Growing season A - Food and Agriculture Organization · 2011. 3. 17. · growing higher value vegetable crops, as well as in micro-enterprises, including the construction of input

As the second phase ofthe project began inOctober 2004, theDemocratic Republicof the Congo wasfirmly set on a path

towards reconciliation andreconstruction. Peace and power-sharing agreements had ended civilstrife in most of the country, andannual GDP was growing at a rate of6.4 percent.

With the security situation steadilyimproving, the project aimed atconsolidating its achievements inKinshasa and Lubumbashi andextending its approach to three othercities: Kisangani, Likasi and Mbanza-Ngungu. Kisangani was chosen aspart of government efforts tostimulate economic recovery inOriental Province, while Mbanza-Ngungu and Likasi were selected fortheir close proximity to technicalsupport services and markets inKinshasa and Lubumbashi.

From lessons learned in the firstfour years, the project based its

Phase 2 interventions on whatbecame known as the “Three-S”approach, which is now central toFAO’s overall strategy for UPHdevelopment:� Secure access to land and water for

horticulture, through regularizationof land titles and irrigation anddrainage works;

� Secure high quality horticulturalproduce, through intensificationand diversification of cropproduction, field demonstrations,pest management training andimproved access to quality seed;

� Secure “ownership” of UPH bystakeholders in the sector, byestablishing horticulture as aprofitable, sustainable livelihood,improving growers’ access to creditand strengthening support services. Implementation of the “Three-S”

approach was ensured at nationallevel by closer integration of theproject with the programme ofSENAHUP. Within 12 months of thelaunch of Phase 2, municipalhorticulture offices and municipal

14 GROWINGGREENERCITIES INTHEDEMOCRATICREPUBLICOFTHECONGO

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A field of onions in the Mpiangu valley,Mbanza-Ngungu

consultation committees werefunctioning in Kisangani, Likasi andMbanza-Ngungu.

In the three “new cities”, the projectfirst identified market garden areaswhich were to be targets forinterventions. Although small-scalegrowers were already organized ingroups, most groups were not legallyrec ognized and lacked secure title totheir plots.

In Likasi, the municipalconsultation committee arrangedleases to two-thirds of the city’sexisting market gardens for 38associations, representing 1 500growers. In Mbanza-Ngungu, surveysidentified 200 ha under commercialhorticulture and 1 500 operators,more than half of them women.Agreements between the town’smunicipal consultation committeeand the growers’ associationsprovided secure tenure over 18 areastotalling 112 hectares. In Kisangani,all nine of the city’s market gardeningzones were secured through leases ofup to 10 years.

In Kinshasa and Lubumbashi,meanwhile, the project helpedassociations gain secure title to 10 ofthe city’s 23 project sites andexpanded its assistance to a total of11 800 vegetable growers. By 2008,growers participating in the project inLubumbashi had won secure access totwo-thirds of the market garden area.The city’s vegetable growers wereorganized in 130 associations and intwo cooperatives for input supply andcredit.

During Phase 2, the projectprovided almost US$750 000 forirrigation, drainage and flood controlworks in the five cities. In Kinshasa,the construction of 10 small-scaleirrigation systems helped reducewatering times from nine to fourhours per day, and cut by almost halfthe average distance from watersources to plots (from 50 m to 30 m).

In Likasi, the project introduceddrip irrigation systems, whileinterventions in Mbanza-Ngungu

GROWINGGREENERCITIES INTHEDEMOCRATICREPUBLICOFTHECONGO 15

To ensure the safety of produce, the project introduced FAO’sIntegrated Production and Pest Management (IPPM) approach,which helps reduce the need for pesticides. After studying commonproblems – such as bacterial wilt, aphids and spider mite – growerstested bio-pesticides based on papaya leaf, tobacco, garlic, tephrosiaand lemongrass. To record their findings, growers use IPP cards –one showing a current cultivation practice and its related pest ordisease problem and one showing a “better practice” in line with theIPPM principles. So far, the project has generated more than 200pairs of IPP cards.

