Growing Diversity and Independence

Population Growth• Population in 1776 = 2.5

million (100x the 1640 population level)

• Birth rates were high (average woman gave birth 7 times)

• Better housing, sanitary living conditions, and medical care reduced the number of deaths from disease (except in overcrowded cities)

• Immigration & slavery

The Pennsylvania Dutch• German immigrants,

including the Mennonites, who came to Pennsylvania seeking religious freedom

• By 1775, over 100,000 Germans had settled from Pennsylvania to NC

• Moved to just east of the Appalachian Mountains and set up prosperous farms

The Scotch-Irish• Left Ireland for Pennsylvania

due to economic and religious pressures

• These immigrants typically pushed as far west as possible, settling along the mountain frontier, where land was unclaimed and, therefore, free

• Spread as far south as Georgia

African Slaves• Brought to the Colonies as

plantation labor• Came from many different

West African cultures and were then thrown together on the plantations, forcing them to adapt and develop new, American-specific cultures such as the Gullah culture of the South Carolina Low-Country plantations

South Carolinian Slavery• Slaves dramatically

outnumbered whites on the plantations, so order was maintained through harsh punishments – whippings, brandings, mutilations, executions

• Whites maintained night watches to prevent rebellion, and regularly patrolled for runaway slaves

Virginian Slavery• Ratio of slaves to whites was

much smaller and working conditions were less unpleasant than in SC

• Planters were less watchful and demanding of their slaves, allowing them to move around unchecked and often rewarding them with time off or extra rations for completing jobs ahead of schedule or unusually well

• Slaves were still severely punished for disobedience and other transgressions

Slave Resistance• Slaves sometimes ran

away to join the Native Americans

• Often used passive resistance techniques: refused to work hard, worked slowly, broke or lost tools or other supplies, deliberately made mistakes

Stono Rebellion• 1739: 75 South Carolinian

slaves attacked their overseers and seized a supply of weapons

• The slaves made for Spanish Florida, which had promised freedom to any runaways

• The local militia caught up with the slaves and ended the rebellion by killing most of the runaways

• Resulted in much harsher laws in SC regarding slaves

The Enlightenment• European philosophers

began to stress the importance of human reason (and deemphasize the role of religin) in solving all manner of social problems

• Argued that man could come to understand all social, economic, and political relationships because these things were bound by natural laws

John Locke• Author of Two Treatises on

Government (1689)• The right of a monarch to rule is

not divine, but rather comes from the people

• All people have the natural right to life, liberty, and property

• Government exists to protect those rights, not to threaten them; if the government fails to protect people’s natural rights, then the people are entitled to overthrow that government

John Locke• Essay on Human

Understanding (1690)• People are not born

sinful, but rather they are blank slates (tabula rasa) that are shaped by society and education

• People can, and should, improve themselves by improving their society

Locke and America• Locke’s writings were

popular in the Colonies because it backed up their belief that they had protected rights as English citizens and re-enforced their belief that they were building a new and better world than what existed in Europe

Baron de Montesquieu• Author of The Spirit of the

Laws (1748)• Argued for separation of

government power into three branches (executive, legislative, and judicial), where each branch limited the power of the other two through a system of checks and balances

The Great Awakening• Religious counterpoint to the

Enlightenment• A new movement, called

pietism, emphasized the need for people to engage in a more personal and emotional relationship with God

• Pietism was spread through the holding of revivals (large public prayer meetings led by charismatic and zealous Protestant ministers)

Jonathan Edwards• 1703 – 1758• New England preacher

who wanted to revive the spiritual fervor of the early Puritans

• Gave “fire and brimstone” style sermons with vivid images of Hell and called for his fellow Christians to repent and become “born again”

George Whitfield• 1714 – 1770• Best known and most

influential of the Great Awakening ministers

• Anglican minister who openly challenged the authority of ministers who had not been “born again,” leading to serious tensions, and even splits, within many American congregations

Consequences of the Great Awakening

• New religious beliefs stressed an independent relationship with God

• Older Puritan churches declined in number, while revivalist churches such as Baptists and Methodists surged

• Baptist churches grew especially strong in the South, where its message of social equality before God struck a chord with poor farmers and slaves

Baptist Threat• The Planter class tried

desperately to suppress the Baptist church, fearing that its anti-slavery message would undermine their control of their slaves

• Despite these efforts, however, Baptism continued to spread