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1.0 INTRODUCTION
Media is a communication channel through which news, entertainment, education,
data or promotional messages are disseminated. However, the stories that are
published in the media could influence the society.
Media framing is the process by which an issue is portrayed in the news
media. In the agenda setting theory stated that the media does not tell people what
to think, but rather what to think about. However, the framing theory is more
focused. Framing theory is focuses on certain issues and then places them within a
field of meaning that can have an effect on the people’s belief, attitudes and
behaviors by connecting a particular meaning or interpretation on an issue.
The study wants to investigate the framing of media on Islam and
Terrorism, which become a massive issue all around the world. According to Otto
J. Helweg (2006) since the religiously motivated attacks on the United States of
September 11, so much has been written about terrorism and Islam. As the issue
becomes big, the media play a main role to publish about it and it is very
important deliver messages to the public. There is a misconception that has
developed, which links Islam and terrorism together. The media has been a big
contributor to this misconception in many ways.
1
International newspaper (United State) and Local newspaper (Malaysia)
had published different frame of the issue on Islam and terrorism. In this study,
the researchers intended to make a comparison between these two newspapers.
1.1 BACKGROUND OF STUDY
In this study, the researchers intended to study about the media framing
between local and international newspaper, which is News Strait Times
and New York Times. These two newspapers showed the differences
content about Islam and terrorism.
The researchers more focus on the framing of media about Islam
and Terrorism in these two newspapers. The media coverage on Islam and
terrorism has reached a peak during recent decades in the tragic of World
Trade Center in 2001. After the tragic, there lots of news that always
relates Islam with the terrorism in the international newspaper.
In this study, the researchers decide to focus on the specific issue,
which is the issue between Gaza and Israel. That is the latest issue that
relates Islam and Terrorism. There is lots of the news publishing in the
newspaper about the issue.
2
1.2 DEFINITION OF TERMS
The terms used are:
1) Framing:
Frames influence the perception of the news of the audience, this
form of agenda setting not only tell what to think about, but also
how to think about it.
2) Islam:
The religion of the Muslims, that believe there is no God but Allah,
and Muhammad is the messenger of Allah.
3) Terrorism:
The unlawful use of force or violence against persons or property
to intimidate population.
3
1.3 PROBLEM STATEMENT
The researchers have intended to make a study on media framing about the
Islam and Terrorism. The media draws the public attention to certain is
issue, it decides where people think about.
The international newspaper portrayed that Islam is a terrorist right
after the issue of the September 11th, 2001. Most of the international
newspaper claimed that the terrorism had been repeatedly associated with
Islam. The international newspaper had tendency of labeling Islam as a
terrorist. The international newspaper published about the war between
Israel and Islam that showed that Islam as a terrorist, meanwhile Israel is
victims. As the researchers take the issue on Gaza and Israel, the
international newspaper always publishing the news that mention Gaza is
a terrorist and Gaza bombing the Israel state. They also claimed that Gaza
who the one that started the war.
The local newspaper claimed that the terrorist is not from Muslim
group (Islam). In the local newspaper also always published the news
about the violence that made by Israel on Gaza Strips. The local media not
only publish news, they also put pictures of the violence activity such
bombing the school in Gaza, shoot the children of Gaza and other.
4
The international media and the local media have a different idea
and perspective regarding Islam and terrorism. The media framing play a
big role because they delivered news or messaged to the society. It is the
issue relationship between Islam and terrorism.
1.4 RESEARCH QUESTION
1) How frequent the local or international newspapers did the negative
reporting regarding the issue of Gaza and Israel?
2) How the local or international newspapers choose their style of reporting
on the issue of Gaza and Israel?
3) How does the content effect on Islam based on the media reporting on the
issue of Gaza and Israel?
1.5 RESEARCH OBJECTIVE
1) To identify the frequency of negative reporting on Gaza as terrorist based
on the conflict between Gaza and Israel.
2) To compare the style of reporting between international and local
newspaper.
3) To identify how the content effect on Islam based on the media reporting.
5
1.6 SIGNIFICANCE OF STUDY
In this study, the researchers believe that this study will be able to give
some idea about the ideology on media framing about Islam and terrorism.
