GROW YOUR OWNReady, Set, PLANT

Julia LaughlinOklahoma County Extension Horticulture

Educator

Direct Seeding vs Transplantsin the Garden

Warm season crops like hot temps and generally cannot take temps below freezing. Cool season

crops like cooler temps and can take temps down to low 20’s or below in some cases…

LAST FREEZE IN OK COUNTY??About TAX DAY

FIRST FREEZE IN FALL?Very near or after Halloween

Succession (Successive) Planting

Direct planting every 2 weeks during the season,works for many crops to increase harvest!• Cool-season crops – like greens, radishes etc.

– Spring planting: February – March– Fall planting: July – October

• Warm-season crops – like green beans and squash– Summer planting: April – May– Fall planting: July – August

Keys to Successful Direct Sowing

• Don’t sow too deep, most seed cover 2-3 times their size.

• Keep them moist, but do not DROWN!• Thin seedlings to correct spacing

– You can add washed thinnings of greens to your salad!

Using string line to mark rowswill help you plant straight rows

Starting Transplants• Planting containers:

– Small pots, newspaper pots, black plastic trays, peat pellets, peat pots, soil blocks, paper rolls, etc.

• Moisten potting soil thoroughly– There are specialty “seedling mixes” that work great

• Place seed on soil and cover lightly with soil– No deeper than 3x diameter– Lettuce seeds need light

• Place in a bright area– 12-16 hours of daylight is ideal– 70 degrees F

Starting Transplants, cont.Please see my hand-out on this!

• If using clear plastic lids, remove them after seed germinates

• Supplemental light should be placed 3-4” above seed/plants

• Harden-off before planting outside Limit water & fertilizer 3-5 days outdoors works well

When to Seed for Transplants

• Weeks before recommended transplanting date: Cole crops – 4-6 weeks

Onions – 10-12 weeks

Lettuce – 4-6 weeks

Peppers – 8-10 weeks

Tomato & Eggplant – 6-8 weeks

Melons & Cucumbers – 4 weeks

Flowers – read label

Harden-off Seedlings

Even if you can move transplants outside for a couple of mild days it helps. If transplants get stressed at planting time it often kills them or sets them way back. Try placing the plants where they get protection for direct afternoon sun and hard winds. You may need to move inside at night or cover with a row cover or frost blanket.

www.rhs.org.uk

Saving Seed

Many gardeners like to save seeds from their own gardens, to plant again next year and to share with friends. Seed saving is a fun hobby and a useful art. Depending on the species, seed saving is relatively easy (beans, tomatoes) or it may require considerable planning and care (squash, peppers).

Saving Seed – cont. It is not recommended to save seed from a vegetable or flower that is an F1 hybrid since seeds from hybrid cultivars will produce a mixture of plant types, most of which will be inferior to the parent. The best possible success with F1 hybrids is to buy new seed each year of cultivar wanted. .

What is an heirloom variety:An open-pollinated variety having some considerable ancestry and history of use.

Seed StorageIdeal seed storage temperatures should be between 40 to 50o . Most seed should be kept where the relative humidity does not go over 20-35%. You can freeze seed but MUST be airtight to prevent freezer burn! If seed becomes moist, regardless of temperature, it loses its ability to germinate over a period of time. At low temperatures, seed can be more moist and still germinate well after a short storage period.

Germination TestingA month or so before the seed is to be used, you can determine the percentage of seed which have the capacity to grow. The easiest way to do this is to moisten two or three layers of paper towels. Place 10 seeds on the towels and roll them up. Do not roll tightly. A loose roll will provide more oxygen and give a better test. Place the rolls in a plastic bag. Keep in a warm place such as kitchen counter or on top of the water heater.

Germination Testing, cont.Some seed germinates in a matter of several days, therefore, check the rolls every two or three days. In most cases, the seed should germinate in 10 to 14 days. If it has not, or if you get less than 50%, it might be best to discard the seed and buy fresh seed for the coming garden season.

Season ExtensionBy protecting plants form the elements we can grow later and start earlier or grow year-round. In the simplest form, it is a cloche. Greenhouses have heat and sometimes cooling systems and are the ideal season extension!

Spun bound Row Covers• Also used as insect barrier! You could use

plastic but can smash crops. Anchor for winds!

Low Tunnels and High Tunnels

Cold Frames and Hot Beds

COOL SEASON VEGGIES FOR SPRING, FALL AND WINTER (WITH SEASON

EXTENSION)

Beets, Radishes, Turnips, Carrots and Peas

• Direct sow Feb. 15 to April 15 in 2 week successions and for fall mid-August.

