Growth and Division, 1816-1832

Chapter 7

James Monroe

• James Monroe Elected President in 1816

• Born in Virginia• Fought in the

Revolutionary War• Lawyer/Politician• Democratic-Republican• Last founding father to be

elected President

from James Monroe’s Inaugural Address, March 1817

– “Never did a government commence under auspices so favorable, nor ever was success so complete. If we look to the history of other nations, ancient or modern, we find no example of a growth so rapid, so gigantic, of a people so prosperous and happy. In contemplating what we have still to perform, the heart of every citizen must expand with joy when he reflects how near our Government has approached to perfection”

AMERICAN NATIONALISMChapter 7 Section 1

Era of Good Feelings

Louisiana Purchase

• Expanded U.S. Territory• Manifest Destiny

War of 1812

• Battle of New Orleans• Increased prestige overseas

Politics

• Political harmony• Democratic-Republicans maintain

control• Federalists party destroyed

Economic Nationalism

• American leaders proposed an ambitions program to bind the country together.

• Second National Bank created in 1816– Without the regulatory presence of the national bank,

prices rose rapidly.– Created a national currency and est. control over state

banks• Protective tariffs were passed to protect American

merchants from cheap British goods.• Improvements in Transportation– Road and canal constructions begin.

Judicial Nationalism

• Read pg. 242 – 243, to identify the background and significance of these historic Supreme Court cases.

Martin v. Hunter’s Lessee

McCollouch v. Maryland

Gibbons v. Ogden

Judicial Nationalism

• Chief Justice John Marshall

• Between 1816 – 1824, Marshall ruled in three important cases that est. the dominance of the nation over the states.

Judicial Nationalism

• Martin v. Hunter’s Lessee– Supreme Court sovereign over state courts– Est. court as court of final appeals

• McCulloch v. Maryland– Upheld Necessary and Proper clause; ”Implied

powers”• Gibbons v. Ogden– Gave Congress the right to regulate interstate

commerce.

Nationalist Diplomacy

• The United States under President Monroe expanded its borders and asserted itself on the world stage.

• Jackson invades Florida (1818)– Lack of border control of escaped slaves and

Seminole attacks.– Attacked and destroyed several Seminole villages.– Removed Spanish Governor of Florida

• Adams-Onis Treaty (1819)– Spain ceded Florida to U.S.; est. new boundary line

Nationalist Diplomacy

• Quadruple Alliance (Great Britain, Austria, Russia, and Prussia)– Wanted to end rebellions

in their American colonies• Monroe Doctrine– Declared in 1823 that the

American continents were “henceforth not to be considered as subjects for future colonization by European powers.”

EARLY INDUSTRYChapter 7 Section 2

Samuel Slater’s Mill, Pawtucket, Rhode Island

Bell Ringer

• Think of innovations in technology today. How does it impact society?

A Revolution in Transportation

• Canals• 1825: Completion of Erie Canal• 363 miles• Led to social and economic changes

A Revolution in Transportation

• Roads and Turnpikes– National Road

• Rivers still offered faster, more efficient, and cheaper way to move goods than did roads.– Steamboats made upstream travel easier.

• The “Iron Horse”– Created national markets – 30,000 miles of track built between 1830-1861.

Robert Fulton’s Clermont

Peter Cooper’s Tom Thumb locomotive

Industrial Revolution

• Industrialization– Textile mills lead to increased production

• Industry in the North and Free Enterprise– Encouraged competition

• Advances in Technology– Interchangeable parts– Eli Whitney– Samuel Morse

The Rise of Large Cities

• Rural Urban working/living• Increased opportunity• Growing middle class

Effects on Workers

• A new kind of laborer emerges:• Factory worker• Poor working conditions• Hoping to improve working conditions,

workers began to join together in labor unions sometimes leading to work stoppages called strikes.

The Family Farm

• Agriculture remained the leading industry in the country, including in the Northeast.

• More than 1 million farms to keep up with the growing population.

• Important in the South– Few cities and less industry– Focus on agriculture

Critical Thinking

• Compare the technological innovations of the early 1800s and their impact on society to the technological innovations of today. Which do you consider more revolutionary? Why?

THE LAND OF COTTONChapter 7 Section 3

The Southern Economy

• The Southern economy was based on a variety of cash crops produced throughout the South.

• No crop, however, played a greater role in the South’s fortunes than cotton.

Cotton Becomes King

• 1793 - Eli Whitney builds first cotton gin.– Quickly separates seeds from cotton balls. – The invention happened at the same time that

textile mills were expanding in Europe.

• 1792 – 6,000 bales• 1801 – 100,000 bales• 1840’s – 2,000,000 bales• 1860’s – 4,000,000 bales• Cotton accounted for 2/3

total U.S. exports

• “Cotton is King”

Impact on Slavery• While cotton made many rich, it also strengthened the

institution of slavery.– Demand for slave labor skyrockets.