The study will helps the researchers to know more about the media
frame, relationship between Islam and terrorism by comparing the news
from international media and local media. Basically, it is about the content
of the news that had been reporting by these two newspapers.
The researchers want to highlight the used of words in the
international and local newspaper. It is the comparison of these two
newspapers.
1.7 LIMITATION
The researcher challenges is when conducting the study is the researcher
lack of time to complete the study. The duration of the study takes about 2
months. It is very important to refer to the article, journal or previous
research to get the guidelines for this study. Due to lack of time, the
researcher does not have enough sources for supporting this study.
6
2.0 LITERATURE REVIEWS (15 sources)
2.1 INTRODUCTION
The role of media is not only about presenting and describes information
and images, they also have the ability to shape opinions and presenting a
particular version as reality. Based on this view, all parties whether the
terrorists or the authorities have put an effort to cooperate with media
since they are regarded as the only agent in giving information and and
make foster awareness to the society about some crucial issues. According
to Walter Laquer (2002), the media play a major role in making any
terrorist operation a success and this was one of the main reasons for the
shift from rural guerrilla to urban terror in the 1960s. As we can see in the
role of media in the issue Gaza and Israel found that eight Israeli human
rights groups wrote a letter to newspaper editors, broadcasters and
websites claiming, “opinions critising the decision to launch the offensive
or the army's conduct during the war are hardly heard.” Critics pointed to
newspaper headlines describing the surprise airstrikes against Gaza,
including the Yedioth Ahronoth headline 'Better Late Than Never” and the
Maariv headline “Fighting Back”.
Terrorism can be defined as the use of threat for the purpose of
advancing a political, religious or ideological cause of actions that
involves serious violence against any person or property.“Terrorism”,
according to Silke (2003) is the term used to show a violated act and the
7
act is considered as violated and violent due to its nature which against the
norm and human rights. The term “terrorism” has no precise or widely
accepted definition. According to Brinkly (1988), says that if one person
claims himself as “freedom fighter”, other people may label him as
“terrorist”. He illustrates what happened at the end of World War II, when
Great Britain still held a power over Palestine, many Israel's guerillas
promoted warfare against the British. According to Haberman (1992) on
the other hand points out that many Israeli news articles refer to
Palestinians as terrorists, regardless of the target of the attacks, either the
armies or civilians.
2.2 MEDIA AND TERRORISM
There are several views on the role of media in relation to terrorism.
Media sometimes are known as the main agent in transmitting messages to
society on the danger of terrorism. Despite all contributions made by the
media in creating awareness of the danger of terrorism, which then leads
to havinga sense of hatred among society, media are said to be able to give
publicity as well as legitimacy to certain terrorist political agenda due to
some failures made by the government. The researchers on terrorism
believe that one of the reasons of any terror acts or sabotage done by
terrorists is for publicity or to attract society's attention. According to Arda
Bilgen (2012), argues that terrorists are primarily interested in audience,
not the victims, and emphasizes that how the audience reacts is as
8
important as the act itself. Accordingly, winning the attention of the
media, national and foreign publics, and decision-makers in a government
is one of the primary goals of terrorists. To this end, terrorists carefully
select the places in which they carry out their attacks in order to provide
the best media coverage.As will be addressed later in greater detail, the
obvious example of this is the 9/11 attacks in the US, where a wide variety
of media covered the story immediately.Not only was the media able to
capture this incredibly visual attack, but the people who were in New
York City, residents and tourists alike, were also able to document this
event with pictures, videos and personal stories.
According to Mc Quail (1995), in certain conditions, media can
help the government dealing with terror issues by giving a negative label
or name to terrorist groups and generating some panic situations to
terrorists through the information spread. According to Lowenthal (1989),
claims that without the collaboration of the media, terrorism would be
impotent. By dramatizing the terrorist threats and demands and by
refusing to condemn them outright, the media often contribute to the moral
confusion, which tends to romanticize the terrorist and leave his victim
forgotten
9
Based on this role, Winegar (2008), claims that all parties namely
the government and terrorist seemed to work to have a good relationship
with the media. Should the media refuse, they will experience harmful
effects the government may implement any hindrance such as some strict
filtrations of any information disseminated by the media while allowing
only information on terrorism provided by the government itself. Hence,
based on Hashim (2009), stresses out that media and terrorism related
issues are always perceived from three aspects terrorists objectives on
media, government's objectives on media and media's own objectives on
related incidents linked to terrorism.