• Follow seed packet directions for spacing, but generally 2-4 inches.

• Detroit Dark Red beets, Cherry Belle radish and Rainbow chard

GREENS: Leaf Lettuces, Collards, Kale, Chard, Turnips

• All direct sown from SEED except head lettuces• Leaf lettuces are sown on 2-4 inch centers• Give kale, chard, collards about 1 foot.• Turnips you can grow varieties just for greens (like

ALLTOP) or just use the greens from your turnip crop. Either way space about 4 inches.

• Chard often goes all winter and through the next summer! It will be your only green that works in summer heat.

Cole Crops and Head Lettuces • Plant transplants in March without frost protection. For fall

plant mid-late August to mid September.• Fall planting is best for brassicas but I always plant cabbage and

broccoli in spring too• Space 12” for head lettuce and 14-18 for brassicas• Add fertilizer when planting• Try Packman broccoli, Snowball cauliflower, Red Head cabbage

and Butter crunch lettuce • Cabbage worm will show up!• WATCH OUT FOR BUNNIES!! Have to fence them out!

Snowball cauliflower

Buttercrunch Head Lettuce

Onions• Purchase to plant in late February or early March• Get the plants for large onions, the bulbs for small green

onions• At this time also pick-up your potatoes • Space plants 4-6” to allow for maximum size or closer with the

intention of eating them green!• Fertilize with Nitrogen Fertilizer (I like blood meal)

– 1 cup every 20 foot of row every 2-3 w(The more leafs, the more rings, the more rings, the larger the

onion)

Potatoes– Purchase 2-3 weeks before planting and cut up to

“callus” and be sure each piece ahs an “eye”TO “HILL” simply open a “trench” 4-6 inches deep• Just barely cover the potatoes with soil• Cover the potato plants weekly as they emerge• Plants will set potatoes in the clipping and you will

never have to “dig” potatoes again• Harvest when they start to bloom and fall over. Take

new potatoes and then hill the plant back up!

Callusing potatoes• Make sure you leave an eye in each

piece• Let pieces cure for about 10 days

Garlic• Plant from cloves the end of September

to mid-October• Space 4 inches apart• Harvest next June!

WARM SEASON VEGGIES

Tomatoes, Peppers, Eggplant(the nightshades)

• All transplanted after April 15• Space tomatoes 2 feet apart but peppers and

eggplants about 18 inches• Tomatoes have to be staked or caged!• Your hot peppers can make your sweet peppers hot!• Watch out for Spider mites, hornworms and stink

bugs!• Also eggplants get flea beetles• Try Black Beauty eggplant and California Wonder

pepper

Favorite Tomato Varieties• Early Girl • Celebrity

• Sweet 100 (cherry)• Sungold (cherry)

• Black Krims (Heirloom) • Cherokee Purple (Heirloom)

Okra

• LOVES warm weather• Plant in early May• Space about 1 foot• Soak seed overnight• Try Clemson Spineless or Annie Oakley• Harvest small at 3-4 inches• No real pests although deer love it• May need a ladder to harvest at the end of summer!

Beans and Southern peas• Easy to grow and don’t need much fertilizer• Start planting after April 15 for summer gardens and

August and early September for fall• Direct sow and space 2-4 inches and plant succession

of green beans!• Pole beans need trellising but bush beans don’t• Try Kentucky Wonder green bean and Pink Eye Purple

Hull cowpea

Cucurbits • Squash, Cucumbers, Watermelons, Cantaloupe and

Pumpkins• Can plant in hills• Consider rowing upright/trellising• Summer squash we eat when it is immature, winter

squash we eat when rind is hard• Summer squash and melons can go on 2 foot centers

but winter squash and pumpkins need about 4-6 foot spacing

• Watch out for cucumber beetles and squash bugs!• Try Black zucchini, strightneck squash. Black

Diamond watermelon. Waltham butternut and Acornwinter squash and Hales best jumbo cantaloupe

Sweet Corn• HEAVY feeders you will have to fertilize with nitrogen• Warmer soil temperatures needed so sow in April• Plant 2 seeds every foot and then thin to one sealing• Only 1 type can be grown at a time or stagger

plantings by 12 days• “SuperSweet” varieties probably best• Try “Silver Queen” or “Candy Corn”• Watch out for corn ear worm – use mineral oil at silk

fall• Must test ears for correct harvest!

