Group+Processes

8/8/2019 Group+Processes

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roup Processes


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ObjectivesObjectivesvDefine group and different types

of groups

vFive stages of groupdevelopment

vGroup properties

vGroup decision makingvLearn the Problem-Solving

Approach

v


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What is a Group?

collection of people who interactwith one another, accept rights andobligations as members and who

share a common identity.

two or more people (Vaughan &

Hogg)

at least three and no more thantwelve or fifteen (Borchers)


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Criteria for a Group

social structure direct or indirect interaction

2 or more persons

common goals interdependence


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Types of Groups

:Formal groups

Command groups

Task groups

:Informal groups

Friendship groups

Interest groups


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Reference & Membership Groups

In groups and out groups

Primary and Secondary Groups


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Why Join a Group?

Status: the need to establishidentity with others.

Control: the need to exercise

leadership and prove one's abilities. Affection: the need to develop

relationships with people.

Power: the power to achievethrough a group.

Security: people feel stronger andare more resistant to threats.


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Group Development

Tuckman's Theory (1965)

Forming Storming

Norming

Performing Adjourning


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Roles of Group

Members Initiator: Generates new ideas. Information-seeker: Asks for

information about the task.

Opinion-giver: States his or herbeliefs about a group issue.

Coordinator: Shows the

relationships between ideas. Orientator: Shifts the direction of

the group's discussion.


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Group Properties

R o le s N orm s

Status S izeC o h e sive n e ss


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1. Roles

The actions and activities assigned toor required or expected of a personor group.

Attributes:

Identity

Perception

Expectations

Conflict


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2. Norms

Acceptable standards of behavior withina group that are shared by the groupsmembers

Types of Norms:

Performance

Appearance Social arrangement

Resource allocation


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Group Norms and theHawthorne Studies

A series of studies undertaken by Elton Mayo

at Western Electric Companys Hawthorne

Works in Chicago between 1924 and 1932

Research Conclusions Worker behavior and sentiments were closely related.

Group influences (norms) were significant in affectingindividual behavior.

Group standards (norms) were highly effective inestablishing individual worker output.

Money was less a factor in determining worker output thanwere group standards, sentiments and security.


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Defying Norms: DeviantWorkplace Behavior

Deviant Workplace Behavior

Also called antisocial behaviororworkplace incivility

Voluntary behavior that violatessignificant organizational normsand, in doing so, threatens the well-being of the organization

Deviant work behavior is likely toflourish where it is supported bygroup norms.


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Typology of Deviant workplacebehavior

Production Leaving Early Intentionally working slowly Wasting Resources

Property damage and stealing Lying about hours worked

Political favoritism Gossip and Rumors Blaming co-workers

Personal Aggression sexual harassment

Verbal Abuse


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3. Status

A socially defined position or rankgiven to groups or group members byothers it differentiates group

members.

What determines status:

The power a person wields over others

A persons ability to contribute to a groupsgoals

An individuals personal characteristics.


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Status effects

On Norms and Conformity High-status members are less restrained by

norms and pressure to conform Some level of deviance is allowed to high-

status members so long as it doesntaffect group goal achievement

On Group Interaction High-status members are more assertive Large status differences limit diversity of

ideas and creativity On Equity

If status is perceived to be inequitable, itwill result in various forms of correctivebehavior.


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4. Size

Group size affects behavior

Size:

Twelve or more members is a largegroup

Seven or fewer is a small group

Attribute Small Large

Speed XIndividualperformance

X

Problem solving X

Diverse input X

Overallperformance

X


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5: Cohesiveness

Degree to which group members areattracted to each other and aremotivated to stay in the group.

Positive outcomes of cohesiveness More participation

More conformity

More Communication

More personal satisfaction

High productivity


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ighProductivity oderateProductivity

oderate to LowProductivityLowProductivity

CohesivenessHigh Low

-ohesiveness Productivity Relationshipohesiveness Productivity Relationship

High

Low


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Pros and Cons of a GroupWork

Are two heads better than one?

ORAre there too many cooks in the

kitchen?


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Group Decision Making

Strengths

More complete information andknowledge.

Increased diversity of views.

Weaknesses Conformity pressures in group. Dominance. Ambiguous responsibility.

Efficiency Accuracy. Creativity.


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Phenomenon of Group DecisionMaking

. :Groupthink It occurs when groupmembers want so much consensus thatdeviant, minority, or unpopular views arenot allowed full expression.Symptoms:

Members apply direct pressuresonthose who express doubts aboutshared views or who questionthealternative favored by the majority.

Members who have doubts ordiffering points of view keep silentabout misgivings.

There appears to be an illusion of


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2 . Groupshift:

considered as a special case ofGROUPTHINK.

group members tend to exaggerate.toward the extreme positions

,in general group decisions are more .risky than an individual s decision


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Brainstorming

To generate creative and uniquesolutions.

Members feel a sense of ownership

and commitment toimplementation.

May generate ideas but not in a veryefficient manner.

Time consuming process.

May block the thought process.


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ominal Group Technique1.

2. Members meet as a group and the leader defines

and explains the problem.

3. Before discussion takes place, each member

independently writes down ideas on theproblem.

4. No discussion takes place until all ideas have been

recorded.

5. After the silent period, each member presents one

idea to the group.

6. Ideas are discussed, clarified and evaluated by

members.


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:Interacting Group Members meet face to face.

Verbal and non-verbal conversation. Conformity of opinion

:Electronic meeting Many people sit around a table with

computer terminals.

Honest ideas are displayed on screen

anonymously. Decreased group effectiveness andmore time consuming.


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Thank you!!!!

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Group+Processes