2.3 THEORY OF FRAMING
In this theory there is a relationship between news coverage and the media
agenda and a theory that comes into place that called the theory of
framing. According to Tankard & Severin (2001) the'frame' can be defined
as an idea arrangement for news contents that provide context and
suggestions of what issues that happen. Framing can be looked at two
main ways frame building and frame setting. The term frame building
refers to the factors that influence the structural qualities of news frames.
Framing is applied to how journalists select stories. The journalist frame
stories in particularways in order to get people to either read or view on
the newspaper.
10
These important factors influence how a frame is built. The
researcher has shown that frames do affect how viewers view stories on
the newspapers News Straits Times and New York Times in the way of
the frequency of negative reporting the news about Gaza. In particular, the
way a story is farmed can affect what appears as most important, who the
victim appears to and who is blame on the issues og Gaza and Israel.
According to Claes H.de Vreese (2013), newsmakers may employ
many different frames in their coverage of an issue, scholars agree that
this abudance in choice in how to tell and construct stories can be captured
in analyses as certain distinctive characteristics. According to Fairhurst &
Sarr (1996), framing consists of three elements: language, thought and
forethought. Language helps us to remember information and acts to
transform the way in which we view situations. To use language, people
must have thought and reflected on their own interpretive frameworks and
those of others. Leaders must learn to frame spontaneously in certain
circumstances.
2.4 CONCEPTUAL FRAMEWORK
The researchers use qualitative method to quantify data and generalized
result from a local newspaper (News Straits Times) and international
newspaper (New York Times).
11
Independent DependentVariable variable
The conceptual framework shows the relationship between independent
and dependent variable. The dependent of variable on this case study will
be of Framing on Islam terrorism between local and international
newspapers. Based on Figure 1, its show that independent variable had
been divided into three sections, which is style of reporting, frequency of
reporting and content of reporting.
Framing of media
Style of reporting
Frequency of reporting
Content of reporting
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3.0 METHODOLOGY
3.1 INTRODUCTION
Methodology is the systematic, theoretical analysis of the methods applied
to a field of study. It comprises the theoretical analysis of the body of
methods and principles associated with a branch of knowledge. Typically,
it encompasses concepts such as paradigm, theoretical model, phases and
quantitative or qualitative techniques.
Research Methodology is a way to find out the result of a given
problem on a specific matter or problem that is also referred as research
problem. In Methodology, researcher uses different criteria of solving the
problem. The process used to collect information and data for the purpose
of making business decisions and it may include publication research,
interviews, surveys and other research techniques, and could include both
present and historical information.
In this chapter, the data will be collected through the research
method that had been chose a construct by the researchers. The method
needs to be carried out and organize carefully, so it can achieve the
objectives of the study. There are several sub topics that falls under the
research methodology which are research design, research instrument,
administrative, date and time of collecting data, location and frequency of
collecting data.
13
3.2 RESEARCH DESIGN
The research designs in the methodology are divided into two methods
which is Quantitative and Qualitative. Quantitative research aims to
measure the quantity or amount and compares it with past records and tries
to project for future period. The objective of quantitative research is to
develop and employ mathematical models, theories or hypothesis
pertaining to phenomena. The process of measurement is central to
quantitative research because it provides fundamental connection between
empirical observation and mathematical expression of quantitative
relationships. Quantitative research involving the use of structured
questions, where the response options have been pre-determined and large
number of respondents is involved.
Qualitative research presents non-quantitative type of analysis.
Qualitative research is collecting, analyzing and interpreting data by
observing what people do and say. Qualitative research refers to the
meanings, definitions, characteristics, symbols, metaphors, and description
of things. Qualitative research is much more subjective and uses very
different methods of collecting information, mainly individual, in-depth
interviews and focus groups. The nature of this type of research is
exploratory and open ended. Small numbers of people are interviewed in
depth and or a relatively small number of focus groups are conducted.
