GROVER CLEVELAND The 24th President of the United States

CLEVELAND’S BACKGROUND: Richard Falley Cleveland and Ann Neal Cleveland gave birth to their

fifth child Stephan Grover Cleveland on March 18th 1837. Richard Falley Cleveland was a descendant of early English settlers in the northeast area of Massachusetts, but was originally from Connecticut. Grover’s mother Ann Neal Cleveland was a descendant of Anglo-Irish and German Quaker blood, she originally was from Baltimore, Maryland. Pres. Grover Cleveland was named in tribute to the first pastor of the Presbyterian Church in Caldwell, New Jersey where Cleveland’s father was a pastor. Cleveland was one of nine children, out of five boys and four girls. Later on his family moved to Fayetteville, New York. Nine years later in 1850, the family transferred to Clinton, Oneida County in New York in regards to Cleveland’s father’s job. Two years later the family moved yet again to Holland Patent, New York, where soon after Cleveland’s father past away. After his fathers’ death Cleveland left grammar school to help with the financial status of his family. When Cleveland’s brother began teaching at the New York Institute for the Blind, Grover soon assumed a teaching position. After he concluded his career as an assistant teacher he went home to Holland Patent. (1854). In the spring of 1855 Cleveland, moved to Buffalo, New York, where his uncle then introduced Cleveland to many prominent men, some of which were partners in law firms where Cleveland later became a clerk. Grover Cleveland was admitted to the bar in 1859, he was only 21. This was the beginning of Cleveland’s political career. As President in his first term, Grover Cleveland married twenty-one year old Francis Folsom. Cleveland was the only President to have ever married during his Presidency in the White House.

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Cleveland was the only Democratic candidate elected to presidency in the era of Republican domination which lasted from 1860-1912. He was the first democrat to take presidency twenty-eight years after Buchanan. Grover disagreed with imperialism, inflationary policies, and subsides as the leader of the Bourbon Democrats. David B. Hill the senator of New York at the time was Cleveland’s leading opponent. Hill worked extremely hard to prevent Cleveland from being nominated, by creating the anti-Cleveland elements of the Democratic Party. His techniques were unsuccessful. At the convention in Chicago Grover was nominated on first ballot, being paired with vice president nominee Aldai E. Stevens of Illinois. Voters nominated Harrison as president making this election similar to the election four years before.

PIRATES

POLITICAL 22nd and 24th President of the United States (1885-1889 and 1893-1897) He worked as a lawyer. Buffalo City Democratic Committee chose him to run for mayor in 1881. In one year, Mayor

Cleveland exposed graft and (corruption in the city's municipal services, vetoed dozens of pork-barrel appropriations, and set a pace for hard work and efficiency that impressed state leaders in the Democratic Party.

The Democratic Party nominated Cleveland for governor of New York. As New York's chief executive from 1882 to 1884, Cleveland used the same tactics that had worked in Buffalo. He challenged the substantially corrupt Tammany Hall, a political machine based in New York City that had supported him in the election.

He worked harder and longer hours than anyone else in state government. Within a year, Democrats around the nation were touting him as a fresh face, a political outsider, and a pragmatic reformer who might win the presidency in 1884.

In the election of 1884, Cleveland appealed to middle-class voters of both parties as someone who would fight political corruption and big-money interests.

When he ran for reelection in 1888, the Republicans raised lots of money from the nation's manufacturers and spent it lavishly, helping to ensure victory for their candidate, Benjamin Harrison. The election thus marked the beginning of a new era in campaign financing. Though Cleveland actually won a larger share of the popular vote, Harrison defeated Cleveland in the Electoral College.

In 1892, however, after four years of Republican leadership, Cleveland quashed the reelection hopes of Harrison, who had alienated many in his own party. He thus became the only President to serve nonconsecutive terms, winning the office once again.

INTELLECTUAL Cleveland will be remembered for

protecting the power and autonomy of the executive branch.

His record-breaking use of the presidential veto earned him the deserved moniker of the "guardian President" and helped balance the power of executive and legislative branches.

He did not think that the President should propose legislation and he disliked using legislative solutions to address America's growing social and economic difficulties.