Before and after:IPP cardsrecommendstaking to avoidfungal disease of tomato

CONTROLLING PESTS,WITHOUT TOXIC PESTICIDES

Mbanza-Ngungu. A grower(top) tests a bio-pesticide,based on tephrosia leaves,against onion thrip. Above, achili mix is prepared for use asa bio-pesticide by growers inthe Zamba market garden

Likasi. Growers harvesting onions from a trial plot where they tested integrated pest management

Bernard Mwelwa grows capsicum, cabbage and tomatoes and earns around US-200 a month G less than a copper miner, he says, Fbut the work is more pleasantH

The start of a 6 km long canal, one of the project’s first interventions

A gardener and family prepare bunches of onions for sale

A grower waters his field of white cabbage

KilobelobeCity’s “home garden” providesfresh produce, employmentLocated 20 km east of Lubumbashi, the Kilobelobe market garden is the city’sbiggest producer of leafy vegetables, such as beets, cabbage, sweet potato leavesand spinach. Total vegetable output isestimated at almost 15 000 tonnes a year.The secret of Kilobelobe’s success is its goodquality soil and ample water supply – one of the project’s first interventions was to build a small water regulation structureand a canal that feeds water to the entire55 ha area. Some 720 growers have gardensin Kilobelobe and provide employment for up to 4 000 labourers.

Lubumbashi

5 km

KamilombeGreen acres attract traders Measuring around 70 ha, the almostperfectly flat Kamilombe market gardencurls along the Kafubu river about 2 kmsouth of Kilobelobe. Here, the area’s 300 market gardeners grow cabbage,celery, capsicum, onion and leekpractically all year round. Traders comefrom the city to harvest produce andconsign it to transporters, who haul it by bicycle to Pande market, 12 km away.Kamilombe’s annual vegetable productionis estimated at 14 500 tonnes.

Lubumbashi

Growers on their way to work pass a field of emerging cabbagesAlthough water is supplied by irrigation canals, watering at Kamilombe is still done by hand

5 km

Katanga Musonda bicycles to Kamilombe twice a day to collect vegetables and transport them to Pande market

Elizabeth Kaulu with daughter Alpha, the youngest of her eight children.She cultivates a plot of 80 m by -0 m all year round

included construction of two smalldams. In Kisangani, wherehorticulture was limited to therelatively flood-free months ofDecember to February, new floodcontrol basins helped extend thegrowing season.

More power to growers’ associations. Amajor aim of Phase 2 was to improvethe growers’ technical capacity andskills in enterprise management, andto give their associations a greaterrole in organizing training and basicservices. The project helped growersset up demonstration plots to testnew crops and cultivation techniques,and enlisted “pilot farmers” tomultiply improved plant material andproduce seedlings.

The Farmer Field Schoolprogramme was expanded, both totrain facilitators selected among thegrowers and to cover a wider range ofproduction issues, such as nurserymanagement, floriculture and soilfertilization. In all, the projectorganized more than 200 schools in the five cities, involving some 3 500 growers.

In Kinshasa, SENAHUP organizedmanagement training for 200 officersof growers’ associations, as well as 50 farmer field schools involving1 500 producers. A review ofKinshasa’s UPH sector in 2007 saidthat the project “excelled in technicalsupport”, providing specialists toassist growers for 12 days a month. It also noted an increase in the supplyof seed and fertilizer.

In Mbanza-Ngungu, the municipalhorticulture office organized 47 fieldschools, trained 60 facilitators, and


The project supplies seeds ofimproved varieties for trials bygrowers’ associations, andencourages them to share theresults through Hortivar(www.fao.org/hortivar), FAO’sonline, geo-referenced databaseon cultivar performance andappropriate cropping practices. InLubumbashi, project staff addedmore than 800 entries to Hortivar,based on trial results. In turn,growers regularly consult Hortivarto identify promising varieties and improve their cultivationpractices. Thanks to the project,the Democratic Republic of theCongo has become a majorcontributor to Hortivar, with more than 1 700 entries by November 2010.

DEMONSTRATION PLOTSTEST NEW CROPSAND CULTIVATIONTECHNIQUES

Likasi. In the Panda market garden, trials of a high-yielding white cabbagehybrid variety

Lubumbashi. Production of amaranth seedsKinshasa. Growers test improved varieties of beetroot,chives, cabbage and onion

Field school facilitatorsin Likasi at the end

of a 16-week training course

conducted specialized training at thegrowers’ request on composting, bio-pesticides and accounting. TheKisangani office organized 32 fieldschools attended by 480 growers, halfof them women. In Likasi, some 520growers took part in field schools thatfocused on the use of bio-pesticidesand organic fertilizers.

The project’s approach to micro-credit was also reviewed andimproved. The lack of a “repaymentculture” among vegetable growers –stemming from long exposure toemergency aid – had led to high loandefault rates. In Phase 2, therefore,the project set criteria for assessingassociations’ “credit rating”, while itsNGO partners provided practicaltraining in bookkeeping, accounting,financial planning and the value ofsavings.

