'es ad m"s)%es o!i'iate f!om mese)hyme of the fo"!th

ad si:th &ha!y'ea% a!)hes+Mese)hyme of the t(o a!)hes t!asfo!ms ito the thy!oid9 )!i)oid9

ad a!yteoid )a!ti%a'es+

At a#o"t the time that the )a!ti%a'es a!e fo!med9 the %a!y'ea%e&ithe%i"m a%so &!o%ife!ates !a&id%y9 !es"%ti' i a tem&o!a!y

o))%"sio of the %"me+S"#seJ"et%y9 $a)"o%i6atio ad !e)aa%i6atio &!od")e a &ai! of

%ate!a% !e)esses9 the %a!y'ea% $et!i)%es+

These !e)esses a!e #o"ded #y fo%ds of tiss"e that di=e!etiate itothe fa%se ad t!"e $o)a% )o!ds+

Si)e m"s)"%at"!e of the %a!y: is de!i$ed f!om mese)hyme of thefo"!th ad si:th &ha!y'ea% a!)hes9 a%% %a!y'ea% m"s)%es a!eie!$ated #y #!a)hes of the teth )!aia% e!$e9 the $a'"s e!$e+

The s"&e!io! %a!y'ea% e!$e ie!$ates de!i$ati$es of the fo"!th&ha!y'ea% a!)h9 ad the !e)"!!et %a!y'ea% e!$e ie!$atesde!i$ati$es of the si:th &ha!y'ea% a!)h+

Refe!e)es


64/64

Refe!e)es

T+? Sad%e! - La'mas Medi)a% Em#!yo%o'y

Ide!#i! Si'h - H"ma Em#!yo%o'y

8S ."ma! - O!#as O!a% histo%o'y Em#!yo%o'y

A$e!y9 >hie'o !+ - Essetia%s of O!a% Histo%o'y Em#!yo%o'y

Se%%s Aatomy

So"!)es f!om the (o!%d (ide (e#

Documents

Growth & Development of the Head and Neck