Sweet Potatoes• Plant from “slips” in early June• Easy to grow – but keep weeds out early• Be sure to harvest before frost or freeze in October• Try Jewel or Beauregard

Asparagus and other Perennial Vegetables• Asparagus varieties include Mary & Martha Washington (the

old standard bearers), UC 157 F1, Jersey Giant, Jersey Knight• Plant in March-early April from transplants• Since they are perennial, aged manure underneath is a good

idea.• Wed control is a must! Look out for asparagus beetles• Do not harvest asparagus the first year and then lightly the

second year. After that harvest for 8-10 weeks.

WE HAVE A SITUATION!

Integrated Pest ManagementPests can be insects, diseases and weeds!

• Garden establishment• Plant maintenance• Pest avoidance• Monitoring

Good Cultural Practices for Pest Control

• Crop Rotation• Choose Resistant Varieties• Sanitation • Barriers/Row Covers for Insects• Mechanical – Vacuuming/Flaming• Cultivation/Tillage/Mulching• Crop and Variety Selection• Crop Timing• Crop Diversification/Companion Planting/Trap Cropping• Recognize and Encourage Beneficials

A Word About Crop Rotation

• Tomatoes, tomatillos, peppers, potatoes, and eggplant are all in the same family (nightshades)

• Cucumber, squash, watermelon, and cantaloupe are in the same family (cucurbits)

• Rotate crops yearly, outside of plant families, to avoid soil-borne insect and disease problems

Pests and Disease• Insects

– Handpick if you can– Firm stream of water for aphids and spider

mites– Horticultural oils and soaps

• Diseases– Increase airflow– Remove leaves or prune out when you can– Keep water at soil level and off leaves– Remove and replace sick plants, if early

enough in the season

• Abiotic problem– Not caused by insect or disease– Environmental

Environmental Problems

• Drought• TOO Much water - irrigation or RAIN• HEAT• Wind• Hail• Varmints

Abiotic ProblemsCatfacing

• Incomplete pollination

• Usually do to low temperature at pollination time

Abiotic ProblemsBlossom End Rot

• Not enough calcium in the fruit

• Plant is growing too fast and calcium is going into foliage and not the fruit

• Get calcium to plant• Fluctuations in available

water increase so mulcning helps!

• Can affect nightshades and cucurbits

• Most insect and disease pests are going to be “host specific,” in other words, know your crop, know your enemies. Some insects are not very picky, like grasshoppers and powdery mildew, and can devastate many different crops. Count on your Extension Educator, fact sheets and other references to help you ID your problem and plan your management strategies.

http://images.google.com/imgres?imgurl=http://www.plant-shed.com/images/powdery_mildew.JPG&imgrefurl=http://www.plant-shed.com/index.php?p=page&page_id=diseaseid&ShoppingCartUserSession=gt6m3a4h3j1q1t2pt29umrm051&usg=__otY45j8edONawp7C75TnhsWqmQM=&h=1920&w=2560&sz=1623&hl=en&start=1&tbnid=huwBZmKn4xMHLM:&tbnh=113&tbnw=150&prev=/images?q=powdery+mildew&gbv=2&hl=enhttp://images.google.com/imgres?imgurl=http://www.umassvegetable.org/images/soils_crops_pest_mgt/disease/tomato_powdery_mildew.jpg&imgrefurl=http://www.umassvegetable.org/soil_crop_pest_mgt/disease_mgt/tomato_powdery_mildew.html&usg=__26wj8KkoE4VcMRzl2bQaueEjNmI=&h=300&w=450&sz=151&hl=en&start=19&tbnid=bcT_loBvbdR-6M:&tbnh=85&tbnw=127&prev=/images?q=powdery+mildew&gbv=2&hl=enhttp://images.google.com/imgres?imgurl=http://www.ipm.iastate.edu/ipm/icm/files/images/grasshopper-soybean-damage.jpg&imgrefurl=http://www.ipm.iastate.edu/ipm/icm/node/2559&usg=__fQNoHjktMaDbqMCtVvzAw12eahU=&h=430&w=288&sz=13&hl=en&start=1&tbnid=soUt7GD5iqJ0MM:&tbnh=126&tbnw=84&prev=/images?q=grasshopper+damage&gbv=2&hl=en&sa=G

Dealing with Insect Pests• Look for and encourage beneficials• Know your enemy and the alternative and natural strategies• Control could be as simple as a spray of water, a mineral, soap

or oil based spray, biological agent, crop timing, crop rotation or another improvement of cultural technique (improved drainage, companion planting etc.)