In Kinshasa, loans were invested ingrowing higher value vegetable crops,as well as in micro-enterprises,including the construction of inputstores and composting units. Oneassociation invested in small-scale pigfarming, which had an added benefit:the pigs also provided organicfertilizer for the vegetable gardens. InLubumbashi, one project assessmentreported, “80 percent of women nowown farm tools thanks to micro-credit”.

The project also took a newdirection by encouraging schools tostart their own vegetable gardens. Itprovided tools, seed and practicaladvice to help start gardens at a totalof 40 schools in Kinshasa,Lubumbashi, Kisangani, Likasi andMbanza-Ngungu.

Lower rents, higher incomes. As Phase 2neared its end in 2007, the projectwas providing assistance to some17 350 small-scale market gardenersworking an area of 1 900 ha. Anevaluation mission found that theproject had helped growers obtainsecure title to 1 120 hectares of land,with term of leases ranging from oneor two years in Lubumbashi to 10 years in one area of Kinshasa. Oneeffect of increasingly secure tenurefor growers was a decline in the rentbeing charged for land.

In all five cities, growers hadexpanded the cultivated area andextended production into the rainyseason. Thanks to increasedproductivity, market gardeners’incomes had risen significantly. InKisangani, where many growers wereadopting profitable new crops, suchas green beans, cabbage, carrots andlettuce, the average monthly incomeof a market gardener had risen fromUS$18 to US$60. Between March2005 and March 2007, the averageincome of market gardeners in Likasirose from US$70 to US$160 a month,and in Kinshasa from US$50 toUS$142.

The evaluation recommended athird phase of the project aimed atapplying its approach within anationwide initiative for UPHdevelopment. In support of the newphase, the mission called forstreamlining procedures for theissuance of land permits. It alsorecommended action to promoteschool gardens, improve post-harvestmanagement and processing, andincrease the consumption of fruitsand vegetables.


Between 2000 and 2010, the projectdisbursed to market gardeners loansworth US$1.08 million for investmentin crop production and other income-generating activities. Most of thatcredit was channelled through “micro-banks” managed by development NGOsand growers’ own associations. Eachmicro-caisse serves from 50 to 75growers, who contribute 20 percent ofthe loan amount for approvedactivities. The loans, averaging US$60per grower, are used mainly to buyinputs and farm tools, or invested insmall-scale enterprises, such asseedling nurseries, composting unitsand small-scale animal production.

Growers in Kisanganitripled their average incomesby switching to moreprofitable crops,such as beans

ENABLINGGROWERSTO BUYTHE INPUTSTHEY NEED

Lubumbashi. The president of a growers’association (at right) signs an agreement witha development NGO for a loan to buy seed,compost and bio-pesticides

Likasi. A course in micro-credit management forofficers from 72 growers' associations

Kinshasa. A growers’ association used credit tostart a profitable business making nutrient-richfertilizer in a vermicomposting unit

A brisk trade in locally grown produceA pavilion built with project support inLubumbashi’s Pande market in 2003 nowserves as the main hub for the marketing of horticultural produce grown at Kilobelobeand Kamilombe. The pavilion hosts some 30 vendors, most of them women, who reportincomes of up to US$50 a day. Thanks to the project, the vendors say, locally grownvegetables have replaced produce that, untilrecently, was imported from neighbouringZambia. Business is so brisk that the vendorshave requested at least three times morespace in order to meet consumer demand.

Vendor Kally Nyembo (at right)buys vegetables directlyfrom market gardeners

in Kilobelobe

A steady stream of transporters delivers fresh produce from the city’speri-urban market gardens

Scenes from a typical day in Pande market

The pavilion newly constructed

5 km

Pande marketLubumbashi


By 2008, the DemocraticRepublic of the Congohad finally achieved thestability it needed for itssustainable socio-economic development.

Multiparty presidential elections in2006 – the first since 1960 – hadgiven the country a broad coalitiongovernment committed to drasticallyimproving the Congolese people’sliving conditions within a generation.

In the agriculture sector, thegovernment was preparing anagriculture master plan giving fullrecognition to the role of urban andperi-urban horticulture in ensuring

food and nutrition security andalleviating urban poverty. It was alsoimplementing constitutional reformsthat would decentralize agriculturalplanning and decision-making toprovincial governments.