14
The research design of this study is Qualitative Research. The
method that we use to collect data is content analysis. Content analysis
refers to a general set of techniques useful for analyzing and
understanding collections of text. Not only that, it is a method for
summarizing any form of content by counting various aspects of the
content. This enables a more objective evaluation than comparing content
based on the impressions of a listener.
In this study, the researchers analyze the content of the newspaper
to search on how frequent the local or international newspapers did the
negative reporting regarding the issue of Gaza and Israel, on how they
choose their style of reporting, and the content effect on Islam based on
the media reporting. The result from this content analysis is to relate and
determine the research objective which is to identify the frequency of
negative reporting on Gaza as terrorist based on the conflict between Gaza
and Israel, to compare the style of reporting between international and
local newspaper and to identify how the content effect on Islam based on
the media reporting
15
3.3 RESEARCH INSTRUMENT
3.4.1 ADMINISTRATIVE
The researchers observe the content of the newspaper by
themselves, in duration of 4-6 weeks to analyze the content that
relates to the research objectives.
3.2.1 DATE AND TIME OF COLLECTING DATA
The researchers analyze and collect data starting from 6th of
October 2014 to 16th of November 2014. These processes have
been carried out by the researchers roughly from 9 a.m. to 2 p.m.
3.4.3 LOCATION
This research process was carried out at the Shah Alam areas,
Unisel, Shah Alam and as well as Library Raja Tun Uda in Section
13, Shah Alam.
3.4.4 FREQUENCY OF COLLECTING DATA
Date
(6th October – 16th November 2014)
Number of newspaper analyzed
International Local
6th Oct – 19th Oct 10
20th Oct – 2nd Nov 10
3rd Nov – 16th Nov 10
16
4.0 FINDINGS AND DISCUSSION
4.1 INTRODUCTION
In this research, researcher chooses newspaper from local and
international. Which is New Street Time from local and New York Times
from international to find the difference of news that they giving to
readers. Besides, both of news also giving the different content and
because of that, we as readers also give different feedback to these two
newspapers. As we know, both media will give good news to their readers
and at the end of the day, we as readers, will find out either that news true
or not. In these findings, researcher will do the difference either style of
reporting in international newspaper for local and international, Repetition
news on local and international newspaper and Message content on local
and international newspaper.
17
4.1 CHOICE OF WORDS IN LOCAL NEWSPAPER
Table 1 shows the style of reporting in local newspaperNewspaper Element Date Description Dialogue
New Street
Times (NST)
Style of
reporting in local
newspaper
21 July 2014 KP1M to bring injured
Palestinians to Malaysia
for treatment
KP1M president Datuk Seri
Abdul Azeez Abdul Rahim
said they would be brought to
the country in stages for
medical treatment.
4 July 2014
PM Najib: Malaysia
does not condone
atrocities by IS militants
Prime Minister Datuk Seri
Najib Razak said the country
strongly condemned their
actions, saying such actions
were against the peaceful
teachings of Islam.
09 August
2014
Boycott but respectfully,
or we are no different
than the zionists
One of the organisers, Mohd
Nurhafizuddin Abdul Rani, 20,
said the peaceful protest to
stop using Israeli goods on a
large scale in a bid to cripple
the regime’s economy albeit
gradually.
20 august 2014 Permit needed to collect
Gaza, Palestine
donations
Said Inspector-General of
Police Tan Sri Khalid Abu
Bakar, comment on syndicates
trying to make profits by
collecting donations,
purportedly for the
Palestinians in Gaza.
18
24 august 2014 Israelis, Gaza militants
fight on, defying truce
efforts
"They condemned the
resumption of rocket fire and
called for an immediate
cessation of hostilities leading
to a sustainable ceasefire," the
White House said in a
statement about a call between
the two leaders.
4.2 CHOICE OF WORDS IN INTERNATIONAL NEWSPAPER
Table 2 shows the style of reporting on newspaper New York TimesNewspaper Element Date Description Dialogue
New York
Times
Style of
reporting in
international
21 July 2014Two Americans killed in
Gaza fighting for Israel
We can confirm the deaths of
US citizen max Steinberg and
Sean carmeli in Gaza,”
19
newspaper spokesperson jean Psaki
24 July 2014 Israel air strike kills two
in gaze.
