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GROWTH
• Definition: the addition process in size, volume, or number of cell, that is irreversible.Growth phenomenon can be quantitatively measured.
• Example:body heightleaf widthstem diameter
DEVELOPMENT
• Definition:
the changing process in function that goes to complexity (maturation)
Development phenomenon is qualitative and can’t be measured with measuring tools.
• Example:
body work ability
fruit ripening
presence of leaf, root, stem, flower, fruit
PATTERN OF GROWTH
• The growth of organism has certain pattern, that is Sigmoid pattern (S model)
• Sigmoid pattern of growth occurs in three phases:– Exponential/logarithmic phase– Linear phase– Senescene phase
Factors that influence growth and development
• Internal factor– gene– hormone
• External factor– food (nutrition)– water– temperature– humidity– oxygen– sunlight
Growth & Development In Flowering Plant
1. Germination
2. Primary growth
3. Secondary growth
4. Growth hormone (fitohormon)
GERMINATION
• Definition: growth and development of embryo in the seed of plantIt consists of cotyledone, plumulae and radicle
• Types of germination:– HYPOGEAL– EPIGEAL
PRIMARY GROWTH
Primordial leaf
SECONDARY GROWTH
• Primary growth is growth which is caused by apical meristem activities in the tip of stem and root.
• Secondary growth is growth which is caused by lateral meristem (vascular cambium) activities in the dicotyledone stem
FITOHORMONE
• AUXINE
• GIBERELIN
• CYTOKININ
• ETYLEN
• ABSISAT ACID
• TRAUMATIN ACID
• KALIN
GROWTH & DEVELOPMENT IN ANIMAL
• Animal development’s stage
ZYGOTE – CELL CLEAVAGE – MORULA – BLASTULA – GASTRULA – ORGANOGENESIS
• Metamorphosis– COMPLETE METAMORPHOSIS– INCOMPLETE METAMORPHOSIS
• Metagenesis (alternation of generation)
Organism development’s stage
• Complete metamorphosis
EGG – LARVA – PUPA (COCOON) – ADULT ORGANISM (IMAGO)
examples: butterfly, bee, mosquito, fly,ant.
• Incomplete metamorphosis
EGG – NYMPH – ADULT ORGANISM
examples: grasshopper, dragonfly, termite
• Metamorphosis in frog
EGG – TADPOLE – ADULT FROG
metamorphosis in insect
metamorphosis in frog
METAGENESIS
• Definition:
alternation of generation in the organism life cycle between two phase of reproduction, sexual and asexual reproduction.
Examples: • Metagenesis in plant (Bryophyte/moss,
Pteridophyte/fern, Spermatophyte/seedplant)• Metagenesis in animal (Aurelia sp./jellyfish,
Obelia sp.)
Metagenesis in Moss (Bryophyte)
Protonema (n)
Tumbuhan lumut (n)
Sel induk spora (2n)
Sporogonium (2n)
Zigot (2n)
Embrio (2n)
Ovum (n)Sperma(n)
Arkegonium (n)Anteridium (n)
Spora (n)
meiosis
fertilisasi
Gametofit
Sporofit
Metagenesis in fern (Pteridophyte)
Sporogonium (2n)
Tumbuhan paku (2n)
Spora (n)
meiosis
Sel induk spora (2n)
Protalium (n)
Zigot (2n)
Ovum (n)Sperma(n)
Arkegonium (n)Anteridium (n)
fertilisasi
Gametofit
Sporofit
Metagenesis in the seed plant (Spermatophyte)
Zigot(2n)→biji
Embrio (2n)
meiosis
fertilisasi
Mikrosporosit(2n)Megasporosit (2n)
Mikrospora(n)Megaspora (n)
Serbuk sari (n)
Megagametofit(n) Buluh serbuk (n)
Sel telur/ovum (n) Sel sperma (n)
Tumbuhan dewasa (2n)
Benang sari(2n)Putik(2n)
polinasi
Gametofit
Sporofit
Metagenesis in animal
Life cycle of Jelly fish (Aurelia sp.)
Medusa ♂ → sperma
Medusa ♀ → ovumfertilisasi → zigot
embrioplanula(larva bersilia)polip
polip gonangium/tunas medusa
polip hydrant
→
→ →
EXPERIMENT
• Tools and materials– 10 Phaseolus vulgaris seed– 10 Zea mays seed– Cotton – Plastic glasses– Water– Ruler– Paper and pencil
Prosedure 1. Put @10 seeds of Phaseolus vulgaris and Zea mays in
the water for an hour.2. Prepare 4 plastic glasses and give identity A, B, C, and
D. 3. Put some cotton at the base of the glass and make the
cotton wet by water them.4. Put @ 5 seeds of Phaseolus vulgaris in glass A and B.
Then put @ 5 seeds of Zea mays in glass C and D. 5. Put glass A and C under direct sunlight place and
glass B and D in the dark place.6. Keep the cotton wet every day by water them.7. Observe them every day. Measure the length of sprout
every day until 7 days.8. Observe and compare between germination under
direct sunlight and in the dark place.9. Record the data in the table below!
The sprout length for 7 days
SproutDay
Note1 2 3 4 5 6 7
1
2
3
4
5
Mean
Organize the data into the graph!
Discussion
1. How long is the increasing of sprout length every day?
2. What other phenomena can you observe of the germination?
3. What are the differences between germination in Phaseolus vulgaris and Zea mays?
4. What are the differences between germination in the dark place and under direct sunlight?
5. What are the conclusion that you can make based on this experiment?
Sistematic of Report
A. TitleB. ObjectiveC. Tools and MaterialsD. ProcedureE. DataF. DiscussionG. ConclusionH. Reference