The third phase of the project,which began in January 2008, iscontributing to the country’s recoveryby laying the foundations for UPHdevelopment programmes at nationaland provincial levels.

It is helping to set up municipalconsultation committees in allprovincial capitals, and sponsoringworkshops to formulate horticulturaldevelopment plans for each province.Meanwhile, SENAHUP has openednew offices in eight cities.

“Five-S” approach. Building on thestrategy validated in Phase 2 –securing access to land and water,improving the quality of produce andprofessionalizing growers – theproject has developed a “Five-S”approach with two new objectives.

Because vegetable consumption is


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Horticulture Day in Lubumbashi. The keyto increased productionis boosting demand

Traders harvest crops directlyfrom growers’ fields

still below FAO/WHO recommendedlevels, FAO says the key to increasedproduction is interventions focusedon boosting demand. One of the newobjectives, therefore, is to secureincreased consumption of fruits andvegetables by offering consumers awider variety of safe, quality produce,promoting school gardens, andcreating a more efficient horticulturesupply chain.

The project is sponsoring publicinformation campaigns, investing inthe construction or improvement ofneighbourhood markets, andencouraging the labelling of produceto build consumer confidence.

The project’s second new objectiveis to secure capitalization ofmethodologies and technologiesdeveloped over the past decade, andto transfer the project’s approach toother cities of the DemocraticRepublic of the Congo and to otherAfrican countries. The project isbringing together all municipal UPHadvisers for regular consultations, andpreparing manuals for trainers andbriefing kits for decision-makers.

It has sponsored regional dialogueon UPH with neighbouring countries,such as Burundi, Rwanda andZambia, and forged links with theDimitra programme, a Belgium-funded initiative that sharesdevelopment ideas and good practicesthroughout Africa.

Taking stock. In July 2010, FAO tookstock of the project’s achievementssince 2000. It found that the project isnow assisting directly some 16 100vegetable growers working an area of2 000 ha in and around Kinshasa,Lubumbashi, Kisangani, Likasi andMbanza-Ngungu.

Project sites account for more thanhalf the total area dedicated tocommercial horticulture in the fivecities. Secure land tenure to 1 225 hahas been guaranteed through leases,permits and zoning facilitated by theproject.

Water control structures, built or


The project has helped establish vegetable gardens in 74 primary schools and high schools.School gardens are powerful tools for improving child nutrition: they familiarize children with horticulture, provide fresh food for healthy school meals and help teachers develop nutrition courses. When replicated at home, they improve family nutrition. In 2010, more than 18 700 students were participating in the project’s school gardens programme. One objective of Phase 3 is to foster a national programme in collaboration with health and education ministries and WHO.

TOOLS, SEEDS AND PRACTICAL ADVICEFOR SCHOOL GARDENERS

Lubumbashi. At the Maadini school, children clear scrub,prepare seed beds and tend their cabbage nursery

Mbanza-Ngungu. Pupils of the Kola primary school at work on their school garden

With drip irrigation, intensified productionTshamalale represents the future of Lubumbashi’s urbanand peri-urban horticulture sector. On 6 ha of land on thecity’s western outskirts, three growers’ associations dugfive wells 5 m deep to tap into the area’s rich groundwaterresources. Then they used a project loan to buy a low-pressure drip irrigation system for their fields of tomatoes,cabbages, green beans, onions and zucchini. The areacurrently produces around 2.5 tonnes of produce a week,all year round, for sale mainly to the city’s supermarkets.The project is using Tshamalale to train other marketgardeners in sustainable intensification of production.

TshamalaleLubumbashi

Five wells 5 m deepprovide water toTshamalale’s fields

The wells supply groundwater to cabbage fields througha low-pressure drip irrigation system

5 km

A field of ripening tomatoes at Tshamalale

The onion nursery

A drainage canal dug through marshes helped increase the cultivable areafrom - to 6 ha

upgraded, now provide water formarket gardens throughout the yearin Kinshasa, Lubumbashi, Kisanganiand Likasi, and have extended wateravailability from four months to eightmonths in Mbanza-Ngungu.

Through farmer field schoolsinvolving a total of 350 growers’associations, the project hasintroduced and disseminated newproduction and processingtechnologies, and doubled to 50 thenumber of vegetable varieties beinggrown. Organic fertilizers and bio-pesticides are steadily replacing moreexpensive chemical fertilizers andsynthetic pesticides. More than75 percent of growers are usingimproved seed and have adoptedother good practices – soilpreparation, crop diversification,improved nursery management andcrop rotation.