Six members of the Al-Aftal
family, including a five-year-
old girl and a boy of three,
were killed,” said emergency
services spokesman Ashraf al-
Qudra, bringing the number
killed today to 18
9 August 2014 Israel presses deadly
Gaza strikes
Gaza emergency services said
two men were killed in a strike
on a motorcycle in Al-Maghazi
camp and that the bodies of
three others were pulled from
the rubble of the Al-Qassam
mosque in the Nuseirat camp
20 August Israeli strike killed Gaza
commander’s wife and
child
“The wife of the great leader
was martyred with his
daughter,” in a strike Tuesday
night, Hamas’s exiled deputy
leader Mussa Abu Marzuk
24 August
2014
An Israeli air strike on
Gaza Sunday killed two
Palestinians and
wounded five,
Emergency services said, a day
after Egypt called for an open-
ended ceasefire to enable new
truce talks.
4.3 REPITITION NEWS ON ISLAM AND TERRORISM IN LOCAL
NEWSPAPER
Table 3 shows repetition news on Gaza and Israel in Local NewsNewspaper Element Date Description Dialogue
20
New Street
Times (NST)
Repetition news
on Gaza and
terrorist in Local
news
21 July 2014-
24 July 2014
-Repetition news started
when we as Malay
citizen keep update
about Gaza and worried
about Gaza.
-Many of them were wounded in the stomach and limbs by firing weapons from the Zionist military and KP1M is currently cooperating with several hospitals in Egypt to accommodate them temporarily before being brought to Malaysia later.
-“Muslims around the world have watched in horror as a new conflict tears into Syria and Iraq. As reports of mass executions and killing of civilians surface, and graphic evidence of brutality emerges, we have been appalled.
09 August
2014,
20 August
2014,
24 August
2014
The journalist focuses
on news about
awareness accident in
Gaza at Malaysia.
- More than 2,000 local youths
participated in a peaceful
demonstration and campaign
yesterday to boycott Israeli
products.
- Individuals or organizations
wanting to collect donations
for humanitarian fund have to
obtain permit from the Royal
Malaysia Police (PDRM
4.4 REPITION NEWS ON ISLAM AND TERROSIM IN
INTERNATIONAL NEWSPAPER
Table 4 shows the repetition news on Gaza and Israel on New York TimesNewspaper Element Date Description Dialogue
21
New York
Times
Repetition news
on Gaza and
terrorist in
international
news
21 july 2014-
24 July 2014
Repetition news started
because they just want to
manipulate with their
agenda and started to
killed person.
-Two American members of
the Israeli Defence Force
have been killed in Gaza
fighting
- Including two young
children, was killed today in
an Israeli air strike in the
south of the Gaza Strip
09 August
2014,
20 August
2014,
24 August
2014
They used same approach
about enabling ceasefire
but the war still goes on
continuously
- Israeli warplanes carried
out 30 air strikes over Gaza
on Saturday and leaving
international mediators
scrambling to rescue
ceasefire talks.
- an Israeli air strike killed
the wife and child of its
Gaza military chief, as a
temporary ceasefire went up
in smoke and Cairo truce
talks froze.
- An Israeli air strike on Gaza
Sunday killed two Palestinians
and wounded five, emergency
services said, a day after Egypt
called for an open-ended
ceasefire to enable new truce
22
talks.
4.5 MESSAGE CONTENT ON ISLAM AND TERRORISM IN LOCAL
NEWSPAPER
Table 5 shows the message content on Gaza and Israel in Local NewspaperNewspaper Element Date Description Dialogue
New Street
Times (NST)
Message content
on Gaza and
Israel in Local
21 july 2014- -News local shows to
reader about humanity.
make a move to giving
medicine to victims of the
23
Newspaper Palestinians
24 July 2014 - Local news is more to
community
Such as how they boycott
about Israel products such as
mcd, Nike, Maybelline,
Guess and esso. In addition,
make a donation to Gaza
victim.