• Allow a natural microclimate ecosystem to establish

Insect Pests – THE WORST

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General Pest ProblemsGrasshoppers

• Very very hard to control• Heavy populations some years due to successful egg

laying• Organic and traditional farmers use baits and

“Grasshopper spores”

General Pest ProblemsGrubs and Cutworms

• Soil inhabiting• Cutworm comes up to feed• Grub will feed on roots• Winter cultivation kills both

General Pest Problems Spider Mite

• Goldening speckling of the upper surface of the leaf

• SOMETIMES webbing• Hot weather lovers• Soap and oil solutions

– 3Tbs dishwashing soap – 3 Tbs vegetable oil/ one gallon water

General Pest ProblemsAphids• Aesexual

• Cool weather lovers• Piercing/sucking mouthparts• Create “honeydew” which fosters “sooty mold”• Hard spray of water, soap solution or any insecticide!

Aphid/Ant Mutualism

http://en.wikibooks.org/w/index.php?title=File:Aphid-sap2.jpg&filetimestamp=20070422190808

BeneficialsLadybird beetle, eggs and larvae

BeneficialsBlack and Yellow Garden Spider•

BeneficialsWheel Bugs/Assassin Bugs

http://en.academic.ru/pictures/enwiki/87/Wheel_bug_2223.jpg

BeneficialsAdult Lacewing, larvae and eggs

http://mint.ippc.orst.edu/laceeggs_lg.htm

If you build it they will come…

Disease Control Strategies• Understand disease triangle: host, pest, environment• Be aware that many insects “vector” plant diseases• Choose resistant varieties when possible• Practice sanitation• Use planned crop rotation on annual crops• Use of best cultural techniques for the crop (proper

fertilization, staking for good air movement etc.)• If using a natural fungicides or bactericides, know the correct

timing for best control

Disease Management

mtvernon.wsu.edu

Kim Rebek

Sanitation

“Organic” Pesticides

• Botanical Pesticides – Neem, Pyrethrum• Microbial Pesticides – Bacillus thuringiensis (B.t.)

Beuveria, Spinosad

• Mineral/Soap/Oil Pesticides – Sulfur, Copper, Potassium Bicarbanate, Insecticidal soap, Horticultural oils

• NOTE: These products can still be toxic to humans and Beneficials!

Weed Control Strategies• MULCH MULCH MULCH MULCH MULCH!!!! Using OM!• Try to choose land that is not already infested with a difficult weed

population• Eliminate the weed species before planting if at all possible• Weed barriers such as thick mulches, landscape fabric, cover crops and

plasticulture can be used• Consider cultivation equipment options• Design plantings to allow for cultivation, if possible, and NEVER let them

go to seed!• Consider “Flaming” if your are going “Organic”

Weed Control Strategies• MULCH MULCH MULCH MULCH MULCH!!!! Using Organic Matter if you

can! • CULTVATE! Consider cultivation equipment options..hoes, knives etc.• Try to choose land that is not already infested with a difficult weed

population• Eliminate the weed species before planting if at all possible• Weed barriers such as thick mulches, landscape fabric, cover crops and

plasticulture can be used• Design plantings to allow for cultivation, if possible, and NEVER let them

go to seed!

Benefits of MULCHING• Organic mulches, like compost, add small

amount of organic matter over time• Mulch also:

– Controls weeds– Increases moisture– Decrease runoff and erosion– Regulates soil temperature

Weed Management

Organic Mulches

www.ipmthailand.org

i22.photobucket.com

www.wildernessnursery.com

Weed Management

Inorganic Mulches

www.wildernessnursery.comwww.hightunnels.org

Newspaper Plastic

SAVE THE FLAVOR • Harvest at the right time for peak quality and

then store correctly and preserve quickly.• Check out the Extension information on

canning, freezing and drying produce

Harvest Practices for Nightshade Crops

• Eggplant based on glossy skin prior to:– Skin getting tough– Seeds maturing

• Pepper based on size primarily– Color for some markets

• Tomato based on fruit color– Breaker stage at least– Full red color for local sales

Take tomatoes at the BREAKER stage

Harvesting Cucumbers and Squash

• Cucumber & summer Squash – desired size of fruits

• Winter Squash, Pumpkin - rind hardening & loss of shine

Cantaloupe harvest at half slip!