Thanks mainly to the project,vegetable production in Kinshasa hasincreased from an estimated 30 000tonnes in 2000 to around 80 000tonnes in 2009. The city’s marketgardens now account for 65 percentof its vegetable supply. In Lubum-bashi, the area under commercialhorticulture has grown from less than100 ha in 2000 to 720 ha, andproduction from 2 250 tonnes to anestimated 60 000 tonnes. Womenthere make up more than 70 percentof growers benefiting from projectactivities.

Meanwhile, growers in Mbanza-Ngungu are shifting to highlyprofitable cultivation of potatoes,achieving yields of up to 30 tonnesper hectare, and the town is nowsupplying seed potatoes to farmers inKinshasa. In Likasi, the averagemonthly income of the city’svegetable growers is almost US$300 amonth, compared to less than US$70five years earlier.

In all cities, the project haspromoted simple post-harvesttechnologies for popular vegetables –for example, chili paste is being soldin local supermarkets. Market


Of the more than 16 000 growers participating in Phase 3of the project, almost 10 000 are women. In Lubumbashi, morethan 6 000 women have taken out micro-credit loans over thepast 10 years, using them to buy inputs and farm tools.Thanks to training through farmer field schools, the womennow cultivate 15 types of leafy vegetables, compared to justfour when the project began. Some women have also investedin small-scale livestock, dressmaking and child-careenterprises. Higher incomes mean improved child nutrition –one study found that market gardeners’ children ate onaverage 3.3 meals a day, compared to “less than two” whenthe project began.

INVESTING IN WOMEN AND THE NEXT GENERATION

Likasi. Members of the Hodari Mothers’ association, who grow vegetables in the Nguya area 18 km from the city centre

Mbanza-Ngungu. A bumper crop of cabbage in the Kinzau market garden

Lubumbashi. Thanks to micro-credit,many women can afford pedal-pumps

collection and sales points have beenconstructed or improved in15 neighbourhoods to link growers toconsumers.

Because they are cultivating largerar eas with more profitable crops,market gardeners have higher profitmargins, and are better able to meethealth and child care costs. In 2000,less than 30 percent of growers inKinshasa and less than 20 percent ofthose in Lubumbashi said they hadcash reserves. Today, the proportionhas reached 80 percent in Kinshasaand almost 100 percent inLubumbashi. Savings are beinginvested in children’s education andhome improvements, and manygrowers have opened accounts withcredit unions or banks.

FAO concluded that the “Five-S”approach to UPH development hasproduced a truly bountiful harvest. Bysecuring growers’ access to land andwater, and registering theirassociations as formal organizations,the project stabilized the sector andprovided the basis for its sustainabledevelopment. The technical guidanceand capacity building providedthrough farmer field schools haveproven effective in improving thequantity, quality and safety ofhorticultural produce.

Finally, the decade-longcollaboration between FAO,SENAHUP and municipal authoritieshas laid a solid foundation fornational and provincial programmesfor UPH development. FAO believesthat the project in the DemocraticRepublic of the Congo will serve as aplatform for dissemination ofsustainable urban and peri-urbanhorticulture in the Great Lakes sub-region of Africa, and beyond.


MEASURES OF IMPACT

4000

3500

3000

2500

500

1000

2000

1500

0Kinshasa Lubumbashi LikasiKisangani Mbanza-

Ngungu

20042010

Average annual income of marketgardeners (US$)

1200

1000

200

400

800

600


Ngungu

Under secure tenureTotal

Market gardens covered by projectactivities, 2010 (hectares)

3000

4000

2000

2500

3500

500

1000

1500

0 Kinshasa Lubumbashi LikasiKisangani Mbanza-Ngungu

Number of market gardeners attending field schools, 2000-2010

300

350

250

200

100

50

150


Loans disbursed to market gardeners, 2000-2010 (US$ thousands)

6000

5000

1000

2000

4000

3000


Ngungu

Women

Men

Number of market gardenersparticipating in project, 2010

6000

7000

5000

4000

2000

1000

3000


Number of students participating in school gardens programme, 2010

Source: FAO/SENAHUP

“All of my life is here”In 2004, Irène Kalenga joined fellow growers at the Kashamatamarket garden in digging a 3 km-long canal to divert water from the Kafubu river to their fields. It took them three months,using machetes, picks and shovels, and a route survey carried outby the project. Their hard labour now provides a year-roundwater supply that has allowed them to expand their vegetablegardens from 3.5 ha to 9 ha. “All of my life is here,” says growerIrène Kalenga, who earns monthly income of around US$375 from the sale of cabbages, onions, tomatoes and eggplant.