Although some historians claim that he wasn’t a great president He restored honesty and impartiality to the government and taught the American people that in their handling of foreign affairs conscience should always be the one dominant force.

RELIGION Grover Cleveland was a Presbyterian. Cleveland was the son of a

Presbyterian minister, but he seems not to have been especially religious himself. He was quite tolerant of other religions.

The roots of the Presbyterian Church trace back to John Calvin, a 16th-century French reformer. Presbyterianism has had a strong presence in America. Reformed churches were first established in the early 1600s with Presbyterians shaping the religious and political life of the newly established nation.

"Old First" Presbyterian Church (1827-1890) from a photograph taken in 1875 by Charles E. Pond in possession of the archives of the First Presbyterian Church, Buffalo, NY.

ARTS & CULTURE In 1893 Emile Bernard published, an article

praising Van Gogh, in Mercure de France, a magazine read at the time by everyone with an interest in modern art.

The Panic of 1893 was a serious economic depression in the United States that began in 1893.

The Theatrical World by William Archer was published in 1896.

The Armenian Massacres of 1894-1897. From 1893 to 1897 Robert Franklin Pennell

was President of Chico State Normal School. The Pullman Strike of 1894 was one of the

most influential events in the history of U.S. labor.

Chicago’s World’s Fair of 1893 was an incredibly popular and immensely influential social and cultural event.

TECHNOLOGY President Grover Cleveland’s second

term illuminated the White House with its first electrical lights on the Christmas tree.

In 1882, Thomas Edison's friend and partner Edward Johnson hand-wired eighty patriotic red, white, and blue lights around a rotating evergreen tree in his home.

Cleveland opened the World Fait in Chicago commemorating Columbus's discovery. Lighted by electricity, “White City", created a make-believe urban center and put on display Americas celebration of consumption and technology.

Thomas A. Edison finishes construction of the first motion picture studio (West Orange, New Jersey). He builds a film studio ("Black Maria"), where the earliest Edison motion pictures were filmed.

ECONOMICAL The Panic of 1893 was a financial crisis that hit the

United States upon the concurrence of several events. Cleveland's most forceful response to the depression

was to blame the Sherman Silver Purchase Act of 1890, passed during the Harrison administration, for the nation's economic troubles. By 1893, the gold value of the silver dollar fell to 60 cents.

Between 1894 and 1896, Cleveland authorized four new government bonds to raise enough gold to prevent the government from defaulting on its international obligations. He was forced to turn to investment banker J. P. Morgan to support the bonds.

SOCIAL Governor Cleveland used his power

to take on the Tammany Hall, the political machine based in New York City, even though it had supported him in the election.

When 150,000 railroad workers walked off the job in sympathy with the Pullman Car workers' strike in Illinois, Cleveland sent federal troops to crush the revolt and arrest its leaders.

Although he spoke out against injustices being visited on the Chinese in the West, he sympathized with Southern reluctance to treat African Americans as social or political equals.

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When Cleveland entered office for his second term, it was at the peak of the depression in regards to the economic crisis, but at this point the Democrats controlled the government; bank failures, corporation failures, and a great loss of gold within the United States Treasury, but more importantly unemployment then sky-rocketed. Cleveland in response to the economic crisis ordered for the Silver Purchase Act to be repealed. Cleveland manipulated his position in office to allow or deny offices and various other favors. When the repeal of the Silver Purchase Act was passed, October 30, 1893, it was a bleak turning point in Cleveland’s political career, in regards to public opinion. Cleveland believed in “sticking to his guns”, which more simply known as narrow-mindedness. Many though that Cleveland didn’t tend to the needs of what the country was forming into. Halting the buying of silver did not answer the problem of the gold crisis. Cleveland’s other tactic was authorizing the sale of gold bonds, in order to restore money in the United States Treasury.

In response to the Pullman Strike in Chicago, Illinois Cleveland sent in troops to put an end to the madness. This political act of leadership led to promise for Cleveland by public support, but gave way to more violence and a even larger division between the Democratic Party.