• Pick at full slip

Watermelon harvest• Thump it?• Yellow belly?• Dried tendril closest to the fruit

Harvesting Beans

www.hort.cornell.edu

www.hort.purdue.edu

Snap beans: Do not let pods overfill & harvest young pods regularly

Harvest PracticesOkra, Corn & Potatoes

• Okra - size 2-3.5” long, free of fiber & tender• Potato - size, specific gravity, skin set

– Reduce irrigation, kill vines 2-3 wks prior to harvest

• Sweet corn - kernels should be pale yellow & plump with some small kernels at the end

• Sweet potato - harvest prior to freeze– Usually, the bigger the better

Onion Harvest• Do you need to step on the tops?• No, they will go over on their own

– Bulbing is initiated by day length• Dig 7-10 days after tops go over

– Store in dry shady area

Harvesting Spinach and other Greens

• Keep plants productive– Pinch-off outer leaves– Keep 50% intact for further

growth– Chard may produce up to 2

years!

www.hort.purdue.edu

Harvesting Lettuce

Head and Romaine: Harvest at appropriate size, cut at crown

Loose leaf types: Cut outer leaves one-by-one, leaving inner leaves to mature

Harvest Cabbage

www.yaguinalights.org

Twist heads to harvest once they

are the size of a softball

or larger

Fall is actually one of the best gardening seasons in Oklahoma!Most gardeners are tired at the end of

summer and forget about it…but it is really a good time to grow veggies!

For more information…Oklahoma Cooperative Extension

Fact Sheets at: http://osufacts.okstate.edu

GROW YOUR OWN�Ready, Set, PLANT �Direct Seeding vs Transplants�in the GardenSlide Number 3Succession (Successive) PlantingKeys to Successful Direct SowingUsing string line to mark rows�will help you plant straight rowsStarting TransplantsStarting Transplants, cont.�Please see my hand-out on this!When to Seed for TransplantsHarden-off Seedlings��Even if you can move transplants outside for a couple of mild days it helps. If transplants get stressed at planting time it often kills them or sets them way back. Try placing the plants where they get protection for direct afternoon sun and hard winds. You may need to move inside at night or cover with a row cover or frost blanket. �Saving Seed Saving Seed – cont. �Slide Number 13Slide Number 14Seed StorageGermination TestingGermination Testing, cont.Season ExtensionSpun bound Row CoversLow Tunnels and High TunnelsCold Frames and Hot BedsCOOL SEASON VEGGIES �FOR SPRING, FALL AND WINTER (WITH SEASON EXTENSION)Beets, Radishes, Turnips, Carrots and Peas�GREENS: Leaf Lettuces, Collards, Kale, Chard, TurnipsCole Crops and Head Lettuces Snowball cauliflowerButtercrunch Head LettuceOnionsPotatoesCallusing potatoesGarlicWARM SEASON VEGGIESTomatoes, Peppers, Eggplant�(the nightshades)Favorite Tomato VarietiesOkraBeans and Southern peasCucurbits Sweet CornSweet PotatoesAsparagus and other Perennial VegetablesWE HAVE A SITUATION!Integrated Pest Management�Pests can be insects, diseases and weeds!Good Cultural Practices �for Pest ControlA Word About Crop RotationPests and DiseaseEnvironmental Problems�Abiotic Problems�Catfacing Abiotic Problems�Blossom End RotSlide Number 49Dealing with Insect Pests�Insect Pests – THE WORSTGeneral Pest Problems�Grasshoppers�General Pest Problems�Grubs and Cutworms��General Pest Problems �Spider MiteGeneral Pest Problems�AphidsAphid/Ant MutualismBeneficials�Ladybird beetle, eggs and larvae �Beneficials�Black and Yellow Garden SpiderBeneficials�Wheel Bugs/Assassin BugsBeneficials�Adult Lacewing, larvae and eggsIf you build it they will come…Disease Control StrategiesSlide Number 63Disease Management“Organic” PesticidesWeed Control Strategies�Weed Control Strategies�Benefits of MULCHINGSlide Number 69Weed ManagementSAVE THE FLAVOR Harvest Practices for Nightshade Crops Take tomatoes at the BREAKER stageHarvesting Cucumbers and Squash�Cantaloupe harvest at half slip!Watermelon harvestHarvesting BeansHarvest Practices�Okra, Corn & PotatoesOnion HarvestHarvesting Spinach and other GreensHarvesting LettuceHarvest CabbageFall is actually one of the best gardening seasons in Oklahoma!For more information…