• Most thoughtful Southerners, including Washington and Jefferson, had seen slavery as an evil that must eventually be swept away.

• But with the southern economy now reliant on cotton, these beliefs were seen as old-fashioned, and slavery now was seen as an institution to be cherished.

• It became the foundation of southern economy, southern culture, and southern pride.

• Between 1820 and 1850, the number of enslaved people in the South rose from about 1.5 million to nearly 4 million.

Southern Industry’s Slow Development

• The South did have some industry – Coal, iron, salt, copper mines, and ironworks.

• Only 3 major cities: Baltimore, Charleston, and New Orleans.

“For what have we not looked to our Northern friends? From them we get not only or clothes,

carriages, saddles, hats, shoes, flour, potatoes, but even our onions and horn buttons.”

Society in the South

• Social attitudes provided a basis the southern social hierarchy.

• At the top were planters.– Large plantation owners

• 1850 census:– Southern white population of 6 million– 347,725 families owned slaves– Of these, 37,000 were planters, those who held 20

or more slaves.

Society in the SouthPlanters

Yeoman Farmers

Rural Poor

African Americans

Slavery

• Vast majority of enslaved African Americans toiled in the South’s fields.

• Two basic labor systems emerged:– Task system• Used on small plantations

– Gang system• Used on large plantations

Slavery

• African Americans’ Legal Status– State slave codes forbade basic legal rights.

• Free African Americans– While many African Americans were able to gain

their freedom, few were embraced by society.

Coping with Enslavement

• Birth of African American culture– Language, music, and religion offered unity, pride,

and mutual support.• Resistance and Rebellion– Work slowdowns– Run away– Nat Turner Rebellion

Nat Turner Rebellion• Critical Thinking Questions1. Who was Nat Turner?2. Where was he born?3. Why did he lead a rebellion?4. What was the result of the uprising?5. How was it reported in The Richmond Inquirer?6. Should he be remembered as a martyr or a religious

fanatic?7. Is this a case of eye for an eye?8. How does the Nat Turner Rebellion reveal the problems

plaguing the U.S.?9. When, if ever, are people justified in violent rebellion?

Persistent Issues in History: Nat Turner Rebellion

• Was Nat Turner justified in violent rebellion against slavery?

• Write a response essay either condemning or vindicating Nat Turner’s actions.

• Requirements:1. Introduction paragraph (present the persistent

issue)2. Body paragraph (make your case for or against

using facts and opinion)3. Closing paragraph

GROWING SECTIONALISMChapter 7 Section 4

The Missouri Compromise

• Missouri Territory applies for statehood, 1819• Should Missouri be admitted as a slave state?

Should slavery expand westward?

The Missouri Compromise

• Missouri requests to be admitted as a slave state.– Resulted in a stalemate between northern and

southern congressmen.• Solution: Missouri admitted as a slave state

and Maine admitted as a free state.• Rep- Henry Clay (KY) helped get compromise

passed

• John Quincy Adams on the Missouri Compromise and the growing slavery issue.

“I take if for granted that the present question is a mere preamble, a title page to a great tragic

volume.”

The Election of 1824

1. Who were the candidates?2. Who won the electoral vote?3. Who won the popular vote?4. Who won the election?5. What was the “corrupt bargain”?6. What did the election of 1824 say about the Era of

Good Feelings?7. Why was the election of 1824 a turning point in

American politics?

The Election of 1824

• The candidates:– Henry Clay*– Andrew Jackson*– John Quincy Adams*– William Crawford*

*All candidates belonged to the Democratic-Republican party.

Election of 1824

• 12th Amendment-Winner decided by House of Representatives when no candidate secured majority of electoral votes.

• Adams elected President– Appointed Clay to Secretary of State

• Raised suspicions of a “corrupt bargain”, deal between Adams and Clay to arrange votes in exchange for appointment.

The Presidency of John Quincy Adams

• Characterized for his internal improvements.– Extended National Road,

improved rivers, etc.

The Election of 1828

The Election of 1828

• Jackson supporters called themselves Democrats, leaving behind the Jefferson Democratic-Republicans and forming the modern Democrat Party.

• Adams supporters called themselves National Republicans.

• Mudslinging- candidate criticized each other’s personalities and morals.

• Jackson won a clear victory, with most of his support coming from the South and West.

Describe what events took place between these two quotes that may explain their

meaning and what it means for the future.

“In contemplating what we have still to perform, the heart of every citizen must expand with joy when he reflects how near our Government has approached to perfection” - James Monroe (1816)

“I take if for granted that the present question is a mere preamble, a title page to a great tragic volume.”

- John Q. Adams