KashamataLubumbashi

Belgium’s Minister of Development Cooperation, Charles Michel (centre),visits the Kashamata canal in 2009

Two growers’ associations with 71 members cultivate vegetablesat Kashamata

The canal provides water to 9 ha of vegetable gardens

Route of the canal

Irène Kalengabeside her fields at Kashamata

5 km

Partners in urban and peri-urban horticulture

Ministry of Rural Development,Democratic Republic of the Congo Boulevard du 30 juin, Commune de la Gombe, Kinshasa

The Ministry promotesUPH through its NationalSupport Service for Urban

and Peri-urban Horticulture(SENAHUP), which has municipalhorticultural offices in 13 cities.

Food and Agriculture Organization of the United NationsViale delle Terme di Caracalla, 00153 Rome, Italy

FAO’s Programme for Urbanand Peri-urban Horticulturehelps governments and city

administrations to optimize policies,institutional frameworks and supportservices for UPH, to improve productionand marketing systems, and toenhance the horticulture value chain.

Belgian Development CooperationRue des Petits Carmes, 15 B-1000 Brussels, Belgium

Belgium has providedfunding of US$15 millionin support of FAO-

assisted projects for UPH developmentin Bolivia, Burundi, the DemocraticRepublic of the Congo, Côte d’Ivoire andNamibia, and for an ongoing globalinitiative aimed at disseminatinglessons learned.

Project staff

National project coordinatorIsraël Nyamugwabiza (SENAHUP)FAO Chief technical adviser Bruno Telemans (2000-2008)Michel Gerard (2008- )FAO Associate professional officerJudicaël Azehoun PazouNational consultant Nseya Lessime

Municipal Horticultural Offices

KinshasaLumenga Nasakamur (UPH adviser)Friti MubialaLidjongo Ngombe ColetteOlomba EugenieMatindi Batakuau Guylaine

Lubumbashi Mushail Mutomb Kangaji (UPH adviser)Beby Kayombo KarumbuNgity MboneMunga EnzyaMuthunda Muyeketa

Kisangani Sandja Bilambo (UPH adviser)Mwarabu Esinga LilaPaluku Nzibake

LikasiKindola Wa Ngabo Joseph (UPH adviser)Mandale KipandeKitambo MulimbiBenda Kambale Roger

Mbanza-NgunguKitiaka Mfum’Andem (UPH adviser)Bananga BaboLusilabo KimbongilaLuamba Di Mvuezolo

PhotographsCover: G.Thomas/FAOp.2: FAO/SENAHUPp.3: UNPhoto/M.Perretp.4 (from top): Grégoire Mutshail,FAO/SENAHUPpp.5-7: FAO/SENAHUPpp.8-9: G.Napolitano/FAOp.9 (from top): G.Napolitano/FAO (1,4),FAO/SENAHUPpp.10-12: FAO/SENAHUPp.13 (from top): G.Napolitano/FAO(1,2), FAO/SENAHUPp.14: Bruno Kitiakap.15: FAO/SENAHUPp.16 (from top): FAO/SENAHUP (1,3,4),G.Napolitano/FAOp.18: G.Napolitano/FAOp.19 (from left): FAO/SENAHUP,G.Napolitano/FAOpp.20-21: FAO/SENAHUPp.22: G.Napolitano/FAOp.24 (from top): G.Napolitano/FAO,FAO/SENAHUPpp.25-32: FAO/SENAHUP

Satellite imageryDigitalGlobe

Text and designGraeme Thomas and Giulio Sansonetti Research: Diana Gutiérrez

Special thanks to the citizens of Lubumbashi, Democratic Republic of the Congo

The FAO/SENAHUP project office in Lubumbashi

Lubumbashi project staff

FAO’s Programme for Urbanand Peri-urban HorticulturePlant Production and ProtectionDivision (AGP)Food and Agriculture Organizationof the United NationsViale delle Terme di Caracalla00153 Rome, Italy

[email protected]/ag/agp/greenercities/

Produced witha contribution fromBelgian DevelopmentCooperation

Documents

Growing season A - Food and Agriculture Organization · 2011. 3. 17. · growing higher value vegetable crops, as well as in micro-enterprises, including the construction of input