09 August
2014,
20 August
2014,
24 August
2014
-Message content in local
news more careful and not
too straightforward like
what international media
gave to us.
Such as international keep
update about Gaza and
Who involved in the war,
those who were killed and
the incident happened there.
4.6 MESSAGE CONTENT ON ISLAM AND TERRORISM IN
INTERNATIONAL NEWSPAPER
Table 6 shows the message content on Gaza and Israel in International Newspaper
Newspaper Element Date Description Dialogue
24
New York
Times
Message content
on Gaza and
Israel in
International
Newspaper
-21 july 2014 Message content in international news very straight forward and more to violent news and not filteredBesides, their writing very emotional and downgrades Islam.
-The State Department said two US citizens were killed in Gaza violence and released their names, but did not immediately disclose their occupations.
-24 July 2014
-“Six members of the Al-Aftal family, including a five-year-old girl and a boy of three, were killed,” said emergency services spokesman Ash
-09 August
2014
-Gaza emergency services said two men were killed in a strike on a motorcycle in Al-Maghazi camp and that the bodies of three others were pulled from the rubble of the Al-Qassam mosque in the Nuseirat camp in the middle of the enclave.
-20 August
2014
An Israeli air strike killed the wife and child of its Gaza military chief, as a temporary ceasefire went up in smoke and Cairo truce talks froze.
-24 August
2014
The strike hit the western side of Gaza City at around 5:00 am (0200 GMT) and the two victims died of their injuries later in the morning.
5.0 CONCLUSIONS AND RECOMMENDATION
5.1 INTRODUCTION
In this chapter, the researchers conclude about the media framing of Islam
and terrorism regarding the findings that had been analyzed by the
25
researchers. The researchers also make a recommendation for the future
reference regarding this topic “ The Media Framing of Islam and
Terrorism”.
5.2 CONCLUSION
As conclusion, the media play a main role to deliver message to the
public. The media also need to be truth indeed to reached harmony in this
world. The media framing is the process by which an issue is portrayed in
the news media, which is been discussed in the findings and discussion
about the news on Gaza and Israel. It provides boundaries around a story
and decide what to include in a story and what to leave out some aspects
completely, a process that may be conscious, instinctive or culture-bound.
As what the conclusion that the researcher can make regarding in
this study, these two newspaper have a different style of reporting the
news on Gaza and Israel, which give an impact toward Islam and the
repetition news is want to approach the readers always remind about the
issue. It manipulates people mind with the repetition news.
This is clearly shown in the findings where most of the news
always related Islam with the terrorism. It is also shown that the
international media feeding the international readers with a negative
perception on Islam, as well it affect on Islam.
26
5.3 RECOMMENDATION
The researchers recommend that the future study need to do lots of
revision on the reference that are related towards this study. It is also can
be the guidelines for the future journalist in portraying a more fair issue
concerning to Islam and Terrorism
6.0 REFERENCE
Arda, B. (2012). Terrorism and the Media: A Dangerous Symbiosis. E-
Internationalrelations students. Washington.
Claes, H. D. V. (2005). New Framing: Theory and Typology. Associate Professor
and Post- doctoral Research. Information Design Journal. Amsterdam
27
Fairhurst and Sarr. (1996). Framing Europe Politics: A Content Analysis of press
and television news. Journal of Communication. London
Hashim. (2009). Islam and Terorisme: Indeks Pelabelan Media Cetak
Antarabangsa. Academia. Malaysia
Lowenthal, G. (1989). Terrorism: The Second or anti- colonial wave. Critical
concepts in Political Science. New York.
McQuil. (1995). The mass media reportage of crimes and terrorists activities:
The Nigerian experience. Asian Culture and History. Nigeria
Otto, J. H. (2006). Terrorism and Islam. Dean of the Engineering Department at
North Dakota State University. Iran.
Silke. (2003). Community preparedness and response to terrorism:
Communication and the media. Praeger perspectives. United States.
Walter, L. (1996). Postmodern Terrorism: New rules for an old game. Foreign
Affairs. United States.
Winegar. (2008). The coverage on Islam and Terrorism: A Framing Analysis of
the International News Magazines, Times and the Economist. Global
Media Journal. United State.
28