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Hawaii at the time of Cleveland’s second term was overthrown by occupying American workers, where they created a temporary government under the rule of the owner of the Dole Fruit Company, Sanford Dole. Cleveland withdrew the treaty that was established during the previous term by Harrison. Later on he discarded the suggestion of occupation of Hawaii and promoted non-interference with the facing problem. In the end the problem regarding Hawaii did not go either way. As Cleveland took on a new idea of the Monroe Doctrine he began involving himself in foreign affairs with other countries such as Britain in reference to Britain and Venezuela’s issue of arbitration. Through aiding Latin America these better stirred relations with Latin America, yet also through Cleveland’s approach gave Cleveland a way to have positive relations with Britain.

QUOTE:“Though the people support the government, the government should not support the people”- Pres. Grover Cleveland

Cleveland came up with this philosophy in 1887 after vetoing a bill that provided Texas farmers with seeds.

Cleveland did help to create a Solid South for the Democrats by encouraging former Confederates to believe they had a friend in the White House. Grover Cleveland was both the 22nd and 24th President of the United States. Cleveland is the only President to serve two non-consecutive terms. He was the only Democrat elected to the Presidency in the era of Republican political domination that lasted from 1860 to 1912. Cleveland almost single-handedly restored and strengthened the power and autonomy of the executive branch. His record-breaking use of the presidential veto also enabled him to reestablish the equilibrium between the executive and legislative branches.

Soon after Cleveland became president, there was a punishing economic down turn in the nineteenth century. Six months after the depression hit it only took about six months for American businesses to collapse. Unemployment weighed heavily and gangs/groups of hoboes (lower class people) wandered aimlessly about the country. The government didn't really pay any attention to the issues because the issues weren't effecting them personally, the looked at the depression as something that had to happen "Just let nature run its course" was their philosophy. Cleveland and "Jupiter" Morgan were condemned as "sell outs " of the national government based on how the reacted to the crisis.

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Failures:

NARROW-MINDEDThe reason why President Grover Cleveland appeared to us as narrow-minded was because Cleveland being head in power did not really allow people even of his party change his mind when it came to his beliefs. Maybe if he took into consideration the political views or ideas of others his presidency might have been more productive. And the possibility that the nation would have been better off is also a great possibility.

THOUGHTS: Though Pres. Grover Cleveland at the time

was sought as a stubborn and arrogant president, his decisions were only based on the best interest of the nation. He thought that his way of handling the nations relations was the only way to handle our nations problems.

In correlation to today I think that the economic crisis then let us know now what mistakes to avoid especially on the government’s end of everything. The history of the past allows us what things not to do in the future.

If Grover Cleveland was running for the Presidency now, without an open mind and compromise he would not be seen as a great candidate selection because, when you think about all the events that have passed since Grover Cleveland’s last term in office, that have shaped our nation, and the way that people’s mind set has changed in politics, there is no way that he would be fit for a Democratic leader, maybe a Republican.

CABINET OF 2ND TERMPresident Grover Cleveland’s second term in office’s cabinet was as follows:As his Vice President was Adlai E. Stevenson for the full term over four years. Cleveland’s secretary of state was Walter Q. Gresham, for the first two years of the Presidency but he was then replaced by Richard Olney. The Secretary of the Treasury for the complete second term was John G. Carlisle. Secretary of War was Daniel S. Lamont. Before Richard Olney was appointed as Secretary of State in the last two years of the Cleveland Campaign, he was originally the Attorney General and after his reposition in rank Judson Harmon then took over as the Attorney General. The postmaster general in the first two years was Wilson S. Bissell and then in the last two years was taken over by William L. Wilson. The Secretary of the Navy was ran by Hilary A. Herbert. Occupying the seat as Secretary of Interior for three years was M. Hoke Smith and in the remaining year was ran by David R. Francis. Lastly was the secretary of agriculture which was a huge issue at the time of Cleveland’s second term, was run by Julius S. Morton, for all four years.

BIBLIOGRAPHY Wikipedia Online.

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Grover_Cleveland. 20 Jan, 2010

American Pageant. Pages 523-528 Chapter 23 “Political Paralysis in the Gilded Age”

White House http://www.whitehouse.gov/about/presidents/grovercleveland24. 5 Jan, 2010

TEAM MEMBERS: Danielle Jenkins (per. 5) Togi Malepea (per. 1) Chandler Taylor (per. 1)